
Class 



PRESENTED BY 



!j 




P. OVIDIUS NASO. 



THE 



METAMORPHOSES 



OF 



PUBLIUS OVIDIUS NASO; 



ELUCIDATED BY 



&n &nalssis avib (Explanation of tt)e irables, 



TOGETHER WITH 



ENGLISH NOTES, HISTORICAL, MYTHOLOGICAL, AND CRITICAL, 



AND ILLUSTRATED BY 



PICTORIAL EMBELLISHMENTS: 



A CLAVIS, 

GIVING THE MEANING OF ALL THE WORDS WITH CRITICAL EXACTNESS. 

BY 
NATHAN COVINGTON BROOKS, A.M. !§0?-/?< 

PROFESSOR OF THE GREEK AND LATIN LANGUAGES, AND PRINCIPAL OF 
THE LATIN HIGH SCHOOL, BALTIMORE. 



PHILADELPHIA: 

GRIGG, ELLIOT, & CO. 
1849. 






Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1847, by 

NATHAN COVINGTON BROOKS, 

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Maryland. 



taift 

iudg 3 :,n* Mrs. I. R. H|tt 
June 23 l#3tj 



STEREOTYPED DY L. JOHNSON & CO. 

PHILADELPHIA. 

PRINTED BT T. K. & T. G. COILISS. 






TO 

THE REY. CHARLES P. KRAUTH, D.D. 

PRESIDENT OF PENNSYLVANIA COLLEGE, 

.3 A TESTIMONIAL OF REGARD FOR HIS PIETY AND TALENTS, AND FOR THE ZEAL 

WITH WHICH HE HAS DEVOTED THEM TO THE CAUSE OF 

VIRTUE AND SOUND LEARNING, 

Effis UMaxk 

IS INSCRIBED, BY HIS FRIEND, 

THE EDITOR. 



PREFACE. 



To the student of the Classics, an early acquaintance with My- 
thology is indispensable. This is more readily secured by the 
direct study of the fables themselves, than by any other method. 
As the Metamorphoses of Ovid present the mythological fictions of 
Greece and Rome in a connected and attractive form, their study 
has always appeared to me to be of the first importance. 

That their use may be extensive, I have therefore prepared an 
edition of the work, in which I have omitted the fables that were 
gross in their character, and have expurgated from others any lines 
that were objectionable on account of indelicacy. This, however, 
does not break the chain of connection between the stories, nor mar 
the narrative of the fables introduced. 

To render the study of the Metamorphoses profitable and pleas- 
ing, I have prefixed to each fable an analysis and explanation, 
which will be found of service to the student. Since many of the 
fables are corrupt traditions of Scriptural truths, I have traced 
them back to the great fount of purity, the Biblical record, and 
have given in the notes the parallel passages from the sacred 
volume. The extracts from modern authors, while they illustrate 
the text, will give the student a taste for general reading. The 
questions which accompany each fable, are a summary of the text 
and the notes thereon, and will insure a thorough understanding of 
the spirit of the fable. 

The Metamorphoses are intended to be read after Caesar's Com- 
mentaries ; hence, in many instances, the partial Ordo which I have 

a2 5 



6 PREFACE. 

given of the text, will be found necessary to the young student. It 
is tolerably full in the First Book, and is gradually shortened there- 
after. The Scanning Table will aid him in his first efforts to obtain 
a knowledge of Latin metre. 

The pictorial embellishments of the work contribute to the illus- 
tration of the fables, and impress them more fully upon the memory 
of the student, while they tend to excite a taste for drawing. They 
reflect much credit upon the artists who executed them. They 
were designed by J. H. Manning, of New York, and engraved by 
Neville Johnson, of Baltimore, and Lossing and Barrett, of New 
York. 



N. C. BROOKS. 



Baltimore High School, 
May 8th, 1848. 



LIFE AND WEITINGS OF OVID. 



Publius Ovidius Naso, one of the most celebrated poets of the Augustan era, 
was born at Sulmo, a town on the river Pescara, in the territory of the Peligni, 
about 90 miles east from Rome, and 32 miles from the Gulf of Venice. His 
birth occurred during the celebration of the Quinquatria, games in honor of 
Minerva, A. U. C. 711, and B. C. 42, the memorable year in which Cicero was 
murdered, and the very day that the two consuls, Hirtius and Pansa, were slain 
in the battle of Mutina, against Antony : 

Heec est armiferas de festis quinque Minervas, 

Quae fieri pugna prima cruenta solent. 
Editus hinc ego sum, nee non, ut tempora noris, 

Cum cecidit fato consul uterque pari. — Trist. Lib. iv. 

Ovid was descended from an ancient and distinguished family of the eques- 
trian order, and enjoyed all the advantages of mental cultivation which rank and 
wealth could afford. At an early age, he was brought to Rome with an elder 
brother, for the purpose of being instructed in the arts, learning, and accomplish- 
ments of the capital, and was for some time under the care of Plotius Grippus. 
He soon discovered a fondness for poetry, and through love of the Muses, often 
relaxed his application to other literary studies in which he was engaged. But 
his father, who appears to have had but little relish for belles-lettres, and was 
anxious that his son should become an accomplished orator and patron, and by 
eminence in judicial affairs, arrive at civic distinction, induced him to devote 
himself for a time to the study of eloquence and Roman law. 

The masters of Ovid in oratory were Arellius Fuscus and Porcius Latro, who 
were the most eminent teachers of their time ; and under their instructions, with 
the readiness of conception which was natural to him, and his felicity and fluency 
of expression, he was fitted for distinction as an accomplished advocate. His 
declamations were distinguished for their ingenuity and enthusiasm, their exube- 
rance of fancy, and richness of language, but were somewhat deficient in solidity 
and method, and abounded in digressions, which, however beautiful in them- 
selves, were but little in accordance with the simple and severe laws of unity. 
In his rhetorical exercises he generally chose ethical subjects, and preferred 
those persuasive harangues which are called Suasorise, as they were particularly 
suited to his ardent and enthusiastic temperament. 

At seventeen years of age, Ovid put on the toga virilis, and shortly after was 
honored by Augustus with the latus clavus, an ornament worn only by persons 
of quality. On the occasion of reviewing as censor the whole body of Roman 
knights, the emperor further distinguished the young poet by the present of a 
magnificent steed. When he had completed his rhetorical studies at Rome, he 
accompanied Varro in his military expedition to Asia; but without remaining 
with him long enough to see any service, he departed for Athens, with the view 
of completing his studies. Here he devoted himself for some time to the study 
of philosophy, especially physics and ethics, and in the latter, adopted the tenets 
of Epicurus. Leaving Athens in company with the poet JEmilius Macer, he 

7 



8 LIFE AND WRITINGS OF OVID. 

visited some of the cities of Asia, and, on his way to Rome, passed into Sicily. 
He and his companion spent nearly a year in the island, during which time they 
visited almost every part that promised either amusement or pleasure. 

On his return to Rome, Ovid became a professed advocate, and often harangued 
with great force and elegance in the centumvir's court. He was appointed to 
. several minor judicial offices of the state, which he filled with success ; and often 
acted as arbiter in private causes, in which his decisions were judicious, and 
made in so conciliating a manner that they were satisfactory to the litigants. He 
was at length made one of the triumvirs, who were magistrates of great authority, 
imrusted with the administration of justice in criminal causes. In this position 
also he discharged the functions of his office with ability, and to the satisfaction 
of the state : 

Nee male commissa est nobis fortuna reorum, 

Usque decern decies inspicienda viris. 
Res quoque privatas statui sine crimine judex. 

Deque viris quondam pars tribus una fui. — Trist. Lib. ii. 

But all these efforts, however successful, were but a struggle against his 
natural inclination to literature : and as Horace and Virgil had now risen to 
court-favor and opulence through poetry, he entertained the idea of relinquishing 
the engagements of the forum for pursuits more congenial to his taste, and still 
affording considerable chances of distinction. The death of his brother at this 
time left him sole heir to an ample fortune, so that he could bestow his time and 
attention in a manner perfectly agreeable to his literary predilections. He be- 
came, therefore, a professed votary of the Muses ; but mingled with their pure 
worship the grosser pleasures of sensuality, by indulging in the fashionable vices 
of the capital. Though now possessed of an extensive farm and villa at Sulmo, 
he preferred to reside in Rome. He had a beautiful house on the Capitoline hill, 
and another between the Claudian and Flaminian Ways, with beautiful gardens 
adjacent. His affectionate disposition, brilliant wit and elegant manners ren- 
dered him an agreeable companion, and his genius, wealth, and rank, gave him 
access to the best society, and secured to him a grateful reception by the em- 
peror. At the court of Augustus, he was treated with consideration by the most 
polite and influential of the courtiers, among whom were Messala, Sextus Pom- 
peius, and Fabius Maximus ; while he enjoyed the familiar friendship of the 
poets Tibullus, Horace, Sabinus, Macer, Severus, and Propertius. 

The versatile genius of the young bard seemed adapted to every kind of 
poetry; but his love of ease and pleasure, joined with affluence of fortune, and 
his fondness for company, both of his own and the fair sex, indisposed him to 
attempt any labored efforts. In compliance with this temper, he first composed 
light articles, elegies, epigrams, and amatory verses, to which he was incited by 
his natural propensities and the fashionable vices in which he was engaged. 

Non ego, Phcebe, datas a te mentiar artes ; 

Nee nos aerise voce monemur avis. 
Nee mihi sunt visae Clio, Cliusque sorores : 

Vera canam. Cceptis, mater amoris, ades. — Ars Amator. Lib. i. 

Besides these, he composed some other poems of a more serious character. His 
Amores, Ars Amatoria, Remedia Amoris, Heroides, Medea, Halieutica, Giganioma- 
chia, Phenomena, a poem against bad poets, and one on the triumphs of Augus- 
tus, were the fruits of this early period. The five last-named productions are 
lost. Of his Medea and Halieutica, the former of which was highly praised by 
Quintilian, and the latter copied by Oppian, but a few fragments remain. His 
Amores, Lib. in., have all the freshness of feeling and the exuberant fancy of 
youth, and abound with ingenious thoughts and agreeable images. The Ars 
Amatoria, Lib. in., and the Remedium Amoris, Lib. I., have for the most part the 
sprightliness of our author, but the sensual inculcations and the glowing lan- 
guage are calculated to inflame the passions, and corrupt the heart. Ovid, like 



LIFE AND WRITINGS OF OVID. 9 

the author of Don Juan, is supposed, in this production, to have drawn largely 
upon his own vicious experience. His Heroides, Epist. xxi., are amorous epis- 
tles from distinguished ladies of the Heroic age, abounding in passion and pathos, 
and are the most polished of his productions. 

The next work in order, and on which Ovid intended to rest his chances of 
immortality, was the Metamorphoses, Lib. xv. These are a series of agreeable 
transformations, founded upon the fictions of the Greeks, with some few Latin, 
Oriental and Etruscan fables. The introductory part of the work, describing 
Chaos, the Creation, the deterioration of morals, and the Flood, are in striking 
accordance with the Biblical record, so that we can hardly persuade ourselves 
that the author was unacquainted with the sacred writings of the Hebrews. The 
work is of the cyclic kind, and the different parts are connected together in the 
most ingenious manner, like the interfacings of network, so that the poet pro- 
ceeds in uninterrupted recital of the successive stories, lifting link by link in the 
golden chain of fiction. In some few cases where no imagination could connect 
the fables in a regular order, he gives the poem a dramatic form, and the inter- 
locutors narrate them as separate stories. 

In the fables of the Metamorphoses, there is an endless variety of character 
and incident, the gay and the grave, the amusing and the pathetic, the familiar 
and the wonderful, the simple and the sublime, the human and the divine, over 
which the poet, with a versatility of style suited to every character and passion, 
in all the exuberance of thought and expression, has superfused the glory of his 
own immortal genius. No poetic work of ancient times was so varied in the 
character of its subjects as the Metamorphoses, and no Greek or Latin poet, of 
whom we have any knowledge, could, in treating of them, have succeeded so 
well. The idea of the work was probably suggested to the poet by the mythic 
poem of Parthenius the Greek, which is now lost. The Metamorphoses of 
Ovid were highly esteemed by the Greeks, and were translated into their language 
by their countryman Planudes. The Metamorphoses may be regarded as the 
propylxum to the great temple of Grecian mythology ; and though that temple 
is now in ruins, from its majestic gateway we may form some idea of the mag- 
nificence of the mighty structure to which it led, and of the sublime splendors 
of its ceremonial pomp. 

In explaining the Fables of the Metamorphoses of Ovid, different theories 
have been adopted. Some persons, having discovered that allegory is sometimes 
employed by the poet, have attempted to reduce every thing to a moral allegory; 
some, who have found history obscured under the veil of fiction, have referred 
all the fables to occurrences in ancient history ; while others, finding occasional 
coincidences with the Scriptures, profess to see in every thing mutilated and 
corrupt traditions of events that are contained in the Biblical record. Thus, 
while each interpreter has blindly followed his favorite theory, and sought to 
accommodate every thing to that theory, though correct in particular instances, 
he has erred in the generality of his interpretations. In the elucidation of the 
Metamorphoses, the principles of interpretation must ever vary according to the 
character of the fable. As the Greeks were distinguished by their fondness for 
allegory, moral and physical truths, and etymological resemblances, often sup- 
plied subjects for ingenious allegorical narrative. Hieroglyphics, which by pic- 
torial representations recorded occurrences and thoughts anterior to the invention 
of letters, were also fruitful sources of fabulous imagining, and as they were 
liable to diversified interpretations, have caused much confusion in mythology. 
Events of ancient history, too, have furnished ample materials for fictitious nar- 
rative ; while many traditions of the events and personages, and imitations of 
ceremonies, mentioned in the Bible, obscured and confused by the lapse of time,, 
and altered, abridged, or amplified by circumstances, are presented to us, clothed 
in the particolored, and oftentimes fantastic garb of mythic story. 

While engaged in the revision of the Metamorphoses, and while still enjoying 
the confidence and favor of the emperor, Ovid committed some fault, or became 
witness of some transaction which deeply wounded the honor of Augustus, who 
2 



10 LIFE AND WRITINGS OF OVID. 

banished him, in consequence, to a wild and distant part of the empire. Circum- 
stances render the conjecture probable, that Ovid, with profane eyes, may have 
invaded the privacies of the empress while bathing, or may have witnessed and 
disclosed some great moral turpitude, either of Augustus or one of the imperial 
family, possibly Julia, the grand-daughter of the emperor. 

Cur aliquid vidi, cur conscia lumina feci ? 
Cur imprudenti cognita culpa mihi ? — Epist. e Ponto. 

Herein lies a great mystery of the court of Augustus. The fault of the poet, 
whatever it was, though doubtless known to many at the time, has not been 
stated by any writer, and still remains a great literary problem, like the impri- 
sonment of Tasso. Under the pretext of the licentiousness of his amatory works, 
which, however, had been freely circulated and read for years, the emperor, 
under a sentence of relegation, somewhat milder than banishment, as it did not 
involve confiscation of his estate, removed him to Tomi, now Temiswar, a town 
in Pontus, in a gloomy and inhospitable region lying on the Euxine sea. When 
the poet received the order to depart, in a transport of grief he burned the copy 
of the Metamorphoses which he was engaged in correcting, so that this inimi- 
table work would have been lost to the world, had it not been preserved by 
means of a copy which he had given to a friend some time before. While in 
his exile, the poet learned its preservation; but as he never had a chance of 
revising it, we must regard it with the allowance due to a work which has not 
received the finishing touches of its author. As an apology for its imperfections, 
•Ovid proposed the following lines as a prefix to the Metamorphoses : 

Orba parente suo quicumque volumina tangis ; 

His saltern vestra detur in urbe locus : 
Quoque magis faveas, non hasc sunt edita ab ipso, 

Sed quasi de domini funere rapta sui. 
Quicquid in his igitur vitii rude carmen habebit, 

Emendaturus, si licuisset, erat. 

Recommending his wife to the protection of his friend Fabius Maximus, he 
bade adieu to Rome, and the scenes and associates of his former pleasures, and 
went into his lonely and melancholy exile. Some time before this calamity, he 
had commenced his Fasti, Lib. xn., which may be regarded as a supplement to 
the Metamorphoses. The Fasti give an account of the origin and observance of 
the different festivals, dedications, and other ceremonies of the Roman Calendar, 
arranged in chronological order. A book is devoted to each month, and the holy- 
days are associated with the sun's place in the zodiac, and with the rising and 
setting of the stars. The work ends with June ; the six latter books having 
been lost. C. Hemina and Claudius Quadrigarius had attempted this work be- 
fore in prose, with indifferent success. 

On his voyage to Pontus, Ovid commenced his Tristia, Lib. v., of which he 
wrote the first book, containing ten elegies while at sea. The Tristia, and the 
Episiolss e Ponto, Lib. iv., which he wrote in his lonely exile, are the melancholy 
outpourings of a breaking heart. They are filled with complaints of the hardness 
of his lot, the miseries of his old age, and the mortifications and sorrows to 
which he was exposed. In these productions he sought, alike by flattery and 
the most moving appeals, to mitigate the severity of the emperor, and induce 
him to recal him from exile, or remove him to a milder residence. The transi- 
tion in the circumstances of the poet from his former condition, were distressing 
to one of his sensitive feelings. Around him a bleak and barren region, snows 
and fogs alternately deforming the sky, and the storms ever chafing the black 
Euxine into fury, — with no companions but barbarians clad in skins, he sighed 
for the vine-clad hills, the sun and sky of Italy — for the fragrance of the Collis 
Hortulorum, and the flowers of his own fair garden by the Flaminian Way — for 
the gay companions, the baths, the theatres, and the gushing fountains of impe- 
rial Rome. Like the unhappy Byron in his self-imposed exile, he could exclaim 
with him : 



LIFE AND WRITINGS OF OVID. H 

" My days are in the yellow leaf, 

The fruits and flowers of love are gone; 
The worm, the canker, and the grief 
Are mine alone." 

But nothing could move the obduracy of Augustus; and although Ovid re- 
garded his memory with idolatry, and consecrated a chapel to him after death, 
neither this, nor like flatteries lavished upon his successor Tiberius, ever pro- 
cured the recall of the unfortunate poet. While in exile, the feelings of Ovid 
were deeply wounded by the conduct of a former friend, supposed to be the poet 
Cornificius by some, but with more reason, the mythograph Hyginus, who soli- 
cited his wife Perilla, whom Ovid tenderly loved, to forget her exiled husband 
and accept of another. He endeavored also to induce the emperor to bestow 
upon him the patrimony of Ovid. Full of indignation, the unhappy poet dipped 
his pen in gall, and wrote a poem called Ibis, inscribed to the fictitious name of 
his ungrateful friend. It is in the style of the Dirae of Valerius Cato, and is full 
of imprecations in comparison of which ordinary curses appear as benedictions. 

After this, Ovid composed a poem in praise of the imperial family at Rome. 
It was in the barbarous language of the people where he dwelt, and w T armly 
attached them to him ever after. This poem has not come down to us. After 
living more than nine years in exile, Ovid closed his life at Tomi, in the sixtieth 
year of his age, and was mourned publicly by the inhabitants, who erected a 
stately monument to his memory, before the gates of the city. His death occurred 
A. U. C. 771, in the fourth year of the reign of Tiberius. 

Ovid's person was of a middle stature, and slender, but graceful, and his body 
strong and nervous, though not large-limbed. He was of a pale complexion, 
with features regular and agreeable, and possessed of an open and engaging 
countenance. He w 7 as thrice married. His first wife, whom he took in early 
life, was not worthy of his affections, and was soon repudiated : 

Paene mini puero nee digna nee utilis uxor 

Est data, quae tempus per breve nupta fu.it. — Trist. Lib. ii. 

He married a second wife, whom he also divorced shortly after, although she 
was virtuous and prudent : 

Illi successit, quamvis sine crimine, conjux ; 

Non tamen in nostro firma futura toro. — Trist. Lib. ii. 

His last wife, Perilla, was celebrated for her beauty and virtue, and as she was 
of congenial taste, having considerable genius for poetry, was most tenderly 
loved by him. She remained faithful to him to the last, and lived like a sorrow- 
ful widow, during the relegation of her husband. 

Ultima, quae mecum seros permansit in annos, 
Sustinuit conjux exulis esse viri. — Trist. Lib. ii. 

In conclusion, it must be admitted that Ovid possessed a most extensive wit, 
supported by just conceptions, a lively fancy, and great felicity of expression. 
The natural indolence of his temper and his gayety of life prevented his essaying 
those nobler efforts of which he was capable, while the misfortunes which clouded 
his latter years prevented his polishing what he had written. If he had employed 
the same laborious care in composition and patience in revision, for which Virgil 
was distinguished, he would have surpassed. in correctness, as he does in genius, 
all the other Latin poets. As it is, his writings generally are of the most agree- 
able and instructive character, so that every reader, in admiration of his produc- 
tions, and in sympathy for his misfortunes, will readily join in the petition for 
rest to his ashes, expressed in the epitaph of the poet, composed by himself: 

Hie ego qui jaceo, tenerorum lusor amorum, 

Jngenio perii Naso poeta meo : 
At tibi, qui transis, ne sit grave, quisquis amasti, 

Dicere Nasonis molliter ossa cubent. 



TESTIMONIA 
VETEKUM SCRIPTORUM 

DE 

OVIDIO. 



MARCUS ANNJEUS SENECA. 
Naso had a constant, becoming, and amiable wit. His 
prose appeared no other than dissolved verses. Of his 
words no prodigal, except in his verse, wherein he was 
not ignorant of the fault, but affected it, and often 
would say, that a mole did not misbecome a beautiful 
face, but made it more lovely.— Controv. x. 

VELLEIUS PATERCULUS. 
It is almost a folly to number the wits that are ever 
in our eyes. Amongst these, the most eminent of our 
age are Virgil, the prince of verse, Rabirius, Livy, imi- 
tating Sallust, Tibullus, and Naso, in the form of his 
absolute poem. — Hist. Lib. ii. 

LUCIUS ANN.EUS SENECA. 
" Existunt montes, et sparsas Cycladas augent," as 
saith the wittiest of all poets.— Nat. Gu^st. Lib. hi. 

QUINTILIANUS. 
Ovid's Medea seemeth to me to express how much 
that man could have performed, if he had restrained, 
rather than cherished, his invention. — Lib. x. 

CORNELIUS TACITUS. 

Neither is there any composition of Asinus, or Mes- 

sala, so illustrious as Ovid's Medea. — Dialog, de Obat. 



Thou'rt more than mad ! those whom thou seest so bare, 
With Ovid's self, or Virgil may compare. 

Lib. iii. Epig. 38. 

STATIUS PAMPINIUS. 
That honored day, the old Callimachus, 
Philetas, Umbrian Propertius, 
Prepare to celebrate with one consent; 
And Naso, cheerful though in banishment, 
With rich Tibullus.— Sylvar. Lib. i. 

LACTANTIUS. 
Ovid, in the beginning of his excellent poem, confess- 
ed that God, (not disguising his name,) ordained the 
world, who calls him the Creator thereof, and maker of 
all things.— In stit. Div. Lib. i. 

S. HIERONYMUS, 

Semiramis, of whom they report many wonders, 

erected the walls of Babylon, as testifies that renowned 

poet, in the Fourth Book of his Metamorphoses.— In. 

Ose. Cap. ii. 

S. AUGUSTINUS. 
And Naso, that excellent poet.— De Civitat. Dei. 

ANOELUS POLITIANUS. 
'Tis doubtful, whether he, whom Sulmo bore, 
The world-commanding Tiber honored more 
Than his foul exile thee defamed, O Rome ! 
Whom Getic sands, alas ! but half intomb. 
Perhaps observed by Augustus' spies, 
To look on Julia with too friendly eyes. — In Nutricia. 

MARCUS ANTONIUS TRITONIUS. 
This divine work is necessary, and to be desired of all 
that are addicted to poetry, both for the gracefulness of 
speech, the admirable art of the poet, and delightful 
variety of the subject. Neither was there any that dili- 
gently collected, or learnedly, elegantly, and orderly 
expressed the fables, but Ovid, who composed out of 
Orpheus, Hesiod, Homer, and other most ancient poets, 
so excellent and noble a work, that therein the learning 
of the Latins may worthily glory. — Disputat. de Fab. 



12 



RAPHAEL REGIUS. 
There is nothing appertaining to the knowledge and 
glory of wars, whereof we have not famous examples in 
the Metamorphoses of Ovid, described with such effi- 
cacy and eloquence, that often in reading, you will 
imagine yourself embroiled in their conflicts.— Prjefat. 
Comment. 

JACOBUS MICYLLUS. 
Hardly shall you find a poem, which flows with greater 
facility. For what should I say of learning ? herein so 
great, so various and abstruse, that many places have 
neither been explained, nor yet understood ; no, not by 
the most knowing, requiring rather a resolution from 
the Delian oracle.— Princip. Addition. 

STEPHANUS. 

Naso, In his Metamorphoses, may well be called the 

poet of painters, in that those witty descriptions afford 

such lively patterns for their pencils to imitate.— 

Pr^fat. in Horatium. 

ANTONIUS MURETUS. 
The Metamorphoses, a divine poem, shining through- 
out, with all the lustres of conceit and eloquence.— 
Orat. iii. 

JULIUS CESAR SCALIGER. 
But now we arrive where the height of wit, and the 
sharpness of judgment are both to be exercised. For 
who can commend Ovid sufficiently? much less, who 
dares reprehend him ? Notwithstanding, I will say some- 
thing, not in way of detraction, but that we also may be 
able to grow with his greatness his Meta- 
morphoses—books deserving a more fortunate author, 
that from his last hand they might have had their per- 
fection, which he himself laments in luculent verses. 
Yet are there in these, well-nigh an infinite number, 
which the wit of another, I believe, could never have 
equalled.— Poetic Lib. v. 

BERNARDUS MARTINUS. 
I conceive the poet of Sulmo did follow the industry 
and advice of Zeuxis, in the composure of that admira- 
ble work of his Metamorphoses. For as that excellent 
painter, about to draw the picture of Helen, had assem- 
bled together the most rare and beautiful virgins of 
Greece, that by examining their several perfections and 
graces, he might express all in one with his curious 
pencil ; so he out of the innumerable volumes of the 
Grecian poets, first gathered these multiplicities of fa- 
bles, composing the diffused and variously dispersed 
into one body, and then diligently noting what in every 
author was elegant and beautiful, transferred the same 
to his own, that nothing might be wanting to the en- 
riching and adorning of his divine poem. — Variar. 
Lect. Lib. hi. Cap. 18. 

HERCULES CIOFANUS. 
A witty work, replete with solid and manifold learn- 
ing. Those who peruse it diligently, shall find such 
admirable fluency, such fulness, such gravity of words 
and sentences, that few or none among the Latin poets 
can be said to transcend him. What shall I say of that 
singular and well-nigh divine contexture of fable with 
fable ? so surpassing that nothing can be spoken or done 
more artificially, more excellently, or more gracefully. 
Who, handling such diversity of matter, so cunningly 
weaves them together, that all appear but one series ? 
Planudes, well knowing that Greece had not a poem so 
abounding with delight and beauty, translated it into 
that language. What should I say more ? All arts which 
antiquity knew are here so fully delineated, that a num- 
ber, expert in both tongues, of prime understanding 
and judgment, admire it beyond all expression.— 

PRiEFAT. OBS. IN MeIAM. 



INDEX 

METAMORPHOSEON 

P. OVIDII NASONIS. 



LIBER I. 

Fabttla 

I. Chaos changed into four elements ; 

the Creation of the world ... 22 
II. Formation of animals ; the creation 

of man 32 

III. The Golden Age, in which inno- 

cence and happiness prevail . . 38 

IV. The Silver Age, in which there is 

a deterioration of morals ... 44 
V. The Brazen and Iron Ages, in which 

wickedness reaches its height . 48 

VI. The Battle of the Giants; their 

blood changed into men .... 54 

VU. Council of the Gods called to deli- 
berate on the prevailing wicked- 
ness of mankind 58 

Vin. Lycaon changed into a wolf ... 64 

IX. The world destroyed by a flood, 
on account of the ungodliness of 
men 68 

X. Restoration of the world; stones 

changed into men 82 

XL The earth changed into animals; 

Python slain by Apollo .... 88 
XII. Daphne changed into a laurel . . 94 

XIII. ValeofTempe; Io changed into a 

heifer, and placed under Argus . 104 

XIV. Syrinx changed into a reed; death 

ofArgus 114 

XV. Io the heifer, changed into the hu- 
man form 118 



LIBER II. 

Fabt/la 

I. The Palace of the Sun ; a descrip- 
tion of the solar chariot .... 126 
II. The conflagration of the world ; the 

fallofPhaethon 136 

HI. The sisters of Phagthon changed 
into poplars, and Cycnus, his cou- 
sin, into a swan 148 

IV. Jupiter changed into the form of 
Diana, that he may deceive Cal- 
listo, the daughter of Lycaon . . 154 
V. Callisto changed into a bear by 

Juno 158 

VI. Callisto and her son Areas changed 

into constellations 162 

VII. Coronis of Phocis changed into a 
crow; the raven changed from 

white to black ■ . . 166 

Vni. Nyctimene changed to a night- 
owl; the death of Coronis of 

Larissa 172 

IX. Ocyrrhoe, the daughter of Chiron, 

changed into a mare 176 

X. Apollo becomes a shepherd ; Battus 
changed by Mercury into a touch- 
stone 180 

XI. The loves of Mercury and Herse ; 

Agraulos changed to stone . . 184 
XII. Jupiter, transformed to a bull, car- 
ries Europa across the sea into 
Crete 192 



B 



13 



14 



INDEX METAMORPHOSEON. 



liber ra. 

Fabula 

I. Cadmus, in search of his sister 
Europa, comes to Bceotia, where 

he slays the dragon 198 

II. The teeth of the dragon, sown in 
the earth by the command of Mi- 
nerva, are changed to armed men 206 
III. Actaeon changed to a stag by Diana, 
in consequence of surprising her 
when bathing, is eaten up by his 

own dogs 210 

IW Juno changed into an old woman, 

procures the death of Semele . . 218 
V. Echo, in love with Narcissus, pines 

away, and is changed to a voice . 224 

VI. Narcissus, in love with himself, 

pines away, and is changed to a 
daffodil 230 

VII. The triumphs of Bacchus, and rage 

ofPentheus 238 

Vm. The Tyrrhene sailors attempt to 
carry off Bacchus, and are 

changed to dolphins 244 

IX. The death of Pentheus, who is torn 
in pieces by Bacchanals. His 
mother Agave, and his aunt Au- 
tonoe, are the principal actors . 252 



LIBER IV. 

Fabula. 

I. The Minye'ides despise the festival 
of Bacchus, and continue their 
labors, which they lighten by the 
recital of stories. Transforma- 
tion of Dercetis into a fish ; that 
of Semiramis into a dove . . . 258 

The story of Pyramus and Thisbe ; 
mulberries changed from white 
to black ; the Minyei'des changed 
to bats 266 

Juno descends to the infernal re- 
gions, and employs a Fury to de- 
stroy the house of Athamas . . 274 

Ino and her son Melicerta changed 
to marine deities; their compa- 
nions to rocks and birds .... 280 

Cadmus and Hermione changed to 
serpents in Illyria . 286 

Atlas changed to a mountain . . . 291 

Perseus slays the sea-monster to 
which Andromeda was exposed, 

and marries her 296 

VIII. Medusa slain by Perseus; the 
winged horse Pegasus and his 
brother Chrysaor spring from her 
blood 302 



II. 



in. 



IV. 



VI. 

VII. 



SCANNING TABLE. 



Hexameter verse contains dactyls and spondees, and consists of six 
feet. When regular, the fifth foot is always a dactyl, and the sixth a 
spondee. An irregular line sometimes admits a spondee, instead of a 
dactyl, in the fifth foot, and is therefore called spondaic. 

Of regular hexameter lines, there are sixteen varieties, owing to the 
different arrangement of the dactyls and spondees. 

In the references to the Scanning Table, the number opposite to each 
line shows the variety to which each verse belongs. Thus, Verse 1, 
marked 11, must be scanned according to the 11th variety in the table. 



Dact. j Dact. 

In nova fert am 



Spond. 

mus mu 



Spond. 

tatas 



Dact 

dicere 



Spond. 

formas. 



An asterisk [ * ] in the references, denotes a poetic license in the verse, 
as when a long syllable is made short, or a short syllable long, a syllable 
preserved from elision, or two syllables contracted into one. 

An obelisk [_ t ] denotes a spondaic verse. 

A consonant is often doubled to lengthen a preceding syllable ; as 
re/ligio for religio ; reftulit for retulit. 



I. — — — ww 

II. — WW — WW 

III. —WW —WW —WW 

IV. —WW —WW —WW —WW 

V. — ww — ww ; — WW 

VI. — . — —ww —WW 

VII. —WW —WW 

VIII. —WW —WW —WW 

IX. —ww W —WW —WW —WW 

X. —WW —WW —WW 

XL —WW —WW —WW 

XII. —ww —WW 

XIII. —ww —WW —WW 

XIV. —WW —WW —WW —WW 

XV. — ww — WW — WW 

XVI. —ww —WW —WW —WW 

15 



REFERENCES TO THE SCANNING TABLE. 



PROCEMIUM. 


1 . . 


. 11 


2. . 


. 12 


3. . 


. 8 


4. . 


. 16 


FAB. 


i. 


1 . . 


. 13 


2. . 


. 12 


3. . 


. 5 


4. . 


. 5 


5. . 


. 13 


6. . 


. 12 


7. . 


. 15 


8. . 


. 2 


9. . 


. 15 


ior . 


. 13 


n . . 


. 12 


12. . 


. 11 


13. . 


. 13 


14. . 


. 4 


15. . 


. 15 


16. . 


. 14 


17. . 


. 11 


18. . 


. 1 


19 . . 


13 


20. . 


. 1 


21 . . 


. 11 


22. . 


. 13 


23. . 


. 14 


24. . 


. 13 


25. . 


. 14 


26. . 


. 5 


27. . 


. 14 


28. . 


. 16 


29 . . 


. 11 


30. . 


. 12 


31. . 


. 14 


32. . 


. 14 


33. . 


. 13 


34. . 


. 13 


35. . 


. 12 


36. . 


. 6 



38. . 

39. . 

40. . 
41 . . 

42. . 

43. . 

44. . 

45. . 

46. . 

47. . 

48. . 

49. . 

50. . 
51 . . 

52. . 

53. . 

54. . 

55. . 

56. . 

57. . 

58. . 

59. . 

60. . 
61 . . 

62. . 

63. . 

64. . 

65. . 

66. . 

67. . 



11 
12 
15 
13 
12 
15 
10 

8 

9 
11 
12 
16 

6 
13 

5 
13 
12 
11 
12 
14 
t9 
10 
10 
15 

9 

9 
12 
16 

8 
12 



FAB. II. 



. 11 

16 



1 . . 

2. . 

3. . 

4. . 

5. . 
6* . 

7. . 

8. . 

9. . 
10. . 
11 . . 

12. . 

13. . 



9 
15 

5 
14 
16 
15 
12 
13 
13 
15 
16 
10 
14 



14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 



. 15 
. 13 
. 9 
. 15 



FAB. III. 



1 . . 

2. . 

3. . 

4. . 

5. . 

6. . 

7. . 

8. . 

9. . 
10. . 
11 . . 

12. . 

13. . 

14. . 

15. . 
16 . . 

17. . 

18. . 

19. . 

20. . 
21 . . 

22. . 

23. . 

24. . 



. 11 
. 10 
. 16 
. 12 
. 9 
. 5 
. 11 
. 13 
. 6 
. 12 
. 14 
. 15 
. 12 
. 16 
. 6 
. 13 
. 13 
. 4 
. 14 
. 8 
. 13 
. 10 
. 13 
. 11 



FAB. IV. 



1 . 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6* 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11 . 
12. 



. 15 
. 10 
, 8 
. 12 
tl5 
, 11 
, 1 
. 15 
. 4 
. 6 
.13 
.14 



FAB. V. 



1 . 

2. 

3 . 

4. 

5 . 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11 . 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21 . 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 



1 . . 

2. . 

3. . 

4. . 
5* . 

6. . 

7. . 

8. . 

9. . 
10. . 
11 . . 
12. . 

FAB. 
1 . . 



. 13 

. 9 
. 11 
. 12 
. 15 
. 5 
. 14 
. 14 
. 10 
. 12 
. 8 
. 12 
. 4 
. 5 
. 10 
. 11 
. 13 
. 12 
. 9 
. 13 
. 16 
. 16 
. 16 
. 10 
. 11 
. 12 



FAB. VI. 



13 
12 

12 

11 

12 

16 
1 

9 
8 

14 
8 

11 



VII. 



12 



2 
3 
4 
5 

6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 



12 
10 

8 

9 
13 
16 
11 

6 
16 
15 
14 
12 
13 
10 
11 
11 
13 
11 
13 

6 
11 

4 
13 
12 

7 
15 
14 
12 
16 
t8 
12 
13 
16 
13 
16 
15 
13 
11 
15 
16 
10 
11 
14 
13 
16 



47 ... i: 

48 ... 11 

FAB. VIII. 

1 . . 

2 . . 

3 . . 

4. . 

5. . 

6. . 

7. . 

8. . 

9. . 
10. . 
11 . . 

12. . 

13. . 

14. . 

15. . 

16. . 

17. . 

18. . 

19. . 

20. . 
21 . . 

22. . 

23. . 

24. . 

25. . 

26. . 

27. . 

28. . 

29. . 

FAB. 
1 . . 

2. . 

3. . 

4. . 

5. . 

6. . 

7. . 

8. . 
9 . . 

10. . 



REFERENCES TO THE SCANNING TABLE. 



17 



14 


I 62 . 


. 6 


113 . 


. 4 


33. . 


. 16 


135. 


. . 8 


48. . 


. 9 


9 


! 63 . 


. 15 


114*. 


. 13 


34. . 


. 8 


|36. 


. . 13 


49. . 


. 8 


16 


64 . 


. 3 


115 . 


. 15 


35. . 


. 13 






50. . 


.15 


12 


65 . 


. 16 


116 . 


. 11 


36. . 


. 13 


FAI 


t. XII. 


51 . . 


.10 


14 


66 . 


. 12 


117 . 


. 12 


37. . 


. 10 


1 . 


. . 12 


52. . 


.15 


12 


67 . 


. 12 


118 . 


. 15 


38. . 


. 4 


2. 


. . 8 


53. . 


. 15 


14 


68 . 


. 8 


119 . 


. 11 


39 . . 


. 15 


3. 


. . 12 


54. . 


. 14 


13 


69 . 


. 14 


120 . 


. 10 


40. . 


. 6 


4. 


. . 12 


55. . 


. 4 


13 


70 . 


. 16 


121 . 


. 12 


41 . . 


. 15 


5. 


. . 15 


56. . 


.15 


14 


71 . 


. 8 


122 . 


. 16 


42. . 


. 10 


6 . 


. . 10 


57. . 


. 13 


15 


72 . 


. 14 


123 . 


. 13 


43. . 


. 10 


7. 


. . 9 


58 . . 


. 9 


12 


73 . 


. 5 


124 . 


. 14 


44. . 


. 10 


8. 


. . 16 


59. . 


. 9 


10 


74 . 


. 11 


125 . 


. 11 


45. . 


. 5 


9 . 


. . 10 


60. . 


. 15 


6 


75 . 


. 15 


125 . 


. 12 


46 . . 


. 14 


10. 


. . 11 


61 . . 


.12 


4 


76 . 


. 15 


127 . 


. 5 


47. . 


. 16 


11 . 


. . 6 


62. . 


.13 


11 


77 . 


. 9 


128 . 


. 15 






12 . 


. . 16 


63 . . 


. 9 


13 


78 . 


. 14 


129 . 


. 11 


FAB. 


XI. 


13. 


. . 16 


64. . 


. 9 


11 


79 . 


. 16 






1 . . 


. 13 


14. 


. . 14 


65. . 


. 16 


13 


80 . 


. 8 


FAB. 


X. 


2 . . 


. 16 


15. 


. . 12 


66 . . 


.12 


13 


81 . 


. 13 


1 . 


. 10 


3. . 


. 12 


16. 


. . 12 


67. . 


.13 


15 


82 . 


. 11 


2 . 


. 8 


4 . . 


. 13 


17. 


. . 16 


68. . 


.16 


9 


83 . 


. 8 


3 . 


. 12 


5 . . 


. 7 


18. 


. . 4 


69. . 


. 4 


6 


84 . 


. 14 


4 . 


. 11 


6 . . 


. 5 


19 . 


. . 13 


70. . 


.13 


14 


85 . 


. 16 


5 . 


. 6 


7. . 


. 10 


20. 


. . 14 


71 . . 


.14 


3 


86 . 


. 16 


6 . 


. 2 


8* . 


. 14 


21 . 


. . 13 


72. . 


. 6 


14 


87 . 


. 16 


7 . 


. 5 


9 . . 


. 11 


22 . 


. . 16 


73 . . 


.15 


12 


88 . 


. 12 


8 . 


. 9 


10. . 


. 13 


23 . 


. . 9 


74. . 


. 1 


6 


89 . 


. 13 


9 . 


. 11 


11 . . 


. 16 


24. 


. . 6 


75. . 


.11 


12 


90 . 


. 2 


10 . 


. 13 


12. . 


. 6 


25. 


. . 12 


76. . 


. 12 


10 


91 . 


. 9 


11 . 


. 16 


13. . 


. 10 


26 . 


. . 14 


77. . 


.13 


12 


92 . 


. 15 


12 . 


. 15 


14. . 


. 15 


27. 


. . 6 


78. . 


.10 


16 


93 . 


. 6 


13 . 


. 15 


15. . 


. 11 


28. 


. . 14 


79. . 


. 9 


2 


94 . 


. 15 


14 . 


. 8 


16. . 


. 10 


29 . 


. . 11 


80. . 


.15 


11 


95 . 


. 6 


15 . 


. 12 


17. . 


. 16 


30. 


. . 14 


81 . . 


.10 


14 


96 . 


. 9 


16 . 


. 16 


18. . 


. 13 


31 . 


. . 13 


82. . 


.14 


10 


97 . 


. 13 


17 . 


. 15 


19 . . 


. 16 


32. 


. . 12 


83. . 


. 15 


14 


98 . 


. 16 


18 . 


. 9 


20 . . 


. 16 


33. 


. . 13 


84. . 


. 12 


9 


99 . 


. 9 


19 . 


. 12 


21 . . 


. 10 


34. 


. . 12 


85. . 


.11 


14 


100 . 


. 10 


20 . 


. 11 


22. . 


. 13 


35. 


. . 10 


86. . 


.16 


8 


101 . 


. 11 


21 . 


. 12 


23. . 


. 13 


36 . 


. . 9 


87. . 


.13 


15 


102 . 


. 13 


22 . 


. 14 


24. . 


. 10 


37. 


. . 16 


88 . . 


.11 


12 


103 . 


. 13 


23 . 


. 15 


25. . 


. 15 


38. 


. . 14 


89. . 


. 10 


9 


104 . 


. 16 


24 . 


. 15 


26. . 


. 11 


39 . 


. . 15 


90. . 


.12 


13 


105 . 


. 12 


25 . 


. \& 


27 . . 


. 14 


40. 


. . 15 


91 . . 


.13 


1 


106 . 


. 15 


26 . 


. 15 


28. . 


. 12 


41 . 


. . 16 


92. . 


. 11 


11 


107 . 


. 13 


27 . 


. 11 


29. . 


. 13 


42. 


. . 12 


93. . 


.16 


12 


108 . 


. 7 


28 . 


. 10 


30. . 


. 12 


43. 


. . 12 


94. . 


. 13 


16 


109 . 


. 11 


29 . 


. 6 


31 . . 


. 15 


44. 


. . 15 


95. . 


.15 


6 


110 . 


. 3 


30 . 


. 3 


32. . 


. 11 


45. 


. . 11 


96 . . 


. 1 


11 


Ill . 


. 10 


31 . 


. 5 


33 . . 


. 14 


46 . 


. . 12 


97. . 


.12 


13 


112 . 
3 


. 13 


32 . 


. 15 


34. . 


. 10 


47. 

] 


. . 3 
b2 


98 . . 


. 9 



18 



REFERENCES TO THE SCANNING TABLE. 



99 . 


. 10 


23. 


. . 14 


62 . 


. 12 


101 . 


. 14 


17. 


. . 15 


19. . . 


100 . 


. 10 


24. 


. . 5 


63 . 


. 12 


102 . 


. 15 


18. 


. . 14 


20. . . 


101 . 


. 6 


25. 


. . 11 


64 . 


. 12 


103 . 


. 13 


19 . 


. . 13 


21 . . . 


102 . 


. 14 


26 . 


. . 5 


65 . 


. 10 


104 . 


. 15 


20. 


. . 4 


22. . . 


103 . 


. 14 


27. 


. . 10 


66 . 


.12 


105 . 


. 14 


21 . 


. . 15 


23. . . 


104 . 


. 13 


28. 


. . 6 


67 . 


.13 


106 . 


. 9 


22. 


. . 11 


24. . . 


105 . 


. 11 


29 . 


. . 16 


68 . 


.12 


107 . 


. 13 


23 . 


. . 10 


25. . . 


106 . 


. 10 


30. 


. . 10 


69 . 


.16 


108 . 


. 13 


24. 


. . 2 


26. . . 


107 . 


. 13 


31 . 


. . 16 


70 . 


. 6 


109 . 


. 13 


25. 


. . 12 


27. . . 


108 . 


. 15 


32. 


. . 12 


71 . 


.10 


110 . 


. 12 


26 . 


. . 9 


28 . 


109 . 


. 14 


33 . 


. . 9 


72 . 


.14 


Ill . 


. 12 


27. 


. . 12 


29. . . 


110 . 


. 14 


34. 


. . 11 


73 . 


. 15 


112 . 


. 11 


28. 


. . 15 


30. . . 


Ill . 


. 16 


35. 


. . 5 


74 . 


.11 


113 . 


. 10 


29 . 


. . 12 


31 . . . 


112 . 


. 13 


36 . 


. . 15 


75 . 


.13 


114 . 


15 


30. 


. . 7 


32 . . . 


113 . 


. 16 


37. 


. . 12 


76 . 


. 9 


115 . 


10 


31 . 


. . 11 


33 . . . 






38 . 


. . 15 


77 . 


.12 


116 . 


. 15 


32. 


. . 13 


34. . . 


FAB. XJ.1I. 


39 . 


. . 6 


78 . 


. 8 


117 . 


16 


33. 


. . 7 


35 . . . 


1 . 


. 16 


40 . 


. . *2 


79 . 


.14 


118 . 


12 


34. 


. . 10 


36. . . 


2 . 


. 12 


41 . 


. . 16 


80 . 


.16 


119 . 


5 


35. 


. . 12 


37. . . 


3 . 


1 


42. 


. . 14 


81 . 


.15 


120 . 


16 






38. . . 


4 . 


4 


43. 


. . 13 


82 . 


. 12 


121 . 


16 


FAB 


. XV. 


39 . . . 


5 . 


12 


44. 


. . 13 


83 . 


. 11 






1 . 


. . 13 


40. . . 


6 . 


11 


45. 


. . 15 


84 . 


. 14 


FAB. XlV. 


2 . 


. . 10 


41 . . . 


7 . 


13 


46 . 


. . 6 


85 . 


. 11 


1 . 


10 


3. 


. . 10 


42. . . 


8 . 


11 


47. 


. . 13 


86 . 


. 11 


2 . 


t9 


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43. . . 


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48. 


. . 15 


87 . 


. 12 


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5. 


. . 12 


44. . . 


10 . 


14 


49 . 


. . 15 


88 . 


. 10 


4 . 


16 


6. 


. . 10 


45. . . 


11 . 


12 


50. 


. . 15 


89 . 


. 12 


5 . 


. 8 


7. 


. . 10 


46 . . . 


12 . 


4 


51 . 


. . 15 


90 . 


. 14 


6 . 


. 10 


8. 


. . 12 


47. . . 


13 . 


11 


52 . 


. . 8 


91 . 


. 15 


7 . 


: 16 


9f 


. . 16 


48. . , 


14 . 


8 


53 . 


. . 14 


92 . 


. 9 


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. 12 


10. 


. . 11 


49. . . 


15 . 


. 12 


54. 


. . 15 


93 . 


. 16 


9 . 


13 


11 . 


. . 11 


50. . . 


16 . 


. 16 


55 . 


. . 13 


94 . 


. 8 


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15 


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. . 13 


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56 . 


. . 9 


95 . 


. 16 


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15 


13. 


. . 13 


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. . 11 


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. 1 


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. . 10 


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. 11 


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. . 8 


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. 12 


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15. 


. . 8 


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. 15 


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. . 10 


•98 . 


. 6 


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15 


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. . 10 


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. . 13 


99 . 


. 11 


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. . 13 


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. 14 


61 . 


. . 15 


100 . 


. 16 


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. 7 


18. 


. . 14 





P. OYIDII NASONIS 

METAMORPHOSEON 

LIBRI IV. 



19 



ARGUMENTUM. 



After a concise and elegant annunciation of his subject, the poet in- 
vokes the inspiration of the gods in the composition of a continuous poem, 
from the first origin of the world to his own times. Chaos, which was a 
rude and confused mass, is reduced to order, and separated into the four 
elements, fire, air, earth, and water, with distinct localities. Form and 
regularity are given to the universe. To the several divisions of nature, 
proper inhabitants are assigned, and lastly, man is formed. Four ages 
of the world follow. In the golden age, innocence and tranquillity pre- 
vail, and men live upon the spontaneous productions of the earth. In the 
silver age, the year is divided into four seasons. The earth is now cul- 
tivated, and houses are built. In the brazen age, the corruption of morals 
begins, which is consummated in the iron age. Rapine and violence now 
predominate, and Astrsea, the last of the gods, leaves the earth reeking 
with slaughter. The giants make war upon Heaven, and are destroyed 
by Jupiter. From their blood springs a race of men given to violence 
and lust. Jupiter calls a council of the Celestials, to deliberate upon the 
general depravity, and relates the impiety of Lycaon, and his transforma- 
tion into a wolf. A general deluge destroys all animate existence, except 
Deucalion and Pyrrha. By the admonition of Themis, they repair the 
human race. The other animals are produced from the moist earth, 
heated by the sun : among them, the serpent Python, which is slain by 
Apollo. In commemoration of the deed, he institutes the Pythian games. 
Daphne, the daughter of the river Peneus, pursued by Apollo, is changed 
into a laurel. Io, the daughter of Inachus, is abused by Jupiter, and 
changed into a heifer, to prevent the suspicion of Juno. She is assigned 
to the care of Argus, who has a hundred eyes. Mercury, sent by Jupiter 
for the destruction of Argus, entertains him with music and the story of 
the transformation of Syrinx into a reed, and having lulled him to sleep, 
slays him. Juno adorns the tails of her peacocks with his eyes. Io, 
restored, with Juno's consent, to the human form, gives birth to Epaphus, 
and is worshipped as a goddess. Phaeton, reproached by Epaphus 
with believing in a supposititious father, visits the palace of the sun. 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



LIBEE I. 




^"7V*iS"vi 



*RJ 



PROCEMIUM. 

N nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas 

Corpora. Di, cceptis (nam vos mutastis et illas) 
Adspirate meis: primaque ab origine mundi 
Ad mea perpetuum deducite tempora carmen. 

NOT^E. 



Metamorphoseon. From 
fierafiopcpoxris, which signi- 
fies the change of one thing 
for another. 

1. In nova. As is custom- 
ary, the poet begins by 
declaring his subject, and 
after invoking the aid of 
the gods, enters upon the 
narration. The exordium 
is brief, but comprehen- 
sive. 

1. Fert animus: my mind inclines me : I 
design. 

1. Mutatas formas. By hypallage for, 
corpora mutata in novas formas; bodies 
changed into new forms. See Brooks's 
Grammar, p. 144. The use of this figure, 
by which the order of construction is in- 
verted, is singularly beautiful in treating 
of the transformation of bodies. 

2. Dt, cceptis. At the commencement of 
any labour, the invocation of the supreme 
power and goodness is just and proper. 
With especial appropriateness, the poet, on 
this occasion, invokes the gods whose 



agency had effected the different creations 
and transformations which he is about to 
describe. In sublimity, however, the fol- 
lowing, from Milton, is greatly superior : 

And chiefly thou, O Spirit, that dost prefer 
Before all temples, the upright heart and pure, 
Instruct me, for thou knowest : thou from the first 
Wast present, and with mighty wings outspread, 
Dove-like, sat'st brooding on the vast abyss, 
And mad'st it pregnant : what in me is dark. 
Illumine ! what is low, raise and support. 

2. Nam vos mutastis: for you have also 
transformed them. The emphatic force of 
the conjunction et, evidently refers to their 
creation by the gods. 

3. Adspirate jneis: favor, literally, breathe 
upon, my designs. A metaphor common 
with the poets, derived from winds impel- 
ling a ship. 

4. Deducite: draw like a chain, extend. 

4. Perpetuum carmen: a continuous, un- 
broken poem. The art of the poet is par- 
ticularly shown in the happy manner in 
which each fable is connected with the one 
succeeding it, in a regular series, like tne 
links of a chain. 

21 



FABULA I. 



CHAOS ET MUNDI CREATIO. 



God red-aces Chaos into order, and separates the Four Elements. He assigns 
stations to the several divisions of the -universe; and gives form and regularity 
to the whole. The zones of the earth. The principal winds. The stars. 

EXPLICATIO. 

However they may be involved in allegory, or disfigured by error, there 
is in all the ancient cosmogonies, Chaldee, Phenician, Egyptian, Persian, 
Indian, and Gothic, sufficient coincidence with that of Moses to attest the 
truth and universality of the Scriptural account of an event which has 
been carried, by tradition, into every part of the habitable world. Sancho- 
niatho, the Phenician, who compiled his antiquities from civic records and 
annals kept in the temples of the gods, in so many respects coincides 
with Moses, that he is supposed by some to have had access to the Pen- 
tateuch. Hesiod appears to have copied him in his Theogony, and to 
have furnished, in his turn, the material of which, in part, Lucretius, 
Diodorus Siculus, and our poet, have constructed their systems of the 
creation of the world. 

In the first place, the poet describes Chaos, dark and without form, as 
containing in itself all the elements of the universe in a state of commo- 
tion. This agrees with the Biblical account : " And the earth was without 
form and void, and darkness was upon the face of the abyss. And the 
Spirit of God moved [brooded] upon the face of the waters ;" and is in beau 
tiful accordance, too, with that Orphic allegory which represents a dove as 
brooding upon an immense egg, from which the universe is produced. 

The Architect of the world begins to reduce Chaos to order, and first 
makes two general divisions, Earth and Heaven. He then separates the 
earth into land and water; and divides the heaven into two portions, the 
upper and the lower, arranging the whole according to the gravity of the 
several parts. He now gives rotundity to the earth, pours out the seas, and 
encircles them with shores, and forms the different smaller bodies of water. 
He spreads out the plains, and depresses the valleys, elevates the moun- 
tains, and clothes the forests with trees. He distinguishes the earth by 
zones, assigns places to the fogs, the clouds, the lightning and the thun- 
der, and determines the several regions of the winds. When these things 
are arranged, as if to crown the excellence of the whole, and to contem- 
plate the new creation, the stars which had lain obscured under Chaos, 
begin now to glow throughout all the heavens, in happy coincidence with 
the close of the Scriptural creation, "when the morning stars sang to- 
gether, and all the sons of God shouted for joy." 
22 



NTE mare et tellus, et, quod tegit omnia, coelum, 
Unus erat toto Naturae vultus in orbe, -^ & 

Q.uem dixere Chaos; rudis indiges- -jJI^W^JN 

taque moles; 
Nee quicquam nisi pondus iners, con- 

gestaque eddem 

NOTtE. 

1. Ante: formerly; at the first. The ac- 
count which Ovid gives of the creation, de- 
rived from tradition and the writings of the 
earlier poets, agrees in many respects with 
the Mosaic account. He begins his narra- 
tion with a word similar in meaning to the 
commencement of Genesis, " In the begin- 
ning, God created the heavens and the earth.' ' 

In the beginning of the creation of all thing?, 
the heavens and the earth had the same form and 
appearance, their natures being mixed together. 
— Diodorus Siculus. 

1. Tellus. The earth, in all the Cosmogo- JM 1 
nies of the ancients, is produced from chaos, l^p i 
TotJ Xdovs SlSvyarfip tan koX r) yfj. — Pkoknutitjs. ^/)M 
C eel am: heaven; so called from KoTXog, concave. l||J|(|f 




2. ITnus vultus. It was a general idea of the ancients, jg^s- 
that all the elements were at first united. Thus Euripides, ~ 

'O S'ovpavos T£ yaia r' r]v pop<pi) /it a. 

And Dionysius Longinus, 

Ta no&Ta. rpia autpara, yfj, drip, irvp. 

3. Chaos: chaos; so called from xaw, to be open like an 
abyss, to be void. 





24 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber I. 



Non bene junctarum discordia semina rerum. 
Nullus adhuc mundo praebebat lumina Titan ; 
Nee nova crescendo reparabat cornua Phoebe ; 
Nee circumfuso pendebat in aere tellus, 
Ponderibus librata suis ; nee brachia longo 
Margine terrarum porrexerat Amphitrite. 
Quaque fuit tellus, illic et pontus, et aer: 
Sic erat instabilis tellus, innabilis unda, 
Lucis egens aer; nulli sua forma manebat. 
Obstabatque aliis aliud : quia corpore in uno 
Frigida pugnabant calidis, humentia siccis, 
Mollia cum duris, sine pondere habentia pondus. 



10 



15 



6. Nullus Titan ad- 
huc praebebat lumina 
mundo ; nee Phoebe 
reparabat nova cor- 
nua crescendo ; nee 
tellus pendebat in 
aere circumfuso, li- 
brata suis ponderibus. 

11. Quaque fuit tel- 
lus, illic fuit et pontus 
et a6r : sic tellus erat 
instabilis, unda inna- 
bilis, aer egens lucis, - 
sua forma manebat 

15. Frigida pugna- 
bant calidis, humen- 
tia siccis, mollia cum 



NOT.E. 



The foundation was a confused chaos, from 
whence the four elements were separated, and 
living creatures made. — Laertius. 

In that egg the great power sat inactive a 
whole year of the creation, at the close of which 
he caused the egg to divide, itself. And from its 
two divisions he framed the heaven above and 
the earth beneath. — Institutes of Menu. 
Where eldest Night 

And Chaos, ancestors of Nature, hold 

Eternal anarchy. — Milton. 

From Chaos both Erebus and black Night 
were born. — Hesiod. 

It is remarkable, that Moses, speaking 
of the division of time before the creation 
of the sun, " The evening and the morn- 
ing were the first day," uses the word 
Ereb for evening, from which evidently is 
derived the Erebus of Hesiod. 

5. Semina: the seeds; the first prin- 
ciples of things. This is an elegant and 
forcible metaphor. 

6. Titan: the sun. Titan was the son 
of Ccelus and Terra, and the eldest of the 
Titans. As light was first created, it is 
possible the ancients intended, by making 
him the eldest son of Heaven and Earth, 
to signify this. 

Formerly, the sun knew not his place, the 
moon was ignorant of its powers, and the stars 
knew not the stations they were to occupy. — 
Voluspa in the Edda. 

7. Cornua. The extremities of the wax- 
ing and waning moon are called horns. 
The moon is said to fill her horns in pass- 
ing from conjunction with the sun to op- 
position, from the new moon to the full ; 
and to blunt her horns when passing from 
opposition to her third quarter. 

The moon that rose last night,round as my shield, 
Had not yet filled her horns. — Douglass. 

The moon 
Wears a wan circle round her blunted horns. 

Thomson. 

7. Phozbe. A name given to Diana, or 
the moon, on account of her brightness. 
It is the feminine of Phoebus, as Diana is 
the sister of Phoebus, the sun. 

8. Circumfuso aere. The atmosphere is 
a thin elastic fluid which encompasses the 
earth on all sides, to the extent of about 
forty-five miles. 



Earth with her nether ocean circumfused 
Their pleasant dwelling-home. — Milton. 
9. Ponderibus librata: balanced by its 
own gravity. Pythagoras had long before 
demonstrated the true nature of the solar 
system, and of the gravitation of the hea- 
venly bodies. 

The rest to several place 
Disparted, and between, spun out the air, 
And earth self-balanced on her centre hung. 

Milton. 
Terra pilae similis nullo fulcimine nixa. 

Ovid's Fasti. 
He stretcheth the north over the empty space, 
and hangeth the earth upon nothing. — Job 
xxvi. 7. 

9. Brachia. The waters of the ocean, 
with which it embraces the earth, are 
called arms. 

Let others stretch their arms like seas, 
And clasp in all the shore. — Watts. 

10. Margine terrarum: along the borders 
of the earth. 

10. Amphitrite. The daughter of Ocean - 
us and Tethys, and the wife of Neptune. 
She is here put for the sea, by metonymy. 
The etymology of the word is d//$»rpi7?a»> 
to wear away, because the motion of the 
sea wears away the earth. 

When not a wave appears at eventide, 
Save from the pawing of thy coursers' feet, 

With queenly Amphitrite by thy side, 
O'er the still waters glides thy chariot fleet. 
Pantheon 

11. Pontus. Put for water, by metony- 
my. — See Brooks's Grammar, p. 208. 

13. Lucis egens: destitute of light. 

The earth was at first without form and void ; 
and darkness was upon the face of the deep. — 
Genesis i. 2. 

14. Obstabat. The strife arose from the 
commotion of the different elements com- 
mingled in the same body. 

15. Pugnabafit. Thus, Milton, in de- 
scribing the Chaos that borders upon Hell. 
For hot, cold, moist, and dry, four champions 

fierce, 
Strive here for mastery, and to battle bring 
Their embryo atoms.— Paradise Lost. 

16. Sine pondere : things without 
weight. The imponderable agents are 
light, heat, and electricity. 



Fabula I. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



Hanc Dens et melior litem Natura diremit : 
Nam coelo terras, et terris abscidit undas ; 
Et liquid um spisso secrevitab aere coelum. 
Q,use postquam evolvit, caecoque exemit acervo, 
Dissociata locis concordi pace ligavit. 



20 



25 



dims, habentia pon- 
dus cum iis sine pon- 
dere. Deus et melior 
Natura diremit hanc 
litem : nam abscidit 
terras ccelo, et undas 
terris; et secrevit li- 
quidum caelum ab 



not^e. 



17. Deus: God. Deus is the same as 
the Greek Qe6 s , which comes from Se&>, to 
dispose, to arrange. The ancients regard- 
ing natter as eternal, did not consider God 
as the Creator of the Universe, but the 
Archiect. They believed in two eternal 
principles, the one active, the other passive; 
mind and matter. This doctrine, first 
taught dv Hermes Trismegistus, "The 
beginning of all things which exist is God, 
or mind, and nature, or matter," was 
adopted by the Stoics and some other sects 
of philosophers. How much more sublime 
is the idea of God presented in the Bible, 
who by the word of his power spoke into 
existence the material out of which he 
formed the universe. Some of the Orphic 
hymns describe Jupiter as omnipotent, om- 
nipresent, and the architect of the uni- 
verse. In the fragment from Proclus, on 
the Alcibiades of Plato, he is designated 
" Jupiter, the foundation of the earth and 
starry heavens ; Jupiter, the fountain of 
the sea; Jupiter, the first progenitor of 
all." 

17. Deus et Natura. This refers to the 
two principles, mind and matter. We may 
consider the force of the particle et as ex- 
positive ; God and Nature — even Nature ; 
or by the figure hendiadys — the God of 
Nature. The intelligent heathens con- 
sidered God and Nature synonymous. 
Thus Strabo : 

Nihil autem aliud est natura quam Deus et 
divina qusedam ratio toti mundo et partibus ejus 
inserta. — Strabo. 

The power which fashioned the universe 
Aristotle denominates " Nature ;" Anax- 
agoras calls it "Mind;" so also Plato in 
his Phaedon. Thales says, " God was that 
Mind which formed all things out of wa- 
ter." Amelius, the Platonic, in perfect 
accordance with what St. John says of the 
Aoyo?, remarks, " And this is that Reason 
or Word, by which all things that ever 
were, were made." Chalcidius declares, 
"The Reason of God is God himself," 
just as St. John says, " The Word was 
God." Plato says, "Jupiter is a spirit 
which pervades all things." 
All Nature is but art unknown to thee. — Pope. 
17. Melior. This epithet reminds us of 
the complacency of Deity in Genesis, on 
reviewing his work, he ' ' saw that it was 
good." Seneca, in his lxvth Epistle, has 
the same idea, "Bonus est: bona fecit." 
Plato also says, Ka\ds 6 K6ajxo it the world is 
good. 



Nam numen divinum est fons luminis, sicut 
et bonitatis. — Jamblichtjs. 

18. Nam ccelo terras: he divided the 
earth from heaven. Ccelo here evidently 
includes the aer and cether. The descrip- 
tion corresponds with the first act of Deity 
in Genesis ; for, doubtless, when he formed 
the light, it was by separating the atmo- 
sphere from the heavier bodies, and causing 
the gaseous vapors to ignite, for as yet the 
sun was not formed. 

Earth first produced the Heavens. — Hesiod. 

18. Abscidit undas : he divided the wa- 
ters from the earth. We are again re- 
minded of the order of the Scriptural 
account : 

And God said, let the waters under the hea- 
ven be gathered together into one place, and let 
the dry land appear. — Genesis. 

Hesiod says, after the formation of Hea- 
ven: 

Then with Heaven 
Consorting, Ocean from her bosom burst, 
With its deep eddying waters. — Theogont. 

19. Liquidum coelum: the clear heaven. 
Ccelum is here restricted to the aether, as 
stated in the 10th line of the next fable. 

20. Qua postquam evolvit : which after 
he extricated. 

20. Coeco acervo: a confused mass. Lite- 
rally, a blind mass. Ccecum is used pas- 
sively by the poet, because the chaos was 
dark, and could not be seen distinctly. 

The Chaos was dark as night, in which dark- 
ness all things under the sky were involved. — 
Orpheus. 

21. Dissociata locis. The elements were 
now disunited in place, but concordant in 
spirit. The antithesis of the words dis- 
sociata and concordi, arising from the in- 
separable particles dis and con, is very 
beautiful. 

21. Concordi pace. This state of con- 
cord is an agreeable change from the strife 
■>f the pristine chaos. In some of the an- 
cient cosmogonies, the birth of Love, or 
Harmony, is represented as one of the first 
occurrences. 

Kind Concord, heavenly born ! whose blissful 

reign 
Holds this vast globe in one surrounding chain. 

Tickel. 

Where order in variety we see, 
And where, though all things differ,they agree. 

Pope. 



26 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Ignea convexi vis et sine pondere cceli 
Emicuit, summaque locum sibi legit in arce. 
Proximus est aer illi levitate, locoque : 
Densior his telius, elementaque grandia traxit, 
Et pressa est gravitate sui. Circumfluus humor 
Ultima possedit, solid umquecoercuit orbem. 
'Sic ubi dispositam quisquis fuit ille Deorum, 



25 



Liber 1. 

spisso ae're. Qu» 
postquam evolvit, que 
exemit caeco acervo, 
ligavit dissociata lo- 
cis concordi pace. Ig- 
nea vis cceli convex ; 
et sine pondere emi- 
cuit, que legit si'i 
locum in sunuia 
arce. 
28. Ubi quisquis ")e- 



NOTJE. 



22. Ignea vis coeli: the fiery force of the 
heaven. This means the aether, to which 
Hesiod, in like manner, assigns the highest 
place. The poet probably includes the 
sun, regarding it as a body of liquid flame, 
immense and imponderable. 

Hail, holy Light! offspring of heaven's first born! 
Whose fountain who shall tell ? before the sun, 
Before the heavens thou wert ; and at the voice 
Of God, as with a mantle, didst invest 
The rising world of waters.dark and deep. 

Milton. 

23. Emicuit: sprung forth or shone forth. 
This expression conveys the idea of great 
celerity, and is somewhat similar to the 
account of the creation of light given in 
the Bible : u Let there be light, and there 
was light." 

And forthwith light 
Ethereal — fivstof things — quintessence pure, 
Sprung from the deep. — Milton. 

23. Summa in arce. It is a law in phi- 
losophy, that the heavier bodies descend, 
while the lighter bodies ascend till they 
reach a region of their own density. The 
.aether being lightest, will ascend to the 
highest place. 

Even inanimates have their proper stations 
assigned ; the earth is the lowest, water is 
higher than the earth, the air is above the wa- 
ter, and fire has the highest situation. — De Na- 
tura Deorum. 

The fiery part ascended highest, because the 
lightness of its nature caused it to tend up- 
wards. — DlODORUS SlCULUS. 

24. Levitate. The air is next to the 
ether in lightness, and necessarily so in lo- 
cation. It is proper to say lightness here 
instead of weight, for the ether has just 
been spoken of as a light body. 

25. Densior: more dense, and conse- 
quently heavier. 

25. Eleme?ita. Elements are the first 
principles of which bodies are formed. The 
ancients recognised four elements, fire, air, 
earth, and water. Fire is still regarded as 
a simple, but the others are known to be 
compounds. Air consists of oxygen and 
nitrogen, in the proportion of 21 parts of 
the former to 79 of the latter, or, as some 
think, of 20 and 80, in accordance with the 
atomic theory. The compositions of earth 
are varied. Water consists of hydrogen 
and oxygen, in the proportions, by weight, 
of 1 to 8, or by volume, of 2 to 1. 

25. Traxit. The earth, agreeably to the 
aw of gravity, drew down with it the 



heavier elements. There is mud 7 ex- 
pressiveness in the word Iraxit. 

The muddy and grosser parts, together with 
the fluid, sunk down, by reason of th&r heavi- 
ness. — DlODORUS SlCULUS. 

26. Pressa est: was pressed together. 
The earth is kept together by the power 
of attraction. 

26. Circumfluus humor. The water flow- 
ing around possessed the last place, or 
lowest place, for the surface of the water 
is lower than the surface of the earth. 

Providence has caused many eminences and 
cavities in the earth, that in these, the water, or 
the greatest part of it, might be received. — 
Strabo. 

He the world 
Built on circumfluous waters calm, in wide 
Crystalline ocean. — Paradise Lost. 

And, poured round all, 
Old Ocean's gray and melancholy waste. 

Bryant. 

27. Solidum orbem. The ancient philoso- 
phers generally considered the earth as a 
globe. 

The cone, you say, the cylinder, and the pyr- 
amid, are more beautiful to you than the sphere. 
Would not physics inform you, that this equality 
of motion and invariable order could not be pre- 
served in any other figure? Nothing, therefore, 
can be more illiterate than to assert, as you do, 
that it is doubtful whether the world is round or 
not. — Cicero on tiie Gods. 

It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth, 
and the inhabitants thereof are as grasshoppers. 
— Isaiah xl. 22. 

How heaven on high was formed, 

The earth established, -axvAbegirt with sea. 

Orpheus. 

28. Quisquis deorum. The Architect 
of the Universe appears to be rather an 
"unknown god" to the poet. He evidently 
considers him of a more exalted character 
than the others. The heathens in general 
acknowledged one supreme god. 

The whole, world agree in this one constant 
law and opinion, that God is the sole King and 
Father of all.— Maximus Tyeius. 

There are many vulgar gods, but there is but 
one natural god. — Antisthenes. 

There is really but one God, 
The maker of heaven and earth, 
And sea and winds. — Sophocles. 

In the fragment of Orpheus, quoted by 
Justin Martyr, and by Clemens Alexandri- 
nus, on the Unity of God, it is said : 

He is one, self-begotten ; by him alone are all 
things that have been made. 



Fabtjla I. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



Congeriem secuit, sectamque in membra redegit. 
Principio terram, ne non aequalis ab omni 
Parte foret, magni speciem glomeravit in orbis. 
Turn freta diffundi, rapidisque tumescere ventis 
Jussit, et ambitse circumdare littora terras. 
Addidit et fontes, immensaque stagna, lacusque ; 
Fluminaque obliquis cinxit declivia ripis : 
Quae diversa locis partim sorbentur ab ipsa ; 



30 



27 

orum ille fuit, secuit 
congeriem sic dispo- 
sitam que redegit 
sectam in membrn. 
Principio glomeravit 
terram in speciem 
magni orbis, ne foret 
non aequalis ab omni 
34. Et addidit fontes, 
oc que immensa stagna, 
que lacus ; que cinxit 
declivia flumina ob- 



NOTJ3. 



29. Congeriem secuit: cut the mass, viz. 
chaos. Thus abscidit, a similar term, is 
employed in the 17th line to express great 
violence in the separation of the bodies. 

29. I?i membra: into members or parts ; 
that is, into separate elements. 

30. Principio: in the beginning. Having 
stated the fact of the formation of the uni- 
verse, the poet enters more particularly 
into the specifications of the several acts. 
In doing this, he uses the identical ex- 
pression which occurs in the first verse of 
Genesis. 

30. JEqualis ab omni. The earth is not 
exactly equal in every part, as the eleva- 
tions and depressions show. The equa- 
torial diameter, too, is 26 miles greater 
than the polar. Owing to this spheroidal 
figure, the earth may be considered as con- 
taining a sphere, the radius of which is 
half the polar axis, and a quantity of redund- 
ant matter distributed over it, so as to swell 
out the equatorial regions. The precession 
of the equinoxes, and the nutation of the 
earth's axis, is occasioned by the attraction 
of the sun and moon on this redundant 
matter. 

31. Glomeravit : he rounded the earth. 
Glomero signifies to wind into a ball like 
thread. The expression is not inapt, es- 
pecially when we consider that the earth 
consists of successive layers. 

31. Magni orbis: a great globe. 
A glorious orb from its Creator's hands 
It came, in light and loveliness arrayed, 
Crowned with green emerald mounts tinted with 

gold. — Scriptural Anthology. 

32. Freta. Narrow seas between two 
portions of land, so called from fervendo; 
here put by synechdoche for seas in general. 
He ordered the seas to be poured forth. 

And from the hollow of his hand 
Poured out the immeasurable sea. 

Bower of Paphos. 

32. Tumescere: to swell; to be puffed 
up. 

Have I not seen the seas puffed up with winds, 
Pi.age like an angry boar chafed with sweat. 

Shakspeare. 

33. Jussif : he commanded. This con- 
veys the idea of great power, and is similar 
to the " Deus dixit" of Moses. 

He spoke, and it was done ; he commanded, 
uul it stood fast. — Psalm xxxiii. 9. 



33. Ambila terra?. Not on all sides sur- 
rounded as the earth is by the air, but en- 
compassed or encircled by it. 
And wearing as a robe the silver sea, 
Seeded with jewels of resplendent isles. 

Scriptural Anthology. 

33. Circumdare. In the use of circum- 
dare with ambito?, there is a pleonasm. This 
figure is of frequent occurrence in Ovid. 

34. Fontes, stagna, lacusque. In the 
enumeration of the different bodies of wa- 
ter, there is an agreeable variety. 

Dim grottoes, gleaming lakes, and fountains 
clear. — Thomson. 

34. Fontes. Fountains or springs are 
formed by water that issues from crevices 
in the earth. The water falls on higher 
ground, and descending into the earth, is 
received in subterranean cavities, and fil- 
trates towards the springs. Springs are 
distinguished as perennial, periodical, in- 
termitting, and spouting. An intermitting 
fountain at Como, in Italy, rises and falls 
every hour ; one at Colmaris, in Provence, 
eight times in an hour. 

34. Stagna. Pools are bodies of water 
that receive no running water, and have no 
visible outlet. They are situated in low 
marshy ground. 

34. Lacusque. Lakes are large bodies 
of water that do not communicate with the 
ocean. They are distinguished as follows : 
those that receive streams of water, and 
have a visible outlet ; those that receive 
streams of water, and have no visible out- 
let ; and those that are supplied, not by 
running streams, but internal springs, and 
have a visible outlet. The first class of 
lakes is fresh, the second salt, and the 
third saline, or alkaline, or both. 

35. Flumina declivia. Rivers always 
occupy the lowest portions of the districts 
from which they derive their waters. 
These districts are called basins. 

Rivers will not flow, except on declivity, nnd 
their sources be raised above the earth's on'.. - 
nary surface, so that they may run upon a 
descent.— Woodward. 

36. Cinxit obliquis ripis; he bound the 
rivers with winding banks. 

He hath compassed the waters with bounds, 
until day and night come to an end. — Job xxv : 
10. 



28 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



In mare perveniunt partim, campoque recepta 
Liberioris aquae, pro ripis littofa pulsant. 
Jussit et extendi campos, subsidere valles, 
Fronde tegi sylvas, lapidosos surgere montes. 
Utque du33 dextra ccelum, totidemque sinistra 
Parte secant Zona?, quinta est ardentior illis ; 
Sic onus inclusum numero distinxit eodem 
Cura Dei : totidemque plagae tellure premuntur : 
Quarum qua? media est, non est habitabilis aestu ; 
Nix tegit alta duas ; totidem inter utramque locavit ; 



Liber I. 



liquis ripis : quae di- 
versa locis partim 
sorbentur ab terra 
ipsa ; partim perve- 
niunt in mare, que 

40 recepta campo liberi- 
oris aquas pulsant 
Utque duoe zona? se- 
cant ccelum dextra 
parte, que totidem si- 
nistra, quinta est ar- 
dentior illis ; sic cura 
Dei distinxit inclusum 

45 onus eodem numero : 
quetotidem plagae pre- 
muntur tellure. 



NOT.E. 



How many spacious countries does the Rhine, 
In winding banks, and mazes serpentine 
Traverse. — Blackmore. 

36. Sorbentur. Some rivers disappear, 
and continue their course for a distance, 
under the earth. Such are the Alpheus, in 
Peloponnesus, the Anas, in Spain, the 
Rhone, in France, the Lycus, the Erasinus, 
and Mysus. 

37. In mare perveniunt. Some ancient 
philosophers regarded the earth as a great 
animal, and the ocean as the great fountain 
and receptacle of all the other waters. It 
was thus the heart of the world. 

The deep pulsations of his mighty heart, 
That bids the blood-like fluid circulate 
Through every fibre of the earth, shall cease. 
Scriptural Anthology. 
The rivers run into the sea. — Carew. 
All the rivers run into the sea; yet the sea is 
not full : into the place whence the rivers come, 
thither they return again. — Ecclesiastes i. 7. 

37. Campo; in a plain of freer water. The 
sea or ocean. 

38. Liberioris aquce. The expanse being 
greater, the waters are less confined. 

38. Fro ripis littora. A distinction is 
made between banks and shores. The 
former belong to rivers, the latter to the 
sea. 

39. Subsidere valles. The plains to be 
extended, the valleys to sink down. 

So high as heaved the tumid hills, so low 
Down sunk a hollow bottom, broad and deep. 

Milton. 

40. Fronde tegi: the woods to be clothed 
with leaves. 

Last, 
Rose, as in dance, the stately trees, and spread 
Their branches hung with copious fruit. 

Milton. 

40. Lapidosos montes; the stony moun- 
tains to rise. 

She brought 
The lofty mountains forth, the pleasant haunts 
Of nymphs, who dwell midst thickets of the hills. 

Hestod. 

He gave being to time, and the divisions of 

time, to the stars also, and to the planets, to 

rivers, oceans, and mountains ; to level plains 

and uneven valleys. — Institutes of Menu. 

41. Dextra, sinistra. The northern por- 
tion was considered, by the Romans the 
right, the southern the left. 



42. Secant zones. The noun zona is de- 
rived from the Greek &vri, a girdle. There 
are five parallel circles in the heavens ; the 
equator or equinoctial, equidistant from the 
north and south poles ; the two tropics, at 
a distance of 23° 28' from the equator on 
either side; and the two polar circles, at a 
distance of 23° 28' from the poles. These 
circles divide the heavens into five zones ; 
the two frigid zones enclosed between the 
polar circles and the poles ; the two tem- 
perate zones lying between the tropics and 
polar circles, and the torrid zone lying be- 
tween the tropics. 

43. Inclusum onus; the included mass of 
earth. 

44. Totidem plage,: as many regions are 
impressed upon the earth. As the planes 
of the five celestial circles, described in a 
former note, produced till they reach the 
earth, impress similar parallels upon it, as- 
tronomers with propriety divide the earth 
into zones, in the same manner as they 
distinguish the heavens. 

45. Non est habitabilis. The sun in the 
torrid zone being twice vertical, and often 
nearly perpendicular, darts down his rays 
with great power. Unacquainted with the 
situation of the earth, the course of the 
winds, and the effect of frequent, rains, and 
of the ocean, in tempering the solar heat, 
the ancients generally considered the torrid 
zone uninhabitable. Lucan, however, in 
the army of Pompey, speaks of Ethiopians 
from the torrid zone. Eratosthenes de- 
scribes Taprobana under the line, and 
Ptolemy, in his Geography, speaks of 
Agisymban Ethiopians south of the equi- 
noctial. 

Columbus first 
Found a temperate in a torrid zone ; 
The feverish air fanned by a cooling breeze. 

Dryden. 

46. Nix tegit. The two frigid zones, ly- 
ing between latitude 66° 32' and the poles, 
are covered with ice and snow, a great part 
of the year. 

He giveth snow like wool : he scattereth the 
hoar-frost like ashes. He casteth forth his ice 
like, morseis: who can stand before his cold?— 
rsALM cxlvii. 



Fabula I. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



Temperiemque dedit, mista cum frigore flamma. 

Imminet his aer ; qui, quanto est pondere terree 

Pondus aquas levius, tanto est onerosior igni. 

Illic et nebulas, illic consistere nubes 

Jussit, et humanas motura tonitrua mentes, 

Et cum fulminibus facientes frigora ventos. 

His quoque non passim mundi fabricator habendum 

A era permisit. Vix nunc obsistitur illis, 

Cum sua quisque regant diverso flamina tractu, 

Q,uin lanient mundum ; tanta est discordia fratrum. 



50 



29 



48. Aer imminet his, 
qui, quanto pondus 
aquae est levius pon- 
dere terrse, tanto est 
50. Et jussit nebulas 
consistere illic, nubes 
illic, et tonitrua mo- 
tura humanas mentes, 
et ventos facientes 
frigora cum fulmini- 
bus. Quoque fabri- 
KK cator mundi non per- 
misit aera habendum 
passim his. Nunc 



NOT^. 



Quam circum extremae dextra laevaque tra- 

huntur 
Caerulea glacie concretae, atque imbribus atris. 

Virgil. 

46. Totidem. The two temperate zones, 
between the torrid and the frigid zones, are 
free from the severe extremes of heat and 
cold, and are more agreeable and salubrious 
than any other portions of the earth. 

Has inter medidumque'duae mortalibus segris 
Munere concessae divum. — Virgil. 

47. Temperiem: temperateness ; the heat 
being blended with cold. 

48. Aer imminet : the air rests upon 
these. 

48. Quanto est pondere. The poet ar- 
ranges the different elements according to 
their gravity : first, fire ; then air ; then 
water, and lastly, earth. His proportions, 
however, do not accord with modern phi- 
losophy, for heat is considered imponder- 
able; atmospheric air is '00121; water 1, 
and earthy matter varies in weight accord- 
ing to its component particles. 

50. Illic nebulas. Fogs consist of dense 
vapors near the surface of the land or wa- 
ter. During the night, the air, by cooling 
rapidly, becomes surcharged with moisture. 
A part of this moisture, precipitated in the 
form of cloud, gives rise to the ordinary 
fog. The heat of the sun disperses the 
fogs by elevating the temperature of the 
air, and enabling it to reabsorb and hold in 
solution the moisture. 

50. Illic nubes. Clouds are vapors, 
which, on ascending to the higher and 
colder regions, are condensed and rendered 
visible. They are less dense than fogs, and 
consequently more elevated. Their ave- 
rage elevation is from two to three miles. 
Clouds are divided into three primary for- 
mations ; the cirrus, or curl-cloud, which 
occupies the highest region, and consists 
of curls or fibres diverging in every direc- 
tion ; the cumulus, orstacken-cloud, which 
is next in position, which, from a horizontal 
base, assumes a conical figure; and the 
stratus, or fall-cloud, which consists of 
horizontal layers. It is lowest in place, and 
comprehends fogs and mists. The modi- 
fications of the above are the cirro-cumulus, 
the cirro-stratus, and the cumulo- stratus, 
60 called from their having the blended ap- | 



pearance of their respective primaries. The 
nimbus is the rain-cloud, into which the 
different clouds resolve themselves when 
it rains. 

51. Tonitrua. The poet speaks of thun- 
der as if it were a real entity, whereas it is 
a mere sound, "Vox et nihil prasterea." 
It is the noise which follows the passage 
of lightning through the air from one cloud 
to another, or from a cloud to the ground. 
It is produced by the vibration of the air, 
which is agitated by the electric discharge. 

51. Motura mentes: to disturb the minds 
of men. 

The thunder rolls : be hushed the prostrate 

world, 
While cloud to cloud returns the solemn hymn. 

Thomson. 

52. Fulminibtis. Lightning is the rapid 
motion of vast masses of electric matter. 
When two clouds, or a cloud and the earth 
are in different electric states, the one be- 
ing positively electrified, the other nega- 
tively, the electric equilibrium is restored 
by a union of the two electricities, accom- 
panied by the usual phenomena, flashes of 
light, and a loud report. 

52. Frigora ventos. Winds are currents 
of air formed by a disturbance of the equi- 
librium of the atmosphere. The heated 
air expands and ascends, while the cold air 
rushes in to occupy its place. Winds may 
thus be said to cause cold. A gentle 
breeze moves about five miles per hour ; a 
brisk gale from ten to fifteen miles ; a high 
wind about thirty-five miles ; a storm sixty 
miles ; a hurricane one hundred. 

53. Non passim. The architect of the 
world did not permit the winds, at their 
pleasure, to possess the world, lest, uniting 
their forces, they might destroy it. 

Maria ac terras ccelumque profundum 
Quippe ferant rapidi secum, verrantquc per 
auras. — Virgil. 

54. Obsistitur. This is an impersonal 
verb, from obsisto. Scarcely now are they 
prevented from tearing the world to pieces, 
when they govern their blasts, each one in 
a different region. 

56. Fratrum. The winds are fabled to 
be the son of the giant Astraeus and 
Aurora. 

c2 



30 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber 1. 



Eurus ad Auroram, Nabatbeeaque regna recessit, 
Persidaque, et radiis juga subdita matutinis; 
Vesper, et occiduo quee littora Sole tepescunt, 
Proxima sunt Zephyro: Scythiam septemque Trionem 60 
Horrifer invasit Boreas ; contraria tellus 
Nubibus assiduis, pluvioque madescit ab Austro. 
Hsec super imposuit liquid um et gravitate carentem 



viz obsistitur illis, 
cum regant sua fla- 
mina quisque diverso 
tractu, quin lanient 
mundum ; discordia 
fratrumesttanta. Eu- 
rus recessit ad Auro- 
ram, Nabathaeaque 

62. Madescit assid- 
uis nubibus ab pluvio 
Austro. Imposuit 



not^:. 



Aurora to Astraeus bare the winds, 

Of spirit untamed; east, west, and south, and 

north, 
Cleaving his rapid course. — Hesiod. 

Astrseus is derived from ao-rep, a slar, and 

firobably means the sun, "the greater 
ight." As the sun's rays disturb the tem- 
perature of the air in the morning, and 
A cause the winds to rise, they are said, with 
poetic beauty, to be born of the sun and 
the morning. 

57. Eurus. The poet describes the four 
cardinal winds, east, west, north and south, 
and begins with Eurus. This blows from 
the equinoctial east, and to the Italians was 
dry, serene, pleasant, and healthy. 

57. Ad Auroram: to the east, where the 
morning rises. By metonymy. 

57. Nabathcea. The Nabathsean king- 
doms, according to Josephus, comprised 
that portion of country lying between the 
Euphrates and the Red Sea, and were 
reigned over by twelve princes, the sons 
of Ishmael, of whom Nabath was the 
eldest. Pliny mentions the Nabathaei in 
Arabia Felix. 

58. Persida. This is a Greek name of 
Persia, a celebrated country of the east. 
It was at first a small country, bounded on 
the north by Media, on the east by Caro- 
mania, on the south by Sinus Persicus, and 
on the west by Susiana. It is thought to 
have derived its name from Perses, the son 
of Perseus. 

58. Radiis juga: the hills lying under 
the rays of the morning ; a beautiful peri- 
phrasis for the eastern mountains. 

Where first the sun 
Gilds Indian mountains. — Thomson. 

59. Vesper. As Aurora was put for the 
east, vesper is here put for the west. 

59. Quce littora tepescunt. This is an- 
other beautiful periphrasis for the shores 
of the west. 

Or his setting beams 
Flames on the Atlantic isles. — Thomson. 

60. Proxima. Are next to Zephyrus, the 
west wind. This wind is from the equi- 
noctial west, and with its side winds, is 
cloudy and moist, and less healthful. Ze- 
phyrus presides over fruits and flowers, 
and is represented under the form of a 
youth, with wings like those of a butterfly, 
and having his head crowned with flowers. 

60. Scythia. A country in the north of 
Asia, remarkable for the coldness of its 



climate, and the rude character of its in- 
habitants. 

Scythiaeque hyemes atque arida differt 
Nubila. — Georgic iii. 197. 

60. — Septemtrionem. From seplem, seven, 
and triones, ploughing oxen. A constella- 
tion near the north pole, consisting of seven 
stars in the form of a plough. It is here 
put for the north. Sometimes it is called 
Charles's Wain, from a fancied resem- 
blance to a wagon. 

61. Horrifer Boreas. Boreas is derived 
from (iopov, a vortex; as this wind often 
blows with such violence as to cause whirl- 
winds, it probably had its name from this 
circumstance. It produces cold, hail, and 
snow. As this wind causes shivering, it 
has the epithet horrifer. 

Boreas, and Caecas, and Argestas loud, 
And Thrascias, rend the woods,and seas upturn. 

Milton. 

62. Pluvio ab Austro. The south wind 
passing over the sea is warm and moist, 
and often brings rain. 

The effusive south 
Warms the wide air. and o'er the void of heaven 
Breathes the big clouds, with vernal showers 
distent. — Thomson. 

Besides the cardinal winds, there are 
others which are collateral. They are com- 
prised in the following lines : 

Flat Subsolanus, Vulturnus et Eurus ab ortu : 
Circius occasum. Zephyrusque Favonius affiant, 
Et media de parte die Notus, Africus, Auster : 
Conveniunt Aquilo, Boreas, et Corus ab Arcto. 

63. Super haze : above these ; that is, 
above the atmosphere and the winds. 

64. JEthera: the ether, or fire. It is de- 
scribed by Cicero as the heaven in which 
the fiery bodies run their courses. The 
upper air or ether is mythologically called 
Jupiter ; the atmospheric or lower air, 
Juno. Hence Juno has been styled, by the 
Stoics, both the sister and wife of Jupiter. 
As heat and moisture are the radical prin- 
ciples of all things, the union of Jupiter 
and Juno are said to produce every thing 
in nature. 

Turn pater ornnipotens faecundis imbribus rether 
Conjugis ingremium ketas descendit, et omnes 
Magnus alit, magno commixtus corpore, fetus. 

Virgil, 
Lastly, when father Ether kindly pours 
On ferule mother Earth his seminal showers. — 
Creech's Lucretius. 



Fabtjla I. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



31 



iEthera, nee quicquam terrenag fsecis habentem. 
Vix ea limitibus dissepserat omnia certis : 
Cum, quas pressa din massa latuere sub ilia, 
Sidera cceperunt toto effervescere coelo. 



65 



liquidum JSthera, et 
carentem gravitate, 
nee habentem quic- 
quam terrenee fsecis, 
super hsec. Vix dis- 
sepserat omnia ea 



NOTiE. 



65. Certis limitibus: fixed boundaries. 

66. Massa : that mass. Chaos under 
which the stars lay. 

67. Sidera. Sidus is a constellation con- 
sisting of many stars. The poet here is 
speaking of stars in general. 

A constellation is but one, 
Though 'tis a train of stars. — Dryden. 

67. Effervescere: to glow through all the 
heavens. 

The myriad stars 
Glow in the deep blue heaven, and the moon 
Pours from her beamy urn a silver tide 
Of living rays upon the slumbering earth. 

Scriptural Anthology. 

The stars which lay obscured under 

Chaos, now begin to shine forth. Hesiod, 

in like manner, speaks of the stars as last 

formed. 

Last Lucifer 
Sprang radiant from the dawn-appearing morn, 
And all the glittering stars that gird the heaven, 

Hesiod. 
How shall I then attempt to sing of Him 
Whose single smile has, from the first of time, 
Filled, overflowing, all those lamps of heaven 
That beam for ever through the boundless sky. 

Thomson. 

Aratus, in speaking of the formation of 
the stars, uses language very similar to 
that of Moses. 

Avrdi yap rdye afjfia r' ev ovpavut laTrjpi%£. 

Aratus. 

Urtiiaivetv iiciXevaev tTrepxontvov r' dporoio. 

Idem. 

And God said, let there be lights in the firma- 
ment ; and let them be for signs, and for seasons. 
— Genesis. 

Nothing in creation is so well calculated 
to fill the mind with sublime ideas, and lift 



the soul to God, as the contemplation of 
the. starry heavens ; truly, the heavens de- 
clare the glory of God, and the firmament 
showeth his handiwork. 

With radiant finger Contemplation points 
To yon blue concave, swelled by breath divine, 
Where, one by one, the living eyes of heav'n 
Awake, quick kindling o'er the face of ether 
One boundless blaze j ten thousand trembling 

fires, 
And dancing lustres, where th' unsteady eye, 
Restless and dazzled, wanders unconfined 
O'er all this field of glories : spacious field, 
And worthy of the Master ! he whose hand, 
With hieroglyphics elder than the Nile 
Inscribed the mystic tablet, hung on high 
To public gaze ; and said, Adore, O man, 
The finger of thy God ! From what pure wells 
Of milky light, what soft o'er flowing urn, 
Are all these lamps so filled? these friendly 

lamps, 
For ever streaming o'er the azure deep, 
To point our path, and light us to our home. 
How soft they slide along their lucid spheres ! 
And, silent as the foot of time, fulfil 
Their destined courses. Nature's self is hushed, 
And, but a scattered leaf, which rustles thro' 
The thick-wove foliage, not a sound is heard 
To break the midnight air : tho' the rais'd ear, 
Intensely list'ning, drinks in ev'ry breath. 
How deep the silence, yet how loud the praise ! 
But are they silent all? or is there not 
A tongue in ev'ry star that talks with man, 
And woos him to be wise? nor woos in vain: 
This dead of midnight is the noon of thought. 
And wisdom mounts her zenith with the stars. 
At this still hour the self-collected soul 
Turns inward, and beholds a stranger there 
Of high descent, and more than mortal rank ; 
An embryo God; a spark of fire divine, 
Which must burn on for ages, when the sun 
(Fair transitory creature of a day!) 
Has closed his golden eye, and, wrapt in shades, 
Forgets his wonted journey thro' the east. 

Barbauld. 



QUiESTIONES. 



What is the subject of Fable I ? 

What is said of the account of the crea- 
tion given by Ovid ? 

What was Chaos? 

Who was Titan ? who were the Titans ? 

Who was Phoebe ? 

Who was Amphitrite ? 

In what state were the elements in 
Chaos ? 

In reducing the elements to order, what 
was the first act of the deity ? what the 
second ? the third ? 

What place did the fiery principle, or 
aether occupy? 

What is next to the cether? 

What figure was given to the earth ? 



How many zones are there, and how 
disposed ? 

What is said of the torrid zone ? 

Did all the ancients hold this opinion ? 

How many winds are mentioned ? 

Why are they called the sons of Astraeus 
and Aurora? 

What are their names, and their re- 
gions ? 

Who was Aurora ? why does it signify 
the east ? 

Where is Nabathsea ? why so called ? 

By what figure is Septemtrionem di- 
vided ? 

What part of the material creation waa 
last formed ? 



FABULA II. 



ANIMALIUM HOMINISQUE CREATIO. 

Inhabitants are assigned to the several divisions of the earth. The heavens 
receive the stars and the gods ; the waters receive the fish; the earth the wild 
beasts, and the air the birds. The creation of man. 

EXPLICATIO. 

The world having been prepared for the reception and sustentation of 
inhabitants, the celestial Architect now peoples each region with its ap- 
propriate class. The gods, and the stars, which the ancients supposed to 
partake of the nature of the gods, occupy the celestial space. The first 
act of animal creation takes place, and the waters are stocked with their 
infinite multitudes. As the lowest organization of animals is formed in 
the waters, this is agreeable to philosophy, and to the account of the first 
act of animal creation in Genesis, the bringing forth of the waters. In 
Genesis, however, the waters bring forth not only the cold-blooded animals, 
fishes, and reptiles, but the lower orders of warm-blooded animals also, 
the birds. This is agreeable to the soundest philosophy, for birds are 
next in order to fishes, live in the same, or a similar element, and like 
fishes, move through the water or the air by a similar resistance of those 
elements to the organs with which they respectively strike them. Our 
poet speaks next of the beasts, and then of the birds. The Biblical 
account places the formation of beasts last. Their organization is the 
most perfect of all animals. To be lord of the creation just finished, man 
is formed by Prometheus, the son of Iapetus or Japhet. In the account 
there appears to be a mingling of allegory and history. Iapetus, the son 
of Ccelus and Terra, and the brother of the Ocean, as described by Hesiod, 
is no doubt Japhet, the son of Noah, called the brother of the Ocean, from 
his surviving the flood. As the sons of Japhet peopled " the isles of the 
Gentiles," according to Scripture, it is possible he was ranked among the 
gods, and that to him, or to his son, Prometheus, may have thus been 
attributed the formation of man. It is most probable that the fable of 
Prometheus's stealing fire from heaven to animate man, and the intro- 
duction of disease and death by Pandora, sent for his punishment, is a 
confused account of the Creation and Fall of man. Prometheus may be 
regarded as a personification of *:po/M£«a, the divine wisdom, which 
formed man, as he is the chief work of creation. Thus Hesiod repre- 
sents Mulciber, or the plastic power of the deity, as forming man. Again, 
as the fall, which brought "sin and all our wo," was in consequence of 
man's coveting knowledge, " ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil," 
nence diseases and death are said to follow in consequence of fire, which 
typifies knowledge, being stolen from heaven. Disease and death were 
introduced, moreover, by Pandora, who is plainly the Eve of Scripture 
See the story of Prometheus in Lempriere's Dictionary. 
32 




EU regio foret ulla suis animantibus orba ; 1 

Astra tenent coeleste solum, formaeque deorum : 
H^y 'Cesserunt nitidis habitandae piscibus undse : 
Terra feras cepit : volucres agitabilis aer. 




1. Neu ulla 
regio foret or- 
ba suis ani- 
mantibus; as- 
traqueformse 
Deorum, ten- 



NOTiE. 

1. ISeu regio: nor might any region be destitute of proper ani- 
mals. The earth was at first "without form and void:" it was now 
the purpose of the deity to fill it. 

Heaven and earth at first were of one form, 
But when their different parts were separate, 
Thence sprung beasts, fowls, and all the shoals of fish, 
Nay. even men themselves. — Euripides. 

2. Astra. The constellations are here spoken of as real animals 
inhabiting the heavens. The Platonists regarded the stars as intelli- 
gent beings. 

Anaximander affirmed the stars to be the eternal gods.— Plutarch. 

The stars being generated in the ethereal space, it is a natural inference to 
suppose them endued with such a degree of sense and understanding as 
places them in the rank of gods. — De Natura Deorum. 

It hath been delivered down to us, by the ancients, and those of old times, 
both that the stars are gods, and that the Divinity comprehended the whole, 
or universal nature. — Aristotle. 



The first inhabitants of Greece appear to me 
to have esteemed these only to be gods, as many 
of the barbarians now do, the sun, and moon, 
and the earth and stars, and heaven. — Plato's 
Cratylcs. 

The first natural philosophers looked upon the 
sun and moon, and other wandering stars, and 
the elements, and the things that were connected 
with these, to be the only gods. — Eusebius. 

The most ancient people of Egypt, looking up 
to the world above them, and the nature of the 
universe, and being struck with astonishment 
and admiration, supposed the sun and moon to 
be the eternal and first, or principal gods, and 
that ihese gods govern the whole world. — 

DlODORUS SlCULUS. 



The Sabians hold that there is no God besides 
the stars ; that they are all deities, but that the 
sun is the great, or chief god. — Maimomdes. 

A modern poet, with the enthusiasm of 
a true Sabian, speaks of the stars as ani- 
mated, and enshrining an intelligent soul, 
in the following beautiful language : 
Ye visible spirits ! bright as erst 

Young Eden's birthnight saw ye shine 
On all her flowers and fountains first, 
Yet sparkling from the hand divine ; 
Yes, bright as then ye smiled, to catch 

The music of a sphere so fair, 
Ye hold your high, immortal watch, 
And gird your God's pavilion there. 
33 



34 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber I. 



Sanctius his animal, mentisque capacius altae, 
Deerat adhuc, et quod dominari in castera posset. 
Natus homo est. Sive hunc divino semine fecit 
Ille opifex rerum, mundi melioris origo ; 
Sive recens tellus, seductaque nuper ab alto 
iEthere, cognati retinebat semina cceli; 
Gtuam satus Iapeto, mistam, fluvialibus undis, 



5 ent coeleste solum: 
undae cesserunt habi- 
tandee nitidis pisci- 
bus: Terra cepit 

7. Homo est natus. ' 
Sive ille opifex re- 
rum, origo melioris 
mundi, fecit hunc di- 
10 vino semine ; sive re- 
cens tellus, que se- 
ducta nuper ab alto 



NOT^E. 



Gold frets to dust, — yet there ye are J 

Time rots the diamond, — there ye roll 
In primal light, as if each star 

Enshrined an everlasting soul ! 
And does it not — since your bright throngs 

One all-enlightening Spirit own, 
Praised there by pure, sidereal tongues, 
Eternal, glorious, blest, alone ? — Repository. 
These are the stars, 
But raise thy thought from sense, nor think to find 
Such figures as upon globes are designed. 

Creech. 

2. Forma deorum : the forms of the gods ; 
not mere images, but the gods themselves. 

The heavens are the Lord's, but the earth hath 
he given to the children of men. — Psalms. 

2. Solum. That which sustains any- 
thing, applied equally to heaven, the earth, 
the air, and the water. 

Quadrupedante solum quatit. — "Virgil, 
Vastis tremit ictibus aerea puppis, 
Subtrahiturque solum. — Virgil. 
And sowed with stars the heavens, thick as a 
field. — Milton. 

3. Cesserunt: the waters fell to the shin- 
ing fish ; were assigned as their place. 
Forthwith the sounds and seas, each creek and 

bay, 
With fry innumerable swarm, and shoals 
Of fish, that with their fins and shining scales, 
Glide under the green wave. — Milton. 

4. Terra /eras : the earth received the 
wild beasts. It is not a little remarkable 
that many of the ancients believed that 
animals were produced from the earth, as 
stated in Genesis. 

It would not be a foolish conjecture, concern- 
ing the first rise of men and .beasts, if any one 
should imagine that of old they sprung out of 
the earth, one of these two ways, either after 
the manner of maggots, or to have come from 
eggs. — Aristotle. 

4. Agilabilis: mobile. 

The surging air receives 
Its plumy burden ; and their self-taught wings 
Winnow the waving element.— Thomson. 

The air 
Floats as they pass, fanned with unnumbered 

plumes. 
From branch to branch, the smaller birds, with 

songs, 
Solaced the woods, and spread their painted 

wings.— Milton. 

5. Sanctius animal : a more divine ani- 
mal. 

Animal hoc providum, sagax, memor, plenum 
consilii, quern vocamus hominem, generatum 
est a supremo Deo prseclara quadam condi- 
tione.— Cicero. 



Though but an atom in immensity, 

Still I am something fashioned by thy hand ! 

I hold a middle rank 'twixt heaven and earth, 

On the last verge of mortal being stand, 

Upon the realms where angels have their birth, 

Close to the boundaries of the spirit-land ! 

The chain of being is complete in me, 

In me is matter's last gradation lost, 

And the next step is spirit — Deity ! 

I can command the lightning, and am dust! 

A monarch, and a slave ; a worm, a god ! 

Derzhavin. 

5. Mentis capacius: more capable of pro- 
found understanding. The opinions of the 
ancients agreed in many respects with the 
account of Moses : 

And breathed into his nostrils the breath of 
life, and he became a living soul. — Genesis. 

To this the Hebrews agree, when they say, 
that God gave to man a soul by a divine breath, 
which they call reason, or a rational soul ; but 
to dumb creatures, and wild beasts of the forest, 
one void of reason ; the living creatures and 
beasts being, by the command of God, scattered 
over the face of the earth. — Chalcidius. 
As capable of things divine, and fit 
For arts ; which sense we men from heaven 

derive, 
For he that formed us both, did only give 
To beasts the breath of life, to us a soul. 

Juvenal. 

A particle of breath divine. — Horace. 

An ethereal sense. — Virgil. 

6. Adhuc deerat: was yet wanting. How 
like the phrase, "There was not a man to 
till the ground." Man is here, as in the 
Bible, the last work of creation. 

6. Quod dominari : that might have do- 
minion over the rest. This is in virtue 
of mental excellence. "Knowledge is 
power." 

And let them have dominion over the fish of 
the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over 
the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every 
creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. — 
Genesis. 

Thou madest him to have dominion over the 
works of thy hands. — Psalm viii. 

Bpa\v rot cStvos avipos, 

AAX6 noiKtXiais irpani6u>v 

Aan& <pv\a tt6vtov, 

XSou'wv r aiSeptuiv re iratSevnara. 

Euripides. 
Tcxvy Kparovfiev o>v <j>vc£i HKw/zcSa-ANTiPnoN. 

7. Natus homo est. It is remarkable that 
nothing is said of the formation of woman. 
Aristophanes, in Plato, tells a fable that 
man at the first was double, but afterwards 
cut into two, which were distinguished by 



Fabula II. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



Finxit in effigiem moderantum cuncta Deorum. 
Pronaque cum spectent animalia caetera terram, 
Os homini sublime dedit, coelumque tueri 
Jussit, et erectos ad sidera tollere vultus. 



35 

.adhere, retinebat se- 
mina cognati cceli : 
quam, mistam, fluvi- 
alibus undis, satus 
Iapeto finxit in effi- 
15 giem deorum mode- 



NOTJE. 



sexes. In the chronicles of Hindostan, the 
two first creatures are called, in Sanscrit, 
Adim and Iva. The Fall is evidently alluded 
to in the following : 

The two first mortals were Protogonus (first- 
born), and Eon. The latter found out the way 
of taking food from trees. Their descendants 
were Genus (Cain), and Genea, who first began 
to worship the sun. — Sanchoniatho. 

Orpheus, in his hymn to Protogonus, 
who was certainly Adam, by calling him 
two-fold, seems to refer to his containing 
Eve in his person : 

O mighty first-begotten, hear my prayer, 
Two-fold. — Taylor's Orpheus. 

7. Divino semine: of divine seed or origin. 

Are we to suppose the divine seed fell from 
heaven upon the earth, and that men sprang 
up in the likeness of their celestial sires ? — 
Cicero. 

Tov yap ical yevos laytev. — Aratus. 

Denique coelesti sumus omnes semine oriundi. 
Lucretius. 

Qui se ipse noverit, intelliget se habere ali- 
quid divinum, semperque et .faciet et sentiet 
aliquid dignum lanto munere deorum. — Cicero. 

8. Hie opifex rerum. The artificer of the 
universe is represented also by Eurysus, 
the Pythagorean, as forming man in his 
own image. 

The human race was formed by an immediate 
act of the deity, and received from him a rea- 
sonable soul. — Cedrenus in Orpheus. 

Creator, yes ! Thy wisdom and thy word 
Created me! Thou source of life and good ! 
Thou spirit of my spirit, and my Lord ! 
Thy light, Thy love, in their bright plenitude 
Filled me with an immortal soul, to spring 
Over the abyss of death, and bade it wear 
The garments of eternal day, and wing 
Its heavenly flight beyond this little sphere, 
Even to its source — to Thee— its author there. 
Derzhavin. 

8. Mundi melioris : of a better world ; 
better than it now is, when it bears the 
curse of God. Heathens agree with the 
sacred historian, in attributing to the world, 
and to the elements, a better state of af- 
fairs than now exists. Thus Virgil says 
of Jupiter, after the first age had passed : 

Ille malum virus serpentibus addidit atris 
Praedarique lupos jussit, pontumque moveri, 
Mellaque decussit foliis. ignemque removit, 
Et passim rivis currentia vina repressit. 

After man's transgression, God cursed 
the ground, and the earth and the elements 
were changed : 



And now the direful reign of wo began, 
And ruin through all nature's pulses ran ; 
The odors that exhaled life-giving breath, 
To poisons turned, were drugged with scented 

death ; 
Beasts, birds, fish, insects ? now dissolve in rage 
The bonds of peace, and in wild strife engage ; 
The elements in placid beauty blent, 
Together war by ruffian discord rent ; 
The maddened winds their wildest fury wake ; 
The tempest storms firm earth's foundations 

shake ; 
Involving gloom the blackening heaven en- 
shrouds, 
And lurid lightnings cleave the solid clouds ; 
Sphere-shapen comets through the tracts of air 
Rush wild, and toss their long dishevelled hair ; 
Seas roar, earth trembles, and volcanic fire 
The mountains light as if for Nature's funeral 
pyre. — History of the Church. 

10. Cognati corti. Not merely produced 
at the same time, as cognatus would im- 
port, but rather kindred heaven, intimating 
that, as celestial nature had the power of 
creation, the earth, just separated from 
heaven, retained seminal powers also. It 
may refer also to the pre-existence of the 
soul, a doctrine which the ancients held. 

The heavens to which he is related, as being his 
former habitation. — Cicero De N atura Deorum. 

11. Satus Iapeto. Prometheus, the son 
of Iapetus, by one of the Oceanides ; hav- 
ing reference, no doubt, to Japhet, the son 
of Noah, and his wife, who were in the ark. 
Offspring by her might be poetically re- 
garded as by one of the daughters of the 
Ocean. Prometheus is mentioned, by 
Pliny, as the first that slaughtered an ox. 
Hesiod states, that Jupiter punished him 
for offering, in sacrifice, the bones and part 
of the flesh of an ox, so concealed in the 
skin as to appear entire. This probably has 
reference to the sacrifice after the flood, 
when the eating of flesh was permitted to 
man. Before the flood, when flesh was not 
eaten, the entire victim was offered to God ; 
after the use of flesh was permitted, a part 
was probably eaten, and the rest offered to 
the Deity. Hence the fable may have 
arisen. Orpheus, in his hymn to Saturn, 
makes that deity the creator of gods and 
men, and the same as Prometheus. 

Great sire of gods and men, whom all revere ; 
Father of vast eternity, divine, 
Husband of Rhea and Prometheus wise. 

Taylor's Orpheus. 

11. Quam mistam. The earth mixed with 
river water. It is remarkable that all the 
heathen writers speak of men as formed of 
the earth. 

Democritus was of opinion, that men were 
first formed of clay and water: Epicurus was 
much of the same mind. — Censorinus. 



36 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Sic, modo quae fuerat rudis et sin& imagine, tellus 
Induit ignotas hominum conversa figuras. 



LlBEB T. 

rantum cuncta. 

16. Sic tellus, quae 
modo fuerat. rudis et 



NOTjE. 



Then ordered Rlulciber, without delay, 
To mix the earth and water, and infuse 
A human voice. — Hesiod. 

Callimachus speaks of men as sons of 
clay: so, Martial, Juvenal, and others. 
Avt6x$ovcl Kal liriyelov. — Sanchoniatho. 

Dust thou art, and unto dust thou shalt return. 
— Genesis. 

Earth must return to earth; for fate ordains 
That life, like corn, must be cut off in all. 

Euripides. 
You all to earth and water must return. 

Iliad viii. 
Neque enim naturapateretur,ut id quod esset 
de terra, nisi in terra maneret. — Cicero. 

Cedit idem retro de terra quod fuit ante. 

Lucretius. 
'Ejj yrjv (frepovres yfjv. — Euripides. 

How perfectly the two following agree, 
one from the volume of inspiration, the 
other from heathen poetry : 

Then shall the dust return to the earth as it 
was; and the spirit shall return to God, who 
gave it. — Ecclesiastes xii. 7. 
TivEV/xa piv rrods ai§ipa, 
To <rwpa 6' eiq ynv. — Euripides. 

12. Ejfigiem: in the likeness of the gods. 
Inspiration represents Jehovah impressed 
with the importance of the work of man's 
creation, as taking counsel, " Let us make 
man in our image, and after our likeness." 
Seneca, in lib. vi., cap. 23, De Beneficiis, 
has much the same idea : 

Non est homo tumultuarium et incogitatum 
opus. Cogitavit nos ante Natura, quam fecit. 

Thou madest him a little lower than the an- 
gels. — Psalm viii. 

Propter ingeneratamhomini a Deo rationem, 
est aliqua ei cum Deo similitudo, cognatio, so- 
cietas. — Cicero. 

Eadem natura hominem non solum mente or- 
navit, sed etiam dedit ei figuram corporis ha- 
bilem et aptam ingenio humano. — Cicero. 

Man, the lord of the creation, partakes of the 
nature of the gods. — Pythagoras. 

Man's reason is derived from that of God. — 
Epicharmus. 

And that you put on the new man, which, 
after God, is created in righteousness and true 
holiness. — Ephesians iv. 24. 

Human virtue rather approaches nearer the 
divinity than human form. — Cicero. 

In an Egyptian fragment of the Hermetic 
creed, of great antiquity, preserved by 
Jamblichus, the one true God is evidently 
referred to, in whose likeness man was 
created : 

The Supreme is a monad prior to the first god 
and king, immovable in the solitude of his unity, 
the fountain of all things, and the root of all 
primary intelligible forms, the indivisible one, 
••he first Effigies.— Jamblichus. t 



12. Moderantum cuncta: that govern all 
things. 

Terrarum dominos evehit ad deos. — Horace. 

13. Trona : prone ; with face to the 
earth. 

Like the beasts, which Nature has made 
prone, and slaves to their bellies.— Sallust. 

There wanted yet a creature not prone. 
And brute, as other creatures, but indued 
With sanctity of reason. — Milton. 

14. Os sublime: a lofty countenance. The 
etymology of man, in Greek, v av$pumos, is, 
to direct the countenance upwards. 

Nonnevides hominum ut celsos ad sideravultus 
Sustulerit Deus, ac sublimia finxerit ora. 

Sllius Italicus. 

For when he left all other creatures to feed on 
the ground, he made man upright, to excite him 
to view the heavens. — Cicero. 

Who knoweth the spirit of man, that goeth 
upward, and the spirit of the beast, that goeth 
downward to the earth. — Ecclesiastes. 

14. Caelum tueri; to look upon heaven. 
Shall he, fair form, 
Who wears sweet smiles, and looks erect on 

heaven, 
E'er stoop to mingle with the prowling herd, 
And dip his tongue in gore ? — Thomson. 

The heavens declare the glory of God ; and the 
firmament showeth his handiwork. — Psalm xix 
Quis est tarn vecors, qui, cum suspexerit in 
coelum, non sentiat Deum esse. — Cicero. 
Nor is one scene to mortals given, 

That more divides the soul and sod, 
Than yon proud heraldry of heaven — 
Yon burning blazonry of God ! 

16. Sine imagine: without form; shape- 
less. 

He^hath no form, nor comeliness.— Isaiah. 

17. Induit: put on; was clothed with the 
forms of men. 

17. Conversa; being changed. 
For thou wert present ere our life began, 
Ere the warm dust shot up in breathing man. 

Gay. 

17. Ignotas: till then unknown. 

What is not a little remarkable, and con- 
firmatory of the account of the first sab- 
bath, after creation, Hesiod, Homer, Lu- 
cian, and the Scholiast on Pindar, ascribe 
great sanctity to the seventh day ; Linus 
and Callimachus mentioned it as the day 
upon which " all things were finished." 

There is no city, Greek or Barbarian, in which 
the custom of resting on the seventh day is not 
preserved as it is among the Jews. — Josephus 
against Appion. 

It is a festival celebrated not only in one citf 
or country, but throughout the whole world.— 
Philo. 



Fabula II. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



37 



QU^ESTIONES. 



What is the subject of this Fable ? 

What were the stars supposed to be, by 
the heathens ? 

What is the proper meaning of the word 
solum ? to what is it equally applied ? 

What was the first act of animal crea- 
tion? 

Is there any philosophic reason why 
fishes should be first created ? 

What animals, in perfection of organiza- 
tion, are next to fishes ? 

What similarity between fishes and 
birds ? 

Does Ovid observe this order ? 

What animals does he mention after 
fishes ? 

What animals have the most perfect or- 
ganization? 



When was man created ? by whom ? 

Who was Iapetus ? why was he probably 
called the brother of the Ocean? 

Who was Prometheus ? 

How may Prometheus be regarded ? 

How was man formed ? in whose like- 
ness ? 

In what respect does he differ from ani- 
mals? 

What does man, in Greek, signify ? 

Why is he commanded to look upon 
heaven ? 

Had the ancients any idea of the peculiar 
sanctity of the seventh day, which was 
made a day of rest after the creation ? 

How did they obtain an idea of the Sab- 
bath ? 

What is tradition ? 



D 



FABULA III. 

AUREA iETAS. 



Four ages successively arise, of which the Golden is the first. In this age, 
innocence and happiness reign, and men subsist upon the bounty of the 
earth. Saturn, at this time, holds the empire of the world. 



EXPLICATIO. 

The deterioration of manners, from primitive innocence to extreme 
wickedness, is represented under the names of metals, that lessen re- 
spectively in purity and value. In the prophecy of Daniel, the four 
principal monarchies are prefigured under the images of gold, silver, 
brass, and iron. A similar designation of the four ages, by our poet, 
might seem derived from this source, were it not that Hesiod, whom he 
follows, and who wrote anterior to Daniel, represented different ages by 
the name of metals. The only difference between Hesiod and Ovid, is, 
that the former has an additional age, called the Heroic. The Golden 
age of the poet is a tradition of the period of man's innocence, and resi- 
dence in Paradise, when the Elements were pure and genial, the produc- 
tions of the earth plentiful and spontaneous, and the different animals 
peaceful and submissive. All heathen nations have some tradition of this 
period. 

In the comment of Hierocles upon the Golden Verses of Pythagoras, 
we meet with the following explanation of the Golden Age : " We say 
the Golden Age was the best among the generations of men, by reason 
that we make a comparison of manners from the difference of metals ; for, 
gold is a matter wholly pure, and not at all allied unto earth, as other 
things are of the same kind, as silver, brass, and iron. Among all which, 
nature has ordained the principality unto gold, which alone does not con- 
tract rust, but every one of the rest does, in proportion as it partakes of 
the earth. Now the rust of the earth, being compared with the cor- 
ruption contracted from the body, that holy and pure age, wholly purged 
from all infection of wickedness, was very rightly called Golden." 

The Sabbatic year of the Jews, in which there was no tillage of the 
ground, nor propriety in the spontaneous productions of the earth, nor 
continuance of servitude, was a memorial of the rest in Paradise, when 
God himself dwelt with men. It was, no doubt, in commemoration of 
the same events, preserved by tradition, that labor was suspended, and 
servants released from ordinary toil, during the Saturnalia, which were 
instituted to recall the felicity of the Golden Age, when the god Saturn 
reigned upon earth. 
38 





UREA prima sata est setas, quae, vindice nullo, 1 J- Aurea 
Sponte sua sine lege fidem rectumque colebat. masata.quaj 
Poena metusque aberant ; nee verba minaciafixo cofebat P ° n fi- 
JEre legebantur; nee supplex turba timebant demquerec- 
Judicis ora sui : sed erant sine vindice tuti. 5 £££ nu ik> ne 
Nondum caesa suis, peregrinum ut viseret orbem, 6. Pinus, 

NOTiE. 

1. Aurea. The epithet of golden is given to any thing pure and es- 
timable. Among the northern and middle nations of Europe, it is in 
very common use. 

O thou, my golden, golden dove. — Bohemian Song. 
My golden father ! give me not. — Idem. 
O no ! my golden mother. — Snaidr, 

2. Sponte sua: practised faith and justice from principle, without 
the compulsory force of the law. 

In the state of the first heaven, man was united inwardly to the supreme rea- 
son, and outwardly practised all the works of justice. The heart rejoiced in 
truth, and there was no mixture of falsehood. — Tchonangse. 

The ancients, who were nearest to the gods, were of an excellent dispositio 
and led so good lives, that they were called a golden race. — Dic^earchus. 

and known as the Laws of the Twelve 
Tables. 
Fixit leges pretio atque refixit^^NEiD vi. 622 

4. Supplex turba : the suppliant crowd 
did not tear the face of the judge ; for, 
conscious of no crime, they dreaded no 
punishment. 

5. Sine vindice : without an avenger. 
The prosecutor, the judge, and the lictor 
with his rod and axe, were unknown. 

The first men, before appetite and passion 
swayed them, lived without bribes, and without 
iniquity ; and needed not to be restrained from 
evil by punishment. — Tacitus's Annals iii. 

6. Nondum. No one had yet built a ship 
for sailing : every one was content with his 
own place of residence. 

39 



3. Poena metusque. As the age was one 
of innocence, peace, and brotherly love, 
there was no punishment, nor the fear of 
punishment. 

For love casteth out all fear. — St. John. 
Why I should fear, I know not, 

Since guiltiness I know not. — Shakspeare. 

3. Verba minacia : threatening words, 
setting forth the penalties of violated laws, 
were not read. 

4. Fixo a>re: on the brass set up to view. 
It was customary to have the laws en- 
graved on tablets, and hung up in the 
forum, or other conspicuous place for the 
information of the people. The Roman 
decemvirs, A. U. C. 303, digested the laws 
brought from Greece, which were set up 



40 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber I. 



Montibus in liquidas pinus descenderat undas : 
Nullaque mortales, praeter sua, littora norant. 
Nondum praecipites cingebant oppida fossae ; 
Non tuba directi, non aeris cornua flexi, 
Non galeae, non ensis erant : sine militis usu 



caesa suis montibus, 
nondum descenderat 
in liquidas undas, ut 
viseret peregrinum 
9. Praecipites fossai 
10 nondum cingebant op- 
pida; non tuba di- 
recti saris, non cornua 



NOTJE. 



6. Peregrinum orbem : a foreign orb. The 
whole is here put, by synecdoche, for a 
part of the world. 

7. Pinus. The pine is a mountain tree 
used for ship-building. It is here put, by a 
figure, for a ship. Virgil, speaking of the 
return of the golden age, says, commerce 
will cease : 

Nee nautica pinus 
Mutabit merces. — Eclogue iv. 

Dant utile lignum 
Navigiis pinos. — Georgicon ii. 

7. Descenderat undas. The first attempt 
at ship-building was, doubtless, the linter 
or canoe, hollowed out of a single tree. It 
is thought that the first hint of navigation 
may have been afforded by the falling of an 
alder tree, decayed and hollowed with age, 
from the river side into the water. 

Tunc alnos primum fluvii sensere cavatas. 

Georgic i. 

The first rude plough man made to turn the 
soil ; the first rude axe of stone with which he 
felled the stalwart pine ; the first rude canoe he 
scooped from its trunk to cross the river, which 
kept him from greener fields, were each a hu- 
man faculty, that brought within his reach a 
physical comfort he never enjoyed before. — 
Elihu Burritt. 

8. Mortales: mortals; men. Norant for 
noverant, by syncope. See Gram. p. 195. 

9. Praecipites fossa : steep ditches did 
not as yet enclose towns. A periphrasis 
to express the fact that there were no 
towns, for even houses were not built till 
the Silver age. It is remarkable that Hy- 
ginus, referring to this period, and that of 
the succeeding age, speaks of one univer- 
sal language, and of its after-confusion, 
and the consequent division of the people. 
The confusion of tongues was consequent 
on the building of one of the first cities. 

Go to, let us build us a city, and a tower 
whose top may reach unto heaven. — Genesis 
Xt 4. 

Homines ante secula multa sine oppidis legi- 
busque vitam exegerunt sub imperio Jovis, sed 
una lingua loquentes. — Hygini, Fab. 143. 

10. Non tuba. There were no instru- 
ments of martial music to stir the courage 
of the soldiers. 

At tuba terribili sonitu taratantara dixit. 

Ennius. 
JEre ciere viros, Martemque accendere 
cantu. — Virgil. 

The shrill trump, 
The spirit-stirring drum, the ear-piercing fife. 
Shakspeare. 

10. Directi. The tuba, or trumpet, was 
employed in war for signals of every kind ; 
also at games, festivals, and at funeral 



rites. It was a long, straight tube, increas- 
ing in diameter, and terminating in a bell- 
. shaped mouth, which was often ornamented 
with the figure of some animal. The lit- 




ems, or clarion, differed from the tuba, in 
being bent into a spiral shape at the mouth. 
It was generally used by cavalry, and 
emitted a harsh, shrill sound. 

10. Cornua flexi. The horn, anciently 
made of horn, but afterwards of brass, was 
curved in the shape of a C, with a cross- 




piece. It was an octave lower than the 
tuba, and was generally used to sound the 
classicum. 

Sonuit reflexo classicum cornu.— Seneca. 

11. Sine militis: without the use of sol- 
diery. There were no wars nor battles. 
To a reflecting and humane mind, and es- 
pecially to one influenced by Christian 
principles, few things can be more revolt- 
ing than standing armies ; men kept for the 
very purpose of destroying life. 

O who are these ? 
Death's ministers, not men ! who thus deal death 
Inhumanly to men, and multiply 
Ten thousand-fold the sin of him who slew 
His brother. — Milton. 

11. No?i galea. Helmets were at first 




formed of the skins of beasts, as is now 
the case among the American Indians. The 
hair was generally left on, and the teeth of 



Fabula III. 



METAMORPHOSE ON. 



Mollia securae peragebant otia gentes. 
Ipsa quoque immunis rastroque intacta, nee ullis 
Saucia vomeribus, per se dabat omnia tellus ; 
Contentique cibis, nullo cogente, creatis, 
Arbuteos fcetus, montanaque fragra legebant, 
Cornaque, et in duris haerentia mora rubetis ; 
Et, quae deciderant patula Jovis arbore, glandes. 



15 



41 



flexi, non galeae, non 
ensis erant: securse 
gentes peragebant 
mollia otia sine usu 
militis. 

15. Contenti scibis 
creatis, nullo cogente 
legebant arbuteos fe- 
tus, que montana 
fragra, que coma, et 
mora haerentia in 



NOTJE. 



the animal were generally turned so as to 
threaten the enemy. See plate, Fab. I., 
Lib. III. Afterwards, they were made of 
brass and iron. The principal parts of the 
helmet are the circular portion, the cone, 
or central part, which receives the plume, 
and the cheek-pieces, attached to the hel- 
met by hinges. See plate, Fab. VI., Lib. I. 
11. Non ensis. The ancient sword had 
a broad two-edged blade, which was nearly 




of equal width from hilt to point. The 
first swords were made of bronze ; after- 
wards, they were made of iron. The Ro- 
man sword was generally much larger than 
the Greek. They were worn around the 
body by a belt, generally on the left side, 
but sometimes on the right. 

12. Peragebant: passed, or enjoyed soft 
tranquillity. 

Nor yet injurious act. nor surly deed, 

Was known among those happy sons of heaven ; 

For reason and benevolence were law. 

Thomson. 

13. Immunis : the free earth ; without 
tillage, or the gift of seed. 

13. Rastro: untouched by the harrow, an 
instrument used to break clods, and pul- 
verize them after ploughing. 

14. Saucia: wounded. The bosom of the 
earth opened by the ploughshare, is figura- 
tively said to be wounded. 

Adunci vulnera aratri 
Rastrorumque fero. — Ovid, Lib. ii. 

On the return of the golden age, as de- 
scribed by Virgil, the earth will not require 
tillage. 
Non rastros patietur humus, non vinea falcem. 
Eclogue iv. 
14. Per se: of itself; spontaneously. 

'E<r0Aa Se navra 
Toiatv fjv Kapirov, S'e^epe ^eiSoipos apovpa 
Avrofiarr], no\\6v re koX SLipSovou. — HOMEE. 

14. Omnia : all things ; all necessary 
sustenance. The use of flesh was then 
unknown. This agrees with the Biblical 
account; for, the permission to eat flesh was 
not given till after the flood. 

6 



The food of man 
While yet he lived in innocence, and told 
A length of golden years; unfleshed in blood. 
Thomson. 
Sub Saturno, id est, in aureo seculo, cum om- 
nia humus funderet nullum comedisse carnes, 
sed universos vixisse frugibus et pomis quae 
sponte terra gignebat. — Diceaecht/s. 

At vetus ilia aetas, cui fecimus aurea nomen 
Fcetibus arboreis, et quas humus educat herbis 
Fortunata fuit, nee polluit or a cruore. 

Metamobph. xv. 

15. Contenti: content ; satisfied with the 
productions of the earth. 
Rich in content, in Nature's bounty rich ; 
In herbs and fruits. — Thomson. 

15. Cibis : with food provided without 
toil. Like Adam and Eve, they were naked. 

God himseif. their keeper, fed them, as man, a 
more divine animal, pastures the races lower 
than himself. Naked and without covering, 
living in the open air, they partook of varied 
food. — Plato. 

The first men lived very hardy, before the 
conveniences of life were found out, being ac- 
customed to go naked, and wanting dwellings 
and fires. — DiODOEtrs Siculcs. 

15. Nullo cogenti : no one compelling. 
The fruits of the earth were voluntary, not 
extorted by tillage. 

Ipsaque tellus 
Omnia liberius, nullo poscente, ferebat. — Viegil. 

16. Arbuteos foetus: the fruit of the ar- 
butus. It grows on a low tree, and ripens 
in winter. In appearance it resembles a 
strawberry. 

17. Montana fraga : mountain straw- 
berries. These are the common straw- 
berries. 

Humi nascentia fraga. — Viegil. 

17. Coma : cornels ; the fruit of the 
cornel, or wild-cherry. 

17. Duris rubetis : the rough bramble 
hedges. 

18. Jovis arbore. The different gods had 
particular trees, or shrubs, which were 
sacred to them. The oak was sacred to 
Jupiter ; the laurel to Apollo ; the beech 
to Mars ; the vine to Bacchus ; the cypress 
to Pluto ; the purslain to Mercury ; the 
poplar to Hercules ; the pine to Pan ; the 
olive to Minerva ; the myrtle to Venus ; 
the saffron to Ceres ; the narcissus to Pro- 
serpine ; the palm to the Muses ; the alder 
to the Eumenides ; the garlic to the Lares, 
&c. 

d2 



42 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber I. 



Ver erat aeternum ; placidique tepentibus auris 
Mulcebant Zephyri natos sine semine flores. 
Mox etiam fruges tellus inarata ferebat : 
Nee renovatus ager gravidis canebat aristis. 
Flumina jam lactis, jam flumina nectaris ibant : 
Flavaque de viridi stillabant ilice mella. 



19. Ver erat aeter- 
~~ num, placidique Ze- 
<«" phyri tepentibus auris 
21. Etiam tellus ina- 
rata mox ferebat 
fruges : nee ager re- 
novatus canebat gra- 
vidis aristis. Jam 
flumina lactis, jam 
flumina nectaris 



NOT^. 



19. Ver erat : there was eternal spring. 
Many learned men have conjectured that 
this was really the case at the first creation 
of the world. If we suppose the poles and 
axis of our globe to have been perpendicu- 
lar to the equator, and the centre of gravity 
to have been in the centre of the earth, the 
attraction of the sun would be equal on all 
the parts of the earth, and its course would 
be regular in the track of the equator. 
There would be no disturbances of the at- 
mosphere, nor changes of temperature, and 
the days and nights would be always equal. 
It would move through one degree in ex- 
actly 24 hours, and make its annual revo- 
lution in 360 days. The moon would make 
her revolution in just 30 days. This would 
agree exactly with the ancient computa- 
tions, the universality of which is no small 
evidence of its existence at the first. When 
God cursed the ground for man's trans- 
gression, or at the deluge, by a sinking of 
the continents, the centre of the earth's 
gravity must have been changed, in conse- 
quence of which the poles of the earth di- 
verged, causing its orbit to become oblique 
to the equator. The motions of the earth 
and moon would, of necessity, become 
tremulous and irregular, causing altera- 
tions in the time of their revolutions, and 
introducing a variety of seasons. 

Great Spring, before, 
Greened all tbe year ; and fruits and blossoms 

blushed 
In social sweetness, on the self-same bough. 

Thomson. 

20. Placidi zephyri : the mild zephyrs. 
The sweetness of the breath of Zephyrus 
was said to produce flowers. Hence he 
was said to be the husband of Flora. 
Pure was the temperate air ; an even calm 
Perpetual reigned, save what the zephyrs bland 
Breathed o'er the blue expanse. — Thomson. 

21. Fruges. At first they lived upon the 
fruits of the trees, but now, it is said, the 
unploughed earth bore grain also. How 
well this agrees with the scriptural ac- 
count ! 

Behold I have given you every herb bearing 
seed (or grain), which is upon the face of all 
the earth, and every tree in the which is the 
fruit of a tree yielding seed ; to you it shall be 
for meat. — Genesis i. 29. 



22. Renovatus ager. The field that had 
become renewed by lying fallow. The 
fields did not produce on alternate years 
merely, but every year. 

22. Canebat: became white with the ears 
of corn. The fields of grain are first green, 
then white, just before ripening, and when 
fully ripe they become yellow. 

Lift up your eyes, and look on the fields, for 
they are white already to harvest. — St. John. 
The crops are green, and wave o'er all the plain, 
In billows like the storm-excited main. — Mason. 
Molii paulatim flavescet campus arista. — Virgil. 

22. Aristis. Arista, the beard of the 
corn, is of common use, by synecdoche, 
for the ear of corn itself. 

Of old we met everywhere with barley, 
wheat, and meal, as we do now-a-days with 
dust. The fountains flowed, some with water, 
some with milk, and likewise some with honey, 
some with wine, and some with oil. — Calanus 
in Strabo. 

23. Flumina lactis : streams of milk. 
Traditional accounts of Paradise, and of 
the Promised Land, probably furnished the 
heathen poets with their ideas of streams 
of milk, honey, and nectar. 

From the taunts of the proud and the vile we go 
To the land where rich honey and milk will 
flow.— W. G. Clark. 

23. Nectaris: nectar; the fabled drink of 
the gods. Athenaeus says, that on Mount 
Olympus and its environs, the people use 
a drink which they call nectar, composed 
of honey, wine, and odoriferous herbs. As 
the gods were supposed to hold their court 
on Olympus, hence arose the idea of nec- 
tar being their drink. Nectar signifies a 
preserver of youth, and was, therefore, 
appropriately considered the drink of men 
who led long and flourishing lives. 

D' ambroisie bene choisie 

Hebe la nourrit a part ; 
Et sa bouche, quand j'y touche, 

Me parfume de nectar. — Henri IV 

2\. Stillabant: distilled; trickled down. 
Durae quercus sudabunt roscida mella. 

Eclogue iv. 
Feasts strewn by earth, employ their easy day . 
The oak is on their hills ; the topmost tree 
Bears the rich acorn, and the trunk the bee. 

Hesiod. 



Fabula III. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



43 



QUiESTIONES. 



What is the subject of this Fable ? 

What poet, before Ovid, had spoken 
of different ages under the name of me- 
tals? 

What additional age does he mention ? 

Why was the first age called golden ? 

To what period of the world's history- 
does the golden age probably refer ? 

What are the coincidences between these 
times ? 

What institution among the Jews re- 
called the residence in Paradise ? 

What similar institution among the 
Greeks and Romans recalled the golden 
age under Saturn ? 



Upon what were the laws of the Romans 
written ? 

Where were these tablets set up ? 

What was the state of morals in the 
golden age ? 

Was there agriculture or commerce ? 

By what figure is pinus put for a ship ? 

Were there cities or houses in the gold- 
en age ? 

Were there any wars ? 

Upon what did men subsist ? 

Did they live upon flesh, or wear cloth- 
ing ? 

With what account does this agree ? 

When was permission given by God to 
eat flesh ? 



x AD U JuA i V. 

ARGENTEA .ETAS. 

In the second, or Silver age, the year is divided into four seasons. Men begin 
to know good and evil. They cultivate the earth, and build houses. 

EXPLICATIO. 

This Fable has a reference to the true God, as he existed antecedent 
and subsequent to Creation, and his manifestation to man in Eden — to the 
Fall, and its consequences, and to the introduction of a Mediator. Saturn 
is said to be the son of Heaven and Earth, and is the same as Time. The 
Deity, who had been before the God of eternity, and the inhabitant of 
heaven, when the earth was created, became its inhabitant, and was 
known as the god of Time. The Golden Age of the ancients not only 
is the first age of the world, but, in its characteristics, corresponds pre- 
cisely to the age of innocence and felicity in Paradise. As God the 
Father then held converse with man, face to face, the reign of Saturn in 
the Golden Age is a tradition of that event, and the succession of Jupiter 
to the throne adumbrates the reign of God the Son, into whose mediatorial 
hands the world passed, when God the Father, offended by the transgres- 
sion of Adam, withdrew from the earth. By an observation of the notes 
upon Saturn and Jupiter, in this Fable, it will be seen, by extracts from 
heathen writers, that 'the most holy God,' Saturn, and Kronos, are all 
one and the same being, and that Jupiter is a mediator. Having a tra- 
ditional account that the Deity had removed from earth, because of the 
sins of man, it was natural to suppose he had retired to the remotest star. 
Hence he was said to be in the planet Saturn, in former times regarded 
the farthest distant. Jupiter, who is evidently here the Messiah, after- 
wards revealed, in succeeding his father, is fabled to dethrone him. In 
relation to the swallowing of the stone Baithul (Bethel), there is some 
confusion, the fable appearing to have reference to Adam, as well as the 
Mediator who assumed his penalty. Instead of swallowing and destroy- 
ing his son, he swallows in his stead a stone called Bethel. That is, he 
accepts sacrifice offered at the gate of Paradise, upon the rude stone altar 
Bethel, instituted by himself in view of the great atonement, when he 
clothed our sinful first parents with the skins of the animals that were 
offered ; this seems the more evident, as /3at^, from which the word is 
derived, signifies a coat or covering of skins. When, owing to the incle- 
mency of the air, man required shelter, skins were probably formed into 
a tent ; and thus, in time, ]3cu^ (Beth), a coat or covering, came to sig- 
nify tabernacle or tent, and eventually house. The Tabernacle (Beth-el, 
house of God) had a covering of skins. Exod. xxxv. 23. The labor, 
toil, vicissitudes of seasons, sickness and death, of the reign of Jupiter, all 
agree with the state of the world after the fall of man, when the ground 
and the elements were cursed for his sake, and hard necessity gave rise 
to the various inventions. 
44 





~OSTQ,UAM, Saturno tenebrosa in Tartara misso, 1 i- Postquam, 

3 Sub Jove mundus erat; subiit argentea proles, so^Tn^ene- 

Auro deterior, fulvo pretiosior sere. tara^unduis 

piter antiqui contraxit tempora veris : erat'subJove; 

NOTjE. 

1. Saturno. Saturn was the son of Ccelus and Terra (Heaven and 
Earth). He obtained the empire of the world on the condition that 
he brought up no male children. He determined to devour any that 
were born. On the birth of Jupiter, his wife, Rhea, presented him 
with a stone, named fiairvXos, or /?ai$vAoj (Baiihulus), which he swal- 
lowed, instead of Jupiter. He was afterwards dethroned by his son, 
and confined in Tartarus, which means the profundity of the earth, or 
of the air. Lucian, in his treatise on Astronomy, thinks he passed 
into the planet Saturn, and is said to be bound in chains, as this planet 
moves so slow. 

By Saturn, they mean that which comprehends the course and revolutions 
of times and seasons ; the Greek name of which deity implies as much, for he 
is called Kpdvos, or Xpdvos, that is, a space of time. — Cicero on the Gods. 

The Most Holy God is named, by the Assyrians, from that particular star of 
the seven by which mankind are governed, which is moved in the highest 
orb.— Tacitus. 

2. Tenebrosa Tartara: gloomy Tartarus, 
It refers here to the profundity of the air. 
In the infernal regions, the place set apart 
for the punishment of criminals guilty of 
the greatest impiety, was called Tartarus. 
It was supposed by Plato, and many of the 
ancients, to be situated in the Centre of the 
earth. Thus in Fab. II. of Book II. 



Ilus, or Ulus, (il or ul), who is called Saturn. 
Kronos was the same the Phenicians call II. — 
Sanchomatho. 

The Svrian ^H (il or ul), and the He- 
brew 'jn (el, God) is the same, and as ai 
in Greek corresponds to <e, or long e; (thus 
aither is cether, or ether). Baithul, the stone 
which Saturn swallowed, is precisely Beth- 
el, the stone which Jacob set up where 
the angels appeared to him, and upon 
which he offered sacrifice. Baith-ul, there- 
fore, as used by the Syrians, means Saturn's 
house; the Holy God's house; just as Beth- 
el, in Hebrew, means God's house. 
Thus by my counsels, 

In the deep dark Tartarean gulf inclosed, 

Old Saturn lies.— Prometheus Chained. 



Dissilit omne solum ; penetratque in Tartara. 

Ovid. 

With this the damned ghosts he governeth, 
And furies rules, and Tartare tempereth. 

Spenseb. 

2. Argentea proles: the silver race. 
45 



46 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Perque hyemes, aestusque, et inaequales autumnos, 
Et breve ver, spatiis exegit quatuor annum. 
Turn primum siccis aer fervoribus ustus 
Canduit ; et ventis glacies adstricta pependit. 



Liber I. 

argentea proles subiit. 
deterior auro, pretio- 
sior fulvosere. Jupiter 
contraxit tempora 

7. Turn primum aer 
ustus siccis fervori- 



NOTjE. 



The gods then formed a second race of man, 
Degenerate far, and silver years began, 
Unlike the mortals of a golden kind, 
Unlike in frame of limbs, and mould of mind. 

Hesiod. 

2. Subiit : succeeded ; in place of the 
golden age. 

3. Auro deterior: worse than gold ; that 
is, than the golden age, but better than the 
brazen age which followed. 

3. Fulvo are : the yellow brass ; the 
brazen age. 

4. Jupiter. Jupiter was the son of Sa- 
turn and Rhea. He appears originally to 
have been the imbodiment of the idea of 
the true God, and was worshipped as the 
father of gods and men, and as the Creator 
of the universe. In this place, he seems 
to occupy the place of the Mediator. In 
the Gothic mythology, he is called Thor, 
the Thunderer, and is called the first-born 
of the supreme God. The Edda styles him 
a "middle divinity, a mediator between 
God and man." He is said to have wrestled 
with death, to have bruised the head of the 
serpent, and, in his final engagement with 
him, to have slain him. 

4. Contraxit: contracted; shortened the 
time. 

The sun 
Then had his precept so to move, so shine, 
As might affect the earth with cold and heat 
Scarce tolerable ; and from the north to call 
Decrepit winter ; from the south to bring 
Solstitial summer's heat. — Milton. 

4. Antiqui veris : the ancient spring, 
which had been perpetual and constant in 
the golden age. 

Else had the spring 
Perpetual smiled on earth with verdant flowers, 
Equal in days and nights.— Milton. 

5. Hyemes: winter; from wo, to rain, to 
be wet. 

The winter keen 
Shook forth his waste of snows. — Thomson. 
Unmarked the seasons changed, the biting 

winter, 
The flower-perfumed spring, the ripening sum- 
mer.— jEschylus. 

5. JEstus: heat; here put by metony- 
my, for summer. 

5. Inaquales autumnos : variable ; 
changeful; now hot, now cold; at one 
time wet, and at another dry. 

While sickly damps, and cold autumnal fogs, 
Hung not, relaxing, on the springs of life. 

Thomson. 

6. Spatiis : spaces of time ; seasons 
consisting of three months each. 

The seasons since have, with severer sway, 
Oppressed a broken world.— Thomson. 



Some say he bid his angels turn askance 
The poles of earth twice ten degrees and more 
From the sun's axle ; others say the sun 
Was bid turn reins from the equinoctial road, 
To bring in change of seasons to each clime. 

Milton. 

7. Ustus : scorched by the sultry heat. 

And summer shot 
His pestilential heats. — Thomson. 

8. Canduit : became so hot in summer, 
that it might be>said to glow. 

8. Glacies : ice, icicles. 

8. Adstricta: astricted, congealed by the 
winds ; by the cold atmosphere. 

Astriction is in a substance that hath a vir- 
tual cold. — Bacon. 

Facientes frigora ventos. — Fab. I. 

8. Pependit : depended ; hung down. 

From the frozen beard 
Long icicles depend, and crackling sounds are 

heard, 
Prone from the dripping eave, and dumb cas- 
cade. 
Whose idle torrents only seem to roar. — Dryden. 
The pendent icicle. — Thomson. 

9. Turn primum domos. Men had been 
accustomed to sleep in the open air, during 
the golden age, because there was per- 
petual spring, and a mild temperature of 
air. The inclemency of the atmosphere 
now compelled. them to build houses. 

The lightsome wall 
Of finer masonry, the raftered roof 
They knew not; but, like ants, still buried, 

delved 
Deep in the earth, and scooped their sunless 

caves. — jEschylus. 

9. Domus antra. Their first habitations 
were caves, then thick bushes formed a co- 
vert, and lastly, poles joined together with 
bark, something like the kralleoi the mo- 
dern Hottentot. 
Wherein of antres vast, and deserts wild, 
It was my bent to speak. — Shakspeare. 

11. Semina Cerealia : corn, called the 
seed of Ceres, as she first taught mankind 
to sow grain, and use it for food. 
Great nurse, all bounteous, blessed, and divine, 
Who joy'st in peace ; to nourish corn is thine, 
Goddess of seed, of fruits abundant, fair 
Harvest and threshing are thy constant care. 

H tmns of Orpheus. 

Prima Ceres ferro mortales vertere terrain 

Instituit.— Georgic i. 

11. Sulcis obruta : was covered in the 
furrow. 

Et sulcis frumenti qusereret herbam. — Virgil. 

12. Pressi juso: pressed under the yoke. 
After man had lost his innocence, he was 
forced to till the soil. The beasts, also, 
were subjected to labor, in consequence of 



Fabula IV. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



47 



Turn primum subiere doraos. Domus antra fuerunt, 
Et densi frutices et vinctse cortice virgae. 10 

Semina turn primum longis Cerealia sulcis 
Obruta sunt, pressique jugo gemuere juvenci. 



bus canduit ; et 
glacies pependit ad- 
stricta ventis. Turn 
primum subiere 

11. Turn primum 
Cerealia semina sunt 



NOTjE. 



the earth refusing to afford its spontaneous 
fruits. 

Ante Jovem nulli subigebant arva coloni. 

Virgil. 

12. Gemuere juvenci : the bullocks 
groaned. M / 

Depresso incipiat jam turn mihi taurus aratro 
Ingemere. — Virgil. 

He whose toil, 
Patient, and ever ready, clothes the land 
With all the pomp of harvest ; shall he bleed, 
And struggling groan beneath the cruel hands 
Even of the clown he feeds. — Thomson. 

The heathen account of the change upon 
the soil, agrees well with the Biblical : 

Cursed is the ground for thy sake ; in sorrow 
shalt thou eat of it, all the days of thy life. 
Thorns, also, and thistles, shall it bring forth to 
thee.— Genesis. 



Mox et frumentis labor additus ; et mala culmos 
Esset rubigo, segnisque horreret in arvis 
Carduus. Intereunt segetes ; subit aspera silva. 

Virgil. 

Jupiter, also, in the heathen account, re- 
quires the same severe labor for bread, 
which Jehovah does in the Biblical : 
In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread. 
Genesis. 
Pater ipse colendi 
Haud facilem esse viam voluit, primusque per 

artem 
Movit agros, curis acuens mortalia corda. 

Virgtl. 

But men, through fulness and plenty, fell into 

wickedness ; which condition Jupiter abhorring, 

altered the state of things, and ordered them to 

a life of labor.— Calanus in Strabo. 

Never shall they cease from toil and suffering 
by day nor night coming on ; but the gods shall 
give harassing disquietudes. — Hesiod. 



QU^STIONES. 



Who was Saturn ? 

When did he reign ? 

On what condition did he obtain the em- 
pire of the world ? 

What did he do with his children ? 

How was Jupiter preserved ? 

What was this stone called, and what is 
the probable meaning of the fable ? 

What is the meaning of Beth-el ? 

Is the Syrian il or ul the same as the 
Hebrew el, God ? 

Are Baith-ul and Bethel words of the 
same import ? 

Where was Saturn confined ? 



What is to be understood by Tartarus, 
in this place ? 

What was Lucian's opinion ? 

Who is probably meant by Jupiter, in 
this fable ? 

What is said of the Gothic Jupiter, 
Thor? 

What is said of the shortening of spring ? 

Into what was the year divided ? 

What is said of the earth, and of the 
cultivation of the ground ? 

What is said of labor ? 

With what do these accounts agree ? 



FABULA V. 

AHENEA iETAS, ET FERREA. 

% 
The Brazen age is distinguished for the rise of various arts and inventions 

and for the incipient deterioration of morals. In the Iron age, corruption 

reaches its height, the peaceful virtues retire, and ambition and avarice 

succeed, till the whole earth is full of violence and blood. 

EXPLICATIO. 

In the Bible, we find that the rise of the different arts, and the corrup- 
tion of morals, took place at the same time. " Tubal-Cain, an instructor of 
every artificer in brass and iron," was a son of that Lamech, who, by in- 
troducing polygamy, poisoned the stream of life at its fountain-head, and 
laid the foundation of that degeneracy which was consummated, when 
the "sons of God," (the descendants of pious Seth), intermarried with 
" the daughters of men" (the progeny of Cain), who, like him that " went 
out from the presence of the Lord," were equally godless and wicked. 
The flourishing state of the arts ministered, not only to the necessities of 
man, but gave rise to wealth, luxury, and pride ; polygamy gave loose 
rein to licentiousness; and thus avarice, ambition, and lust, held joint 
empire over the world. Nothing can be more consistent with reason and 
sound philosophy than the account of man's degeneracy, presented in 
the book of Genesis. 

The mythology of many nations makes allusion to these things, in an 
obscure manner. In the mythology of the Goths, which in many 
respects agrees with the Bible, it is expressly stated, that women corrupted 
the purity of the early ages of perfection. Although our poet makes no 
mention of women, in causing the degeneracy of the brazen and iron 
ages, yet the account which he gives is consistent with the Scriptural 
relation, both in regard to the time, and many of the circumstances. 
The ambition, the impiety, the corruption, the public treachery, the pri- 
vate fraud, the violence and blood, are the same in both. The departure 
from earth, of the goddess of Justice, because of the prevailing wicked- 
ness, may be a confused traditional recollection of the translation of the 
patriarch Enoch. That they had some knowledge of him, is evident 
from Suidas, who appears, however, to confound his actions with those of 
Enos, and the preaching of Noah : " Nannac (Enoch), a king before 
Deucalion (Noah), congregated all the people in temples, and besought 
them relative to the flood which took place." Upon the whole, it may be 
safely stated, that the account given in this fable is a traditional history 
of the antediluvian degeneracy mentioned in the sacred volume. 
48 




ERTIA post illas successit ahenea proles, 1 
l Saevior ingeniis, et ad horrida promptior arma ; 
Nee scelerata tamen. De duro est ultima ferro. 
Protinus irrupit venae pejoris in aevum 



NOT.E. 

1. Post illas; after these, a third age, the Brazen, suc- 
ceeded. 

2. Savior ingeniis: more cruel in temper. Where the 
disposition — the heart, is cruel, deeds of cruelty will not be 
long wanting. 

For out of the heart proceed evil thoughts, murders, adul- 
teries, fornications, thefts, false witness, blasphemies. — Max- 

THEW XV. 19. 

2. Promptior: more inclined to horrid arms. 
And he whose skill, with life-preserving care, 
lor stubborn earth formed pruning-hook and spear, 
Preferred to forge the morion and the shield, 
And sword and spear, to strew with dead the battle-field. 

History of the Church. 

2. Horrida arma; horrid arms. 

In the Thebaid, the arts of forging brass and gold being in- 
vented, arms were made, with which, by slaying wild beasts, 
and tilling the earth, they might render it more fruitful. — Dio- 
dorus Siculus. 

Arma antiqua, manus, ungues dentesque fuerunt, 

Et lapides, et item silvarum fragmina rami.— Lucretius. 

Perque horrida castra secuta est. — Virgil. 

3. Nee scelerata: nor yet villanous. 

4. Irrupit: burst upon; rushed in like a deluge. 
4. Venae pejoris: of worse vein; by metonymy, to 

signify worse metal. Metals are generally disseminated 
in veins through the earth. 




50 P- OVIDII NASONIS 

Omne nefas : fugere pudor, verumque, fidesque : 
In quorum subiere locum fraudesque dolique 
Insidiaeque, et vis, et amor sceleratus habendi. 
Vela dabat ventis, nee adhuc bene noverat illos, 
Navita ; quseque diu steterant in montibus altis, 
Fluctibus ignotis insultavere carinse. 
Communemque priiis, ceu lumina solis et auras, 
Cautus humum longo signavit limite mensor. 



Liber 1. 

g 5. Pudor, verumque, 
fidesque fugere ; in 
quorum locum frau- 
desque dolique insi- 
diaeque subiere, et vis, 
et sceleratus amor ha- 
bendi. 
9. Navita dabat ve- 
J0 la ventis, nee adhuc 
bene noverat illos : 
que carinae, quae diu 
fleterant in altis mon- 
tibus, insultavere 



NOTjE. 



5. Fugere: shame, truth, and faith fled 
away. Truth and fidelity are the attrac- 
tive forces that bind the elements of the 
moral world together. Nothing can be 
more deplorable than that polity where 
these are wanting. There is a nice gra- 
dation observed by the poet. Shame would 
restrain many a man from evil; where 
shame would not, a regard for his word 
would, and where a regard for his word 
would not, plighted faith would withhold 
him. How depraved must his condition be, 
who is not influenced by any, or all of 
these. 

6. Fraudesque, dolique. There is a like 
beautiful gradation in the vices. To injure 
another by fraud, is flagitious ; it is more 
eo, to do it treacherously; still worse, to call 
in the aid of others, and frame a plot to ac- 
complish it ; and the worst of all, to con- 
summate the whole by violence. 

Love, spotless Truth, and dove-eyed Mercy fled, 
Hate, Fraud, and dark-browed Vengeance came 
instead. — History of the Church. 

7. Amor scelfralus. Covetousness is 
called wicked, because it incites men to 
■every wickedness. 

Quid non mortalia pectora cogis 
Auri sacra fames ? — Virgtl. 

7. Habendi : of having more ; of grow- 
ing rich. 

Quamvis in ipsa natus sim psene schola 
Curamque habendi penitus corde eraserim. 

Pbleidrus. 

8. Dabat vela: gave sail; spread the sail 
to the winds. 

Ausus Tiphys 
Pandere vasto carbasa ponto. — Seneca. 

•8. Nee adhuc: nor as yet had well known 




them. The Temple of the Winds, built 
at Athens, by Andronicus Cyrrhestes, is 



the first anemoscope of which we have any 
knowledge. It was an octagonal tower, 
with an allegorical representation and name 
on each side, of the wind to which it was 
opposed. A copper Triton, on the summit, 
pointed with a rod to the point from which 
the wind blew. Impelled by avarice, the 
sailor committed himself to the mercy of 
winds and waves. 

Qui fragilem truci 
Commisit pelago ratem 
Primus, nee timuit praecipitem Africum 
Decertantem Aquilonibus 
Nee tristes Hyadas, nee rabiem Noti. — Horace. 

Dubioque secans aequora cursu.— Seneca. 

9. Steterant. The trees had stood a long 
time, of which the keels were made. 

He rends the oak, and bids it ride, 
To guard the shores its beauty graced. 

Charles Sprague. 

10. Carince : the keels ; a part of the 
ship, put for the ship itself. 

The heaven-directed prow 
Of navigation bold, that fearless braves 
The burning line, or dares the wintry pole. 
Thomson. 

10. Fluctibus ignotis : the unknown 
waves ; distant, unexplored seas. 

10. Insultavere : leaped over them ; 
bounded over them, regardless of danger 
and shipwreck. Insulto is often used as a 
mark of derision. 

Dnm Priami Paridisque busto 
Insultet armentum. — Horace. 

The tall bark bounding lightly o'er the waves, 

I taught its course, and winged its flying sail. 

JEschylus. 

11. Communem. The earth common to 
all, as the light of the sun and the breezes. 
Nothing could be more common than 
these. 

Koivos yap iarXv ovpavos iracn fipordif 
Rat yaia. — Euripides. 

Cunctis undoeque aurceque patentes.— Virgil. 

All Nature's common blessings were their own. 

Hesiod. 

12. Cautus: the careful measurer. Care- 
ful not to make the slightest error. This 
shows the avaricious character of his em- 
ployers. 

12. Signavit : marked out the ground. 

12. Mensor: measurer; surveyor. 

12. Longo limite : with a long boundary. 



Fabtjla V. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



Nee tantum segetes alimentaque debita dives 
Poscebatur humus ; sed itum est in viscera terrse ; 
Quasque recondiderat, Stygiisque admoverat umbris, 15 
Effodiuntur opes irritamenta malorum. 
Jamque nocens ferrum, ferroque nocentius aurum 
Prodierat : prodit bellum, quod pugnat utroque ; 
Sanguineaque manu crepitantia concutit arma. 
Vivitur ex rapto. Non hospes ab hospite tutus, 20 



51 

13. Nee tantum 

dives humus posceba- 
tur segetes que debita 
aliraenta ; sed itum 
est in viscera terras ; 
que opes, irritamenta 
malorum, quas ilia 
recondiderat que ad- 
moverat Stygiis um- 
bris, effodiuntur. 

20. Vivitur ex rap- 
to. Hospes non tutus 



NOTjE. 



Before, landmarks were unknown ; 
No fences parted fields, nor marks, nor bounds, 
Distinguished acres of litigious grounds. 

Dryden. 

13. Alimenta : aliment ; nutriment ; a 
term used often to denote the sustenance 
derived from nurses, and very applicable 
to nature, the general nurse of all. 

She is our nurse, as inspiring our lives from 
her own proper life. — Procltjs. 

14. Poscebatur : was asked for corn and 
due aliment. 

Earth, yield me roots ! 
Who seeks for better of thee, sauce his palate 
With thy most operant poison ! what is here ? 
Gold, yellow, glittering, precious gold? No, gods, 
I am no idle votarist. Koots, you clear heavens ! 
Shakspeare. 

14. Itum est : they went ; an impersonal 
verb. They went into the very bowels of 
the earth, by digging. 

Video ferrum ex iisdem tenebris prolatum, 
quibus argentum et aurum ; ne aut instru- 
mentum in csedes mutuas deesset, aut pretium 
— Seneca. 

And all the secret treasures 
Deep buried in the bowels of the earth, 
Brass, iron, silver, gold, their use to man 
Are my inventions all. — _<Eschyltjs. 

14. In viscera: into the bowels of the 
earth. The earth is here personified. Her 
body was not only wounded for grain ; 
' adunci vulnera aratri, rastrorumque 
fero,' but they invaded her very bowels. 

Ah ! what avail their fatal treasures hid 
Deep in the bowels of the pitying earth, 
Golconda's gems, and sad Potosi's mines ! 

Thomson. 

15. Recondiderat: had concealed from 
them ; had hid because of their hurtful 
tendency. 

By him first 
Men also, and by his suggestion taught, 
Ransacked the centre, and with impious hands, 
Rifled the bowels of their mother earth, 
For treasures, better hid. — Milton. 

15. Stysriis umbris : had removed to the 
Stygian shades, in deep caverns far down 
towards the centre of the earth. Styx was 
one of the rivers of Hell, which, by many 
of the ancients, was believed to be in the 
centre of the earth. 

16. Opes irritamenta : riches, the incen- 
tives to crimes. Precious stones, silver 
and gold. 



The love of money is the root of all evil.— 
Bible. 

From hence the greatest part of ills descend, 
When lust of getting more will have no end : 
That, still our weaker passions does command, 
And puts the sword and poison in our hand. 

Dryden's Juvenal. 

17. Jamque nocens : and now the mis- 
chievous iron had come forth, and gold, 
more mischievous than iron — than the 
sword. 

Thus much of this will make black white j foul, 

fair; 
Wrong, right; base, noble ; old, young; coward, 

valiant. — Shakspeare. 

It must not be forgotten, however, that 
iron and gold have their immense advan- 
tages ; to the former we are indebted for 
all the necessaries and comforts of life. 

Look at that axe, hammer, hoe, and spade. In 
their iron lips there is a living speech, which 
has been audible to all ages and generations of 
men. They are things inspired with more di- 
vinity than all the marble statuary of the world ; 
yes, with more humanity too, for they have 
worked for man, as well as talked. — Elihu 
Burritt. 

18. Utroque: fights with both, iron and 
gold. Slays with the former, and corrupts 
with the latter. 

Aurum per medios ire satellites, 
Et perrumpere amat saxa, potentius 
Ictu fulmineo. — Horace. 

'kpyvpiaii Xoyx&ioi H&X 0V > Kai rcavra Kpari\ot*%. 
Oracle, to Philip. 

19. Sanguinea manu. The personifica- 
tion of war here is very spirited. He stands 
forth like a champion challenging to the 
fight. 

Saevit amor ferri, et scelerata insania belli, 
Ira super. — Virgil. 

19. Crevitantia : the clattering arms. 
The sound of crepitantia is finely adapted 
to the sense. It was the custom of the 
ancient Greeks, when about to engage, to 
rattle with the spear upon their bucklers. 

And fierce, with grasped arms 
Clashed on their sounding shields the din of war, 
Hurling defiance toward the vault of heaven. 
Paradise Lobt. 
Arms on armor clashing, brayed 
Horrible discord. — Milton. 

20. Vivitur; it is lived by them ; they 
live ; an impersonal verb. 

20. Ex rapto: upon rapine ; by spoiling. 



52 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Non socer a genero : fratrum quoque gratia rara est. 
Imminet exitio vir conjugis, ilia raariti : 
Lurida terribiles miscent aconita novercae : 
Filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos : 
Victa jacet Pietas : et virgo csede madentes 
Ultima coelestum terras Astraea reliquit. 



25 



Liber I. 

ab hospite, non socer 
a genero : quoque 
gratia fratrum est 
rara. Vir imminet 
exitio conjugis, ilia 
imminet exitio manti; 
terribiles novercae 
miscent lurida acon- 
ita : filius inquirit in 



NOTiE. 



Now man's right hand is law ; for spoil they 

wait, 
And lay their mutual cities desolate. — Hesiod. 

20. Nonhospes. The rites of hospitality, 
deemed sacred, even by barbarians, are ex- 
tended merely to entrap the unwary guest. 
The host with kindness greets his guest no more, 
And friends and brethren love not as of yore. 

Hesiod. 

A nice gradation is exhibited in the fol- 
lowing scale of crime : 

Deeds of violence and blood are done, 
first, by those bound to each other by 
casual ties of hospitality; secondly, by 
those united by affinity ; thirdly, by those 
related by blood ; then by those united by 
that mysterious bond which makes two 
beings one ; then infant helplessness and 
innocence appeals for mercy to those from 
whom it merits protection ; and lastly, and 
worst of all, impious youth indulges mur- 
derous designs against the life of the au- 
thor of its own life. 

21. Fratrum gratia : the love of bro- 
thers is rare. How unnatural is the va- 
riance of the members of a common origin, 
and a common heritage. How strongly are 
we reminded, by this sentence, that the 
first blood shed was that of a brother, by 
a brother's hand. - 

Behold, how good, and how pleasant it is, for 
brethren to dwell together in unity. — Psalm 
cxxxiii. 1. 

But when the earth was stained with wicked- 
ness, 
And lust, and justice fled from every breast, 
Then brethren vilely shed each other's blood. 

Catullus. 

22. Imminet : watches for the destruction 
of his wife. Some of the most fearful 
tragedies that the world has seen, have 
been of this kind. 

23. Lurida aconita: the lurid wolfs- 
bane. The color of persons, after death, 
is lurid ; hence, the effect being put for the 
cause, the poison is called lurid. By aco- 
nita is meant any poison, the species being 
put for the genus. 

24. Ante diem: before his father's time 
is come ; the day of his death. Dies here 
has a peculiar signification, having refe- 
rence to the natural term of life, or its 
ciose. Thus : 

Stat sua cuique dies.— Virgil. 
Sed cadat ante diem.— Id. 
24. Patrios annos : inquires into his fa- 
ther's years ; consults the astrologers 



whether his father will live a long time or 
not. The astrologers were generally Ba- 
bylonians. Hence Horace : 

Nee Babylonios tentaris numeros. 

Lib. i. Ode xi. 

And the soul that turneth after such as have 
familiar spirits, and after wizards, I will even 
set my face against that soul, and I will cut him 
off" from among his people. — Leviticus. 
Astrologers assure long life, you say, 
Your son can tell you better much than they, 
Your son, whose hopes your life doth now delay. 
Poison will work against the stars ; beware ! 
For every meal an antidote prepare. 

Dryden's Juvenal. 

The father wished the funeral of his son ; 

The son to enjoy the father's relic wished. 

Catullus. 

25. Jacet pietas ' piety lies neglected. 
Piety is the duty and affection which we 
owe to God, to our country, our parents, 
and other relatives. 

25. Ccede madentes ' reeking with 
slaughter. 

For the earth is filled with violence, through 
them. — Genesis vi. 13. 

How abhorrent ought war and murder to 
be to the human mind, when we consider 
that even wild beasts do not prey upon their 
own kind ! 

Sed jam serpentum major concordia : parcit 
Cognatis maculis, similis fera : quando ieoni 
Fortior eripuit vitam leo? quo nemore unquam* 
Expiravit aper majoris dentibus apri ? 
Indica tigris agit rabida cum tigride pacem 
Perpetuam : saevis inter 6e convenit ursis. 
Ast homini ferrum lethale incude nefanda 
Produxisse parum est. — Juvenal. 

26. Ultima coelestum: the last of the ce- 
lestials. Hesiod represents Modesty as 
leaving the earth, simultaneously with 
Justice. This is with great propriety; 
for, nothing tends more to the corrup- 
tion of public morals than indifference 
to female virtue, and the sacredness of 
the marriage tie. The history of antedi- 
luvian times proves this, when polygamy 
was introduced. Ancient and modern 
writers have noticed the fact. 

Fruitful of crimes, the Age profaned, 
At first, the nuptial bed, and stained 
Their hapless offspring, whence the woes, 
Both various and unnumbered rose 
From this polluted fountain-head. 

Francis's Horace. 
Yes, I believe that Chastity was known, 
And prized on earth, while Saturn filled the 
throne.— Gifford's Juvenal. 



Fabula V. 



METAMORPHOSE ON. 



53 



Till those fair forms, in snowy raiment bright, 
Abandon earth.and heavenward soar from sight: 
Justice and Modesty, from mortals driven, 
Rise to the immortal family of heaven. — Hesiod. 

26. Astrcea. She was the daughter of 
Astraeus and Aurora, or of Jupiter and 
Themis, according to some, and was the 
goddess of Justice. She is sometimes put, 
by metonymy, for justice itself. After 
abandoning earth, on account of its im- 
piety, she was translated into the sign 
Virgo. 



A virgin pure is Justice, and her birth 
From Jove himself; a creature of much worth. 

Hesiod. 

26. Terras reliquit: abandoned the earth. 
It was a general opinion, that the deities 
once inhabited earth, and forsook it be- 
cause of the wickedness of mankind. 

Thus right and wrong, by furious passion mixed, 
Drove from us the divine propitious mind. 

CATTJLLrS. 



QUiESTIONES. 



What was the third age of the world ? 

What was the character of the Brazen 
Age? 

What age succeeded the Brazen Age ? 

What was the state of morals in this 
age? 

What virtues ceased to be exercised ? 

By what vices were they succeeded ? 

What art arose about this period ? 

By what figure is carina put for navis ? 

What shows the eager spirit of avarice 
that actuated the mariner ? 

What took place at this period, with re- 
ference to the ground ? 

Did men exact more than sustenance 
from the earth ? 

Why had the earth removed her trea- 
sures far from men ? 



Why is gold more pernicious than the 
sword ? 

What was the state of piety in this age ? 

What do you understand by piety ? 

Which one of the gods was the last to 
leave the earth ? 

To what may this have an obscure re- 
ference ? 

Had the ancients any knowledge of 
Enoch ? Under what name ? 

What probably gave rise to the corrup- 
tion of the Brazen and Iron Ages ? 

To what Biblical period does it corre- 
spond ? 

Are the characteristics of this period, 
and of the Iron Age, similar ? 



e2 



FABULA VI. 

GIGANTOMACHIA. 

The G-iants make war upon Heaven ; and piling up mountains; attempt to 
scale its ramparts. Jupiter destroys them with thunderbolts. Their blood 
is changed into men, who are noted for violence and impiety. 

EXPLICATIO. 

This Fable will admit of different interpretations, according as it is 
considered in an allegorical, philosophical, or historical point of view. 
Regarding the Giants as physical forces employed when God cursed the 
ground, to produce those convulsions of which we see traces all over our 
planet, they may be considered as making war against Jupiter, who cor- 
responds to the Saviour, whose mediatorial reign commenced after the 
golden age, as I have shown in Fable V. Since mountains are formed by 
subterranean fires and forces which press the crust of the earth upwards, 
the Giants may be fabled thus to threaten Heaven, by piling Ossa upon 
Pelion. A strong force may, at some time, have thrown down a part of 
these mountains, and separated them, as Hesiod would seem to intimate, 
or their appearance may have caused the fiction of their former superin- 
cumbency. 

Considered historically, the fable may refer to the Fall of the Angels, 
to a tradition of some important occurrence at the garden of Eden, in 
which the Giants of Scripture were discomfited ; or to the Tower of Babel. 
The Fall of the Angels was known to the ancients. Porphyry states, 
there was a common belief in the existence of evil demons, hostile to God 
and man. Hesiod gives an account of similar demons. Plutarch men- 
tions, on the authority of Empedocles, impure spirits, banished by the 
gods from Heaven ; and Pherecydes, the Syrian, styles the prince of cer- 
tain evil spirits that contended with Saturn (Jehovah), Ophioneus, the 
serpent-deity, evidently " that old serpent, which is called the devil." 

" The presence of God," spoken of in the 4th chapter of Genesis, was 
the Schechinah of the first altar at the gate of Eden, and rested after- 
wards in the tabernacle, and subsequently dwelt between the cherubim 
of the Temple. Traditional accounts would indicate that the wicked had 
offered some impious violence to it, which God signally punished by fire, 
like that which struck Heliodorus in the temple, or the workmen who 
were sent by Julian impiously to rebuild Jerusalem. Montgomery has 
introduced the tradition in his "World before the Flood." 

The destruction of the Giants may refer to this event ; or it may adum- 
brate the Tower of Babel, of which they had some knowledge. The 
confusion of tongues, and the consequent division of the nations, in con- 
junction with the building of a city, is mentioned by Hyginus. Josephus 
quotes the same from one of the Sibyls; and Abydenus, speaking of it, 
says : " When its top nearly reached the heavens, the winds, assisting 
the gods, overturned the immense fabric upon the heads of the builders." 
The anachronism of the event, as it occurred after the flood, and its con- 
nection with Olympus, are attributable to the chronological errors of tra- 
dition, and the natural pride of the Greeks, who would make their coun- 
try the theatre of all great events. 
54 




ijEYE foret terris securior arduus aether, 1 

BAffectasse ferunt regnum coeleste Gigantas, 
■ Altaque congestos struxisse ad sidera montes. 
um pater omnipotens misso perfregit Olympum. 



NOT.E. 

1. Neve. As the poet has been detailing the wicked- 
ness of men, the transition is easy and natural to the 
attempt of the giants upon heaven. 

1. Arduus cether: the lofty sky. 

2. Affectasse. By syncope for affectavisse, affected ; 
aimed at. 

"Wise are thy words, and glad I would obey, 
But this proud man affects imperial sway. 

2. Ferunt: they report ; they say. 

2. Eegnum coeleste: the celestial empire. 

Ccelum ipsum petimus stultitia.— Horace. 

2. Gigantas. The giants were the sons of Tartarus 
and Terra, or of Ccelus and Terra, according to others. 
They were said to be of frightful appearance, of prodi- 
gious stature, and of inconceivable strength. They 
were represented as having many heads and arms, and 
the feet of serpents. 

Grim forms, and strong with force 

Resistless : arms of hundred-handed gripe. 

Burst from their shoulders ; fifty heads upgrew 

From all their shoulders o'er their nervy limbs. — Hesiod. 

When cast down by Jupiter, many of them were re- 
ported to be buried under mountains, and by their 
writhing to cause earthquakes. As Tartarus has been 
located in the centre of the earth, where every thing is 
supposed to be in a liquid state, on account of the heat, 
their being the sons of Tartarus and Terra would seem 
to designate them as the powerful forces of nature, 
which give rise to earthquakes and volcanoes. 




56 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Fulmine, et excussit subjecto Pelio Ossam. 
Obruta mole sua cum corpora dira jacerent, 
Perfusam multo natorum sanguine terram 
Immaduisse ferunt, calidumque animasse cruorem 
Et, ne nulla feres stirpis monumenta manerent, 



Liber I. 

6. Cum dira cor- 
pora jacerent obruta 
sua mole, ferunt ter- 
ram perfusam multo 
sanguine natorum im- 
maduisse 

9. Et, ne nulla mo- 
numenta manerent 



not^:. 



3. Ad sidera: to the stars. This is a 
common hyperbole, when any thing very 
high is spoken of. 

Go to, let us build a city and tower, whose top 
may reach unto heaven.— Genesis xix. 4. 
Turrim in prsecipiti stantem sumisque sub astra 
Eductam tectis. — JEneid ii. 460. 

3. Struxisse montes : had piled up the 
mountains. 

4. Pater omnipotent : the omnipotent 
father ; Jupiter, who is styled the father 
of gods and men. 

The account given here of the bittle of 
the giants and the gods, is very feeble 
when compared with the following descrip- 
tion of the battle of the Titans and gods, 
as given by another poet : 

On the other side, alert 
The Titan phalanx closed; then hands of strength 
Joined prowess, and displayed the work of war. 
Tremendous then th' immeasurable sea 
Roared ; earth re-echoed ; heaven's wide arch 

above 
Groaned shattering; broad Olympus reeled 

throughout 
Down to its rooted base, beneath the rush 
Of those immortals : the dark chasm of hell 
Was shaken with the trembling, with the tramp 
Of hollow footsteps and strong battle-strokes, 
And measureless uproar of wild pursuit. 
So they against each other, through the air 
Hurled intermixed their weapons, scattering 

groans 
Where'er they fell. The voice of armies rose 
With rallying shout through the starred firma- 
ment, 
And with a mighiy war-cry, both their hosts 
Encountering closed. Nor longer then did Jove 
Curb down his force ; but sudden in his soul 
There grew dilated strength, and it was filled 
With his omnipotence. His whole of might 
Broke from him. and the godhead rushed abroad. 
The vaulted sky, the mount Olympus flashed 
With his continual presence, for he passed 
Incessant forth, and lightened where he trod. 
Hurled from his nervous grasp,the lightnings flew 
Reiterated swift, tlie whirling flash 
Cast sac-red splendor, and the thunderbolt 
Fell. Then on every side the foodful earth 
Roared in the burning flame, and far and near 
The trackless depth of forests crashed with fire. 
Yea, ihe broad earth burned red, the streams of 

Nile 
Glowed, and the desert waters of the sea. 
Round and around the Titans' earthy forms 
Rolled the hot vapor on its fiery surge ; 
Streamed upward, and in one unbounded bla/e 
Swathed the celestial air. Keen rushed the light, 
Quivering from thunder's wrilhen flash, each 

orb. 
Strong though they were, intolerable smote 
And scorched their blasted vision. Through 

the void 
Without, th' enormous conflagration burst, 
And snatched the dark of Chaos. But to see 
With human eye, and hear with ear of man 
Had been, as on a time the heaven and earth 



Met hurtling in mid-air : as nether earth 
Crashed from the centre, and the wreck of 

heaven 
Fell ruining from high. Not less, when gods 
Grappled with gods, the shout and clang of arms 
Commingled, and the tumult roared from heaven. 
Shrill rushed the hollow winds, and roused 

throughout 
A shaking and a gathering dark of dust, 
With crashing; and the livid lightning's gleam, 
And thunder and its bolt, the enginery 
Of Jove; and in the midst of either host 
They bore upon their blast the cry confused 
Of battle and the shouting. For the din 
Of sight-appalling strife immense uprose ; 
And there the might of deeds was shown, till now 
The fight declined. But first with grappling front 
Steadfast they stood, and bore the brunt of war. 
Amid the foremost, towering in the van, 
The war-unsated Gyges, Briareus, 
And Cottus, bitterest conflict waged ; for they, 
Thick following thrice a hundred rocks in air 
Flung from their sinewy hold; with missile 

storm 
The Titan host o'ershadowing, them they drove, 
Vainglorious as they were, with hands of 

strength 
O'ercoming them, beneath the expanse of earth, 
And bound with galling chains ; so far beneath 
This earth, as earth is distant from the sky. 

Hesioi?. 

4. Olympum. A range of mountains in 
Thessaly, forming the eastern boundary of 
the vale of Tempe. Its greatest elevation 
is about 6000 feet. It is shaded with groves 
of oaks, and forests of pines. As its sum- 
mit was often enveloped in mists, the an- 
cients supposed it reached the heavens, 
and therefore made it the residence of the 
gods. The poets use Olympus, therefore, 
as synonymous with Heaven. 

Olympus echoes from its snow-topt heads, 
The dwellings of immortals. — Hesiod. 

5. Excussit: struck off Ossafrom Pelion, 
lying under it. 

Ter sunt conati imponere Pelio 0?sam. 

Georgic i. 280. 

5. Pelio. A mountain in Thessaly, 
united with Ossa, which terminates at the 
vale of Tempe. It has a broad summit, 
like a table mountain, and hence fiction 
reports it to have supported Ossa, which is 
smaller, and runs up to a point. 

5. Ossam. A mountain in Thessaly, of 
a conical shape, with a single top. Its 
height is about 4000 feet. 

Fratresque tendentes opaco 
Pelion imposuisse Olympo. — Horace. 

6. Dira corpora : the dread bodies of the 
giants. Alexander Polyhistor states that 
the gods overthrew the immense tower in 
the plains of Babylon, upon those who 



Fabula VI. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



In faciem vertisse hominum. Sed et ilia propago 
Contemptrix Superum, sasvaeque avidissima caedis, 
Et violenta fuit. Scires e sanguine natos. 



10 



57 

feras stirpis, vertisse 
in faciem hominum. 
Sed et ilia propago 
fuit contemptrix 



NOT^. 



constructed it. Syncellussays, that Nim- 
rod, who was the first open apostate from 
the true God, and the leader of the rebel- 
lious Cuthites, was destroyed at the fall 
of that huge fabric. 

6. Obruta mole: overwhelmed by their 
own mass. 

Vis consilii expers mole ruit sua. — Horace. 

7. Perfusam: sprinkled ; bedewed with 
the blood. 

7. Natorum: of her sons ; the giants. 
I saw, with pity saw, Earth's monstrous son, 
With all his hundred heads subdued by force, 
But him the vengeful bolt, instinct with fire, 
Smote sore, and dashed him from his haughty 

vaunts ; 
Pierced through his soul, and withered all his 
strength. — yEschylus. 

8. Immaduisse : became wet. 

8. Animasse: for animavisse, by syncope ; 
animated the warm gore. 

9. Mouumenta: monuments; vestiges. 
11. Contemptrix: a despiser of the gods. 
11. Superum: of the gods above; de- 
rived from super, above. 

11. Avidissima cadis: most greedy of 
slaughter. Impious both to gods and men. 

12. Natos e sanguine: born of blood. 
Having given before the destruction of the 
Titans by Jupiter, I will close, for the 
sake of comparison, with the expulsion of 
the rebel-angels by the Son of God : 

So spake the Son, and into terror changed 
His countenance, too severe to be beheld, 
And full of wrath bent on his enemies. 
At once the four spread out their starry wings 
With dreadful shade contiguous; and the orbs 
Of his fierce chariot rolled, as with the sound 



Of torrent floods, or of a numerous host. 
He on his impious foes right onward drove, 
Gloomy as night: under his burning wheels 
The steadfast empyrean shook throughout; 
All but the throne itself, of God. Full soon 
Among them he arrived, in his right hand 
Grasping ten thousand thunders, which he sent 
Before him, such as in their souls infixed 
Plagues : they, astonished, all resistance lost, 
All courage : down their idle weapons dropt : 
O'er shields, and he! ms.and helmed heads he rode, 
Of thrones and mighty Seraphim prostrate, 
That wished the mountains now might be again 
Thrown on them as a shelter from his ire. 
Nor less on either side tempestuous fell 
His arrows, from the fourfold-visaged four, 
Distinct with eyes, and from the living wheels 
Distinct alike with multitude of eyes: 
One spirit in them ruled ; and every eye 
Glared lightning, and shot forth pernicious fire 
Among the accursed, that withered all their 

strength, 
And of their wonted vigor left them drained — 
Exhausted — spiritless— afflicted— fallen ! 
Yet half his strength he put not forth, but 

checked 
His thunder in mid volley ; for he meant 
Not to destroy, but root them out of heaven : 
The overthrown he raised, and as a herd 
Of goats, or timorous flock together thronged, 
Drove them before him thunderstruck, pursued 
With terrors and with furies, to the bounds 
And crystal wall of heaven ; which, opening 

wide, 
Rolled inward, and a spacious gap disclosed 
Into the wasteful deep : the monstrous sight 
Struck them with horror backward; but far 

worse 
Urged them behind : headlong themselves they 

threw 
Down from the verge of heaven: eternal wrath 
Burnt after them to the bottomless pit. 

Paradise Lost. 



QU^STIONES. 



What is the subject of this Fable ? 

Who were the giants ? 

Whose sons were they ? 

How may this be interpreted ? 

Of how many different interpretations is 
the fable susceptible ? 

Mention the historical events to which it 
may have allusion ? 

How may it allude to the changes that 
took place after the Fall of Man ? 

Was the Fall of the Angels known to 
the ancients ? 

Who mention it among the ancients ? 

Was the confusion of tongues known to 
the ancient Greeks and Romans ? 



What author speaks of it in particular ? 

How would you account for the ana- 
chronism, as the confusion took place after 
the flood ? 

How would you account for the connec- 
tion of Olympus with the events ? 

Where is Olympus ? 

Why was it supposed the residence of 
the gods ? 

Where is Ossa ? Pelion ? 

What appearance of these mountains 
might justify the fiction of their being 
placed upon each other ? 

What became of the blood of the giants ? 

What was their character ? 



TABULA VII. 

CONCILIUM DEORUM. 

In consequence of the wickedness of men, Jupiter calls an assembly of the 
Celestials, in which, after giving an account of the state of morals upon 
earth, he resolves upon^the destruction of the human race. 

EXPLICATIO. 

The general depravity of mankind had cried to heaven for vengeance, 
and Jupiter, as Jehovah did, in the case of Sodom and Gomorrah, went 
down to earth to observe the character and conduct of men, and "see 
whether they had done according to the cry of it." In his sojourn, the 
corruption of morals was found to be universal, his own life was at- 
tempted by violence, and with horrid impiety, human flesh was served up 
to him, at a banquet. Returning to heaven, with divine indignation, he 
convenes an assembly of the gods, to deliberate upon a general destruc- 
tion of mankind. In the heathen authors, we have several accounts of 
conventions of the gods, upon occasions of interest ; in the Iliad of Homer, 
to declare for the Greeks or the Trojans, in the war at Troy ; in the 
Odyssey, to favor the return of the wandering Ulysses ; and in the iEneid 
of Virgil, to provide for the safety of a fugitive prince ; but all of them, 
in dignity and importance, are infinitely below the present occasion, when 
the destruction of a world is the subject of consideration. 

Having taken his seat, in terrible majesty, with the gods assembled 
around him, Jupiter opens his indignant mouth, and, reverting to the 
attempt of the giants upon heaven, says that war was less grievous to 
him than the prevailing wickedness ; that it was from one race, but that 
now all flesh is corrupt, and must be destroyed ; he had tried every effort 
to reclaim them, but in vain. He expresses his solicitude for the purity 
and safety of the semigods, who are inhabitants of the earth, since Ly- 
caon, noted for cruelty and audacity, had not scrupled to attempt his 
destruction, though he was armed with the lightning,, and was sovereign 
of heaven. The gods, affected with indignation at the wicked insult to 
their sovereign, demand Lycaon for vengeance, when Jupiter informs them 
that he is already punished, and goes on to relate his crime, and the 
kind of punishment. These form the subject of the next fable, which is 
a part of Jupiter's narrative. The striking conformity of what passes in 
this assembly of the gods, to what is recorded in the sixth chapter of 
Genesis, will be apparent to the most casual reader, in which it is stated, 
" there were giants in the earth in those days," and that God, having en- 
deavored to reclaim man, says : "My spirit shall not always strive with 
man," and repenting that " he had made man," declares, " I will destroy 
man whom I have created, from the face of the earth." 
58 



.,,/''#(?■&- 





TJ2E pater ut summa vidit Saturnius arce, 1 

Ingemit: et, facto nondum vuJgata recenti 
Fceda Lycaoniae referens convivia mensae 
Ingentes animo et dignas Jove concipit iras ; 
Conciliumque vocat. Tenuit mora nulla vocatos. 5 

Est via sublimis, coelo manifesta sereno, 
Lactea nomen habet ; candore notabilis ipso. 

NOTtE. 

1. Qua: which things ; the general impiety and violence. 
1. Saturnius pater. Jupiter, the son of Saturn. 

1. Summa arce : from the highest citadel of heaven. 

2. Facto recenti : the deed being recent. 

3. Referens : recalling to his mind ; recollecting. 

3. Fceda convivia : the abominable feasts, in which human flesh was 
served up to the guests. 

3. Lycaonice menses : of the table of Lycaon. 

4. Ingentes iras : great wrath, and worthy of Jupiter. 

5. Mora nulla : no delay detained them when called. When God 
calls, obedience should be prompt. 

6. Via. The Milky Way is formed, according to the poets, by the 
milk which fell on the sky when Jupiter put Hercules to the breast 

of stars, scattered by millions, like glittering 
dust, on the black ground of the general hea- 
vens. — Sir John Herschel. 



of Juno, while asleep. The true nature of 
the Milky Way was known to Aristotle, 
Manilius, and others. Aristotle described 
it as the splendor of innumerable distant 
stars. It is a great zone encircling the 
whole sphere of the heavens, in a direction 
from north-east to south-west. It con- 
sists of an infinite number of stars. 

This remarkable belt, when examined through 
powerful telescopes is found to consist entirely 



A broad and ample road, whose dust is gold, 
And pavement stars, as stars to us appear ; 
Seen in the galaxy, that Milky Way, 
Like to a circling zone, powdered with stars. 

Milton 

7. Lactea. This word being a name, is 
here taken as a noun, and put in apposi- 
tion with nomen. 

59 



60 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber L 



Hac iter est Superis ad magni tecta Tonantis, 
Regalemque domum. Dextra Isevaque Deorum. 
Atria nobilium valvis celebrantur apertis. 
Plebs habitant di versa locis. A fronte pctentes 
Qoelicolse, clarique suos posuere penates. 
Hie locus est, quern, si verbis audacia detur, 
Haud timeam magni dixisse Palatia coeli. 
Ergo ubi marmoreo Superi sedere recessu, 
Celsioripse loco, sceptroque innixus eburno, 
Terrificam capitis concussit terque quaterque 
Ceesariem ; cum qua terram, mare, sidera, movit. 



6. Est sublimis via, 
manifesta sereuo cce- 
lo, ilia habet nomen 
1 r\ Lactea ; notabilis ipso 
1U candore. Hac est iter 
Superis ad tecta mag- 
ni Tonantis, regalem 
que domum. Plebs 
habitant di versa locis. 
Potentes clarique cce- 
licolae posufcre suos 
1 K penates a fronte. 

15. Ergo ubi Superi 
sedere marmoreo re- 
cessu, ipse celsior 
loco, que innixus 
eburno sceptro, 



NOT.E. 



8. Hac : through this. Via is understood, t 
8. Tecla : the house ; tecta, the roof of 

the house being put, by synecdoche, for 

the house itself. 

8. Tonantis : the thunderer. This is an 
epithet of great dignity, and is used by 
several different nations. The Greeks had 
their Brontetes, and the Goths their Thor. 
Pliny, who attempts to explain, in a na- 
tural way, many of the mythi of the an- 
cients, says : 

The thunder is assigned to Jupiter, because, 
being placed between the planets Saturn and 
Mars, the former of which is too cold, the latter 
too fiery, a conflict of the two takes place in the 
region of Jupiter, and the thunder and lightning 
are emitted, just as a coal leaps with a noise 
from a burning brand. 

9. Dextra Icevaque: on the right and left 
of the Milky Way. 

9. Deorum nobilium: of the principal 
gods. The Romans reckoned two classes 
of gods che dii majorum geiitium, and the 
dii minarum gentium. The former, or 
principal, were twelve in number, six 
males and six females, and were some- 
times called consentes, because admitted to 
the councils of Jupiter ; they were : 
Juno,Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana,Venus,Mars, 
Mercurius, Neptunus, Jupiter,Vulcanus, Apollo. 

Ennius. 

10. Celebrantur : are thronged. 

10. Valvis apertis : with open doors. 
Valves are folding doors that meet in the 
centre, and open inwards. Fores are doors 
that open outwards. 

11. Plebs. The inferior deities, gene- 
rally called the dii minorum gentium, and 
divided into adscript.itii and indigetes. The 
former were deified heroes, received into 
heaven ; the latter were tutelary deities of 
the country. 

11. A fronte. In front, the principal of 
the dii majores have placed their resi- 
dences, as Jupiter, Neptune, Minerva. 

12. Posuere penates : have placed their 
residences ; literally, their household gods. 
Penates is put, by metonymy, for domos. 

14. Palatia: the court of heaven; the 
palace ; so called from the Palatium at 
Rome, which was situated at the chief 



eminence of the Palatine hill, and con- 
tained the houses of the emperor. It is an 
indirect and delicate compliment to Au- 
gustus. He flatters also, with adroitness, 
the two great parties at Rome, the patri- 
cians and plebeians, by designating the two 
classes of gods under the titles of nobiles, 
and plebs, the celestial populace. 

15. Marmoreo recessu : marble recess. 
In the inward part of the palace paved with 
marble. How inferior in majesty is this 
picture of the gods assembling, and taking 
their seats in the marble recess, to the ad- 
vent of Jehovah to fill his temple, as de- 
scribed by the sacred penman ! 

Lift up your heads, O ye gates ; and be ye 
lifted up, ye everlasting doors ; and the King of 
glory shall come in. — Psalm xxiv. 

16. Celsior loco: higher in place. Kings 
are accustomed to sit higher than those 
around them. 

High on a throne of royal state, which far 
Outshone the wealth of Ormus, and of Ind ; 
Or where the gorgeous East, with richest hand, 
Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold, 
Satan exalted sat. — Milton. 

16. Sceptro. The sceptre was an ensign 
of royalty borne by kings. It was pecu- 
liarly applicable to Jupiter, as sovereign, 
both of Heaven and Earth. 

17. Concussit. In describing the indig- 
nation of Jove, the poet appears to have 
copied after Homer, in the first Iliad. Vir- 
gil has a similar picture in the iEneid, but 
they are all greatly inferior in majesty to 
the descent of Legislative Deity, upon the 
summits of Sinai. 

Annuit et totum nutu tremefecit Olympum. 

^Eneid x. 

Then the earth shook and trembled ; the foun- 
dations also of the hills mcved, and were 
shaken, because he was wroth. There went 
up a smoke out of his nostrils, and fire out of 
his mouth devoured : coals were kindled by it. 
He bowed the heavens also, and came down ; 
and darkness was under his feet. And he rode 
upon a cherub and did fly : yea, he did fly upon 
the wings of the wind. — Psalm xviii. 

18. Movit. By which he shook the earth, 
the sea, and the stars. 

The pillars of heaven tremble, and are as- 
tonished at bis reproof.— Job xxvi. 11. 



Fabula VII. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



Talibus inde modis ora indignantia solvit. _^ 

Non ego pro mundi regno magis anxius ilia 20 

Tempestate fui, qua centum quisque parabat 

Injicere anguipedum captivo brachia coelo ; 

Nam, quanquam ferus hostis erat, tamen illud ab uno 

Corpore, et ex una pendebat origine bellum. 

Nunc mihi, qua totum Nereus circumtonat orbem, 25 

Perdendum mortale genus. Per rlumina juro 

Infera, sub terras Stygio labentia luco, 



61 

19. Inde solvit indig- 
nantia ora talibus 
modis: ego non fui 
magis anxius pro reg- 
no mundi ilia tempes- 
tate, qua quisque an- 
guipedum parabat in- 
jicere centum brachia 
captivo coelo ; Nam, 
quanquam hostis erat 

25. Nunc mortale 
genus perdendum mi- 
ni, qua Nereus cir- 
cumtonat totum orb- 



NOTJE. 



19. Solvit : he opened his indignant 
mouth. 

21. Tempestate: at that time. 

22. Anguipedum ; the genitive plural of 
anguipes, snake -footed. Macrobius says, 
they were called snake-footed, because 
they thought of nothing upright or sublime, 
but were always grovelling, and that every 
step they took seemed to incline to hell. 
There is probably some reference to the 
serpent, by which sin entered the world. 

On tby belly shalt thou crawl, and dust shalt 
thou eat all the days of thy life.— Genesis iii. 

22. Captivo coelo: captive heaven ; which 
they wished to render captive. 

22. Centum brachia: their hundred hands. 
Arms of hundred-handed gripe 

Burst from their shoulders ; fifty heads upgrew. 
Elton's Hesiod. 

23. Ferus hostis: a cruel enemy. Horace 
describes them as causing great terror to 
Jupiter. 

Magnum ilia terrorem intulerat Jovi 
Fidens juventus horridabrachiis. 

Lib. iii. Ode iv. 

24. Corpore : from one body ; the com- 
munity of giants. 

24. Una origine: from one origin; one 
cause — the ambition and pride of the giants. 

25. Nereus. Nereus is a god of the sea, 
but is here put, by metonymy, for the sea 
itself. 

The sea gave Nerens life, unerring seer, 
And true : most ancient of his race, whom all 
Hail as the sage. — Hesiod. 

25. Circumtonat. A forcible metaphor 
to express the extent and power of the 
Ocean. 

Let the dire Andes, from the radiant line 
Stretched to the stormy seas that thunder round 
The southern pole, their hideous deeps unfold ! 

Thomson. 

2G. Perdendum. The human race must 
be destroyed. The agreement is wonder- 
ful, between the Biblical and the heathen 
account : 

And the Lord said, I will destroy man. whom 
I have created, from the face of the earth ; both 
man and beast, and the creeping thing, and the 
fowls of the air ; for itrepenteth me that I have 
made them. — Genesis vi. 7. 

Sed post eorum obitum qui sint nati. homines 
minus oihciosos magis avaros ccepisse fieri; 



quare minus justitiam inter homines fuisse con- 
versatam. Denique earn pervenisse usque eo 
diceret : Heu ! Heu genus hominum esse natum. 
— Hyginus. 

26. Flumina. The rivers flowing in the 
Stygian grove ; the Styx, Acheron, Co- 
cytus, and Phlegethon. The whole of the 
rivers is here put, by synecdoche, for the 
part — the Styx, by which the gods were 
accustomed to swear. 

Di cujus jurare timent et fallere numen. 

Virgil. 

Apollodorus accounts for the Styx being 
the oath of the gods, as follows : 

Jupiter appointed an oath to be taken by the 
waters of the Styx, on account of her having 
assisted him with all her children, in his war 
against the Titans. — Apollodorcjs. 

Hesiod describes Iris, or the rainbow, as ho- 
vering over the ocean, and as being the messen- 
i ger of Jupiter, whenever he is about to take a 
j solemn oath by the waters of the Styx. — W. 
Adams. 

Learned men agree in regarding the war 
of the Titans as some great convulsion, 
and generally consider it the Deluge. As 
great internal fires are placed in the centre 
of the earth, nothing can be more probable 
than that fire was the agent employed by 
God to force out, by expansion, the waters 
of the internal abyss, "when the foun- 
tains of the great deep were broken up" 
at the Flood. As the ancients located Hell 
in the centre, Styx may thus be fabled to 
assist in the war of the Titans ; and Ju- 
piter, ordaining Styx as the oath of the 
gods, while the rainbow rested upon the 
ocean, is plainly God himself swearing 
that there shall not be a flood again, while 
his bow of promise lights up heaven and 
earth with its smile. Ovid, knowing the 
Styx to be ordained as the oath of the 
gods, without knowing the time or circum- 
stances of its adoption, makes an ana- 
chronism in introducing it before the Flood. 
In taking the oath, it was a solemn form 
to touch the earth and the sea, intimating 
that the gods beneath them were witnesses. 
Is any reference made to this in Revela- 
tions, where the angel stands with one foot 
upon the land, and the other upon the sea, 
and swears that time shall be no longer? 



62 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Cuncta prius tentata : sed immedicabile vulnus 
Ense recidendum, ne pars sincera trahatur. 
Sunt mihi Semidei, sunt rustica numina, Nymphse, 
Faunique, Satyrique, et monticolae Sylvani : 
duos quoniam cobH nondum dignamur honore ; 
Q,uas dedimus, certe terras habitare sinamus. 
An satis, O Superi, tutos fore creditis illos, 
Cum mihi, qui fulmen, qui vos habeoque, regoque, 
Struxerit insidias, notus feritate Lycaon ? 
Confremuere omnes, studiisque ardentibus ausum 
Talia deposcunt. Sic, cum manus impia saevit 



Liber I. 

em. Juro per infera 
flumina, labentia sub 
terras Stygio luco, 

on cuncta prius tentata: 
sed immedicabile vul- 
nus est recidendum 
ense, ne sincera pars 
trahatur. Sunt mihi 
Semidei, sunt rustica 
numina, Nymphae, 
34. O Superi, an 

35 creditis illos fore satis 
tutos, cum Lycaon, 
notus feritate, strux- 
erit insidias mihi, qui 
habeo fulmen, qui 
habeo que, rego que 



NOTtE. 



28. Cuncta prius tentata: that every thing 
has been first tried. Esse is understood. 
The benevolence of the deity has tried 
every expedient to reclaim man from the 
error of his ways, but long- suffering has at 
length an end. 

And the Lord said, my spirit shall not always 
strive with man.— Genesis vi. 3. 

28. Immedicabile vulnus. An incurable 
wound is to be inflicted with the sword. 
The human race, entirely corrupt, is to be 
destroyed, lest the demigods, nymphs, 
fauns, satyrs, and sylvans may become 
like them. The Fasces, the emblem of 
civil power with the Romans, consisted of 
axes bound with rods, to signify that 
vices which could be remedied were to be 
chastised, while those incorrigible were to 
be punished with death. Physicians re- 
move the mortified flesh, to prevent the in- 
fection of the whole body. 

Etenim ut membra qua^dam amputantur si et 
ipsa sanguine et tanquam spiritu carere eepe- 
rint et noceant reliquis : sic ista in figura ho- 
minis feritas et immanitas belluae, a communi 
tanquam humanitate corporis segreganda est. — 
Cicero. 
Ulcera possessis alta suffura medullis 
Non leviore manu, ferro sanantur et igni. 

Claudian in Eutropium. 

29. Ne pars sincera: lest the uncorrupted 
part be drawn aside, viz. :, the semigods, 
nymphs, fauns, satyrs, and sylvans. 

30. Semidei. Semigods were either dii 
minores, endued, generally, with immor- 
tality, but not permitted to live in heaven, 
as Pan and Sylvanus ; or were heroes, of 
whose parents one was a god, the other a 
mortal. 

30. Nymphce. The nymphs were named 
according to what they presided over. 
Those of the ocean were called Ocean- 
itides ; those of the sea, Nereides ; those 
of fountains, Naides ; those of the moun- 
tains were called Oreades ; those of the 
groves, Napeae ; and those born with, or 
presiding over oaks, were called Dryades 
and Hamadryades. The etymology of all 
these names is Greek. 

31. Fauni. The fauns were rural deities, 
with the form of a goat from the middle 
downwards, and the horns and ears of the 
same animal. The rest of the body was 



human. They were inoffensive, and lived 
to a great age, but were not immortal. 
They were probably young apes. 

31. Satyri. The satyrs were rural deities, 
said by some to be the offspring of Bacchus 
and Nice. They had the horns, ears, legs, 
and feet of goats, and were human as to 
the rest of their body. Pliny supposes 
them to have been apes. Dr. Tyson, in a 
singular treatise, published in 1699, proves 
they were a species of ourang-outang, or 
ape. They were cunning, lascivious, and 
vicious. 

31. Sylvani. The sylvans were gods of 
the woods. They united the human form 
with that of the goat, and were more in- 
offensive than the satyrs. Their name is 
derived from sylva, and of course does not 
occur in Greek mythology. 

33. Quas dedimus: which we have given 
them. 

34. Tutos fore: that they would be safe. 
This is an argument a majore, that if he, 
Jupiter, was not safe from the machina- 
tions of men, the semigods would not be. 

35. Qui fulmen, qtii vos habeo: who have 
the lightning, and govern you. 

He in heaven 
Reigns : the red lightning and the bolt are his. 

Hesiod 

36. Struxerit insidias t laid a plot. 

The wicked plotteth against the just. — Psalms. 

36. Lycaon. A prince of Arcadia, in 
Greece. The country was called Lycaonia, 
from him. 

37. Omnes confremuere: all murmured. 
The indignation of all was excited at the 
wickedness of Lycaon. 

Talibus orabat Juno ; cunctique fremebant 
Ccelicolae assensu vario. — Virgil. , 

37. Studiis ardentibus: with burning zeal. 
Abdiel, than whom none with more zeal adored 
The Deity, and divine commands obeyed, 
Stood up, and in a fame of zeal severe. 
The current of his fury thus opposed. — Milton. 

37. Ausum talia: him that had attempted 
such things; viz. : to lay a plot for Jupiter. 

38. Deposcunt : demand ; viz. : for the 
purpose of punishment. 

38. Impia manus : the impious band of 
conspirators. 
38. Scevit . By syncope for saviit. 



Fabula VII. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



Sanguine Caesareo Romanum extinguere nomen, 
Attonitum tanto subitse terrore ruinse 
Humanum genus est ; totusque perhorruit orbis. 
Nee tibi grata minus pietas, Auguste, tuorum, 
Q,uam fuit ilia Jovi. Qui postquam voce manuque 
Murmura compressit ; tenuere silentia cuncti. 
Substitit ut clamor pressus gravitate regentis ; 
Jupiter hoc iterum sermone silentia rumpit : 
IUe quidem pcenas (curam dimittite) solvit ; 
Q,uod tamen admissum, quae sit vindicta, docebo. 

NOT^. 



40 



45 



63 

vos ? Omnes confre- 
muere, que deposcunt 
ilium ausum talia, ar- 
dentibus studiis. Sic 
cum impia manus 

42. Nee, Auguste, 
pietas, fuit quam ilia 
fuit Jovi. Qui post- 
quamcompressit mur- 
mura voce manuque, 
cuncti tenuere silen- 
tia. Ut clamor sub- 
stitit pressus gravi- 
tate regentis : Jupiter 
iterum rumpit silentia 



39. Sanguine Ccesareo : in the blood of 
Caesar. Many conspiracies were made 
against Augustus, the principal of which 
Suetonius mentions in Caput xix. of his 
life of the Cassars. Lepidus, the younger, 
Varro, Muraena, Fannius, and Cepio, were 
engaged in a conspiracy against him. This 
is probably the one referred to here. One 
Telephus was engaged to slay him in the 
senate ; and a slave from the Illyrian army 
secreted a wood-knife for the purpose, and 
crept into his bedchamber. 

39. Extinguere : to extinguish the Ro- 
man name. This is a beautiful metaphor, 
which represents the Roman name as the 
light of the nations, and is similar to one 
used by Cicero : 

Videor enim mihi hanc urbem videre, lucem 
orbis terrarum, atque arcem omnium gentium, 
subito uno incendio concidentem. — Oratio iv. 
xn Catilinam. 

39. Romanum nomen : the Roman name ; 
fame, glory. 

41. Humanum genus : the human race ; 
mankind. 

41. Totusque orbis perhorruit : the whole 
world stood aghast ; all the nations of the 
earth. 

The aged earth aghast 

With terror of that blast. — Milton. 



42. Pietas tuorum: the piety (or loyalty) 
of thy friends. 

42. Auguste. Some have erroneously 
supposed that the conspiracy against Julius 
Caesar was referred to, above, but as Ju- 
lius Caesar did not survive the attempt on 
his life, there would have been no rele- 
vancy between that event and the strata- 
gem against the life of Jupiter. 

44. Tenuere silentia cuncti : all held si- 
lence. 

When God speaks, let all the earth keep si- 
lence. — Psalms. » 

Unto me men gave ear, and waited, and kept 
silence, at my counsel. — Job. 

45. Pressus gravitate regentis : restrained 
by the gravity of the king. The participle 
regentis is here used instead of the noun. 
Turn, pietate gravem ac meritis si forte virum 

quern 
Conspexerc, silent, arrectisque auribus adstant. 

JEneid i. 

46. Silentia rupit : broke the silence. 
They had been bound by silence, as if by 
a chain. This is a forcible metaphor. 

Quid me aha silentia cogis rumpere. — Virgil. 
First to himself he inward silence broke. — Milton. 

47. Ille quidem. Lycaon has suffered 
the punishment that was due to him. 

48. Quod tamen admissum : what was 
the crime. 



QU^STIONES. 



What is the subject of this Fable ? 

Why were the gods convened ? Where ? 

By what way did they come ? 

What is the Milky Way ? Did the an- 
cients know what it was ? 

How did the poets account for it ? 

By what figure is tecta put for domus ? 

To whom is the epithet Tonans applied ? 

In what natural way does Pliny assign 
the thunder to Jupiter ? 

In speaking of the houses of the gods, 
and the palace of Jupiter, what compli- 
ment is paid to Augustus, and the Roman 
nobles ? 

By what figure ispenat.es put for domus ? 

In describing the indignation of Jupiter, 
whom does Ovid imitate? 

How will these descriptions of Jupiter 
compare with the sublimity of Moses's de- 
scription of the descent at Sinai ? 



Why is the term snake-footed applied to 
the giants ? 

Who was .N ereus ? How used in this 
place? 

What were the rivers of Hell ? 

For what one river are the infernal 
rivers employed in this place, and by what 
figure ? 

By what did the gods swear ? Why ? 

How is this to be explained ? 

Who were semigods ? 

Who were nymphs ? Mention the dif- 
ferent kinds. 

Who were fauns ? Satyrs ? Sylvans .' 

By what figure is extinguere used ? 

To which one of the Caesars does the 
poet refer by CcBsareo sanguine ? 

Does this fable conclude the council of 
the gods ? 



FABULA VIII. 

LYCAON MUTATUS IN LUPUM. 

In a circuit which he is making through the earth, Jupiter comes to Arcadia, 
and enters the palace of Lycaon, who attempts to murder him, and after- 
wards serves up before him human flesh, at a banquet. Jupiter punishes 
this impiety, by setting the palace on fire, and changing Lycaon into a wolf. 

EXPLICATIO. 

Lycaon, the son of Pelasgus and Melibosa, was contemporary with the 
patriarch Jacob. He built a temple and city, called Lycosura, on the top 
of Mount Lycaeus, in honor of Jupiter, and instituted the festivals called 
Lycaea. He polluted the sacrifices of the Lupercalia, of which the 
Arundelian marbles show him to be the founder, by offering up prisoners 
taken in war, and hostages. The words Lycasus, Lycaon, Lycosura, and 
Lycaea, are all of Greek etymology, derived from ivxos, a wolf. The 
mountain abounded in wolves, as we are informed, and hence was called 
Lycseus (of the wolf). The king of Arcadia, whoever he was, in con- 
sequence of nis efforts to extirpate the wolves, received the epithet of 
Lycaon (wolf -man), and, in time, the cognomen being used instead of the 
real name, the myth may have arisen, of his being changed into a wolf. 
Owing probably to some signal deliverance, in an encounter with a wolf, 
he may have offered 'to Jupiter, as a sacrifice, the brush or tail of the 
animal, or many such trophies, and thus set up a chapel, where, in after 
time, was built the temple and city of Lycosura (hvxo$ ovpa), the tail of 
the wolf Mycon, in like manner, in Virgil's seventh Eclogue, offers to 
Diana the head of a wild boar, and the antlers of a stag. Thus, sacri- 
fices called Lycsea (of the wolf), were instituted to Jupiter, in Arcadia, 
and to Apollo, at Argos, because they freed the inhabitants from wolves. 
The Lupercalia (lupus, arceo), were identical,with the Lycaea, except that 
the latter were offered to Pan, in common with Jupiter and Apollo, while 
the Lupercalia were offered to Pan alone. While Arcadia was waste, or 
valued for hunting only, the Lycaea were in honor of Jupiter, the common 
protector in all places, or of Apollo, to whose bow wild beasts were sub- 
ject ; but when it became a grazing country, inhabited by shepherds, the 
protection of their flocks fell to Pan, and the Lycaea or Lupercalia were 
in his honor. The destruction of Lycaon's house, by lightning, after 
offering up human victims, may have given rise to the fable. But as the 
event is placed in the earliest ages of the world, it may refer to Nimrod, 
whose name (rebel) implies apostacy from God, and who, as a " giant 
hunter," is believed to have tyrannized over man. Babel is thought to 
have been a fire-temple, for human sacrifice, and his destruction beneath 
its ruins may be adumbrated in the overturning of Lycaon's palace ; or, 
what is more probable, the fable may be a confusion of Grecian history 
and of tradition, in which reference is made to Cain. The resemblances 
are many and striking. Lycaon was the son of Pelasgus, who was born 
of the earth; Cain was the son of Adam, who was formed of the earth. 
Both were impious ; both offered sacrifices displeasing to God, and both 
fled his presence. Cain built the first city upon earth, and Lycosura, 
which Lycaon built, was said, by Pausanias, to be the oldest city in the 
world. Lastly, God set a mark of blood upon Cain, and in the Lupercalia 
instituted by Lycaon, the foreheads of two illustrious youths were marked 
with a knife dipped in blood. 64 





ONTIGERAT nostras infamia temporis aures : 
Gluam cupiens falsam, summo delabor Olympo, 
Et Deus humana lustro sub imagine terras. 
Longa mora est, quantum noxae sit ubique repertum, 



NOT.E. 

1. Infamia temporis. The wickedness of the time was such that 
it cried to heaven for vengeance. The same is said, in Genesis, of 
the wickedness of Sodom and Gomorrah, and in the Odyssey, of the 
crimes of the suitors. 

Twf vppis re (iir\ rt ailr\ptav ovpavov tjkci — Odyssey xvii. 

And the Lord said, because the cry of Sodom and Gomorrah is great,' and 
because their sin is very grievous. — Genesis xviii. 20. 

2. Quam cupiens falsam. The benevolence of the deity is mani- 
fest in this, that he is slow to believe the evil report, and unwilling 
to judge until after investigation. 

In judicando criminosa est celeritas. — P. Syrus. 
Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right ? — Genesis xviii. 25. 
2. Summo Olympo: from highest Olympus; poetically for Heaven. 
See note on Olympus, page 56. 



Bow thy heavens. O Lord, and come down : 
touch the mountains, and they shall smoke. — 

1 J SALM CXliv. 5. 

2. Delabor : I glide down ; I descend. 
Jupiter determines to go down and observe 
the morals of men. Thus Jehovah, in the 
case of Sodom and Gomorrah : 

I will go down now, and see whether they 
have done altogether according to the cry of it, 
which is come unto me ; and if not, I will know. 
—Genesis xviii. 21. 

The Lord looked down from heaven upon the 
children of men, to see if there were any that 
did understand, and seek God.— Psalm xiv. 2. 

9 



3. Et Deus humana sub imagine : and a 
god in human form. This veiling of di- 
vinity in human flesh, is to be found in the 
mythology of all nations, and is, no doubt, 
a wide-spread tradition of God's holding 
communion with man, in his state of in- 
nocence. Thus Homer : 

KatTE Scol Icivoioiv cqikStcs dXXoSairoiat 
IlavToiot reXftovres eniaTpuQuxri nuXfiag. 

Odyssey xvii. 

4. Longa mora est : the delay is great ; 
it is tedious. 

4. Quantum noxa: how much crime. 
F2 65 



66 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber I. 



Enumerare : minor fuit ipsa infamia vero. 

Msenala transieram- latebris horrenda ferarum, 
Et cum Cylleno gelidi pineta Lycaei. 
Arcados bine sedes et inhospita tecta tyranni 
Ingredior, traherent cum sera crepuscula noctem. 
Signa dedi venisse Deum ; vulgusque precari 
Cceperat. Irr.idet primo pia vota Lycaon. 
Mox, ait, Experiar, Deus hie, discrimine aperto, 
An sit mortaiis ; nee erit dubitabile verum. 
Nocte gravem somno nee opina perdere morte 
Me parat. Hasc illi placet experientia veri. 
Nee contentus eo, missi de gente Molossa 
Obsidis unius jugulum mucrone resolvit ; 
Atque ita semineces partim ferventibus artus 



K 5. Ipsa infamfa fuit 
minor vero. Transie- 
ram Msenala horren- 
da latebris ferarum, 
et pineta gelidi 

8. Hinc ingredior 
sedes et inhospita tec- 
ta Arcados tyranni, 

10 cum sera crepuscula 
traherent noctem. 
Dedi signa Deum ve- 
nisse ; vulgusque cce- 
perat precari. Primo 
Lycaon irridet pia 
vota. Mox, ait, Ex- 
periar, discrimine 

15 aperto, an hie Deus 
sit mortaliso. Atque 
ita partim mollit semi- 
neces artus fervenn- 
bus aquis. partim tor- 
ruit subjecto igni 



NOTiE. 



And God saw that the wickedness of man 
was great in the earth, and that every imagina- 
tion of the thoughts of his heart was only evil 
continually. — Genesis vi. 5. 

They are gone aside, they are all together be- 
come filthy : there is none that doeth good, no 
not one. — Psalm xiv. 

5. Minor fuit vero : was less than the 
reality. The report of the wickedness of 
mankind fell short of the actual truth. 

6. Mamala. A mountain and city in Ar- 
cadia, Greece, named from Maenalus, son 
of Areas ; masculine in the singular, and 
neuter in the plural. See Grammar, p. 19. 

6. Latebris hdr rendu: terrible on account 
of the dens of wild beasts. 

7. Cylleno. A mountain in Arcadia, 
where Mercury was born, whence he is 
called Cyllenius. 

7. Pineta Lyccei: the pine-groves of Ly- 
caeus. Derivative nouns ending in etum, 
denote the place where their primitives 
abound, as pinus, a pine ; pinetum, a pine- 
grove. Lycaeus is a mountain of Arcadia, 
sacred to Pan. Hence he is named Lycaeus. 

8. Arcados: Arcadian, a Greek adjec- 
tive in the genitive case, agreeing with 
tyranni. Lycaon, who is here meant, is 
called Areas, by anticipation, for it was 
his grandson after whom the country was 
called Arcadia. Before his time, it was 
called Parrhasia. 

8. Inhospita tecla : the inhospitable 
house ; the part being put for the whole. 
As Jupiter was the deity who presided over 
hospitality, how expressive the epithet ap- 
plied to tecta. The acts that transpired, of 
impiety, perfidy, murder, and inhospitality, 
show it was very appropriate. 

9. Sera crepuscula : late twilight. In the 
decline of day, when there is a sabbath- 
like stillness upon the air, the soul natu- 
rally aspires to heaven. What time more 
appropriate for the Deity to manifest him- 
self to man ? It was in the coolness of 
evening that God visited his erring chil- 
dren in Paradise. 



And they heard the voice of the Lord God 
walking in the garden in the cool of the day. — 
Genesis iii. 8. 

10. Signa dedi venisse Deum : I gave a 
sign that a god had come ; some manifest- 
ation of divinity. 

10. Vulgusque precari cceperat : the com- 
mon people had begun to worship. The 
simple in heart are more willing to yield to 
God's will, and pay him adoration. Hence : 

Not many wise men after the flesh, not many 
mighty, not many noble, are called : but God 
hath chosen the foolish things of the world to 
confound the wise; and God hath chosen the 
weak things of the world to confound the things 
which are mighty. — 1 Corinthians i. 26, 27. 

11. Irridet pia vota : derides their pious 
prayers. It is sinful enough to be irreli- 
gious, but infinitely worse to make light of 
piety in others, and endeavor to obstruct 
their devotion. 

But whoso shall offend one of these little ones 
which believe in me, it were better for him that 
a millstone were hanged about his neck, and that 
he were drowned in the depth of the sea. — 
Matt, xviii. 0. 
Ne'er let the mystic sacrifices move 
Deriding scorn ; but dread indignant Jove. 

Hesiod. 

12. Experiar. He would try whether he 
was a god or not, by an attempt upon his 
life. 

Thou shalt not tempt the Lord thy God. 

St. Matthew. 

13. Nee erit verum : nor shall the truth 
be doubtful. If a god, he could not be 
slain ; if a mortal, he would be destroyed. 

14. Nee opina morte : by an unexpected 
death. 

16. Nee contentus eo. Not content with 
having attempted to kill him, he offers hu- 
man food to him. 

17. Jugulum resolvit : he cuts the throat. 

18. Semineces artus: the half-dead, qui- 
vering limbs. 

With what a spring his furious soul broke loose, 
And left the limbs still quivering on the ground. 

Addisox 



Fabula VIII. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



Mollit aquis, partim subjecto torruit igni. 

duos simul imposuit mensis, ego vindice flamma 20 

In domino dignos everti tecta Penates. 

Territus ille fugit, nactusque silentia run's 

Exululat, frustraque loqui conatur: ab ipso 

ColJigit os rabiem, solitseque cupidine caedis 

Vertitur in pecudes : etnunc cjuoque sanguine gaudet. 25 

In villos abeunt vestes, in crura lacerti, 

Fit lupus, et veteris servat vestigia forma?. 

Canities eadem est, eadem violentia vultu : 

Idem oculi lucent : eadem feritatis imago. 



67 

Quos simul imposuit 
mensis, ego vindice 
flarami everti tecta 
in Penates dignos do- 
mino. 

22. Ille territus fu- 
git, que nactus si- 
lentia ruris exululat, 
que frustra conatur 
loqui : os colligit ra- 
biem al> ipso, que 

26. Vestes abeunt 
in villos. lacerti in 
crura. Fit lupus, et 
servat vestigia ve- 
teris formsEJ. Canities 
est eadem, violentia 



NOTVE. 



19. Subjecto igni: with fire placed be- 
neath ; over the fire. 

20. Imposuit mensis : set upon the table ; 
served up to be eaten. 

20. Vindice flamma : with avenging 
flames ; with lightning. 

Rejoice, O ye nations, with his people ; for he 
will avenge the blood of his servants.— Deut. 
xxii. 43. 

Vengeance is mine; I will repay, saith the 
Lord.— Romans xii. 19. 

Our God is a consuming fire. — Heb. xii. 29. 

21. Domino : the master ; the owner. 

21. Tecta. The roof of the house is 
here put, by metonymy, for the house itself. 

22. Territus : affrighted he fled. The 
wicked flee from the presence of God ; 
thus Adam fled from the presence of Je- 
hovah ; thus Cain fled after the slaughter 
of his brother. 

23. Silentia ruris : the silence of the 
country ; the lonely parts of the country. 
Silentia is here used, poetically, for the 
plural. 

23. Exululat : he howls. He is already 
a wolf in propensities. 



23. Ah ipso : itself; from his own rave- 
nous disposition. 

24. Rabiem : rage ; foam. 

24. Cupidine cadis : with the desire of 
wonted slaughter. 

25. Vertitur: he is turned; he turns. 
Vertitur has the force of a verb in the mid- 
dle voice. 

26. In villos abeunt : pass ; are changed 
into hair. 

27. Fit lupus : he becomes a wolf. The 
foolish stories told among the northern na- 
tions, of men changed to wolves, have had 
their origin from a disease called lycan- 
thropy, a species of madness, which causes 
men to rage and foam at the mouth, and 
cry like wolves. 

27. Vestigia forma : traces of his former 
appearance ; his hoariness and fierceness 
of countenance. 

28. Canities. The hoariness of the wolf, 
and the brightness of his eyes, are noted by 
all naturalists, from Pliny to the present 
time. 

28. Eadem. The repetition in the two 
last lines of the fable, by means of the 
figure, anaphora, is beautiful and forcible. 
See Grammar, p. 209. 



QU^STIONES. 



What is the subject of this Fable ? 

What induced Jupiter to visit the earth ? 

Under what form did he appear ? 

In what state did he find the morals of 
men ? 

What reception did Lycaon give him ? 

What attempt did he make against his 
life? 

What indignity did he offer him after- 
wards ? 

What did Jupiter do to his palace ? 

How did he treat Lycaon himself? 

Where was Mount Lycseus situated ? 

What gave the mountain its name ? 

Was Lycaon the nomen or cognomen of 
the king of Arcadia ? 

What were the Lycsea ? To what dif- 
ferent gods offered ? 

What were the Lupercalia? What is 
the etymology of the word ? 



Who is said to have founded the Luper- 
calia ? 

Under what circumstances may the Ly 
csea, in Arcadia, have become the Luper 
calia, and been offered to Pan? 

What is the first interpretation of the 
change of Lycaon into a wolf? 

What is the second interpretation ? 

What makes it possible that reference is 
had to Nimrod ? 

Why may the fable have reference to the 
history of Cain ? 

Repeat the points of resemblance be- 
tween the history of Cain and the story of 
Lycaon ? 

What figure is used in the concluding 
lines of the fable ? 

What is anaphora ? 



FABULA IX. 

DILUVIUM. 

Having resolved to destroy the race of men by a deluge, Jupiter sends down 
the rain in torrents, from all the heavens. The sea assists with its auxiliar 
waters ; the inundation spreads, and the works of men perish, till the whole 
surface of the earth is '-submerged, and every living thing is destroyed, ex- 
cept Deucalion and Pyrrha. 

EXPLICATIO. 

The ancients give accounts of several floods that happened, some of 
which have been confounded with the great Noachic deluge. The flood 
described as that of Deucalion, took place in Thessaly, according to the 
Arundelian marbles, B. C. 1503, and was occasioned by the choking up cf 
the channels of the Peneus and other rivers, and the bursting of the sea 
through the Cyanean Straits and the Hellespont. The flood of Ogyges, 
another king of Thessaly, is described as still more ancient, and sub- 
merged all Greece. But as Deucalion was the son of Prometheus, who 
is said to have created the first man, and as Ogyges was the son of Terra, 
or the Earth, it is very easy to perceive that Noah is the personage 
represented by these different princes, and that accounts of partial inun- 
dations of the Grecian territory have been blended with the great diluvian 
catastrophe of the world. The name Ogygian, as applied to the deluge, 
would indicate Noah's flood, for it means the ancient. It is thus used by 
Hesiod in his Theogony, when speaking of the Ogygian water of the 
Styx, which is believed to be the waters of the internal abyss that assisted 
in the destruction of the world, " when the fountains of the great deep 
were broken up." 

But it is expressly stated by the Greeks themselves, that the names of 
Barbarians were rendered in their language and in others, so as to pre- 
serve their original meaning, and that Noah was the original of the names 
Noach, Sisithrus, Xisithrus, Ogyges, and Deucalion. Besides this, there 
are so many striking coincidences between the description of Noah's 
flood, as given by Moses, and the different heathen accounts of a general 
inundation, that no doubt can exist that they all relate to the same occur- 
rence. In the first place, it was designed as a punishment of the world 
for its wickedness, and was general. The waters of heaven, of the sea, 
and of the internal abyss, united to effect its destruction. The only man 
preserved, with his family, was noted for justice, and had been warned 
by Saturn (Jehovah) to prepare an ark for the preservation of himself, 
and the beasts, and birds, and creeping things. He entered the ark with 
these, and was borne in safety over the waters, and in time sent forth dif- 
ferent birds, and at length the dove, to ascertain if the waters were dried 
up from the face of the earth. He learned, by these, that the flood had 
abated. He was carried to a mountain, disembarked in safety, and wor- 
shipped the gods. These different heathen accounts, which, in illustra- 
tion of the text of the poet, I have given with the Biblical parallelisms, 
will show they all relate to a common catastrophe, and are the traditions 
of the great Flood that occurred in the days of Noah. 
68 





CCID1T una domus ; sed non domus una penre 
JL Digna fuit : qua terra patet, fera regnat Erirmys. 
y_i In facinus jurasse putes. Dent ocii;s omnes, 
\ Q.uas meruere pati, sic stat sententia pcenas. 

Dicta Jovis pars voce probant, stimulosque frementi 
Adjiciunt : alii partes assensibus implent. 



NOTjE. 



1. Occidit una : one house has fallen, viz.: the house of Lycaon.. 

1. Non domus una ; not one house only, but every house. 

2. Digna fuit : deserved to perish ; to fall. 
And manifold in sin deserved to fall. — Milton. 

2. Erinnys. A common name of the Furies, who were three in 
number, Alecto, Megaera, and Tisiphone. They were said to be 
daughters of Acheron and Nox, or as some say, of Pluto and Proser- 
pine. They punished the guilty on earth by war and pestilence, and 
in bell by torment and flagellation. Their head and arms were en- 
circled by serpents. They held in one hand a whip, and a torch in the 
other. Erinnys, fury, is here put for the wickedness which they excite. 
2. Qua terra patet : wherever earth extends, fierce fury reigns. 
And God saw that the wickedness of man , the words of Jupiter ; speak in approbation 



was great in the earth, and that every imagina- 
tion of the thoughts of his heart was only evil 
continually. — Genesis vi. 5. 

They are corrupt, they have done abominable 
works, there is none that doeth good.— Psalm 
xiv. 1. 

3. In facinus jurasse : that they had 
sworn to commit sin. Jurasse is put, by 
syncope, for juravisse. 

4. Sic stat sr7itentia ; so stands my reso- 
lution. My determination is unalterably 
fixed. 

5. Pars voce : a part with voice applaud 



of what he has said. 

6. Alii partes implent : others perform 
their part by assent. Thus, in Juvenal, 
Sat. vi., omnes implet numeros, performs 
all her parts. The poet evidently makes 
reference to the Roman senate, in which 
the principal senators, those elected by the 
censor or other magistrate, had the privi- 
lege of speaking and of voting, while the 
Pedarii, or those occupying seats by right 
of former offices among the people, after 
the senators of the majorum gentium had 
69 



70 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Est tamen humani generis jactura dolori 
Omnibus : et, quse sit terras mortalibus orbae 
Forma futura, rogant : quis sit laturus in aras 
Thura ? ferisne paret populandas tradere terras ? 
Talia quserentes, sibi enim fore castera curae, 
Rex Superum trepidare vetat ; sobolemque priori 
Dissimilem populo promittit origine mira. 
Jamque erat in totas sparsurus fulmina terras ; 
Sed timuit, ne forte sacer tot ab ignibus aether 
Conciperet flammas, longusque ardesceret axis. 
Esse quoque in fatis reminiscitur, affore tempus, 
Quo mare, quo tellus, correptaque regia coeli 
Ardeat ; et mundi moles operosa laboret. , 



Liber I. 

7. Tamen jactura 
humani generis est 
dolori omnibus : que 
rogant qua? sit futura 
forma terrae orbse 

10 mortalibus: quis sit 
laturus thura in aras ? 
paretne tradere ter- 
ras populandas feris? 
Rex Superum vetat 
quserentes talia tre- 
pidare, enim castera 
fore curae sibi, que 

15 promittit sobolem dis- 
similem priori populo 
mir§. origine. Que 
jam erat sparsurus 

17. Quoque remin- 
iscitur esse in fatis, 
tempus affore, quo 



NOT^E. 



voted, signified their assent by leaving 
their seats, and joining the party whose 
views they espoused. 

7. Dolori omnibus: a grief to all. The 
love of God to man is boundless ; he de- 
lights not in his destruction. 

As I live, saith the Lord, I have no pleasure 
in the death of him that dies. 

How shall I give thee up, O Ephraim! how 
shall I deliver thee up, O Israel ! How shall I 
resign thee as Admah ! How shall I make thee 
as Zeboim ! — Hosea. 

Oh that my head were waters, and mine eyes 
a fountain of tears, that I might weep, day and 
night, for the slain of the daughters of my peo- 
ple. — Lamentations. 

O Jerusalem, Jerusalem ! thou that killest 
the prophets, and stonest them that are sent unto 
thee, how oft would 1 have gathered thy children 
as a hen gathereth her chickens under her 
wings, and they would not '. — St. Matthew. 

8. Omnibus: to alL See Grammar, Rule 
XXIII. of Syntax. 

8. Orbce : deprived of men ; without in- 
habitants. 

9. Quis sit laturus : who will bring 
frankincense to the altars ? The gods are 
here solicitous about the rites of public 
worship. The adoration of his intelligent 
creatures is pleasing to the Creator him- 
self. If savage beasts should become the 
only inhabitants, the declarative glory of 
the gods would be unknown ; for, 

Animal nullum est praiter hominem, quod ha- 
beat notitiam aliquam Dei. — Cicero. 

10. Ferisne populandas. Populo and de- 
populo, in the same manner as pono and 
depono, are often rendered alike. In both 
cases, however, etymology would seem to 
require a positive meaning of the former of 
the words, and a negative meaning of the 
latter. Populandas here appears to be used 
in the sense of peopling or inhabiting. The 
following, from Horace, is similar: 

Velut profugit execrata civitas, 

Agros atque Lares proprios, habitandaque fana, 

Apris reliquil et rapacibus lupis.— Epodon xvi. 



10. Paret : does he prepare ? is he about ? 
12. Rex Superum: the king of the gods; 
Jupiter. 

12. Trepidare vetat : forbids them to be 
solicitous. 

13. Dissimilem populo: unlike the former 
people ; pure and holy. 

13. Origine mira: by a miraculous ori- 
gin. Stones were to be changed into men 
and women, as related in the succeeding 
fable. 

14. Sparsurus fulmina: about to hurl the 
thunder over all the earth. When he was 
about to scatter the thunder, and thus de- 
stroy the world, he recollects that it is fated 
that the earth shall be destroyed by fire 
hereafter, and chooses a different mode of 
destruction. 

16. Lo?igus axis: the long axis on which 
the heavens were believed to revolve. 

17. Esse in fatis: is in the decrees of the 
Fates. The Fates, or Destinies, were the 
dispensers of the will of Jupiter. In the 
heathen mythology, they are put for Pro- 
vidence. 

17. Afore tempus: that there would be a 
time ; that a time would come. 

18. Correpta: enveloped in flames. Sup- 
ply jlammis. 

Dies ira?, dies ilia 

Solvet sarclum in favilla 

Teste David cum Sibylla. — Ccelano. 

19. Ardeat: shall be burned up. The 
final destruction of the world by fire, ap- 
pears to have been known to most of the 
pagans. They got the idea from the Sibyl- 
line verses, or from some ancient tradition 
committed probably to Adam or Noah. 

Kal irore rf/v dnyijv Seov, oix in irpavvovra, 
AAA' elepSpiSovra, Kai e^uyvovTii re yivvav 
AvSpcjjrrcov vnraaav in' iprrpriixpov ircpSovra. 

SlBYLL. APUD LaCTANTICM. 

Cum tempus advenerit, quo se mundus renc- 
vaturus extinguat . . . . et omni flagrante ma- 
teria uno igni quidquid nunc ex disposito lucet, 
ardebit.— Seneca. 



Fabula IX. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



71 



Tela reponuntur manibus fabricata Cyclopum. 
Poena placet diversa ; genus mortale sub undis 
Perdere, et ex omni nimbos dimittere ccelo. 
Protinus iEoliis Aquilonem claudit in antris, 



20 mare, quo tellus, que 
regia cceli correpta 
ardeat; et operosa 
moles mundi laboret. 
Tela fabricata 
23. Protinus claudit 



NOT.E. 



Aqua et ignis terrenis dominantur : ex his or- I 
tus, et ex his interitus est. — Seneca Nat. Qujes. 

The Egyptians supposed the world had a great I 
year, when the sun. moon, and planets all re- I 
turned to the same sign whence they started, 
the winter of which year was the Deluge, and 
the summer the conflagration of the world. — 
Plato. 

Hence we Stoics conclude, that the whole 
world, at last, would be in a general conflagra- 
tion ; when, all moisture being exhausted, neither 
the earth could have any nourishment, nor the 
air return again, since water, of which it is 
formed, would then be all consumed ; so that 
only fire would subsist, and from this fire, which 
is an animating power and a deity, a new world 
would arise, and be re-established in the same 
beauty. — Cicero on the Gods. 

Certain dispositions of the air, and powers of 
water and fire, infused and mixed within, which 
arise and spring up with, together with the 
world, and to be burnt in time, and end with it. — 
Plutarch's Morals. 

For the indignation of the Lord is upon all the 
nations ; and all the host of heaven shall be dis- 
solved, and the heavens shall be rolled together 
as a scroll. — Isaiah. 

But the heavens and the earth, which are 
now, by the same word are kept in store, re- 
served unto fire, against the day of judgment 
and perdition of ungodly men. — St. Peter. 

19. Operosa moles: the well- wrought, 
stupendous mass of the universe. 

19. Laboret: shall labor; shall be ex- 
posed to destruction. 

20. Tela: the weapons, viz. : the thun- 
derbolts. Modern science furnishes a beau- 
tiful illustration of this fabled forging of 
Jupiter's thunderbolts. Metals rendered 
fluid and volatilized by the excessive heat 
of volcanoes, are dissipated and carried into 
the air, and after being united by some 
combination of chemical and electric at- 
traction, form the metallic masses and 
aerolites which often fall to the earth with 
a great noise. The Cyclops of the volcano 
are thus said to forge them. 

20. Cyclopum: of the Cyclops. They 
were the workmen of Vulcan, and had 
their shop in Mount JEtna, where they 
made the thunderbolts of Jupiter. The 
erymology of the word is kvkXos, a circle, 
and oip, an eye, because they had but one 
eye, of a circular form, in the middle of 
the forehead. Their names were Brontes, 
Steropes, and Arges ; the latter, however, 
was called Harpes, Arges, and Pyracmon. 
Homer and Theocritus consider them the 
primitive inhabitants of Sicily, giants and 
cannibals. 



Then brought she forth 
The Cyclops, brethren of high daring heart, 
Brontes, and Steropes, and Arges fierce, 
Who forged the lightning shaft, and gave to Jove 
His thunder. They were like unto the gods, 
Save that a single ball of sight was fixed 
In the mid forehead. Cyclops was their name, 
For that one circular eye was broad infixed 
In the mid forehead. — Hesiod's Theogony. 

21. Poena diversa: a different kind of 
punishment, viz. by water. 

21. Placet: pleases him; is resolved 
upon. 

21. Genus mortale: the mortal race ; the 
human race. 

The present race of men is not the same as at 
the beginning, but those of the first race all 
perished. Mankind, as they now are, are a new 
and second race, that were spread abroad again 
by Deucalion in these vast numbers. Of those 
first men it is reported, that they were haughty, 
fierce people, who committed heinous iniquities ; 
for they neither kept their oath, nor exercised 
hospitality, nor spared the vanquished, though 
imploring mercy. For all this, however, a hor- 
rible cafamity came upon them.— Lucian de 
Stria Dea. 

21. Sub undis: under water; by immer- 
sion. 

22. Perdere. The phrase gemts mortale 
sub undis perdere, is put in apposition with 
poena. 

22. Nimbos: rain; storms of rain. 

22. Ex omni ccelo: from the whole hea- 



And the windows of heaven were opened ; 
and the rain was upon the earth forty days and 
forty nights. — Genesis vii. 11, 12. 

After whom reigned many others, and then 
Sisithrus, to whom Saturn signified there should 
be an abundance of rain on the fifteenth day of 
the month Desius, and commanded him to lay 
up all his writings in Heliopolis; which, when 
Sisithrus had done, he sailed immediately into 
Armenia, and found it true as the god had de- 
clared to him. — Abydenus. 

23. Protinus: forthwith. As soon as he 
determines to destroy the world, he sets 
about its destruction. 

23. JEoliis in antris: in the iEolian 
caves. JEolus, the son of Hippotas, was 
king of the islands which lie between Italy 
and Sicily. From his knowledge of astro- 
nomy, and his predictions of the changes 
in the winds, he was thought to control 
the winds in a cave, where they murmured 
against their rocky barriers. The islands 
were volcanic, and gave rise to the subter- 
ranean noise, and the fable connected there- 
with. 

23. Aauilonem claudit. He shuts up the 
north wind, because it was accustomed to 



72 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Et quascunque fugant inductas flamina nubes : 

Emittitque Notum. Madidis Notus evolat alis 

Terribilem picea tectus caligine vultum. 

Barba gravis nimbis ; canis fluit unda capillis ; 

Fronte sedent nebulae ; rorant pennseque, sinusque. 

CJtque manu lata pendentia nubila pressit, 

Fit fragor : hinc densi funduntur ab sethere nimbi. 

Nuntia Junonis, varies induta colores, 

Concipit Iris aquas, alimentaque nubibus adfert. 

Sternuntur segetes, et deplorata coloni 



Liber I. 

Aquilonem in iEoliis 
_ K antris, et quascunque 
<io flamina fugant induc- 
tas nubes: que emit- 
tit Notum. Notus 
evolat madidis alis, 
tectus quoad terribi- 
lem vultum picea ca- 
ligine. Barba est gra- 
q^ vis nimbis, unda fluit 
*>U canis capillis ; nebulae 
sedent fronte ; que 

31. Iris, nuntia Ju- 
nonis, induta varios 
colores, concipit 

aquas, que adfert ali- 



not^:. 



disperse the clouds, and bring on fair wea- 
ther. 

24. Inductas nubes: the clouds spread 
over the face of heaven. 

25. Emittit Notum. He lets out the south 
wind, which brings rain. The personifica- 
tion of the south wind, by the poet, is at 
once sublime and beautiful, and the whole 
allegory well sustained. This wind bears 
the treasured rain; a modern poet, with 
this passage probably in his eye, personi- 
fies the wind, and arms it with lightning 
and the tempest. 

The wrathful Angel of the wind 
Had all the horrors of the skies combined; 
And lo ! tremendous o'er the deep he springs, 
The inflaming sulphur flashing from his wings ! 
Hark, his strong voice the dismal silence breaks! 
Mad chaos from the chains of death awakes ! 
Now in a deluge bursts the living flame, 
And dread concussion rends the ethereal frame : 
Sick earth convulsive groans from shore to 

shore, 
And nature, shuddering, feels the horrid roar. 
Falconer's Shipwreck. 

25. Madidis alis: with dripping wings. 
The poets generally attribute wings to the 
winds, on account of their swiftness. 

Dum se continet Auster, 
Dura sedet et siccat madidas in carcere pennas. 

Juvenal. 

He spake, the god that mounts the winged winds. 

Pope's Homer. 

He rode upon a cherub, and did fly : yea, he 

did fly upon the wings of the wind. — Psalm 

xviii. 10. 

26. Tectus vultum. See Grammar ; Syn- 
tax, Rule XXV., n. 9. 

Meanwhile the south wind rose, and with black 

wings 
Wide hovering, all the clouds together drove. 

Milton. 

29. Nubila pressit: pressed the hanging 
clouds; crushed them. 

30. Fit fragor: there comes a crashing. 
The peculiar sound of the rain, when a 
shower commences, is known to every one. 

30. Funduntur: are poured down ; pour 
down. This verb has the force of the 
Greek middle voice. 

Fierce and fast 
Shot down the ponderous rain, a sheeted flood, 
That slanted not before the baffled winds, 
But, with an arrowy and unwavering rush 
Dashed hissing earthward. — Barber. 



31. Varios induta colores: clothed with 
various colors. The rainbow contains the 
seven primitive colors, red, orange, yellow, 
green, blue, indigo, and violet ; the blend- 
ing of their dyes appears to multiply the 
number ; the poets gave her a thousand. 
The bow is formed by the rays of the sun 
falling upon the drops of water in a cloud, 
when that luminary has an elevation of not 
more than 54 degrees. 

Mille trahens varios adverso sole colores. 

Virgil. 

32. Iris. Iris was the daughter of Thau- 
mas and Electra. She was clothed in a 
particolored robe, and was ever seated by 
the throne of Juno to execute her orders. 
As the rainbow, for which Iris is often put, 
is formed in the lower air, which is, my- 
thologically, Juno, hence she is said always 
to attend that goddess. See note on p. 279. 

32. Concipit aquas: draws up water. The 
poet here evidently refers to that meteoro- 
logical phenomenon observed at sea, when 
water is carried up to the clouds, by the 
formation of a great hollow cone of con- 
densed vapor. It has the colors of the 
bow. 

Tall Ida's summit now more distant grew, 
And Jove's high hill was rising on the view, 
When from the left approaching, they descry 
A liquid column towering shoot on high. 
The foaming base an angry whirlwind sweeps, 
Where curling billows rouse the fearful deeps. 
Still round and round the fluid vortex flies, 
Scattering dun night and horror thro' the skies, 
The swift volution and the enormous train 
Let sages versed in nature's lore explain ! 
The horrid apparition still draws nigh, 
And white with foam the whirling surges fly ! 
The guns were primed, the vessel northward 

veers, 
Till her black battery on the column bears. 
The nitre fired ; and while the dreadful sound, 
Convulsive, shook the slumbering air around, 
The watery volume, trembling to the sky, 
Burst down a dreadful deluge from on high! 
The affrighted surge, recoiling as it fell. 
Rolling in hills, disclosed the abyss of hell. 

Falconer's Shipwreck. 
Et bibit ingens 
Arcus. — Virgil. 

32. Alimenta nubibus: brings supplies to 
the clouds. 

33. Sternuntur segetes: the corn is laid 
prostrate. 



Fabula IX. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



73 



Yota jacent ; longique labor perit irritus anni. 
Nee coelo contenta suo Jovis ira : sed ilium 
Caeruleus frater juvat auxiliaribus undis. 
Convocat hie amnes : qui postquam tecta tyranni 
Intravere sui, Non est hortamine longo 
Nunc, ait, utendum : vires effundite vestras. 
Sic opus est. Aperite domus, ac mole remota 
Flumiriibus vestris totas immittite habenas. 
Jusserat. Hi redeunt, ac fontibus ora relaxant, 
Et defrasnato volvuntur in sequora cursu. 
Ipse tridente suo terram percussit : at ilia 
Intremuit. motuque sinus patefecit aquarum. 
Exspatiata ruunt per apertos rlumina campos ; 



menta nubibus. Se- 
Q getes sternuntur, et 
ijD vota coloni jacent de- 
plorata; que labor 
longi anni perit irri- 
tus. Nee est ira Jovis 
contenta suo ccelo : 

38. Non nunc ulen- 
dum est longo horta- 
.„ mine: effundite ves- 
40 tras vires. Sic opus 
est. Aperite domus, ac 
mole remota, immit- 
tite totas habenas 

42. Jusserat. Hi re- 
deunt ac relaxant ora 
fontibus, et volvuntur 
-_ in sequora defrasnato 
45 cursu. Ipse percussit 
terram suo tridente : 
at ilia intremuit, que 



NOTiE. 



33. Coloni vota: the hopes of the hus- 
bandman; his crops sought with many 
prayers. 

All that the winds had spared 
In one wild moment ruined ; the big hopes 
And well-earned treasures of the painful year. 

Thomson. 

34. Perit: is lost. 

The ox hath therefore stretched his yoke in vain. 
The ploughman lost his sweat; and the green 

corn 
Hath rotted ere his youth attained a beard : 
The fold stands empty in the drowned field. 

Shakspeare. 

35. Nee ccelo contenta : the wrath of Ju- 
piter is not content with his heaven, viz. : 
with the stores of water in the clouds. 

35. Ilium: him ; assists Jupiter. 

36. Creruleus frater: his cerulean bro- 
ther. This is a beautiful periphrasis for 
Neptune. 

36. Auxiliaribus undis : with his auxil- 
iary waves. That the sea assisted in the 
submersion of mankind, and the earth also, 
by giving out its internal waters, is agree- 
able not only to the Bible, but to the ge- 
neral accounts derived from tradition. 

37. Convocat hie omnes : he assembles 
the rivers ; the gods of the rivers. The 
images here presented to the mind are all 
of a grave and sublime character. 

37. Tecta tyranni: the palace of their 
ruler, Neptune. This was placed, by the 
poets, in or near the centre of the earth. 

Then the channels of waters were seen, and 
he foundations of the world were discovered at 
,liy rebuke. — Psalm xviii. 15. 

38. Non est utendum: there is not to be 
used by me ; I must not use. Supply 
mi hi. 

40. Domos: your houses. The fountains 
of the rivers were called the habitations of 
the river gods. 

40. Mole remota : the barrier being re- 
moved ; the banks of the river. 

41. Totas immittite habenas: give all 
reins to your streams. This is a beautiful 
metaphor derived from the chariot-race. 

10 G 



42. Jusserat: he had spoken. As soon 
as he commanded, it was done. He spake, 
and it was done. 

42. Hi redeunt : these return. The river 
gods return to their respective rivers. 

43. Volvuntur: are rolled ; roll them- 
selves. This verb has the force of the 
Greek middle voice. 

. 43. Deframato cursu: with unbridled 
course. The same metaphor employed 
above. 

Thither they 
Hasted with glad precipitance, uprolled 
As drops on dust conglobing from the dry : 
Part rise in crystal wall, or ridge direct 
For haste; such flight the great command im- 
pressed 
On the swift floods. — Milton. 

44. Tridente. The trident was a triple- 
pronged mace which Neptune used as a 
sceptre. It derives its name from its form, 
tres, three, and dens, a tine. The fiction 
of Neptune's striking the earth and causing 
it to tremble, is derived from a natural 
cause, being taken from the earthquake, 
which is the result of the action of the in- 
ternal heat and internal waters. 

The trident of Neptune is a symbol of the 
third region of the world, which the sea pos- 
sesses, situated below that of the heaven and the 
air. — Plutarch. 

From Neptune's hand 
Dash his trined mace, that from the bottom stirs 
The troubled sea, and shakes the solid earth. 

JEschylus. 

45. Motu: by the concussion. 
45. Sinus patefecit aquarum: disclosed 

its reservoirs of waters. How strikingly 
this and other heathen descriptions agree 
with the Scriptural account. 

The same day were all the fountains of the 
great deep broken up, and the windows of hea- 
ven were opened. And the rain was upon the, 
earth forty days and forty nights. — Genesis vii. 
11, 12. 

For on a sudden the earth sent forth abun- 
dance of water, great showers of rain fell, the 
rivers overflowed exceedingly, and the sea 
overspread the earth, so that all was turned into 
water, and every man perished.— Lucian t>& 
Syria Dea. 



74 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber I. 



Cumque satis arbusta simul, pecudesque, virosque, 
Tectaque, cumque suis rapiunt penetralia sacris. 
Si qua domus mansit, potuitque resistere tan to 
Indejecta malo ; culmen tamen altior hujus 
Unda tegit, presseeque labant sub gurgite turres. 
Jamque mare et tellus nullum discrimen habebant. 
Omnia pontus erant ; deerant quoque littora ponto. 



patefecit sinus aqua- 
rum motu. Flumina 
exspatiata ruunt per 
49. Si qua domus 
mansit, potuitque ma- 
50 lo indejecta; tamer 
unda altior tegit hujus 
culmen, pressaeque 
lurres labant sub gur- 
gite. 



NOT.E. 



There could not be one cause for so great a 
calamity, but all reason consents that at the 
same time the rains should fall, the rivers swell, 
the seas, stirred from their foundations, rush 
along, and all in uniled phalanx move on to the 
destruction of the human race. — Seneca. Lib. 
iii. cap. 27. 

The pillars of heaven were broken; the earth 
shook to its very foundations : the heavens sunk 
lower to the north ; the earth fell to pieces, and 
the waters enclosed within its bosom burst forth 
with violence, and overflowed it. — Chinese Sa- 
cred Books. 

47. Cum satis: with the crops. After 
the corn has put forth the ear, it is then 
called a crop. 

Red from the hills, innumerable streams 
Tumultuous roar ; and high above its banks . 
The rivers lift, before whose rushing tide. 
Herds, flocks, and harvests, cottages and swains, 
Roll mingled down. — Thomson. 

47. Pecudesque. The different animals 
were all borne away and destroyed by the 
flood, according to our poet. Other hea- 
then writers speak of their preservation, 
as in the Bible. 

Of clean beasts, and of beasts that are un- 
clean, and of fowls, and of every thing that 
creepeth upon the earth, there went in two and 
two unto Noah in the ark, the male and the fe- 
male, as God commanded Noah. — Genesis vii. 
8, 9. 

It is reported that Xisuthrus was preserved by 
Saturn's foretelling him what was to come, and 
that it was convenient for him to build an ark, 
that birds, and creeping things, and beasts might 
sail with him in it. — Alexander Polyiiistor. 

He, (Deucalion,) and his wives and his chil- 
dren, entered into a large ark, which lie had 
prepared ; and after them went in bears, and 
horses, and lions, and serpents, and all other 
kinds of living creatures that feed upon the 
earth, two and two ; he received them all in, 
neither did they hurt him, but were very familiar 
with him, by a divine influence. — Lucian de 
Syria Dea. 

In seven days, all creatures who have offended 
me shall be destroyed by a deluge, but thou shalt 
be secured in a capacious vessel, miraculously 
formed : take, therefore, all kinds of medicinal 
herbs, and esculent grain for food, and, together 
with the seven holy men, your respective wives, 
and pairs of all animals, enter the ark without 
fear. — Hindostanee Bhagavat. 

48. Penetralia. The gods had abandoned 
to destruction the altars, upon which the 
impious had long ceased to offer sacrifice. 

Moreover, at that feast, which we call Fente- 
cost ; as the priests were going by night into the 



inner temple, as their custom was, to perform 
their sacred ministrations, they said, that in the 
first place, they felt a quaking, and heard a great 
noise, and after that the sound as of a multitude, 
saying, "Let us depart hence !" — Josephus. 
The passive gods behold the Greeks defile 
Their temples, and abandon to the spoil 
Their own abodes. — Dryden's Virgil. 
Over prostrate pillar and crumbling dome 
The stormy billows arise and foam ; 
Where thy swelling temples were wont to stand, 
The sea-bird screams by the lonely strand. 

W. G. Clark. 

49. Tanto malo: so great a calamity, 
viz. : the deluge. 

50. Culmen: the top of the roof of a 
house. It is so called from culmus, a stalk, 
because, anciently, houses were covered 
with straw. 

All dwellings else 
Flood overwhelmed, and them, with all their 

pomp, 
Deep under water rolled. — Milton. 

51. Pressceque Ucrres: and the towers 
borne down. 

Struck on the castled cliff, 
The venerable tower, and piry fine 
Resign their aged pride. — Thomson. 

51. Gurgite: in the vortex. It is not to 
be supposed that there was a gentle rising 
of the waters, at the deluge, but the most 
fearful commotion, when the internal wa- 
ters of the earth were forced out in cata- 
racts, the solid crust of the earth broken 
through, and the water resorbed again in 
the chasm. Some convulsion of the kind 
was necessary to destroy the vessels and 
other means of safety employed by the in- 
habitants. 

51. Nullum discrimen: sea and earth had 
no distinction. 

Hence, in old dusky time, a deluge came : 
When the deep-cleft disparting orb that arched 
The central waters round impetuous rushed 
With universal burst into the gulf, 
And o'er the high-piled hills of fractured earth 
Wide dashed the waves in undulations vast ; 
Till from the centre to the straining clouds, 
A shoreless ocean tumbled round the globe. 

Thomson. 

53. Omnia pontus erant: all things were 
sea. There is a majestic brevity in the first 
part of this line, but in the latter clause a 
redundancy called polyptoton, which di- 
minishes its force. In the description of 
the Indian Hades, a modern poet introduces 
the same form of expression. 



Fabtjla IX. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



Occupat hie collem : cymba sedet alter adunca, 
Et ducit remos illic, ubi nuper ararat. 
Ille supra segetes, aut mersae culmina villas, 
Navigat : hie summa piscem deprendit in ulmo. 
Figitur in viridi (si Fors tulit) anchora prato : 
Aut subjecta terunt curvae vineta carinas. 
Et, modo qua graciles gramen carpsere capellse, 
Nunc ibi deformes ponunt sua corpora phocas. 
Mirantur sub aqua lucos, urbesque, domosque, 
Nereides : silvasque tenent delphines, et altis 
Icursant ramis, agitataque robora pulsant. 
Nat lupus inter oves : fulvos vehit unda leones : 
Unda vehit tigres. Nee vires fulminis apro, 
Crura nee ablato prosunt velocia cervo. 
Quassitisque diu terris, ubi sidere detur, 
In mare lassatis volucris vaira decidit alis. 



55 



75 

54. Hie occupat r- 1 - 
lem: alter sedet ad>-.»- 
ca cymba et ducit 

56. Ille navigat su- 
pra segetes, aut cul- 
mina mersse villse : 
hie deprehendit pis- 
cem in summa ulmo. 
Anchora, si fors tulit, 
r»n figitur in viridi prato : 
^^ aut curvae carinas te- 
runt vineta subjecta. 

62. Nereides miran- 
tur lucos, urbesque 
domosque sub aqua: 
delphinesque tenent 
silvas, et incursant 
altis ramis, pulsant- 
que agitata robora. 

66. Nee vires ful- 
minis prosunt apro, 
nee velocia crura ab- 
lato cervo. Terrisque 
diu quaesitis ubi detur 
illi sidere, vaga volu- 



65 



NOT.E. 



And lo. the regions dread — 
The world of wo before them opening wide. 
There rolls the fiery flood. 
Girding the realms of Padcelon around, 
A sea of flame it seemed to be — 
Sea without bound. — Southet. 

Sea covered sea — 
Sea without shore. — Milton. 

54. Occupat hie collem. There is a beau- 
tiful variety in the description of the efforts 
of the different inhabitants to save them- 
selves. 

55. Ubi nuper ararat: where he had lately 
ploughed. What a melancholy change is 
here presented ! Ararat for araverat, by 
syncope. 

57. Summa in ulmo: in the highest part 
of the elm ; the species being put for the 
genus, by svnecdoche. See Grammar, 
Rule I., n. 8.' 

Pisciumet summa genus haesit ulmo. — Horace. 

58. Si Fors tulit: if chance has borne it ; 
has directed it. 

61. Deformes phocce : the unsightly sea- 
calves. The seal is called the sea-calf, 
from the noise it makes like a calf. He is 
an animal with a head like an otter's, with 
teeth like a dog's, and moustaches like a 
cat ; his body is long and hairy ; his fore 
feet has fingers, clawed, but not divided ; 
his hinder ieet are more like fins. He is 
thus fitted for crawling and swimming, and 
is amphibious. 

Huge monsters from the plains, whose skeletons 
The mildew of succeeding centurips 
Has failed to crumble, with unwieldy strength 
Crushed through the solid crowds. — Barber. 

Where luxury late reigned, sea-monsters 
whelped, 

And stabled.— Milton. 

63. Nereides. These nymphs of the sea 
were daughters of Nerens and Doris. They 
were fifty in number. Their duty was to 
attend on the more powerful gods of the 



sea. When on the sea-shore, they resided 
in grottoes and caves adorned with shells. 
64. Robora: the trees ; oaks. The species 
is here put for the genus. 

64. Pulsant: strike with their bodies the 
agitated oaks. 

Oceans were blent, and the leviathan 
Was borne aloft on the ascending se 
To where the eagle nested. — Barber. 

65. Nat lupus: the wolf swims among 
the sheep. The general calamity has re- 
pressed the predaceous disposition of the 
wild beasts, and the timidity of the tame. 
Virgil, in speaking of the plague, refers to 
the same. 

Non lupus insidias explorat ovilia circum, 
Non gregibusnocturnas obambulat; acrior ilium 
Cura^domat : timidi damse cervique fugaces 
Nunc interque canes et circum tectavaguntur. 

Virgil. 

66. Vires fulminis: the strength of his 
tusk. Fulmen is used in this sense, either 
because the tusks are cuspidated, or be- 
cause of their oblique stroke, or irresistible 
power. 

67. Ablato: borne away by the waters. 

67. Prosunt: avail; defend. The force 
of the water is too great for him. 

Nor can the bull his awful front defend, 
Or shake the murdering savages away. 

Thomson. 

68. Ubi sidere detur: where it may be 
permitted her to rest ; to settle. The same 
form of expression is used in reference to 
the Trojan exiles wandering over all the 
seas. 

Incerti quo fata ferant, ubi sistere detur. 

Virgil. 

But the dove found no rest for the sole of her 
foot, and she returned unto him into the ark. — 
Gexesis vii. 9. 

69. Volucris vaga: the wandering bird. 



76 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Obruerat tumulos immensa licentia ponti, 
Pulsabantque novi montana cacumina fluctus, 
Maxima pars unda rapitur ; quibus unda pepercit, 
tllos longa domant inopi jejunia victu. 
Separat Aonios Actaeis Phocis ab arvis, 
Terra ferax, dum terra fuit ; sed tempore in illo 
Pars maris, et latus subitarum campus aquarum. 
Mons ibi verticibus petit arduus astra duobus, 
Nomine Parnassus, superatque cacumine nubes. 



Liber 1. 

yQ cris decidit in mare 
lassatis alis. Immen- 
sa licentia ponti ob- 
ruerat tumulos, novi- 
que fluctus 

73. Illos, quibus un- 
da pepercit, longa je- 
junia inopi victu do- 

75 mant. Phocis separat 
Aonios ab Actaeis ar- 
vis terra ferax, dum 
fuit terra; sed in illo 
tempore pars maris, 
et latus campus, su- 
bitarum aquarum. 



NOT.E. 



And he sent forth a raven, which went to and 
fro, until the waters were dried up from off the 
earth: also he sent forth a dove from him, to see 
if the waters were abated from off the face of 
the ground. — Genesis vii. 7, 8. 

The mycologists maintain, that a dove was 
sent by Deucalion out of the ark, which, when 
it returned to him, showed that the storm was 
not yet abated; but when he saw it no more, he 
concluded that the sky was become serene 
again. — Plutarch. 

They say Deucalion's dove, which he sent out 
of the ark, discovered, at its ref"rn, that the 
storms were abated, and the heuvens clear. — 
Abydenus Assyrius. 

On the third day after the waters abated, he 
sent out birds to try if the water was gone off 
any part of the earth ; but they, finding a vast 
sea. and having nowhere to rest, returned back 
to Sisithrus ; in the same manner did others : 
and again the third time, when their wings were 
daubed with mud. — Idem. 

69. Lassatis alis: with weary wings. 

And fiercest birds, 
Beat downwards by the ever-rushing rain, 
With blinded eyes, drenched plumage, and 

trailing wings, 
Staggered unconscious o'er the trampled prey. 

Barber. 

70. Licentia ponti: the licentiousness of 
the sea ; its extent and violence. 

70. Obruerat tumulos: had overspread 
the hills. 

71. Novi fluctus: the unwonted, unusual 
waves. 

71. Montana cacumina: the mountain 
peaks. The waves first submerge the 
smaller eminences, and continue to rise 
up the mountain summits. So in the Bible : 

And all the high hills that were under the 
whole heaven were covered. Fifteen cubits up- 
ward did the waters prevail ; and the mountains 
were covered. — Genesis vii. 1.9, 20. 

72. Maxima pars: the chief part of men 
and animals. 

73. Inopi victu: with scanty food. 

Those few escaped 
Famine and anguish will at last consume, 
Wandering that watery desert. — Milton. 
And all flesh died that moved upon the earth, 
both of fowl and of cattle, and of beast, and of 
every creeping thing that creepeth upon the 
earth, and every man. — Genesis vii. 21. 

74. Aonios: the Aonians. As Aonia, on 
he contrary, separates Phocis from Attica, 



we must suppose that Ovid made a mistake 
in his geography ; or, we may resolve the 
difficulty, by hypallage, for 

Separant Aonii Actaeis Phocida ab arvis. 

74. Phocis. This is a country of Greece. 
Its eastern boundary is Bceotia; its west- 
ern boundary the summit of Parnassus ; its 
northern boundary Thessaly ; its southern, 
Sinus Corinthiacus, the Gulf of Lepanto. 

77. Petit astra: seeks the stars; rises 
to the stars. 

Hoc solum fluctu mergente cacumen 
Eminuit, pontoque, fuit discrimen, et astris. 

Lucan. Lib. v. 

78. Parnassus. A very high mountain 
in Phocis, now called Lakoura, and for- 
merly called Larnassus, from larnax, an 
ark, because Deucalion's boat rested there : 

Wapvaaaog- e<a\eiT0 Si irporepov Aapvaoaos Slo. 
to rrjv AsvKaXioivos Xapvaxa avroSi rrpoccvcx^ '»?- 
vai. — Steph. Byzant. 

It had two summits, Cyrrha, sacred to 
Apollo and the Muses, and Nysa, sacred 
to Bacchus, who is said by Tzetzes to be 
the same as Osiris and Noe. Bacchus and 
Osiris were both enclosed in an ark, and 
both taught agriculture and the raising of 
the vine. Now, we are told, that " Noah 
began to be a husbandman, and he planted 
a vineyard." Besides, there is a similarity 
of names — Noachus, Boachus, Bacchus. 
Dionusos, an appellative of Bacchus, means 
the sacred Nous (Nys), or the sacred hus- 
bandman. Hence, the place of descent is 
called Nysa. 

Different nations fable the ark to have 
rested upon some eminence in their coun- 
try. Even the ancient Welsh describe it 
as resting upon one of their mountains. 
The following heathen account is con- 
firmatory of the Biblical : 

There is a great mountain in Armenia, situated 
above Minyas, which is called Bans. A report 
prevails, that, at the time of the deluge, many 
persons fled here, and were preserved. One. in 
particular, was conveyed in an ark to the very 
summit of the mountain. He. perhaps, may be 
the man concerning whom Moses, the Jewish 
lawgiver, wrote. — Nicolaus Damascexus. 

As Larnassus, the mountain, was de- 
rived from lamax, an ark, so the moun- 
tain, Baris, was derived from Baris, the 
sacred boat of Osiris. 



Fabetla IX. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



77 



Hlc ubi Deucalion, (nam cagtera texerat asquor) 
Cum consorte tori parva rate vectus adhsesit ; 
Corycidas nymphas, et numina montis adorant, 
Fatidicamque Themin, quas tunc orac'la tenebat. 
Non illo melior quisquam, nee amantior a3qui 
Vir fuit, aut ilia metuentior ulla deorum. 
Jupiter ut liquidis stagnare paludibus orbem, 
Et superesse videt de tot modo millibus unum, 



79. Ubi Deucalion, 
Q nam aequor texerat 
OU camera, vectus in par- 
va rate cum consorte 
tori, adhaesit hie, ado- 
rant Corycidas 

83. Non fuit qius- 
quam vir melior illo, 
nee amantior sequi, 
aut ulla fcemina me- 
OO tuentlor deorum ilia. 
Ut Jupiter videt or- 
bem stagnare liquidis 



NOTJE. 



79. Deucalion. Deucalion was the son 
of Prometheus, and the husband of Pyrrha. 
He and his wife were the only persons that 
survived the great deluge. Noah was the 
original of the names Noach, Sisithrus, 
Xisithrus, Ogyges, Osiris, and Deucalion. 

It may be necessary to premise the reason, lest 
you be surprised, when you hear the names of 
Barbarians in Greek. . . . The Egyptians, who 
wrote of these matters, translated them into 
their own language, and he likewise, searching 
out their true meaning, turned them into our 
language. — Plato's Critias. 

Sisithrus, Ogyges, and Deucalion, are all 
names signifying the same thing in other lan- 
guages as Noah does in Hebrew. — Geotius. 

The Greeks call him Deucalion, the Chaldeans, 
Noach. in whose time the great flood happened. 
— Philo Byblius. 

The same Deucalion under whom the famous 
great flood broke in. — Luciax. 
'O Nwt "EicrovSoos irapa XaAJaiovj. — Cedeextjs. 

79. Cat era texerat: had covered the rest. 
The mountains were submerged, the barrier 

chains 
That mapped out nations sank ; until at length 
One Titan peak alone o'ertopped the waves, 
Beaconing a sunken world. And of the tribes 
That blackened every alp, one man survived. 

Baeber. 

80. Consorte tori.: the consort of his bed ; 
a periphrasis for uxor. 

80. Parva rate : his little boat ; a rude 
boat, like an ark. The ark of Noah, the 
Argo of the Greeks, and the Baris of Osiris 
are all one. The time when Osiris entered 
the Baris, as given by Plutarch, corresponds 
to the very day when Noah entered the ark. 

The constellation Argo was placed in the hea- 
vens by divine wisdom, for the Argo was the 
first ship that ever was built: it was" moreover, 
built at the very beginning, and Was an oracular 
vessel. — Eratosthenes. 

The constellation which the Greeks called the 
Argo. was a representation of the sacred ship 
of Osiris. — Plutarch. 

This deluge, and the ark. is mentioned by all 
those persons who have written Barbaric his- 
tories. — Josbphus. 

On the southern part of the celestial 
sphere, the ancient astronomers have given 
a pictorial history of the Deluge. Aquatic 
animals occupy a large portion; water 
streams upon it in all parts ; the ship Argo, 
(the ark) is in the midst of the waves ; the 

G 



dove is near the ship ; a raven sits on the 
back of a sea-serpent ; a cup for sacrifice 
is near ; and the fabulous Centaur pierces 
an animal, and bears it to an altar, where 
smoke ascends towards a triangle, an em- 
blem of the Trinity. 

The South unveiled its glories ; there the Wolf, 
With eyes of lightning, watched the Centaur's 

spear ; 
Through the clear hyaline, the Ship of Heaven 
Came sailing from eternity ; the Dove 
On silver pinions, winged her peaceful way; 
There, at the footstool of Jehovah's throne. 
The Altar, kindled from his presence, blazed. 
J. Montgomery. 

81. Corycidas. The nymphs of the Co- 
rycian cave. The cave was named from 
Corycia, a nymph, who was beloved by 
Apollo. 

81. Numina montis. It was always cus- 
tomary to venerate the local gods. The 
gods of Parnassus were Apollo, Bacchus, 
and the Muses. 

82. Themin. Themis, (6c/i<?, right) was 
the daughter of Coelus and Terra, and was 
the goddess of Justice, as her name indi- 
cates. Terra originally had the temple at 
Delphi, on Parnassus, and resigned it to 
Themis, who gave it to Apollo, according 
to JEschylus, in the Eumenides. Themis 
is the same as the Egyptian goddess 
Thmei. See note on themis, p. 293. 

82. Quce tunc. Who at that time had 
the oracle at Delphi. 

83. Illo: than he ; viz. Deucalion. 

83. Amantior azqui: nor a greater lover 
of justice. 

Noah was a just man, and perfect in his gene- 
rations. — Genesis vi. *J. 

84. Ilia: than she; Pyrrha. 

84. Meiuentior deorum: more reverent 
of the gods. 

The best, the chastest, the most sacred and 
pious worship of the gods, is to reverence them 
always with a pure, perfect, and unpolluted 
mind. — Ciceeo ox the Gods. 

85. Stagnare: to stand in pools. 

86. Et superesse. There is a graceful 
anaphora in this line and the succeeding. 
See Grammar, p. 209. 

86. Unum: one man. 

One man except, the only son of litrht 

In a dark age — against example, good. — Miltojc. 

2 



78 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber I. 



Et superesse videt de tot modo millibus unam ; 
Innocuos ambos, cultores numinis ambos ; 
Nubila disjecit : nimbisque Aquilone remotis, 
Et coelo terras ostendit, et sethera terris. 
Nee maris ira manet ; positoque tricuspide telo 
Mulcet aquas rector pelagi, supraque profundum 
Exstantem, atque humeros innato murice tectum, 
Cseruleum Tritona vocat ; conchseque sonaci 
Inspirare jubet, fluctusque et flumina signo 
Jam revocare dato. Cava buccina sumitur illi 
Tortilis, in latum quae turbine crescit ab imo : 
Buccina, quae, in medio concepit ut aera ponto, 
Littora voce renletsub utroque jacentia Phcebo. 



paludibus, et videt 
modd unum superesse 
de tot 

89. Disjecit nubila; 
nimbisque remotis 

90 Aquilone, et ostendit 
terras coslo, etaethera 
terris. 

92. Que vocat caeru- 
leum Tritona extan- 
tem supra profundum, 
atque tectum humeros 
innato murice ; que 

95 jubet inspirare sonaci 
conchae, et jam 

96. Cava bucciua 
tortilis sumitur illi, 
quae crescit in latum 
ab imo turbine : buc- 
cina quae, ut concepit 
aera in medio ponto, 



NOT^. 



88. Ambos. The use of this word at the 
close of the two clauses, constitutes the 
figure called epistrophe. See Gram. p. 209. 

88. Cultores numinis : worshippers of the 
deity. The former race of mankind were 
unjust towards each other, and irreverent 
to the gods. The world was to be re- 
peopled by a new stock, from those that 
were both innocent and pious. 

89. Nubila disjecit: he dispelled the 
clouds. 

89. Aquilone. Jupiter, at the commence- 
ment of the deluge, shut up the north wind 
in the iEolian caves, that it might not im- 
pede the rains ; he now lets it out, that it 
may disperse them. 

And God made a wind to pass over the earth, 
and the waters assuaged. — Genesis viii. 1. 

He looked, and saw the ark hull on the flood, 
Which now abated ; for the clouds were fled, 
Driven by a keen north wind, that blowing dry, 
Wrinkled the face of deluge, as decayed; 
And the clear sun on h:s wide watery glass 
Gazed hot, and of the fresh wave largely drew, 
As after thirst ; which made their flowing shrink 
From standing lake to tripping ebb, that stole 
With soft foot towards the deep, who now had 

stopped 
His sluices, as the heaven his windows shut. 

Milton. 

90. Nee maris ira: nor does the rage of 
the sea remain. 

In the Arkite mysteries of the Druids, 
there is reference made to the landing of 
the father of the restored world, and of the 
calm of the sea : 

When the shout was heard, we were put forth, 
whilst smiling at the side of the rock, Ner, (the 
abyss) remained in calm tranquillity. — Cad 
Godden. 

91. Posito: being laid aside. With his 
trident, he had, in a great measure, excited 
the wrath of the deep ; he now lays it 
down. 

91. Tricuspide telo. A periphrasis for 
tride?is. 

92. Mulcet aquas: calms the waters. 
92. Rector pelagi: the ruler of the sea; 

a periphrasis for Neptune. 



92. Supra profundum: over the deep. 
Supply mare. 

93. Humeros tectum: covered as to his 
shoulders. Grammar, p. Ill, Rule XXV., 
n. 9. 

93. Innato murice: with native purple ; 
the shellfish from which the purple was 
obtained. 

94. Tritona. Triton was the son of 
Neptune and Amphitrite, and the trum- 
peter of Neptune. He was the father of 
the Tritons. His superior part was that 
of a man, his lower part that of a fish. 

Hunc vehit immanis Triton, et cerulea concha 

Exterrens freta, cui laterum tenus hispida nanti 

Frons hominem praefert, inpiscem desinit alvus. 

jEneid, Lib. x. 

94. Conches sonaci: his sounding shell. 
Instead of a trumpet, Triton used a conch, 
to signify the commands of Neptune. 

Lord of the ocean shell ! 

Thy blast is a potent spell, 
Which nought in the deep can withstand : 
When the sea-god issues his dread command 

For the waves to rage or subside, 
Thou soundest thy conch o'er the ocean, 
And the billows in wildest commotion, . 

Like giants arise to threaten the skies : 
Thou givest again thy command 
The billows invade not the land 

But slumber and sleep on the tide. 

Antique Cameo. 

95. Signo dato:- by a given signal. 

96. Revocare. To recall the waves and 
rivers to their proper channels again. 

96. Sumitur illi: is taken by him. 
Grammar, Syntax, Rule XXXII. 

97. Tortilis: winding ; wreathed. 

97. In latum crescit: increases in width. 

97. Turbine ab imo: from the lowest 
wreath ; the extremity of the cone. 

98. Buccina. The repetition of this word 
constitutes the figure called anadiplosis. 
See Grammar, p. 209. 

98. Concepit ut aera: when it has re- 
ceived the air; the breath ; the blast. 

99. Vocereplct: fills with its voice ; with 
its sound. 



FabulaIX. METAMORPHOSE ON. 

Turn quoque ut ora Dei madida rorantia barba 100 

Contigit, et cecinit jussos inflata receptus, 
Omnibus audita est telluris et agquoris undis 
Et, quibus est undis audita, coercuit omnes. 
Jam mare littus habet : plenos capit alveus omnes : 
Flumina subsidunt : colles exire videntur : 105 

Surgit humus : crescunt loca decrescentibus undis. 
Postque diem longam nudata cacumina silvse 
Ostendunt, limurnque tenent in fronde relictum. 
Kedditus orbis erat : quem postquam vidit inanem, 
Et desolatas age re alta silentia terras, 110 

Deucalion lacrymis ita Pyrrham affatur cbortis : 
O soror, 6 conjux, 6 fcemina sola superstes, 
Q,uam commune mihi genus, et patruelis origo, 
Deinde torus junxit ; nunc ipsa pericula jungunt : 
Terrarum, quascunque vident occasus et ortus, 115 

Nos duo turba sumus. Pcssedit castera pcntus. 

NOTiE. 



79 



100. Turn quoque ut 
contigit ora Dei ro- 
rantia madida barba, 
et inflata cecinit re- 
ceptus jussos, audita 
est omnibus undis 

104. Mare jam habet 
littus : alveus capit 
plenos amnes : flumi- 
na subsidunt: colles 
videntur exire : Hu- 
mus surgit : loca cres- 
cunt undis decrescen- 
tibus. 

109. Orbis erat red- 
ditus : quem post- 
quam Deucalion vidit 
inanem, et desolatas 
terras agere alta si- 
lentia, ita affatur 
l'yrrham lacrymis 
obortis: O soror. 6 
conjux, 6 fcemina sola 
superstes, quam com- 
mune genus, et origo 
patruelis, deinde torus 
junxit, nunc pericula 



Go, go — no other sound. 
No music that of air or earth is born, 
Can match the mighty music of that horn, 

On midnight's fathomless profound ! 

Grexville Mellen. 

99. Utroque Phoebo: each Phcebus ; the 
rising and the setting sun ; the east and 
west. This is a strong hyperbole. 

99. Jacentia : lying; that lie. 

100. Rorantia: dripping with brine. 

101. Cecinit jussos receptus: sounded 
the ordered retreat. The command from 
Neptune for the waters to return to their 
respective channels. 

101. Injiata: inflated; breathed into. 

102. Telluris et cequoris undis: by all the 
waters of earth and sea. See Grammar, 
Syntax, Rule XXXII. 

101. Jam mare: now the sea has its 
shore. 

104. Plenos amnes: the full, brimming 
rivers. 

105. Flumina subsidunt : the rivers sub- 
side ; sink down into their channels. 

And the waters returned from off the earth 
continually. — Genesis viii. 9. 

105. Exire videntur: appear to issue 
from them ; to rise from the rivers. 

The thunders ceased— the lightning and the 

rain — 
The waters sank — the mountains rose again, 
The tempest-laden clouds were rolled away, 
O'er the sad gloom broke forth the light of day, 
And in her beak the weary dove now bore 
The olive-branch thai spake the deluge o'er. 

History of the Church. 

106. Decrescentibus undis: the waters 
decreasing ; as the waters decrease. 

After these waters had raged on the earth, 
they began to lessen and shrink, and the great 
fluctuations of this deep being quieted by de- 
grees, the waters retired. — Burnett. 

107. Postque diem longam t after a long 
day ; a protracted period. Dies here repre- 



sents an indefinite time, as is often the case 
in English. 

107. Nudata cacumina : their naked tops ; 
stripped both of fruit and leaves. 

108. In fronde: upon the bough; the 
branches and leaves. 

109. Redditus orbis erat: the earth was 
restored. 

109. Postquam vidit inanem : after he 
saw void. 

And every living substance was destroyed 
which was upon the face of the ground, both 
man and beast, and the creeping things, and the 
fowl of heaven. — Genesis vii. 23. 

110. Desolatas terras: the desolate earth ; 
destitute of men and animals. 

110. Agere alta silentia: to keep deep 
silence. 

Vacuusque silentia servat horror. 

Statius, Theb. iv. 

111. Lacrymis obortis: with rising; 
gushing tears. 

112. Soror. It was a common thing, 
among the ancients, to call cousin-germans 
by the name of sister. 

113. Commune genus: a common descent. 
They were descended from Iapetus, who 
was father of Prometheus and Epimetheus. 

113. Patruelis origo. Deucalion was the 
son of Prometheus ; Pyrrha was the 
daughter of Epimetheus. 

114. Pericula jungunt : even perils unite. 
What motives for union ! community ot 
origin, community of life and interest, and 
community of suffering and danger. 

He, whom mutual league, 
United thoughts and counsels, equal hope, 
And hazard in the glorious enterprise, 
Joined with me once, now misery hath joined. 

Milton 

115. Occasus et ortus: the rising and 
setting sun ; the east and west. 

116. Turba sumus: we are the multitude , 
the population. 



80 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Nunc quoque adhuc vitse non est fiducia nostra 

Certa satis : terrent etiamnum nubila mentem. 

Quid tibi, si sine me fatis erepta fuisses, 

Nunc animi, miseranda, foret ? quo sola timorem 120 

Ferre modo posses ? quo consolante dolores ? 

Namque ego, crede mihi, si te modo pontus haberet, 

Te sequerer, conjux, et me quoque pontus haberet. 

O utinam possem populos reparare paternis 

Artibus ; atque animas formatse infundere terras ! 125 

Nunc genus in nobis restat mortale duobus. 

Sic visum Superis : hominumque exempla manemus. 

Dixerat, et flebant. Placuit cceleste precari 

Numen ; et auxilium per sacras quasrere sortes. 



Liber I. 

117. Nunc quoque 
non est adhuc fiducia 
nostras vitae satis cer- 
ta: etiamnum nubila 
terrent mentem. Quid 
animi nunc foret tibi, 
miseranda, si erepta 
fuisses fatis sine me ? 
quo modo sola posses 
ferre timorem? quo 
consolante dolores ? 



126. Nunc mortale 
genus restat in nobis 
cluobus. Sic visum est 
Superis; manemus- 
que exempla homin- 
um. Placuit Mis 



NOT^E. 



116. Possedit catera: has taken the rest. 

117. Non est fiducia: we have not yet 
sufficiently certain assurance of our lives. 

119. Quid tibi animi: what would be 
thy mind ? thy feelings ? 

119. Sine me: without me. I being lost. 

119. Fatis erepta : if you had been 
snatched from fate ; preserved from death. 

121. Quo consolante dolores ? who con- 
soling your sorrows ? 

123. Si te modo pontus. If the sea had 
swallowed up thee, I would cast myself 
into the sea. Thus, in Virgil: 

Et te, pater optime Teucrum, 
Partus habet Libyae. — JEneid i. 555. 

124. Paternis artibus : by paternal art ; 
viz. by forming men of clay, and animat- 
ing them with fire from heaven, as Prome- 
theus, his father, had done. 

125. Animas infundere: to infuse souls 
into the fashioned earth. 



And the Lord God formed man of the dust of 
the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the 
breath of life ; and man became a living soul. — 
Genesis. 

To mix ihe earth and water, and infuse 

A human voice. — Hesiod. 

126. Genus mortale: the human race. 

127. Sic visum: so it has pleased. Sup- 
ply est. 

127. Hominumque exempla : examples ; 
monuments of men. 

128. Placuit: it pleased them ; they re- 
solved. 

128. Cceleste precari. It is natural and 
proper to seek the aid of the Deity in all 
difficulties. 

129. Sacras sortes: the sacred oracles. 
These were given by drawing lots, which 
came forth from the urn, marked with cer- 
tain signs. 

Ex quo Deucalion, nimbis tollentibus aequor 
Navigio montem ascendit, sortesque. — Juvenal. 



QU.ESTIONES. 



What is the subject of this Fable ? 

Do the ancients describe several 
floods ? 

Who was Deucalion ? 

Who was Ogyges ? 

What Biblical personage do they repre- 
sent ? 

How were the names of Barbarians ren- 
dered in Greek and in other languages ? 

Whom do Sisithrus, Xisithrus, Ogyges, 
and Deucalion signify ? 



[ Recapitulate the points of agreement 
between the Biblical account of the flood, 
and the different heathen accounts. 

Who was Erinnys ? 

How many Furies were there, and what 
was their office ? 

How did the heathens consider the axis 
of the earth ? 

Who were the Parcae, or Fates ? 

Had the ancients any idea of a future 
destruction of the world by fire ? 



Fabula IX. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



81 



Who were the Cyclops, and what was 
their office ? 

What physical explanation can you give 
of the forging of Jupiter's thunderbolts by 
the Cyclops ? 

Who was iEolus, and where did he live ? 

What winds did he shut up in his ca- 
verns ? 

Why did he shut them up ? 

What wind did he let out upon the earth ? 

Why is he said to have let out this wind ? 

Who was Iris, and what washer office ? 

How is Iris said to raise water ? 

Who was the god of the sea ? 

What agency had he in producing the 
flood? 

What does Ovid say became of the ani- 
mals upon the earth ? 



What different account do other heathen 
writers give ? 

Does this agree with the Bible ? 

Who were the Nereides ? 

Where is Aonia? Where Phocis ? 

On what mountain did the boat of Deu- 
calion rest ? 

What was the name of the mountain 
originally, and why was it so called ? 

What other mountain was named after 
the same manner ? 

Where is Mount Parnassus ? 

What goddess did Deucalion and Pyrrha 
go to consult ? 

Where was her oracle ? 

Who was Triton ? 

What agency had he in assuaging the 
j waters of the flood ? 



11 



FABULA X. 

REPARATIO GENERIS HUMANI. 

Deucalion and Pyrrha having consulted the oracle of Themis, relative to the 
repeopling of the earth, are ordered to cast behind their backs the bones 
of their great mother. After revolving the words of the oracle, Deucalion 
comes to the conclusion that their great mother is the Earth, and that the 
stones of the earth are the bones intended by the response. They cast 
these behind their backs, and by degrees, the stones lay aside their vigor, 
are mollified, increase in size, assume the forms of men and women, and 
become animated. 

EXPLICATIO. 

In attempting to explain this fable, some have vainly imagined that 
Deucalion collected the rude people who survived the flood, and refined 
their manners, and that, as ^adj signifies, at once, a stone and the people, 
hence the myth arose of his making people out of stones. They forget, 
however, that he and his wife alone survived the deluge. I think, if we 
will consult the Bible, we will find the true solution of the fable. The 
impiety of mankind had caused the depopulation of the world, by the 
Flood ; piety was now to be the chief instrument in its speedy repeopling. 
Accordingly, we find, Genesis viii. 20, when he came forth from the ark, 
" Noah builded an altar unto the Lord, and took of every clean beast, 
and of every clean fowl, and offered burnt-offerings on the altar. And 
the Lord smelled a sweet savor. And God blessed Noah and his sons, 
and said unto them, be fruitful, and multiply and replenish the earth." 
That a miraculous fruitfulness is intended, we may readily infer from a 
repetition of the blessing a few verses after, while God still converses 
with Noah and his offspring : " And you, be ye fruitful, and multiply ; 
bring forth abundantly in the earth, and multiply therein." How exceed 
ingly rapid the increase of the population of the world was, we learn in 
the succeeding chapter, where it is said of Nimrod, the great-grandson 
of Noah, " He began to be a mighty one in the earth. And the beginning 
of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the 
land of Shinar," no less than, four great cities. As Noah " builded" the 
altar, it is evident that the altar was constructed of stones, since we find 
altars similarly made, on different occasions, as recorded in the Bible ; 
and the great fruitfulness with which God blessed Noah and his seed, 
being in consequence of his pious offerings upon this stone altar, it is not 
a very bold figure to represent the human race as reproduced thus from 
stones. As Deucalion and Noah were the same individuals, the relevancy 
is apparent. Besides this event, which may have given rise to the myth 
of the poet, there is another in Joshua iv., where, after the miraculous 
passage of the Jordan, the tribes took up stones upon their shoulders, and 
set them up as a memorial. It is not a little remarkable, that, in after 
ages, standing by the Jordan, at Bethabara, the house of passage, and 
pointing probably to these very memorials, the Saviour used the remark- 
able language, " God is able of these stones to raise up children unto 
Abraham." It is probably an obscure tradition of Noah's sacrifice, and 
the consequent rapid repeopling of the earth, that Sanchoniatho, in Euse- 
bius, gives when he says, " When the god Uranus wished to animate 
stones, he invented Baithuli." I have shown, in Fable IV., that these 
Baithuli are stone altars. 82 





ULLA mora est ; adeunt pariter Cephisidas undas, 
Ut nondum liquidas, sic jam vada nota secantes. 
Inde ubi libatos irroravere liquores 
Vestibus et capiti, flectunt vestigia sanctae 
Ad delubra Deas : quorum fastigia turpi 5 

NOT.E. 

1. Cephisidas undas: the waters of the Cephisus. The Cephisua 
flows from Mount Parnassus, and passes by Delphi. 

2. Vada nota: the well-known channel. It was now contained 
within its banks. 

3. Libatos liquores: the consecrated waters. 

3. Irroravere: they sprinkled. It was the custom of the heathens, 
when about to offer sacrifice, or enter their temples, to sprinkle them- 
selves with water, in token of purification. 

4. Flectunt vestigia: bend their footsteps. 

Then, with a rushing sound, the assembly bend 
Diverse their footsteps. — Pope. 



fjjfc. 5. Delubra Dece : the cha- 

'{', pel of the goddess Themis. 

It is not a little remark- 
able that we find the Cherubim which were 
placed at the entrance of the garden of 
Eden, and subsequently upon the mercy- 
seat of the ark, together with the ark it- 
self, and the cloud of glory resting between 
the Cherubims, copied in the emblems and 
ceremonies of the Egyptians and Greeks, 
as well as the other heathens. The sacred 
Baris of Osiris, with all its ceremonies, 
was a commemoration of the deluge. The 
form of the Cherubim was that ol a bull, 



from which arose a human body as a cen- 
taur, with four heads, the head of a bull, 
of a lion, of an eagle, and of a man, with 
wings and hands lull of eyes ; and we ac- 
cordingly find these forms in various com- 
binations. The cloudy vapour said to arise 
in the temple at Delphi, through the tripod, 
which was anciently an imitation of the 
ark, was, no doubt, copied after the Sche- 
chinah of the Cherubim. In the temple of 
the Syrian goddess at Hierapolis, said to 
be built by Deucalion, the emblem '■'■com- 
pounded of several divine forms/ 7 was 
doubtless the Cherubim ; and the more so, 
83 



84 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Squallebant musco ; stabantque sine ignibus arse. 
Ut templi tetigere gradus, procumbit uterque 
Pronus humi, gelidoque pavens dedit oscula saxo. 
Atque ita, Si precibus, dixerunt, Numina justis 
Victa remollescunt, si flectitur ira Deorum ; 
Die, Themi, qua generis damnum reparabile nostri 
Arte sit, et mersis fer opem mitissima rebus. 
Mota Dea est ; sortemque dedit : Discedite templo ; 
Et velate caput ; cinctasque resolvite vestes : 
Ossaque post tergum magna? jactate parentis. 



10 



15 



Liber I. 

7. Ut tetig6re gra- 
dus templi, uterque 
procumbit pronus hu- 
mi, que pavens dedit 
oscula gelido saxo. 
Atque dixerunt ita, 8". 
Numina, victa justis 
precibus, remolles- 
cunt, si ira Deorum 
flectitur ; Themi, die, 
qua arte damnum nos- 
tri generis sit 

13. Dea mota est, 
que dedit sortem : 
Discedite templo; et 
velate caput ; que re- 



NOT^. 



that it was placed in the adytum, corre- 
sponding to the Holt of Holies of the 
Jewish temple. The statue referred to by 
Lucian, as that of Juno, was doubtless a 
representation of the earth, as will be seen 
by reading the whole description. 

They of Hierapolis say, that once, in their 
country, a great chasm suddenly opened in the 
earth, which swallowed up this amazing quan- 
tity of water ; whereupon Deucalion erected 
altars, and near the chasm built and consecrated 
this temple. ... In token and remembrance of 
this account, they have a singular custom. 
Twice a year, sea-water comes into the temple, 
or is rather brought in, not, however, by the 
priests alone, but all the Syrians and Arabians, 
and likewise a multitude of people who live be- 
yond the Euphrates, run all to the sea and fetch 
water to pour into the temple. This ceremony, 
they say, Deucalion himself ordained to be ob- 
served in the temple, as an everlasting com- 
memoration, no less of the universal calamity 
than of the wonderful means by which the earth 
again became dry. . . . The inner temple has 
two compartments. The first, every one enters 
that pleases : to the second, you ascend by a 
couple of steps, but though they are quite open 
on the farther side, the priests alone have the 
privilege to go in, and even of them not all, but 
only they who have nearest access to the gods, 
and whose office it is to perform the whole ser- 
vice of the innermost sanctuary. In this recess 
of the temple stand the statues of Juno and of a 

fod. to which, though it can be no other than 
upiter, they give a different name. Both are of 
gold, and both represented sitting, Juno drawn 
by lions, the other by bulls. In the middle, be- 
tween these two, there stands another golden 
image, of a peculiar kind. It has no appropriate 
form, but, so to speak, has been compounded of 
several divine forms. Neither do the Assyrians 
give it any particular name, calling it only the 
Emblem, not knowing what to say, authenti- 
cally, either of its origin or its aspect. Some 
give it a reference to Bacchus, others to Deuca- 
lion, others to Semiramis; for, because this 
image has a dove on the top of its head, they 
feign it to represent Semiramis. It is every 
year twice solemnly drawn to the sea, when 
they intend, agreeably to what was observed be- 
fore, to fetch the sea-water to be poured into the 
temple.— Lucian de Syria Dea. 

The tripod itself was not originally a three- 
footed stool, but was a chest or ark filled with 
stones, or a seat. — Celius. 

5. Quorum fastigia: whose top. 

6. Squallebant: was defiled. 
6. Sine ignibus: without fire. 



Her altars flame with flowers no more 
But on her fallen and crumbled shrines 
The mournful moonbeam palely shines. 

Anthology. 

8. Pronus humi: prone on the ground ; 
with their faces to the earth. 

Nee procumbere humi prostratum et pandere 

palmas 
Ante Deum delubra. — Lucretius. 

8. Pavens : fearful ; filled with sacred 
awe of the divinity. 

9. Precibus justis : by just prayers, viz. 
by the prayers of just men. 

10. Victa: overcome ; moved. 

10. Remollescunt: are mitigated; relent. 

Can you behold 
My tears, and not once relent? — Shakspeare. 

11. Reparabile sit: can be repaired. 

12. Qua arte: by what art. The son of 
Prometheus evidently expected that he 
would be called upon to employ some 
agency in the reproduction of mankind, 
like that which his father had exerted. 

12. Mersis rebus: to our ruined, over- 
whelmed affairs. As the ruin was effected 
by a deluge, mersis is very expressive. 

13. Sortem : the lot ; the response. 

14. Velate caput: veil your head. It is 
possible this custom of veiling the head is 
taken from the Jewish history. Plutarch 
states that the head was veiled in reverence 
of the gods. It may have been done to 
prevent any object's diverting the mind. 
Helenus commands it to be observed by 
iEneas. 

Purpureovelare comas adopertus amictu. 

uEneid iii. 405. 

And Moses put the veil upon his face again, 
until he went in to speak with him. — Exodus 
xxiv. 35. 

14. Resolvite: unloose thy girded gar- 
ments. This custom of the heathens, of 
covering every part of the body in sacri- 
fice, appears borrowed from the Jewish 
ritual. In the sacrifice of the Passover, 
the Jews were to gird their loins ; hence 
we infer the general custom was different. 

Neither shalt thou go up by steps unto mine 
altar, that thy nakedness be not discovered 
thereon. — Exodus xx. 26. 

15. Ossa: the bones of their great mo- 



Fabula X. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



85 



Obstupuere diu : rumpitque silentia voce 
Pyrrha prior : jussisque Deae parere recusat : 
Detque sibi veniam, pavido rogat ore : pavetque 
Lsedere jactatis maternas ossibus umbras. 
Interea repetunt caecis obscura latebris 
Yerba datae sortis secum, inter seque volutant. 
Inde Promethides placidis Epimethida dictis 
Mulcet, et, Aut fallax, ait, est solertia nobis, 
Aut pia sunt, nullumque nefas oracula suadent. 
Magna parens, terra est : lapides in corpore terrse 
Ossa reor dici : jacere hos post terga jubemur. 
Conjugis augurio quamquam Titania mota est ; 
Spes tamen in dubio est. Adeo coelestibus ambo 
Diffidunt monitis. Sed quid tentare nocebit ? 
Descendunt ; velantque caput, tunicasque recingunt ; 
Et jussos lapides sua post vestigia mittunt ; 
Saxa (quis hoc credat, nisi sit pro teste vetustas ?) 
Ponere duritiem coepere, suumque rigorem ; 
Mollirique mora, mollitaque ducere formam. 



20 



25 



30 



eolvite cinctas vestes; 

16. Obstupuere diu : 
que Pyrrha prior 
rumpit silentia voce : 
que recusat parere 
jussis Deae : que rogat 
pavido ore. ut det sibi 
veniam: pavetque 
laedere maternas um- 
bras jactatis ossibus. 

22. Inde Promethi- 
des mulcet Epimethi- 
da placidis dictis. et 
ait, Aut nostra soiertia 
est fallax nobis, aut 
oracula sunt pia. sua- 
dentque nullum nefas. 
Magna parens est 

27. Quamquam Ti- 
tania mota est augu- 
rio sui conjugis. ta- 
men spes est in dubio. 
Adeo ambo diffidunt 
ceelestibus monitis. 
Sed quid nocebit ten- 
tare ? 

32. Saxa. (quis cre- 
dat hoc. nisi vetustas 
sit pro teste ?) coepere 
ponere duritiem, su- 



not^:. 



ther. The stones of the earth are often 
thus spoken of. 

15. Magnce -parentis. This was not only 
so figuratively, but genealogically ; for 
Terra, the earth, was the grandmother 
both of Deucalion and Pyrrha. 

16. Eupit silentia. See note on the same, 
page 63. 

17. Recusat. Pyrrha, on account of filial 
piety, refuses to obey the oracle. 

19. Jactatis ossibus : by throwing her 
bones. 

19. Jlaternas umbras. The ancients be- 
lieved that the spirit could not be at rest, 
if the repose of the dead were disturbed. 

20. C&cis latebris: with dark mystery ; 
with hidden meanings. 

21. Secum: with themselves; together. 

22. Promethides. Deucalion, the son of 
Prometheus. 

22. Epimethida. Pyrrha, the daughter 
of Epimetheus. 

23. Fallax est solertia : my discernment 
is fallacious ; deceives me. 

Which, if my augury deceives me not. 

Shakspeare. 

24. Pia sunt : are pious. The oracles 
did not require them to commit any filial 
impiety. 

24. Nullum nefas: no wickedness. 

25. Magna parens terra : our great pa- 
rent is the earth. The epithet parens is 
well applied to the earth ; it brings forth 
and sustains all trees and fruits, nourishes 
all animals, and receives them, when 
dying, into her maternal bosom. When the 
sons of Tarquin, with Junius Brutus, in- 
quired at Delphos, which one was to reign 
at Rome, the response of Apollo was, that 



he should receive the government who first 
kissed his mother, when Brutus, pretend- 
ing to stumble soon after, kissed the earth, 
and fulfilled the oracle. 

As soon as he (Charles V.) landed, he fell upon 
the ground, and considering himself now as 
dead to the earth, he said, " Naked came I out 
of my mother's womb, and naked I now return 
to thee, thou common mother of mankind.- — 
Robertson - . 

Tfj [ifiTrip iravTOiv, Arin^rrip ir\ovro£6rsipa. 

Orphets. 

27. Conjugis augurio: by the interpre- 
tation, the conjecture of her spouse. 

27. Titania: Pyrrha, the grand-daughter 
of Titan. 

29. Diffidunt: are distrustful. They do 
not feel satisfied that they have rightly in- 
terpreted the response of the oracle. Faith 
must not only be implicit, but enlightened 
also. 

30. Discedunt : they depart from the 
temple. 

31. Jussos lapides: the stones that they 
were commanded to throw. 

31. Post vestigia: behind their footsteps, 
viz. behind their backs. 

32. Pro teste: for a witness; as a wit- 
ness. 

32. Vetustas. The thing bore the attes- 
tation of antiquity ; it had been an acknow- 
ledged fact for a long series of years. 

33. Ponere duritiem: to lay aside their 
hardness. The process of transformation 
had already commenced. 

34. Mora: by delay ; gradually. 

34. Ducere formam: to assume form. 
They began to'take something of the shape 
of man. 



H 



86 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Mox, ubi creverunt, naturaque mitior illis 
Contigit, ut qusedam, sic non manifesta, videri 
Forma potest hominis ; sed uti de marmore coepto 
Non exacta satis, rudibusque simillima signis. 
Q,ua3 tamen ex illis aliquo pars humida succo, 
Et terrena fuit, versa est in corporis usum, 
Quod solidum est, flectique nequit, mutatur in ossa ; 
Quod modo vena fuit, sub eodem nomine mansit. 
Inque brevi spatio, Superorum munere, saxa 
Missa viri manibus faciem traxere virilem ; 
Et de femineo reparata est foemina jactu. 
Inde genus durum sumus, experiensque laborum ; 
Et documenta damns, qua simus origine nati. 



Liber I. 

35 umque rigorem ; mol- 
lirique mora, mollita- 
que ducere formam. 
Mox, ubi creverunt, 
mitiorque natura con- 
tigit illis, ut qucedam 
forma hominis poiest 
videri, sic non mani- 

40 festa - 

41. Quod est soli- 
dum, nequitque rlecti 
mutatur in ossa ; quod 
mod& fuit vena, 

43. Inque brevi spa- 
tio, munere Supero- 
rum, saxa missa ma- 

45 nibus viri traxere 
virilem faciem ; et 
foemina reparata est 
de foemineo jactu. 



NOT.E. 



35. Ubi creverunt : when they grew 
larger. 

35. Natura mitior : a milder nature. 
When the stone became flesh and muscles. 

Paulatimque anima caluerunt mollia saxa. 

Juvenal. 

36. Quadam forma hominis : some form 
of a man. 

37. Marmore ccepto: of the marble com- 
menced to be formed into a statue. 

38. Fudibus signis: rude statues. 

39. Qumpars humida : whatever part 
is moist. The soft and earthy portions of 
the stones are changed into the fluids and 
flesh of the body ; the more solid parts 
into bones. 

40. In corporis usum: into the use of the 
body ; the fleshy parts of the body. 

42. Vena. The veins that run through 
the stones, remained under the same name; 
formed the veins of the human body. 



43. Superorum munere: by the power of 
the gods ; by the divine agency. 

44. Viri. manibus : by the hands of the 
man ; of Deucalion. 

44. Traxere : assumed, put on. 

44. Faciem viridem: the form of a man. 

45. Separata est fozmina : woman was 
restored. 

Et maribus nudas ostendit Pyrrha puellas. 

Juvenal. 

45. Fozmina jactu: by the throwing of 
the woman. 

46. Durum genus: a hardy race. 

The poet seems to indulge in a witticism, 
by using the word durum, hard, as an epi- 
thet of the race descended from stones. So 
Virgil: 

Deucalion vacuum lapides jactavitin orbem : 
Unde homines nati, durum genus. 

Geobg. i. 62. 

47. Documenta damus : we give proofs; 
we give evidence. 



QU^SSTIONES. 



What is the subject of this Fable ? 

What oracle did Deucalion and Pyrrha 
consult ? 

Where is the river Cephisus ? 

What memorials of the flood did the 
heathens have ? 

Of what was the tripod, and the oracular 
vapor at Delphi an imitation ? 

What response did Deucalion and Pyrrha 
receive ? 

Was Pyrrha willing, at first, to obey the 
oracle ? 

How did Deucalion at length interpret 
the response ? 



In what twofold sense was the Earth 
their great parent ? 

Did they obey the oracle as interpreted 
by Deucalion ? 

What was the result ? 

Who produced the males ? 

Who produced the females ? 

What witticism does the poet employ in 
speaking of a race descended from stones ? 

What erroneous views do some offer as 
an interpretation of the fable ? 

In what mainly consists the error ? 

Where will we find the true solution of 
the fable ? 



Fabula X. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



87 



What was the main cause of the depo- 
pulation of the world by the deluge ? 

What was to be the means of its re- 
storation ? 

What kind of an altar did Noah build 
unto the Lord ? 

In what respect did God bless him and 
his children in consequence thereof? 

What is a proof of this extraordinary 
increase of population ? 

How then may this increase be said to 
be a reproduction of men from stones ? 



How does this apply to the case of Deu- 
calion ? 

Were Deucalion and Noah the same 
person ? 

What remark of Sanchoniatho probably 
has allusion to this repeopling of the earth 
by stones ? 

What were the Baithuli ? 

How does Lucian, in his treatise on the 
Syrian goddess, say that the water of the 
flood disappeared ? 

Was there any ceremony in commemo- 
ration of it ? 



FABULA XL 

REPARATIO ANIMALIUM: PYTHON SERPENS. 

After the waters of the Deluge have subsided, the different animals are pro- 
duced from the mud and slime that have been deposited, and among them 
Python, a serpent of huge magnitude. Apollo destroys him with his arrows, 
and institutes the Pythian games in commemoration of the deed. 

EXPLICATIO. 

The fable of the serpent Python is coincident with Egyptian mythology, 
wherein an account is given of the monster Typhon, which, in Coptic, 
signifies a serpent, and typifies the Evil being. In Arabic, Tuphan 
means a deluge. Egyptian mythology represents Horus, (who is the 
Apollo of the Greeks,) as in a boat piercing Typhon, the Evil being, who, 
in the form of a great serpent, is lying in the water. The Egyptian 
account seems to represent, by sensible signs, the power of the Mediator, 
at the Flood, by means of the salvation of a righteous stock to repeople 
the earth, as bruising the head of the serpent, who, as the spirit of destruc- 
tion, has overwhelmed the earth by water ; for Horus, the second person 
of the Triad, and a Mediator and Preserver, corresponds to the Saviour. 
It is almost a literal representation of Isaiah, chap. xxvi. 20, 21, and 
xxvii. 1, which refer to the ark and the deluge, " Come, my people, enter 
thou into thy chambers, and shut thy doors about thee : hide thyself as it 
were for a little moment, until the indignation be overpast. For behold 
the Lord cometh out of his place to punish the inhabitants of the earth 
for their iniquity. In that day the Lord, with his sore, and great, and 
strong sword, shall punish leviathan, the piercing serpent, even leviathan, 
that crooked serpent ; and he shall slay the dragon that is in the sea." 

Although Typhon may relate to the poisonous vapors of the deluge, 
we think the idea which the Egyptian myth conveys is rather a metaphy- 
sical one, while the Grecian fable, from which that of our poet is derived, 
and which was suggested by the Egyptian, is rather of a physical charac- 
ter. The clouds and darkness which obscured the heavens, and the light 
of the sun, during the flood, and the poisonous vapors and exhalations 
that afterwards arose, are to be regarded as the Python which was slain 
by the arrows of Apollo, that is, by the rays of the sun. An obscure and 
confused reference, however, would seem to be made to the serpent in 
Eden, and to the fall of man, in consequence of eating the forbidden fruit ; 
for, at the early institution of the Pythian games, commemorative of the 
death of Python, the rewards distributed to the victors were consecrated 
apples, having a mystic signification. 

Again, as the Ark was fabled to have rested on Parnassus, (Larnassus,) 
it is probable that in commemoration of the flood, stone pillars were set 
up, forming a serpentine temple devoted to the worship of the serpent, 
and of the sun, and hence in time the real object of it becoming unknown 
it was thought to represent a serpent slain by Apollo. 
88 




iETERA diversis tellus animalia fonnis 

Sponte sua peperit, postquam vetus humor ab igne 

Percaluit Solis ; caenumque, udaeque paludes 

Intumuere sestu : foecundaque semina rerum 

Vivaci nutrita solo, ceu matris in alvo, 5 

Creverunt, faciemque aliquam cepere morando. 

Sic ubi deseruit madidos septemfluus agros 

NOTiE. 

1. C&tera animalia: the other animals. The poet had described 
the reproduction of men ; he now proceeds to speak of the manner in 
which the other animals were restored. 

1. Diversis formis: of various forms. 

2. Peperit: brought forth spontaneously. The metaphor employed 
here is very forcible. How like the first creation of animals ! 

God said, 
Let the earth bring forth soul living in her kind, 
Cattle, and creeping things, and beast of the earth, 
Each in his kind. — Milton. 

2. Vetus humor : the former moisture, viz. the watery vapor of the 
deluge. 
Intumuere : swelled ; became big. The earth obeyed, and straight 




The metaphor of maternity is still main- 
tained. 

4. Foecunda semina: the fruitful, fecun- 
dated seed. 

5. Vivaci solo: in the living soil. 

Meanwhile the tepid caves, and fens, and shores, 
Their brood as numerous hatch.— Milton. 

5. Matris in alvo: as in the womb of a 
mother. 



12 



Opening her fertile womb, teemed at a birth 
Innumerous living creatures, perfect forms, 
Limbed and full-grown. — Milton. 

6. Faciem aliquam: some form. 

6. Morando: by delaying ; in process of 
time. 

7. Septemfluus Nilus : the seven-chan- 
nelled Nile. It rises in Abyssinia, runs 
through Abex, Nubia, and Egypt, and 



H2 



b'J 



90 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Nilus, et antiquo sua flumina reddidit alveo, 

iEthereoque recens exarsit sidere limus ; 

Plurima cultores versis animalia glebis 

Inveniunt : et in his qusedam modo coepta sub ipsum 

Nascendi spatium : qusedam imperfecta, suisque 

Trunca vident humeris : et eodem in corpore saspe 

Altera pars vivit, rudis est pars altera tellus. 

Gluippe ubi temperiem sumsere humorque calorque, 

Concipiunt : et ab his oriuntur cuncta duobus. 

Cumque sit ignis aquae pugnax, vapor humidus omnes 

Res creat, et discors concordia foetibus apta est. 

Ergo ubi diluvio tellus lutulenta recenti 

Solibus asthereis, altoque recanduit aestu ; 20 

Edidit innumeras species : partimque figuras 



10 



15 



Liber I. 

7. Sic ubi septem- 
iiuus Nilus deseruit 
madidos agros, et red- 
didit sua flumina anti- 
quo alveo, que recens 
limus exarsit a?.thereo 
sidere ; cultores inve- 
niunt plurima anima- 
lia versis glebis : et 
qusedam in his modo 
ccepta sub ipsum 

15. Quippe ubi hu- 
morque calorque 
sumsere temperiem, 
concipiunt : et cuncta 
oriuntur ab his duo- 
bus. Cumque ignis 
sit pugnax aqua?, 

19. Ergo ubi tellus, 
lutulenta recenti dilu- 
vio, recanduit asthe- 
reis solibus altoque 



NOTjE. 



empties into the Mediterranean. Of the 
seven mouths, but two remain, the Ro- 
setta branch, (Ostium Canopicum,) and the 
Damietta branch, (Ostium Phatmeticum,) 
which, together with the Mediterranean 
Sea, form the Delta of Egypt. The pe- 
riodical rains in Abyssinia, which occur 
when the sun is vertical there, cause the 
Nile to overflow its banks about the first 
of June. The inundation continues till 
September, or even October, and fertilizes 
the country by a rich deposit of alluvian. 

The river Nile : 
See where it flows, disgorging at seven mouths, 
Into the sea. — Milton. 

9. JEthereo sidere : the ethereal planet ; 
the sun. 

9. Recens limus: the fresh mud. 

9. Exarsit: has become heated. 

10. Cultores: the husbandmen. 

10. Versis glebis: on the sod being turned 
up ; viz. by the plough. 

11. Inveniunt: they find many animals. 
Certain insects and worms may be pro- 
duced from corruption, but by no means 
animals, as related by the poet. He seems 
to have copied after Diodorus Siculus and 
Pliny. 

11. Sub ipsum spatium: at the very time 
of being formed. 

13. Trunca humeris: destitute of their 
parts. 

The grassy clods now calved; now half ap- 
peared 

The tawny lion, pawing to get free 

His hinder parts ; then springs, as broke from 
bonds, 

And rampant shakes his brindled mane. 

Milton. 

14. Altera pars vivit: one part is alive ; 
is quickened. 

By the movements of the atmosphere, the ig- 
neous parts rose, which gave to the sun and 
other heavenly bodies their rotatory movement; 
and a solid matter was precipitated to form the 
sea and earth, from which fish and animals were 
produced, nearly in the same manner as we still 
see in Egypt, where an infinity of insects and 



other creatures come forth from the mud, after 
it has been inundated by the waters of the Nile. 
— Diodorus Siculus, Lib. ii. 7. 

But the inundation of the Nile brings a cre- 
dence to these things that surpasses all won- 
ders, for when it retires, little mice are formed, 
the work of the genital water and earth having 
just commenced, being already quickened in a 
part of the body, the extreme part of their form 
being still earth. — Plimus, Lib. ix. 58. 

14. Rudis tellus : rude earth ; mere 
earth. This statement is utterly prepos- 
terous. 

15. Sumsere temperiem : have assumed 
temperateness. 

16. Concipiunt. The poet shows that the 
principle of generation depends on a due 
mixture of heat and moisture. 

17. Aquae pugnax: opposed, repugnant 
to water. 

17. Humidus vapor: humid vapor ; moist 
heat ; a proper mixture of heat and moist- 
ure. 

From hence we may conclude, that, as all 
parts of the world are sustained by heat, the 
world itself has so long subsisted from the same 
cause; and the rather, because it is observable 
that it communicates a generative virtue, to 
which all animals and vegetables must neces- 
sarily owe their birth and increase. — Cicero on 
the Gods. 

18. Discors concordia : discordant con- 
cord ; the union of the opposite principles, 
heat and moisture. These words consti- 
tute the figure called Oxymoron, which, in 
a seeming contradiction, unites contraries. 
Grammar, p. 210. 

When the Logos composed the Universe, it 
made one concord out of many discords. — Plu- 
tarch on Isis and Osiris. 

18. Foetibus: for birth ; for reproduction. 

20. Recanduit: became heated again. 

21. Figuras antiquas : the ancient forms ; 
viz. the animals that existed before the 
deluge. 

21. Partimque rettulit : partly restored. 
Many antediluvian animals are believed 
not to have been reproduced. There is a 
peculiarity in the words figuras antiquas 



Fabtjla XI. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



91 



Rettulit antiquas, partim nova monstra creavit. 
Ilia quidem nollet, sed te quoque, maxime Python, 
Turn genuit ; populisque novis, incognita serpens, 
Terror eras : tantum spatii de monte tenebas. 
Hunc Deus arcitenens, et nunquam talibus armis 
Ante, nisi in damis, capreisque fugacious, usus, 
Mille gravem telis, exhausta pene pharetra, 

NOT.E. 

that would indicate something of great 
bulk, huge and gigantic. Many of the ex- 
tinct animals were of vast dimensions, as 
the mastodon, megatherium, palaeothe- 
rium, cheropotamus, iguanadon, and the 
different gigantic sauria. 

22. Nova monstra; new monsters. The 
production, in part, of new monsters, 
would antithetically indicate as monsters 
the antiquas figuras that had been partially 
restored. 

23. Ilia : she ; viz. the earth. 
23. Nollet : might be unwilling ; might 

shudder at the idea. 

23. Python. A serpent sprung from the 
mud and stagnant waters of the deluge, 
and slain bj^ Apollo. Some mythologists 
suppose it was produced from the earth, 
by Juno, and sent to persecute Latona, 
when about to give birth to Apollo and 
Diana ; and that Apollo, as soon as born, 
destroyed it with his arrows. 

This ineffectual effort of the Evil-being, 
in the form of a serpent or dragon, to de- 
stroy the Mediator at his birth, and the 
discomfiture of the dragon by the Mediator, 
has a beautiful connection with the Egyp- 
tian myth, and the passages in Isaiah, 
quoted in the explicatio of the fable ; and 
reminds one forcibly of the efforts of the 
dragon in the Apocalypse. In this latter, 
there is an evident adumbration of the 
destruction at the flood, and of the birth 
of the Mediator, as well as the after-pre- 
servation of the Christian church. 



aestu ; edidit innume- 
ras species : partim- 
que rettulit antiquas 
figuras, partim erea- 
vit nova monstra. 
25 IUa quidem nollet, sed 
turn genuit te quoque, 
26. Deus arcitenens, 
et nunquam anteusua 
talibus armis. nisi in 
damis. fugacibusque 



And there appeared a great wonder in hea- 
ven ; a woman clothed with the sun, and the 
moon under her feet, and upon her head a 
crown of twelve stars; 

And she being with child, cried, travailing in 
birth, and pained to be delivered. 

And there appeared another wonder in hea- 
ven ; and behold a great red dragon, having 
seven heads and ten horns, and seven crowns 
upon his heads. 

And the dragon stood before the woman 
which was ready to be delivered, for to devour 
her child as soon as it was born. 

And the serpent cast out of his mouth water 
as a flood after the woman, that he might cause 
her to be curried away of the flood. 

And the earth helped the woman, and the 
earth opened her mouth, and swallowed up the 
flood which the dragon cast out of his mouth. 
Revelation, xii. 

By Python in this fable, is meant the 
darkness of the deluge, and the poisonous 
exhalations that followed it. It is the Ty- 
phon of the Egyptians. 



It (Typhon or Python) becomes, in the earth, 
the cause of concussions and shakings, and, in 
the air, of parching droughts and tempestuous 
winds, as also of hurricanes and thunders. It 
likewise infects both waters and winds with 
pestilential diseases, and runs up and insolently 
rages, and. as the Egyptians believe, one while 
smote Horus's eye. — Plutarch's Isis and 
Osiris. 

The furious Typhon, who 'gainst all the gods 
Made war ; his horrid jaws, with serpent hiss, 
Breathed slaughter ; from his eyes the gorgon 

glare 
Of baleful lightnings flashed, as his proud force 
Would rend from Jove his empire of the sky. 
jEschylus. 

Turn tellus gravis imbre et adhuc stagnantibus 

undis 
Humida, anhela, vagos tollebat ad aethera tortus, 
Involvens coelum nube, et caligine opaca; 
Hinc ille immanis Python. — Pont. Mela. 

Ner (the Ocean) produced, out of the number 
of vipers, one huge viper, with excess of wind- 
ings. — CvNDDELW THE DRUID. 

24. Incognite serpens: serpent unknown 
before ; of a kind with which they were 
not acquainted. 

Nor unknown 
The serpent, subtlest beast of all the field, 
Of huge extent, sometimes with brazen eyes 
And hairy mane terrific. — Milton. 

25. Tantum. spatii : so great a space of 
the mountain you occupied. 

26. Deus arcitenens : the bow-bearing 
god; viz. Apollo. This epithet is bor- 
rowed from Homer's to^o^o/wj, in the hymn 
to Apollo. 

In the Egyptian mythology, Horus, or 
Apollo, is the second person of the Triad, 
and corresponds to our second person in 
the Trinity. He is the same as the Per- 
sian Mithras, (Mediator,) who was re- 
garded as the sun, and as light; the same 
as the Indian Vishnoo, who, in the avatar 
of Crishna, slays the serpent Caliya, who 
is biting his heel; and is also the same as 
the Gothic Thor, whom the Edda styles 
"a middle divinity, a mediator between 
God and man," and who bruises the head 
of the grea* serpent with his mace. 

"When the deluge had ceased, Vishnoo slew the 
demon and recovered the Vedas; instructed 
Satyavrata in divine knowledge, and appointed 
him the seventh Menu. — Indian Bhagavat. 

26. Talibus armis: such arms; viz. ar- 
rows. 

27. Nisi in damis: unless in the case of 
the deer ; in the character of a hunter. 

28. Gravem: loaded ; weighed down. 



92 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber I. 



Perdidit effuso per vulnera nigra veneno. 
Neve operis famam possit delere vestutas ; 
Instituit sacros celebri certamine ludos, 
Pythia, de domiti serpentis nomine dictos. 



capreig, perdidit hunc 

Q _ gravem raille telis, 

0\) pharetra ejus pene ex- 

hausta, veneno effuso 

per nigra vulnera. 

33. His quicunque 



NOT^. 

29. Effuso venemo. The very blood of 
the serpent is spoken of as a poison. 

31. Instituit. The Pythian games, ac- 
cording to Pausanias, were instituted by 
Diomede ; by Eurylochus, according to the 
Scholiast on Pindar ; and by Apollo, ac- 
cording to Ovid and others. 

31. Sacros ludos. The Pythian games 
were celebrated near-Delphi, and were the 
first instituted of the four sacred games of 
Greece. The contests were in music, run- 
ning,wrestling, boxing, and the chariot-race. 

32. Pyihia. Supply certamina. 
32. Domiti serpentis. The serpent that 

watched the apples of the Hesperides, and 
which, after it was slain by Hercules, be- 
came a constellation, was evidently the 
serpent that tempted Eve. See note on 
Draconi, page 293. On account of its sub- 
tlety, and its prophecy to Eve, the serpent 
was first regarded as oracular — afterwards 
became a symbol — then a talisman — and 
eventually a god. Its worship pervaded 
the whole world, and was at length con- 
nected with the solar worship. We accord- 
ingly find the ophite hierogram on coins, 
medals, temples, and pillars, under various 
modifications, as the original worship of the 
serpent was blended with that of the sun 
and moon. Sometimes it is a rude repre- 
sentation of a serpent with a single coil, 
forming a globe, (Fig. 1). Selden says 
this figure in abbreviated writing signifies 
Salfiwu, deity ; and Kircher says its use 
among the Brahmins was the same. Some- 
times the hierogram is a globe, with a ser- 
pent passing around it, (Fig. 2). Again, it 
is a winged globe, with a serpent passing 
through it, (Fig. 3). It is also represented 
as a globe, with two. serpents emerging 
from it, (Fig. 4). The caduceus of Hermes 
is another form of the hierogram, and 
is a symbol of the serpent-worship con- 
nected with that of the sun and moon, 
wherein we have the sun's disk, and the 
crescent, (Fig. 5). The early representa- 
tions of the head of Medusa (Fig. 6) are 
also modifications of the ophite hierogram. 
The serpents around and beneath the face 
are the undulations of the tides, and the 
two serpents above are the crescent of the 
moon by which they are produced. The 
form of the serpent of Eden, shown to be 
the constellation Draco, as it appears on 
the celestial globe, is the grand original of 
the whole, (Fig. 7). The learned Kircher 
has shown, that the Egyptians represented 
the different elements by serpents in vari- 
ous altifudes, and that a serpent moving in 
an undulating manner denoted water. 



Hence, the waters of the Deluge decreasing 
by the sun's rays, would be represented as 
in Fig. 8 ; which is a serpent-temple con- 
nected with the solar worship, and typifies 
Python, the Spirit of Evil at the Flood, 
" the dragon that is in the sea/' slain by 
Apollo. The large circle in this evidently 
represents the sun's disk, and the serpent's 
path through it the revolution of the sphere 
among the stars. Eusebius, Praep. Ev. 
Lib. i., tells us, "with the Egyptians the 
world was described by a circle, and a ser- 
pent passing diametrically through it." 

In the note on ver erat, page 42, I have 
shown, that changes took place in the re- 
volution of the earth, either at the time of 
the transgression in Eden, or at the Flood ; 
hence, it is not a little remarkable, that on 
the celestial globe, the serpent (Fig. 7), 
which was the cause of the derangement 
of the sphere, is placed at the very poles of 
the ecliptic. It is not a little remarkable, 
too, that the name of this constellation, 
the "crooked serpent," see Job xxvi. 13, 
(rro cru, nachash bariach), refers to it as an 
emblem of the sun's path, for rm, barach, 
signifies to pass through. It is very possi- 
ble, that Noah's altar after the flood was 
simple pillars (/?am>Aia), like those Jacob 
set up at Bethel ; and like the stones which 
Joshua set up as a memorial after the cross- 
ing of the Jordan. These would be imi- 
tated and multiplied as the traditions of the 
Flood spread among the heathens, until, as 
solar worship was connected with that of 
the serpent, regular serpent-temples would 
be formed like Fig. 8. For figures from 1 to 
8 inclusive, see plate, page 289. 

Homer, in the Hymn to Apollo, v. 294, 
describes him as building a temple where 
he slew Python of " stones broad and very 
long," in part of a circular form, 'Appi 61 
vriov Ivaaoav. Again, the god considers what 
kind of priests he shall put in his " stony 
Pytho," Uiioi ev iizer prjeavr). Hence Python, 
"tot jugera ventre prementem," was, 
doubtless, a temple of upright stones, de- 
voted to the worship of the solar-serpent, 
like that at Abury, or Anbury, (mx-aw, 
aub-aur, serpent of the sun), in England, 
which covered twenty-eight acres, and 
was a mile in length. We copy from a 
a treatise by Rev. J. B. Deane : 

From a circle of upright stones (without im- 
posts), erected at equal distances, proceeded 
two avenues, in a wavy course, in opposite di- 
rections. These were the fore and hinder parts 
of the serpent's body, passing from west to east. 
Within this great circle were four others, con- 
siderably smaller, two and two, described about 
two centres, but neither of them coincident with 
the centre of the great circle. They lay in the 



Fabtjla XI. 



METAMORPHOSE ON. 



93 



His juvenum quicunque manu, pedibusve rotave 
Vicerat; esculese capiebat frondis honorem. 
Nondum laurus erat ; longoque decentia crine 
Tempora cingebat de qualibet arbore Phoebus. 



35 



juvenum vicerat ma- 
nu. pedibusve rotave, 
capiebat honorem es- 
culese frondis. Laurus 
nondum erat; Phoe- 
busque cingebat tem- 
pora decentia longo 



NOT.E. 



line drawn from the north-west to the south- 
east points, passing through the centre of the 
great circle. The head of the serpent was 
formed of two concentric ovals, and rested on 
an eminence — which is the southern promontory 
of the Hakpen (Serpent's head) hills. — Worship 
of the Serpent, p. 330. 

The etymology of Hakpen is Hak, a 
serpent, and Pen, the head. Dickinson, in 
Delph. Phcen., shows that L in Larnassus 
is not a radical. It is therefore Arnassus, 
or with the accent Harnassus. Har is a 
headland, or promontory of a hill ; and 
r.ahas, a serpent. Parnassus is therefore 
identical with Hakpen, (serpent's head), 
of Abury. The serpentine temple Pytho, 
then, probably extended its length along 
the bottom of Parnassus, and laid its head 
on a promontory of it, like that at Abury 
does on Overton hill. The remains of a 
similar temple are evidently alluded to by 
Pausanias : 

On proceeding in a straight line from Thebes 
to Glisas, you will see a place surrounded with 
rough stones, which the Thebans call the Ser- 
pent's head. — Description of Greece, Lib. ix. 
Cap. xix. 

And, again, to one at Pharas, for Ham is 
the same as Apollo, the sun : 

In Pharae, likewise, there is a fountain sacred 
to Hermes. The name of the fountain is Hama 
(Ham), worshipped as the sun. Very near this, 
there are thirty quadrangular stones. These 
the Pharenses venerate, calling each by the 
name of some particular god. Indeed, it was 
formerly the custom with all the Greeks to re- 
verence rude stones in the place of statues of the 
gods. — Description of Greece, Lib.vii.Cap.xxii. 

Another is referred to near Potniae ; for, 
the name Amphiaraus signifies a circular 
temple of the sun : 



As you go from hence to Thebes, you will 
see on the right hand of the road an enclosure 
not very large, and in it certain pillars. They 
are of opinion that the earth opened in this place 
to Amphiaraus. — Description of Greece, Lib. 
ix. Cap. viii. 

Since the stones in the serpent-temples 
were set like teeth, the dragon slain by 
Cadmus was probably a solar serpent- 
temple, for the hill adjacent was sacred to 
Apollo : 

Near it they show a place, in which they say 
the teeth of the dragon which was slain by 
Cadmus by the fountain were sown, and be- 
came men. There is a hill on the right hand 
of the gates, which is sacred to Apollo.— De- 
scription of Greece, Lib. ix. Cap. 10. 

The transformation of Cadmus and Her- 
mione refers to a serpent-temple. See 
Fab. V., Lib. IV. 

33. Manu: with the hand; in boxing. 

33. Pedibus: on foot ; in the foot-race. 

33. Rota: with the wheel; in the cha- 
riot-race. 

34. EsculecB frondis : of the beechen 
bough. Crowns of beech were first used 
in the Pythian games. As these were the 
earliest games known in Greece, and were 
instituted in commemoration of the deluge ; 
and as the existence of the divine Trinity 
appears to have been known, as we might 
infer from the note on rate, line 80, in the 
preceding Fable, it is probable that the 
shape of the beech-nut caused its use as 
the emblem of the Trinity, for it is a tri- 
angular pyramid of equal sides and angles. 

35. Longo crine: with long hair. The 
rays of light streaming over the heavens 
have somewhat the appearance of hair ; 
hence Apollo is said to have long hair.. 



QUiESTIONES. 



How were animals produced after the 
flood? 

Were all the former animals restored ? 

What animals were not reproduced after 
the flood ? 

What effect had the sun upon the moist 
earth ? 

How many channels did the Nile an- 
ciently have ? 

How many has it at present ? 

What annually occurs in the Nile, and 
what is the cause of it ? 

What figure does the words discors Con- 
cordia constitute ? 

What monster did the earth produce ? 

From what is this fable of the Python 
derived? 

What is the name of the Egyptian de- 
stroyer ? 



Who was the Horus of the Egyptians ? 

How is he represented ? 

How are we to regard the Python of the 
present Fable ? 

How is Apollo said to destroy him ? 

To what kind of a temple may the story 
of Python relate? 

What were the Pythian games, and 
where celebrated? 

What early prizes in these games would 
seem to indicate a confused idea of the 
Fall? 

Is the destruction of the power of the 
serpent by a mediator adumbrated ill the 
mythology of all nations ? 

What is the name of this mediator in 
Egyptian mythology ? 

What in Persian mythology ? In Go- 
thic ? In Indian mythology ? 



FABULA XII. 

DAPHNE IN LAURUM MUTATA. 

Cupid, in revenge for an insult, wounds Apollo with one of his golden arrows, 
and inflames him with the love of Daphne, the daughter of the river Peneus. 
He wounds Daphne, on the contrary, with a leaden arrow, which causes her 
to feel an aversion to the G-od. He addresses the virgin, but, failing in his 
suit, attempts to seize her; when, flying from him, and imploring the divine 
aid of her father, she is changed into a laurel. 

EXPLICATIO. 

In speaking of the early beechen crowns of the Pythian games, the 
poet finds occasion for a graceful transition to the story of Daphne, who 
was transformed into a laurel, from which the crowns were subsequently 
made. The fable is susceptible of a physical interpretation. The word 
Daphne is a Greek name for laurel, and we readily perceive, therefore, 
whence arose the transformation of this fabulous personage. She is re- 
presented to be the daughter of the river Peneus, because the banks of 
that beautiful stream were thickly set with laurels ; since various singular 
coincidences exist between the sun and that tree, as explained in the 
notes, Apollo was fabled to be enamored of her. By thus investing this 
mythic personage with corporeity, fine opportunity was afforded for the 
introduction of fanciful and beautiful imagery, which the poet has em- 
ployed in the embellishment of his subject. In the foot-race of Atalanta 
and her suitors, we feel that the contest is one of gladiatorial violence, on 
account of the miserable fate which awaits them, and have little sympathy 
for the cruel virgin herself; but our admiration and interest are all en- 
gaged for the gentle Daphne, so pure, so chaste, so full of filial affection ; 
our feelings are excited as the contest becomes doubtful, and are affected 
with pain at its melancholy close. Nor do we pity alone the fair martyr 
to the love of virginity, but the youthful god also, who is overwhelmed 
with her loss, and whose affection, true and constant, survives Jife itself. 
Against Cupid, the author of this calamity, who like the " madman, scat- 
ters darts and firebrands, and says it is in sport," we are not without feel- 
ing. All will find a ready interpretation of his torch and arrows, but the 
reason why some are pointed with gold, and some with lead, is not so^ 
apparent. The seven planets have metallic synonyms in the seven 
metals, and that which typifies the Sun is gold ; hence arrows tipped with 
gold fill our hearts with the heat, vigor, and alacrity which the Sun im- 
parts to the other planets. Lead typifies the planet Saturn, which is 
remote, cold, and damp ; and arrows pointed with it extinguish, therefore, 
love and desire. Pliny says, that a plate of lead applied to the breast 
will suppress unchaste desire. We know that the acetate of lead is a 
powerful refrigerant in case of inflammation. Lastly, gold is a symbol 
of plenty, which nourishes love ; lead, of poverty, which repels it. This 
fable contains a greater amount of mythical allusion than any other ; the 
character and parentage of Daphne ; the love of Apollo, and the reasons 
for it ; the character of Apollo, as the inventor of prophecy, music, and 
medicine ; and the offices of Cupid, with his allegorical torch, bow, and 
diverse darts. 
94 




IS&j&l^xafc RIMUS amor Pho3bi Daphne PeneVa, quern non, 
Jf^fpffafo Fors ignara dedit, sed sasva Cupidinis ira. 

' m Delius hunc nuper, victa serpente superbus, 
Viderat adducto flectentem cornua nervo : 
Quidque tibi, lascive puer, cum fortibus armis ? 5 

NOTjE. 

1. Primus amor: the first love. The abstract amor is here used for 
the concrete amator. In like manner, we often say in English, " my 
love :" " my flame." 

These pretty pleasures might me move, 

To live with thee, and be thy love. — Shakspeabe. 

Open the temple gates unto my love..— Spexser. 

1. Pene'ia: the daughter of Peneus, a river of Thessaly. 

2. Fors ignara: blind chance. 
2. Ira Cupidinis: the cruel anger of Cupid, who was irritated by 

the reproaches of Apollo. Cupid, the god of love, is represented as 
a youth bearing a torch, and armed with a bow and quiver full of 
arrows. Two Cupids are described, one the son of Jupiter and Venus, 
who presides over lawful love ; the other the son of Erebus and Nox, 
who delights in impurity. 

In settled majesty of calm disdain 
Proud of his might, yet scornful of the slain, 
The heavenly Archer stands — no human birth, 
No perishable denizen of earth. — Wilman. 

4. Flectentem cornua: bending his bow, 
the extremities of which were called 
cornua, as being the remote parts, or 
on account of their resemblance to 
horns. 

4. Nervo adducto: the string being drawn. 
When he was shooting, or idly twanging 
the string. 

95 



"With revengeful fury stung, 
Straight his bow he bent; he strung; 
Snatched an arrow, winged for flight, 
And provoked me to the fight. — Anacreo*. 

3. Delius: the Delian ; Apollo; so called 
because he was born in Delos, an island of 
the iEgean. 

3. Victa serpente : the serpc.it being 
slain ; viz. Python. 

3. Superbus: proud; haughty. 
Heard ye the arrow hurtle in the sky? 
Heard ye the dragon monster's deathful cry? 



96 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber I. 



Dixerat : ista decent humeros gestamina nostros, 
Qui dare certa ferae, dare vulnera possumus hosti ; 
Q,ui modo, pestifero tot jugera ventre prementem, 
Stravimus innumeris tumidum Pythona sagittis. 
Tu face nescio quos esto contentus amores 
Irritare tua ; nee laudes assere nostras. 
Films huic Veneris ; Figat tuus omnia, Phoebe ; 
Te meus arcus, ait : quantoque animalia cedunt 
Cuncta tibi, tanto minor est tua gloria nostra. 
Dixit, et eliso percussis aere pennis, 
Impiger umbrosa Parnassi constitit arce ; 
Eque sagittifera promsit duo tela pharetra 
Diversorum operum. Fugat hoc, facit illud amorem 
Quod facit, auratum est, et cuspide fulget acuta : 
Quod fugat, obtusum est, et habet sub arundine plumbum 
Hoc Deus in nympha Peneide, fixit ; at illo 21 

Lsesit Apollineas trajecta per ossa medullas. 



10 



15 



6. Dixerat que las- 
cive puer, quid tibi 
cum fortibus armis? 
ista gestamina decent 
nostros humeros ; qui 
possumus dare certa 
vulnera ferae, qui 

10. Qui modo stra- 
vimus Pythona pre- 
mentem tot jugera 
pestifero ventre, tu- 
midum innumeris sa- 
gittis. Esto tu con- 
tentus irritare nescio 
quos amores tua face ; 
nee assere nostras 
laudes. Filius Vene- 
ris ait huic ; Phoebe, 
tuus arcus figat om- 
nia ; meus arcus te : 

18. Hoc fugat, illud 
facit atnorem. Quod 
facit est auratum, et 
fulget acuta cuspide ; 

21. Deus fixit hoc in 
Peneide nympha: at 
illo lsesit Apollineas 



NOT.E. 



5. Quidque tibi? what have you to do? 
Supply est. 

5. Fortibus armis : with gallant arms ; 
viz. with the bow and arrows. 

Winged was the boy, and arms he wore, 
Behind him shafts, a bow before. — Anacreon. 

6. Ista gestamina : these burdens ; the 
bow and arrows. 

6. Decent humeros : become our shoul- 
ders. 

Vos Tempe totidem tollite laudibus, 
Natalemque. mares. Delon Apollinis, 
Insignemque pharetra 
Fralernaque humerum lyra. — Horace. 

7. Qui. The relative qui agrees with 
the primitive nos, in the possessive nostros. 
See Grammar, Rule VI., n. 5. 

7. Certa : unerring wounds. Supply 
vulnera. 

9. Stravimus: prostrated; slew. 

9. Tumidum Pythona:' swelling Python. 
Poisonous serpents generally, when ex- 
cited, increase greatly in size. 

The snake on herds and flocks that poison 
spreads ; 

Now, while he threats, and swells his hissing 
crest. 

Crush with huge stones and clubs th' enven- 
omed pest. — Virgil, Georgic iii. 

10. Esto contentus: be satisfied. 

10. Face irritare: to excite ; to kindle by 
thy torch. As fire is the most penetrating 
of all things, Cupid is represented with a 
torch, to inflame the human breast. 
Through cottage-door, or palace-porch, 
Love enters free as spicy winds. 

With purple wings and lighted torch, 
With tripping feet and silvery tongue, 
And bow and darts behind him slung. 

G. P. Morris. 

10. Nescio quos: the love which I know 
not ; the passion to which I am a stranger. 
This is haughtily spoken, as if love was a 
thing too effeminate for the conqueror of 



the Python. He finds the passion some- 
thing more serious than he had imagined it. 
He jests at scars that never felt a wound. 

Romeo and Juliet. 

11. Nee assere: nor assert ; nor arrogate 
to thyself. 

12. Huic: to him ; Apollo. 

13. Te meus arcus. Supply figat. 

13. Cedunt tibi: are inferior to you. 

14. Tanto minor: by so much is your 
glory less than mine. In proportion as the 
animals subdued by Apollo are inferior to 
that god, so is Apollo, wounded by Cupid, 
inferior to Cupid. 

15. Eliso aere: the air being cut ; being 
parted. 

15. Percussis pennis: with his shaken 
wings ; by his flapping wings. 

16. Umbrosa arce t the shady peak. 

17. Eque. This word is a compound of 
the preposition e and the enclitic que. 

18. Diversorum operum: of different ef- 



Fugat hoc : this repels love. 

Quod facit: the arrow which causes 



fects 

18, 

19 
love. 

19. Auratum est 
where the dowry 

greater care than the bride, it might be 
wittily said, that love's arrows, when 
pointed with gold, are sure to wound. 

20. Obtusum: blunt; without a point. 
Sub arundine : at the point of the 



is gilded. In an age^ 
is often an object of 



Hoc: with this; the latter; the blunt 
the 



20. 
reed. 

21. 
one. 

21. Illo: with that ; the former one ; 
arrow with the sharp point. 

22. Trajecta per ossa: through the 
pierced bones. 

Quick then his deadly bow he drew, 
And pierced my liver through and through. 
Anacrkon 



Fabtjla XII. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



Protinus alter amat ; fugit altera nomen amantis, 

Silvarum latebris, captivarumque ferarum 

Exuviis gaudens, innuptgeque semula Phoebes. 25 

Vitta coercebat positos sine lege capillos. 

Multi illam petiere : ilia aversata petentes, 

Impatiens, expersque viri, nemorum avia lustrat : 

Nee quid Hymen, quid amor, quid sint connubia curat. 

Saspe pater dixit : Generum mihi filia debes : 30 

Saspe pater dixit : Debes mihi nata nepotes. 

Ilia velut crimen, taedas exosa jugales, 

Pulchra verecundo suffunditur ora rubore, 

Inque patris blandis haerens cervice lacertis, 

Da mini perpetua, genitor charissime, dixit, 35 

Virginitate frui : dedit hoc pater ante Dianae. 

Ille quidem obsequitur : sed te decor iste, quod optas, 

Esse vetat : votoque tuo tua forma repugnat. 

Phoebus amat ; visaeque cupit connubia Daphnes : 



97 

medullas, trajecta per 
ossa. Protinus alter 
amat ; altera fugit no- 
men amantis, que 
gaudens latebris 

26. Vitta coercebat 
capillos positos sine 
lege. Multi petiere 
illam : ilia aversata 
petentes, impatiens, 
expersque viri, 

30. Pater dixit saspe; 
Filia debes mihi ge- 
nerum. Pater dixit 
saepe, Nata debes mi- 
hi nepotes. Ilia exosa 
jugales taedas velut 
crimen, suffunditur 
pulchra ora verecun- 
do rubore,que haerens 
blandis lacertis in 
cervice patris, dixit, 

37. Ille quidem ob- 
sequitur; sed iste de- 
cor vetat te esse quod 
optas esse: tuaque for- 
ma repugnat tuo voto. 



NOTjE. 



22. Medullas. The marrow is some- 
times described as the seat of love ; though 
the liver is more generally said to be. 
Em mollis flamma medullas 
Interea, et taciturn vivit sub pectore vulnus. 

Virgil, Georgic iv. 
Continu&que avidus ubi subdita flamma me- 

dullis, 
Vere magis, quia vere calor redit ossibus. 

Virgil, Georgic iii. 

24. Ferarum exuviis: the spoils of wild 
beasts. Exuvia is derived from exuo, to 
put off. It relates to whatever is put off : 
thus of men, clothes, arms, &c. ; or beasts, 
the skins. 

25. JEmula Phcebes: the rival of Diana. 

26. Vitta: a fillet ; a headband. 

A. belt her waist, a fillet binds her hair. — Pope. 

26. Positos sine lege: lying without or- 
der ; carelessly. 

27. Multi petiere: many courted her. 

27. Aversata petentes: hating those court- 
ing her; hating her suitors. 

28. Impatiens expersque: unable to en- 
dure, and unacquainted with man. 

28. Avialuslrat: rambles over the path- 
less parts. 

29. Hymen. Hymen was the son of 
Bacchus and Venus, or of Apollo and one 
of the Muses. He was the god of mar- 
riage, wore a crown of roses on his head, 
and held a torch in one hand, and a purple 
vest in the other. 

31- S&pe dixit. This line and the pre- 
ceding form the figure called anaphora, a 
graceful repetition. 

32. Taedas jugales : marriage torches ; 
here put, by metonymy, for marriage it- 
self. It was the custom, in ancient times, 
for the bridegroom to lead his bride home 
at night by torchlight. Sometimes lamps 
were used. 

13 



Mopse, novas incide faces ; tibi ducitur uxor. 
Virgil, Eclog. viii. 

And at midnight there was a cry made, Be- 
hold the bridegroom cometh, go ye out to meet 
him. Then all those virgins arose, and trimmed 
their lamps. — Matthew xxv. 6, 7. 

33. Pulchra suffunditur ora: is suffused 
as to her beautiful countenance. 

I have marked 
A thousand blushing apparitions start 
Into her face ; a thousand innocent shames 
In angel whiteness, bear away those blushes. 
Shakspeare. 

33. Verecundo rubore : with a modest 
blush. There is a blush of shame, as well 
as of modesty. 

Her blush is guiltiness, not modesty. 

Shakspeare. 

34. Ilia hmrens: she clinging to her fa* 
ther's neck. This attitude of entreaty is 
like that of Phaeton, when making a re- 
quest, in Fable I., Lib. II. 

Quid mea colla lenes blandis, ignare, lacertis ? 

Ovid. 

35. Pa mihi perpetua: grant me to enjoy 
perpetual chastity. She endeavours to in- 
fluence him by the example of Diana, who 
implored and received this boon from Ju- 
piter. 

Ads foi napSevirjv alcjviov, antra, <\>v\a<TceLV. 
Callimachus. 

36. Pater: her father ; Jupiter. 

37. Ille obsequitur: he (Peneus) com- 
plies. 

37. Sed decor iste: but that beauty of 
thine. The poet himself speaks here, and, 
by apostrophe, addresses the damsel in a 
very complimentary manner. 

38. Vetat esse: forbids you to be what 
you wish ; to remain a damsel. 

38. Repugnat voto: resists thy desire. 



98 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber I. 



Q,useque cupit, sperat : suaque ilium oracula fallunt, 40 
Utque leves stipulae demptis adolentur aristis ; 
Ut facibus sepes ardent, quas forte viator 
Vel nimis admovit, vel jam sub luce reliquit ; 
Sic deus in flammas abiit : sic pectore toto 
Uritur, et sterilem sperando nutrit amorem. 45 

Spectat inornatos collo pendere capillos. 
Et, Quid si comantur ? ait. Videt igne micantes 
Sideribus similes oculos. Videt oscula ; quae non 
Est vidisse satis. Laudat digitosque, manusque, 
Brachiaque, et nudos media plus parte lacertos. 50 

Ilia fugit, neque ad hsec revocantis verba resistit : 
Nympha, precor, Penei'a, mane ; non insequor hostis. 
Nympha mane. Sic agna lupum, sic cerva leonem, 
Sic aquilam penna fugiunt trepidante columbse ; 
Hostes quseque suos. Amor est mihi causa sequendi. 55 
Me miserum ! ne prona cadas, indignave lsedi 
Crura secent sentes, et sim tibi causa doloris. 



Phoebus amat, cupit- 
que connubia Daph- 
nes visas. 

42. Ut sepes ardent 
facibus, quas forte 
viator vel admovit 
nimis, vel jam reli- 
quit sub luce; sic 
deus abiit in flammas: 
sic uriter in toto pec- 
tore. 

47. Videt oculos mi- 
cantes igne similes 
sideribus, videt oscu- 
la, quae non est satis 
vidisse. Laudat que 
digitos, manusque, 
brachiaque, et lacer- 
tos nudos plus media 
parte. 

53. Sic agna fugit 
lupum, sic cerva leo- 
nem, sic columbae fu- 
giunt aquilam trepi- 
dante penna ; quaeque 
suos hostes. Amor 
est mihi causa se- 
quendi. Me miserum! 
ne cadas prona, ve 



NOT.E. 



40, Quceque cupit sperat: and what he 
wishes, he hopes for. 
Thy wish was father, Harry, to that thought. 
Shakspeare. 

40. Oracula fallunt: his oracles deceive 
him. As the god of prophecy, he ought to 
have known that his love would not be re- 
turned. 

41. Leves stipulce : the light stubble. 
After the wheat was removed from the 
fields, it was customary to burn the stubble. 

41. Demptis: being taken away; being 
removed to the granary. 

43. Vel nimis admovit: has either placed 
too near ; viz. which the traveller, as he 
passed along, has brought in contact with 
the hedge, and thus set it on fire. 

43. Sub luce reliquit: has left at light ; 
at daylight. At this time, he would have 
no further occasion for it. 

Semustamque facem vigilata nocte viator 
Ponit.— Ovid. Fast. 

44. In flammas abiit: went into flames; 
was inflamed with love. 

45. Sterilem amorem : a barren, vain 
love. 

46. Inornatos capillos : her unadorned 
hair. 

Let the hair, in lapses bright, 
Fall like streaming rays of light; 
And there the raven's dye confuse 
With the yellow sunbeam's hues. 
Let not the braid with artful twine. 
The flowing of the locks confine; 
But loosen every golden ring 
To float upon the breeze's wing. 

Anacreon. 

47. Si comantur: if they were combed, 
how much more beautiful would they be ? 

48. Sideribus similes: like stars. Poets, 
from Anacreon down, have often compared 



the eyes of beauty to the stars ; it remain- 
ed for a modern poet to describe them as 
surpassing the stars : 

Look out upon the stars, my love, 
And shame them with thine eyes- 

Moore's Melodies. 

48. Videt oscula : he sees her little 
mouth ; her lips. Anacreon well describes 
the temptation of beautiful lips. 

Then her lip, so rich in blisses ! 
Sweet petitioner for kisses ! 
Pouting nest of bland persuasion. 
Ripely suing Love's invasion. — Ode xvi. 

49. Non est vidisse: it is not sufficient to 
have seen ; he desires to kiss them. 

50. Brachia. The arm, from the shoul- 
der to the elbow, is called brachium. 

50. Lacertos. The forearm, from the 
elbow to the wrist, is called lacertus. 

51. Bevoca?itis: of him recalling her. 

52. Nympha Pene'ia. O Peneian nymph! 
This is the address of Apollo to Daphne, 
who is flying from him. 

52. Non inseuuor hostis: I do not follow 
as an enemy. Thus Horace : 
Atqui non ego te. tigris ut aspera, 
Gcetulusve leo, frangere persequor. — Lib. i. 24. 

55. Hostes quaque. Supply fugit. Every 
one, by a natural instinct, avoids his ene- 
my, but the nymph fled from Apollo, who 
was a lover. 

56. Ne prona cadas: lest you may fall on 
your face ; headlong. 

57. Crura secent sentes: lest the thorns 
may cut your feet. Gallus expresses the 
same solicitude for the welfare of Lycoris, 
who has deserted him. 

Ah te ne frigora laedant 
Ah tibi ne teneras glacies secet aspera plantas. 
Virgil, Eclog. x. 



Fabula XII. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



99 



Aspera, qua properas, loca sunt. Moderatius oro, 
Curre, fugamque inhibe : moderatius insequar ipse. 
Cui placeas, inquire tamen. Non incola montis, 
Non ego sum pastor ; non hie armenta, gregesve 
Horridus observo. Nescis, temeraria, nescis 
Q/uem fugias ; ideoque fugis. Mihi Delphica tellus, 
Et Claros, et Tenedos, Pataraeaque regia servit. 
Jupiter est genitor. Per me quod eritque, fuitque, 
Estque, patet : per me concordant carmina nervis. 
Certa quidem nostra est ; nostra tamen una sagitta 
Certior, in vacuo quae vulnera pectore fecit. 
Inventum medicina meum est, opiferque per orbem 
Dicor, et herbarum subjecta potentia nobis. 
Hei mihi, quod nullis amor est medicabilis herbis ; 



53. Loca qua pro- 
peras sunt aspera. 
Oro, curre modera- 

gQ tius, que inhibe fu- 
gam : ipse insequar 
moderatius. Tamen 
62. Nescis, temera- 
ria, nescis quem fu- 
gias; ideoque fugis. 
Delphica tellus, et 
Claros, et Tenedos, 

api Pataraaaque regia 
servit mihi. Jupiter 
est genitor. Quod 

67. Nostra sagitta 
quidem est certa: ta- 
men una est certior 
nostra, quae fecit vul- 
nera in vacuo pec- 

70 tore - Medicina est 
meum inventum, que 
dicor opifer per or- 



NOTiE. 



61. Armenta gregesve. We use armen- 
tum, when speaking of large animals, as 
horses, cows, &c, and grex, when speak- 
ing of small animals, as sheep or goats. 

62. Horridus. He urges his comeliness 
as a reason why the maid should not de- 
spise him. Thus Corydon, in the Alexis 
of Virgil : 

Nee sum adeo informis : nuper me in litore vidi, 
Cum placidum ventis staret mare : non ego 

Daphnim, 
Judice te, metuam, si nunquam fallat imago. 

Eclog. ii. 

63. Ideoque fugis. With the same self- 
complacency with which he addressed 
Cupid, Apollo now addresses the nymph, 
and thinks it impossible that she should 
decline the suit of one possessed of so 
many accomplishments, if she only knew 
who he was. 

63. Delphica tellus: the Delphic land ; 
the country around Delphi, noted for the 
oracle of Apollo. 

64. Claros. A town of Ionia, near the 
north bank of Caystros, built by Manto, 
the daughter of Tiresias. It had a grove 
and temple sacred to Apollo. 

64. Tenedos. An island near Troy, 
which had a famous temple of Apollo. 

64. Patarcea regia: the palace of Patara. 
The town of Patara was situated in Asia 
Minor, near the Lycian Sea, with a temple 
and oracle of Apollo, rivalling, at one time, 
Delphi, in riches and celebrity. 

65. Quod, eritque. Apollo here repre- 
sents himself as acquainted with the pre- 
sent, past, and future. Probably because 
the sun enlightens all things. 

I taught the various modes of prophecy, 
What truth the dream portends, the omen what 
Of nice distinction ; what the casual sight 
That meets us on the way : the flight of birds, 
When to the right, when to the left they take 
Their airy course. — ./Eschylus. 
All honored, prudent, whose sagacious mind 
Knows all that was and is of every kind, 
With all that shall be in succeeding time. 

Orpheus. 



And in me breathed a voice 
Divine ; that I might know with listening ears 
Things past and future. — Hesiod ; s Theogony. 

66. Patet: lies open ; is made known. 
66. Concordant nervis : are attuned to 
the strings ; are set to music. As the Sun 
is the chief one of the seven planets, and 
gives life and activity to the whole system, 
which Pythagoras affirmed was constructed 
on a musical scale, and made celestial har- 
mony, he is said to be the inventor of 
music. 
With various-sounding golden lyre, 'tis thine 
To fill the world with harmony divine. 

Orpheus ; s Hymn to the Sun. 
Health far diffusing, and the extended worid 
With stream of harmony innoxious fills. 

Proclus's Hymn to the Sun. 

68. Vulnera. Ovid has fancifully de- 
scribed the arrows of Cupid as pointed with 
gold and lead to produce different effects ; 
another ancient poet attributes the effects 
of love and hatred to two different foun- 
tains in which the arrows are dipped. 

In Cyprus' isle two rippling fountains fall, 
And one with honey flows, and one with gall; 
In these, if we may take the tale from fame, 
The son of Venus dips his darts of flame 

Claudian. 

69. Inventum medicina: medicine is my 
invention. As the Sun nourishes herbs, 
which are the chief part of the Materia 
Medica, he is said to be the inventor of 
medicine. 

When the fell disease 
Preyed on the human frame, relief was none, 
Nor healing drug, nor cool refreshing draught, 
Nor pain-assuaging unguent ; but they pined 
Without redress, and wasted, till I taught them 
To mix the balmy medicine, of power 
To chase each pale disease, and soften pain. 

JEschylus. 

69. Opifer: the bearer of aid. 

Carminis et medicce Phoebe repertor opis. 

Ovid. Trist. 

71. Medicabilis herhis: to be cured by no 
herbs. There was no balm to yield him 
relief. 



100 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Nee prosunt domino, quee prosunt omnibus, artes ! 

Plura locuturum timido Penei'a cursu 

Fugit ; cumque ipso verba imperfecta reliquit : 

Turn quoque visa decens. Nudabant corpora venti, 75 

Obviaque adversas vibrabant flamina vestes ; 

Et levis impexos retro dabat aura capillos ; 

Auctaque forma fuga est. Sed enim non sustinet ultra 

Perdere blanditias juvenis deus : utque movebat 

Ipse amor, admisso sequitur vestigia passu. 

Ut canis in vacuo leporem cum Galiicus arvo *■ 

Vidit ; et hie prasdam pedibus petit, ille salutem : 

Alter inhaesuro similis, jam jamque tenere 

Sperat, et extento stringit vestigia rostro : 

Alter in ambiguo est, an sit deprensus : et ipsis 

Morsibus eripitur ; tangentiaque ora relinquit. 

Sic deus, et virgo est : hie spe celer, ilia timore. 

Qui tamen insequitur, pennis adjutus amoris 

Ocyor est, requiemque negat : tergoque fugaci 

Imminet : et crinem sparsum cervicibus aflat. 

Viribus absumtis expalluit ilia : citaeque 



80 



85 



90 



Liber I. 

bem, et potentia 

73. Penei'a fugit il- 
ium locuturum plura 
timido cursu ; reli- 
quitque verba illius 
imperfecta cum ipso. 
Turn quoque visa est 
decens. Venti nuda- 
bant illius corpora, 
obviaque flamina vi- 
brabant adversas 
vestes ; et levis aura 
dabat retro impexos 
capillos. 

81. Utcum Galiicus 
canis vidit leporem in 
vacuo arvo; et hie 
petit praedam pedibus, 
iWepetit salutem: alter 
similis inhaesuro, jam 
jamque sperat tenere, 
et stringit vestigia 
rostro illius : alter est 
in ambiguo; an de- 
prensus sit; et eripi- 
tur ipsis morsibus, re- 
linquitque ora illius 
tangentia. 

91. Viribus absum- 
tis ilia expalluit; vic- 
taque labore citae fu- 



NOTJE. 



Not poppy nor mandragora, 
Nor all the drowsy syrups of the world, 
Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep 
Which thou owedst yesterday. — Shakspeare. 

72. Nee prosunt domino: nor do the arts 
avail the master, which are a remedy to all. 
He refers more especially to the art of me- 
dicine, but his remark may apply to all. 
He could foretel the future to others, but 
could not foresee that Daphne would reject 
him ; he could soothe others by the power 
of music, but bring no sweet forgetfulness 
of pain to himself ; he could heal others, 
but could not allay the pangs of unhappy 
love in his own case. 

73. Plura locuturum: about to say more. 

75. Nudabant corpora : disclosed her 
body. 

76. Vibrabant : tossed about ; caused to 
flutter. 

78. Aucta est: was increased in beauty. 

78. Non sustinet: cannot bear. 

79. TJtque movebat: and as love incited. 

80. Admisso passu: at full speed. 

81. Canis Galiicus: the greyhound. This 
animal does not run by scent, but by sight, 
and generally in a line so direct that if 
trees or other objects be in his way, he is 
apt to run against them. 

81. In vacuo arvo: in a clear field. 

82. Hie: this one ; the greyhound. 

82. Ille salutem : that one ; the hare 
seeks safety. Supply petit. 

83. Inhaesuro similis: as if about to seize. 

83. Tenere sperat: hopes to take him. 

84. Extento rostro: with extended nose. 
How, in his mid career, the spaniel struck 
Stiff, by the tainted gale, with open nose 



Oiilstrelc/led, and finely sensible, draws full 
Fearful and cautious on the latent prey. 

Thomson. 

84. Stringit vestigia : grazes ; presses 
upon his heels. 

86. Morsibus eripitur: is rescued from 
his very jaws. 

86. Ora relinquit : leaves his mouth as 
it touches him. 

88. Pennis adjutus. This is a very 
beautiful metaphor. Love is drawn with 
wings, on account of the inconstancy of 
lovers, or the impatience of their desires, 
or their ready service. 

89. Requiemque negat : and denies her 
rest ; does not permit her to rest. 

89. Tergo fugaci: her back as she flies. 

90. Crineniafflat: breathes upon the hair 
scattered over her neck. This is a very 
spirited description, and has been finely 
imitated by Pope. 

Not half so swift the trembling doves can fly. 
When the fierce eagle cleaves the liquid sky : 
Not half so swiftly "the fierce eagle moves. 
When through the clouds he drives the trem- 
bling doves ; 
As from the god she flew with furious pace. 
Or as the god more furious urged the chase ; 
Now fainting, sinking, pale, the nymph appears. 
Now close behind his sounding steps she hears; 
And now his shadow reached her as she run, 
His shadow lengthened by the setting sun : 
And now his shorter breath, with sultry air, 
Pants on her neck, and fans her parting hair. 
Windsor Forest. 

91. Viribus absumtis : her strength be- 
ing spent. Sudden fear overcame her, 
when, feeling the breath of the god upon 
her neck, she gave way to despair. 



Fabula XII. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



Victa labore fugae, spectans Penei'das undas, 

Fer, pater, inquit, opem ; si flumina numen habetis. 

Vix prece fmita, torpor gravis alligat artus : 

Mollia cinguntur tenui prascordia Hbro : 95 

In frondem crines, in ramos brachia crescunt : 

Pes modo tarn velox pigris radicibus haeret : 

Ora cacumen obit : remanet nitor unus in ilia. 

Hanc quoque Phoebus amat : positaque in stipite dextra, 

Sentit adhuc trepidare novo sub cortice pectus, 100 

Complexusque suis ramos, ut membra, lacertis, 

Oscula dat ligno : refugit tamen oscula lignum. 

Cui Deus, At conjux quoniam mea non potes esse, 

Arbor eris certe, dixit, mea : semper habebunt 

Te coma, te citharae, te nostrae, Laure, pharetra. 105 

Tu ducibus Latiis aderis, cum laeta triumphum 

Vox canet, et longae visent Capitolia pompse. 



101 

gae. spectans Penei'- 
das undas, inquit, Fer 
opem. 

94. Prece vix Anita, 
gTavis torpor aligat 
artus : mollia praecor- 
dia cinguntur tenui 
libro: crines crescunt 
in frondem, brachia in 
rainos : pes modfc tam 
velox haeret pigris 

99. Phoebus amat 
hanc quoque ; posi- 
taque dextra in sti- 
pite, sentit pectus ad- 
huc trepidare sub no- 
vo cortice. Complex- 
usque ramos, 

103. Cui Deus dixit, 
At, Laure, quoniam 
non potes esse mea 
conjux certe eris mea 
arbor. Coma semper 
habebit te, citharae ha- 
bebunt te, nostrae pha- 
retrae habebunt te. 



NOT.E. 



92. Victa labore : overcome by the fa- 
tigue of her rapid flight. 

92. Spectans Peneidas : when she saw 
the waters of the Peneus. 

93. Si flumina : if, O rivers, you have 
divine power. 

94. Torpor alligat : a heavy torpor binds 
her limbs. The transformation to a tree 
has already commenced. The metaphor 
is very appropriate. 

95. Mollia prcBCordia : her soft breast. 
Prmcordia being used for breast, by me- 
tonymy. 

95. Tenui libro: with a thin bark. 

96. In frondem crines: her hair grows to 
leaves. The leaves of trees are often 
spoken of as the tresses of the forest. 

Soft gleaming through the umbrage of the woods 
Which tuft her summit, and, like raven tresses, 
Wave their dark beauty round the tower of 

David. — Hillhouse. 

While the winds 
Blow moist and keen, shattering the graceful 

locks 
Of those fair trees.— Milton. 

97. Pigris radicibus: the dull roots. 

98. Remanet nitor: her beauty alone re- 
mains in it. 

99. Hanc: this ; the tree. 

100. Trepidare pectus : feels the breast 
still tremble ; still beat. 

I sing the love which Daphne twines 
Around the godhead's yielding mind; 
I sing the blushing Daphne's night 
From this ethereal youth of light; 
And how the tender, timid maid 
Flew panting to the kindly shade, 
Resigned a form, too tempting fair, 
And grew a verdant laurel there; 
Whose leaves, in sympathetic thrill, 
In terror seemed to tremble still. 

Anacreon. 

102. Refugit oscula : refuses ; declines 
the kisses. This is susceptible of a physi- 



cal explanation, for the laurel flourishes 
most in shady places, removed from the 
direct rays of the sun. 

104. Arbor eris : you will be my tree. 
The laurel was sacred to Apollo, because 
it resembled the sun in dryness and native 
heat. As an evergreen, it resembled him, 
whose hair was ever youthful. It was sa- 
cred also for its many uses in medicine, and 
in divination. Placed under the pillow, it 
was said to cause true dreams, and when 
burnt, was efficacious in augury and incan- 
tation. Though altered, his love remained 
the same. 

Believe me, if all those endearing young charms 

Which I gaze on so fondly to-day, 
Were to change by to-morrow, and fleet in my 
arms, 

Like fairy gifts fading away ; 
Thou wouldst still be adored, as this moment 
thou art. 

Let thy loveliness fade as it will ; 
And around the dear ruin, each wish of my heart 

Would entwine itself verdantly still.— Moore. 

104. Habebunt. The heads of poets, 
musicians, and victorious generals, were 
encircled with laurel. 

106. Ducibus Latiis: the Latian — Latin 
generals. In the triumphal procession, the 
general was dressed in purple, embroidered 
with gold, with a crown of laurel upon his 
head, and a branch of laurel in his right hand. 

106. Aderis: will be present; will be a 
part of the pomp. In the triumphal pro- 
cessions, the lances of the soldiers, the 
letters announcing the victory, and the 
victorious generals, were all wreathed with 
laurel. 

107. Triumphum canet. As the soldiers 
passed along to the Capitol, it was cus- 
tomary for them to sing Io triumphe ! 

107. Longce pompa; : the lengthened 
pomps ; the long processions. The pro- 
cessions started from the Campus Martius, 
i2 



102 



P. OVID1I NASONIS 



Liber I. 



Postibus Augustis eadem fidissima custos 
Ante fores stabis, mediamque tuebere quercum. 
Utque meum intonsis caput est juvenile capillis ; 
Tu quoque perpetuos semper gere frondis honores. 
Finierat Paean. Factis modo laurea ramis 
Annuit ; utque caput, visa est agitasse cacumen. 



110 



108. Eadem fidissi- 
ma custos Augustis 
postibus, stabis ante 
fores, que tuebere 
quercum mediam. 
Utque meum caput 
est juvenile intonsis 
capillis; tu quoque 
semper gere 



NOT.E. 



and passed through the most public parts 
of the city to the Capitol ; the streets be- 
ing strewed with flowers, and the altars 
smoking with incense. First went the 
musicians, with the oxen for sacrifice, with 
gilded horns, and heads adorned with gar- 
lands ; then the spoils of the enemy, and 
the images of the captured cities ; after 
which were the captives, followed by lie- 
tors. Then followed the triumphant ge- 
neral and his friends, after whom were the 
consuls and senators ; and lastly came the 
victorious army, crowned with laurel, and 
singing the song of triumph. 

107. Capitolia. It was customary for 
those triumphing to ascend into the Capi- 
tol, and the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, 
and depositing the spoils of the enemy, 
there to pay their vows. 

108. Postibus Augustis : at the Augustan 
gates ; the gates of Augustus. 

108. Fidissima custos •• a most faithful 
guardian. The laurel was said to repel 
lightning. Physically considered, the laurel 
would protect the oak, which was a tree 
susceptible of lightning, and probably 
planted before the door of Augustus as a 
symbol of his having saved his country. 
An oaken crown was given to those who 
had saved the citizens. 

109. Ante fores stabis : . shall stand be- 
fore the doors. Suetonius relates, that, as 
Livia, after her marriage with Augustus, 
was travelling from Rome, an eagle let fall 
a white hen and a sprig of laurel in her 
lap, and that from the laurel, which she 
planted, grew a goodly row of trees, from 
which the Caesars made their garlands 
when they rode in triumph. These they 
planted after the solemnity, and they al- 
ways grew. At the death of any emperor, 
the tree he had planted died, and on the 



death of Nero, the last of the Cassars, all 
withered. 

109. Tuebere quercum. Dion states that 
a crown of oak was suspended under a 
crown of laurel, before the door of Augus- 
tus ; and ancient coins of the time of Au- 
gustus, represent the civic crown of oak, 
with the inscription "ob cives servatos," 
and the whole surrounded by two laurel 
boughs : but the word stabis, shalt stand, 
will apply rather to a tree which is grow- 
ing than to a laurel crown suspended, and 
as we have the authority of Suetonius, th%t 
a laurel tree grew before the gate of Au- 
gustus, it is better to suppose that the oak 
and laurel were both planted there ; and 
that both were symbolical — the former to 
express the saving of the citizens ; the lat- 
ter the subjugation of foreign enemies. 

110. Juvenile capillis. Apollo is repre- 
sented as always youthful, and adorned 
with long hair, because the vigor of the 
sun's rays never fails. 

111. Frondis honores: the perpetual ho- 
nors of leaves. The leaves of the laurel 
are always green. Female chastity and 
purity are unfading honors. 

112. Fcean. Apollo is called Paean, from 
iraiwv, striking, with reference to his killing 
Python either with arrows or with rays. 
There was a hymn or song called Paean 
which was sung in honor of Apollo at the 
solemn festivals. It was always of a joy- 
ous nature ; and the tune and sounds ex- 
pressed hope and confidence. It became 
eventually a song of propitiation, as well 
as of thanksgiving ; and was sung at going 
into battle, and after a victory. 

112. Factis modo: just made. 

113. Annuit: bowed, nodded, 

113. Agitasse: by syncope for agitavisse. 



QU^ESTIONES. 



What were the feelings of Apollo after 
killing the Python ? 

How did he discover them ? 
How did Cupid revenge himself? 
Who was the first love of Apollo ? 
Who was Daphne ? 



What did she desire of her father ? 
What different kind of arrows had Cupid? 
With what kind did he shoot Apollo ? 
With what kind did he shoot Daphne ? 
What is the interpretation of the golden 
arrows ? . 



Fabula XII. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



103 



What of the arrows pointed with lead ? 

How does Claudian account for the dif- 
ferent effects of Cupid's darts? 

Why has Cupid a torch ? 

Into what was Daphne changed ? 

By whom was she changed? 

What is the meaning of Daphne ? 

How do you understand her being a 
daughter of the river Peneus ? 

What were the coincidences between 
the laurel and the sun ? 



How may Daphne or the laurel be said 
to avoid Apollo or the sun ? 

Why is the sun the god of prophecy ? 

Why the god of music ? 

Why the god of medicine ? 

Why is the sun said to have a head al- 
ways juvenile ? 

How was the laurel said to protect the 
oak before the palace of Augustus ? 

What was the nymn called Paean ? 



FABULA XIII. 

10 MUTATA IN VACCAM, ARGO TRADITUR. 

Jupiter in love with Io, the daughter of Inachus, and surprised by Juno, 
changes her into a heifer to escape the jealousy of the goddess. The 
heifer is presented to Juno at her earnest solicitation, and delivered to the 
care of Argus, who has a hundred eyes. 

EXPLICATIO. 

The story of Io, as given by Ovid, presents so tangled a warp of diverse 
histories, traditions, and allegories, that it is almost impossible to weave 
from it a web of consistent narrative or explanation. Herodotus reports, 
that Io was carried off from Argos by Phenician merchants, who carried 
her to Egypt ; and Diodorus Siculus says, that on account of her beauty 
Osiris, the king of Egypt, fell in love with her and married her. They 
taught mankind agriculture, and for this benefaction were worshipped as 
gods by the Egyptians, her name being changed to Isis. Diodorus says, 
that Osiris was also called Jupiter. This professed historical account 
agrees in part with Ovid, but does not explain Io's metamorphosis, her 
wanderings, the death of Argus, and other circumstances of the story. 
The fabulous manner in which the Apis is produced, as given in the 
note on Epaphus, page 121, will account for the myth of Jupiter (the 
lightning) falling in love with a cow. If by Io we understand the moon, 
whose horned appearance would admit of her being designated by the 
hieroglyphic of a cow, as shown in note on page 111, the love of Osiris or 
Jupiter as the sun, who supplies the moon with light, may be, thus ac- 
counted for. Or, if by Io, or Isis, we understand the earth, then the love 
entertained for her by Jupiter, Osiris, or the Sun, may be readily explained, 
for each of these has been considered the fecundating principle of nature. 

By the worship of the bull in Egypt, some understand agriculture, and 
by the worship of the cow, the soil of Egypt ; others suppose, that on 
account of the utility of agriculture, and for its promotion, the cow was 
made a sacred animal, to prevent its being eaten. But Diodorus states, 
that the Giants lived in the days of Isis ; and Sophocles introduces Io 
(Isis) in her wanderings as coming to Prometheus, who was bound for 
stealing fire from heaven, thus carrying us back to the Fall, and the age 
subsequent. It is better, then, to consider Isis under the form of a cow, 
not so much a type of agriculture, as a corrupt tradition of the worship 
first instituted at Eden, when man was forced to live by agriculture, and 
the cow as a partial imitation of the cherubim which was set up, contain- 
ing, as described by Ezekiel, the face of a man, of an eagle, a lion, and 
an ox, with the feet of a calf. The Hebrew word cherubim, Exodus 
xxv. 18, is rendered ox in Ezekiel i. 10. The wanderings of Io indicate 
the spread of agriculture ; her resting in Egypt, the settling of men for 
the purpose of tillage in that fertile country. 

The part of the story relating to Argus can only be explained astrono- 
mically, by regarding the upper hemisphere, or that above the horizon, 
as Isis (Io), Argus as heaven, the stars his eyes, and the sun and moon 
as the two that watch her, the rest being beneath the earth ; and Mercury 
as the horizon, during an eclipse of the sun, killing Argus, and putting 
out the light of all his eyes. 
104 




ST nemus HaemonisB, prserupta quod undique claudit 
Silva: vocant Tempe. Per quae Peneus ab imo 
Effusus Pindo spumosis volvitur undis, 
Dejectuque gravi tenues agitantia fumos 
Nubila conducit, summasque aspergine silvas 5 
Impluit, et sonitu plus quam vicina fatigat. 



1. Hcemonia. An ancient name of Thessaly, so called 
from Haemon, a native of Thebae. 

2. Tempe. A large and beautiful plain in Thessaly, 
lying between Olympus on the north, and Ossa on the 
south, and watered by the river Peneus. Tempe is in the 
plural number, and is indeclinable. It is used by Ovid, 
Theocritus, and other poets, to signify any very beautiful 
landscapes. 

3. Pindo. A chain of mountains in Greece, which sepa- 
rates Thessaly from Epirus. 

3. Volvitur: is rolled ; rolls itself; rolls along. It has 
the force of a middle verb in Greek. 

4. Dejectuque gravi: by its heavy fall. The river falls 
over a precipice. 

4. Tenues fumos: light vapors; light mists; minute par- 
ticles of water that appear like smoke. 

Then whitening by degrees, as prone it falls, 

And from the loud-resounding rocks below 

Dashed in a cloud of foam, it sends aloft 

A hoary mist, and forms a ceaseless shower. — Thomson'. 






14 



5. Aspergine: with its spray. 

6. Plus quam vicina: more than the vicinity, 
noise of the waterfall is heard at a great distance. 

Smooth to the shelving brink a copious flood 

Rolls fair and placid ; where, collected all 

In one impetuous torrent, down the steep 

It thundering shoots, and shakes the country round. 

Thomson. 
105 



The 



106 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber I. 



10 



15 



Haec domus, hae sedes, haec sunt penetralia magni 
Amnis : in hoc residens facto de cautibus antro, 
Undis jura dabat, Nymphisque colentibus undas. 
Conveniunt illuc popularia flumma primum, 
Nescia gratentur, consolenturne parentem, 
Populifer Spercheos, et irrequietus Enipeus, 
Apidanusque senex, lenisque Amphrysos, et Aous. 
Moxque amnes alii : qui, qua tulit impetus illos, 
In mare deducunt fessas erroribus undas. 

Inachus unus abest, imoque reconditus antro 
Fletibus auget aquas, natamque miserrimus Io 
Luget, ut amissam.. Nescit vitane fruatur, 
An sit apud manes. Sed, quam non invenit usquam, 
Esse putat nusquam ; atque animo pejora veretur. 20 

Viderat a patrio redeuntem Jupiter Io 
Flumine : et, O virgo Jove digna, tuoque beatum 
Nescio quern factura toro, pete, dixerat, umbras 
Altorum nemorum (et nemorum monstraverat umbras) 



7. Haec domus, hae 
sedes, haec sunt pene- 
tralia magni amnis : 
residens in h&c antro 
facto de cautibus, da- 
bat jura undis, Nym- 
phisque colentibus un- 
das. Popularia flum- 
ina coveniunt illuc 
primum, 

14. Moxque alii am- 
nes : qui deducunt un- 
das fessas erroribus 
in mare, qua impetus 
tulit illos. Inachus 
unus abest, que recon- 
ditus imo antro auget 
aquas fletibus, que 
miserrimus luget 

19. Sed illam quam 
non invenit usquam, 
putat esse nusquam; 
atque veretur pejora 
animo. Jupiter vide- 
rat 16 redeuntem a, 
patrio flumine : et dix- 
erat, O virgo digna 
Jove, que factura nes- 
cio quern beatum tuo 



NOTiE. 



7. Penetralia: the inmost recesses. 
7. Domus : the habitation. The foun- 
tain of the river was thus called. 

9. Nymphis: to the nymphs ; the Naiads 
who inhabit the streams. 

10. Conveniunt illuc: assemble thither. 
The poet here employs a beautiful circum- 
stance in the geography of Greece for a 
highly poetic fiction. At the foot of Zygo, 
an elevation of Mount Pindus, the largest 
rivers of Greece take their rise, and di- 
verge thence to all the shores by which 
the country is bounded. Hence the rivers 
are said to have met for the purpose of 
consoling or congratulating Peneus. 

Ah me! what draws thee hither? art thou come 
Spectator of my toils ? How hast thou ventured 
To leave the ocean waves, from thee so called, 
Thy rock-roofed grottoes archedbyNature'shand? 
Comest thou to visit and bewail my ills? 

^Eschylus. 

11. Nescia gratentur : nOt knowing whe- 
ther to congratulate or console her parent. 
Though his daughter was lost to him, it 
was an honor and a happiness for her to 
be loved by a god. 

12. Spercheos. A rapid river of Thessaly 
which empties into the Maliac gulf. Its 
banks were covered with poplars. 

12. E?iipeus. A river of Thessaly which 
rises near Mount Othrys, and joins the 
Apidanus before it empties into the Peneus. 

13. Apidanus. A river of Thessaly 
which empties into the Peneus ; it has the 
epithet of old, probably from the slowness 
of its flowing. 

13. Amphrysos. A river of Thessaly 
which runs by Mount Othrys, through the 
Crocian plain, and empties into the Pelas- 

fic gulf. Apollo, when banished from 
eaven for killing the Cyclops, fed the 
flocks of Admetus upon its banks. 



13. Aous. A river of Epirus which 
rises from the earth, and flows eastwardly 
into the Ionian sea. It has its name most 
probably from its course ; tiouj being the 
Doric form of 2w?, the east. 

15. Fessas erroribus: wearied by their 
wanderings. 

16. Inachus. A river of Argolis in the 
Peloponnesus, which falls into the Argolic 
gulf. 

17. Fletibus auget: augments the waters 
by his tears. 

In a few months we find the beautiful and 
tender partner of his bosom, whom he lately 
"permitted not the winds of summer to visit too 
roughly," we find her shivering at midnight, on 
the winter banks of the Ohio, and mingling her 
tears with the torrents that froze as they fell. 

We Wirt. 

17. Io. This is a Greek noun of the 

third declension in the accusative case. 

By Io some understand the moon, and the 

fable as relating to her motions. 

Io, in the language of the Argives is the moon. 

Eustathius. 

The phonetic name Aah. or loh, signifying the 

moon, is often found on the monuments of Egypt. 

Wilkinson. 

19. Apud manes : with the ghosts ; is 
dead. The manes were also considered as 
infernal deities, and were supposed to pre- 
side over burial places, and the monuments 
of the dead. 

20. Pejora veretur : fears the worst in 
his mind. 

Oed. Dubia pro veris solent timere reges. 
Cr. Qui pavet vanos metus veros fatetur. 

Seneca. 

21. Patrio flumine: from her paternal 
river; from the Inachus. The river al- 
ways bore the name of the god that pre- 
sided over it. 



Fabula XIII. 



METAMORPHOSE ON. 



107 



Dum calet, et medio Sol est altissimus orbe. 
Quod si sola times latebras intrare ferarum, 
Preside tuta Deo, nemorum secreta subibis : 
Nee de plebe Deo, sed qui ccelestia magna 
Sceptra manu teneo, sed qui vaga fulmina mitto. 
Ne fuge me. Fugiebat enim. Jam pascua Lernse, 
Consitaque arboribus Lyrcaea reliquerat arva : 
Cum Deus inducta latas caligine terras 
Occuluit, tenuitque fugam, rapuitque pudorem. 

Interea medios Juno despexit in agros : 
Et noctis faciem nebulas fecisse volucres 
Sub nitido mirata die, non fluminis illas 
Esse, nee humenti sentit tellure remitti : 
Atque suus conjux, ubi sit, circumspicit : ut quae 
Deprensi toties jam nosset furta mariti. 
Quern postquam caelo non repperit : Aut ego fallor 
Aut ego laedor, ait. Delapsaque ab aethere summo 
Constitit in terris ; nebulasque recedere jussit. 
Conjugis adventum praesenserat, inque nitentem 
Inachidos vultus mutaverat ille juvencam. 



25 - oro ' P ete umbras al- 
torum nemorum 

26. Quod si times 
sola intrare latebras 
ferarum, subibis se- 
creta nemorum tuta 
Deo, praeside: nee de 
plebe Deo. sed qui 

30 teneo ccelestia sceptra 
magna manu, sed qui 
mitto fulmina. 



35 



40 



34. Interea Juno 
despexit in medios 
agros ; et mirata vo- 
lucres nebulas fecisse 
faciem noctis sub ni- 
tido die, sentit illas 
non esse fluminis, nee 
remitti humenti tel- 
lure: atque circum- 
spicit, ubi suus conjux 
sit. 

41. Delapsaque ab 
summo aethere ilia 
constitit in terris ; 
jussitque nebulas re- 
cedere. Ille praesen- 
serat adventum con- 
jugis mutaveratque 



NOT^E. 



27. PrcBside Deo: a god your protector. 
Supply existente here. 

28. Sed qui. The god expresses briefly, 
but forcibly, the majesty of Jupiter's cha- 
racter. 

Jove, in counsel wise ; 
Father of gods and men ; whose thunder-peal 
Rocks the wide earth in elemental war. 

Elton's Hesiod. 

29. Vaga fulmina: the wandering, ex- 
cursive thunderbolts. This is not to be 
referred to inability in Jupiter to strike any 
desired object, for with him the bolt is un- 
erring, and falls wherever he listeth, but to 
the zigzag course which the lightning takes 
in its passage through the air. 

30. LerruB. A grove and lake of Argo- 
lis in Greece where the Hydra lived that 
was slain by Hercules. 

31. Lyrcaa arva: the Lyrcaen fields; 
the fields around Lyrceus, which was a 
mountain in Argolis in which the river 
Inachus took its rise. 

31. Reliquerat. Io, fleeing from Jupiter, 
had passed by. 

33. Tenuitque fugam: repressed her 
flight. 

35. Noctis faciem: the appearance of 
night ; darkness. 

35. Nebulas volucres : the floating clouds. 

36. Sub nitido die: in the bright day ; 
during bright daylight. 

36. Nee fluminis. Clouds are caused by 
exhalations from rivers, or by vapors as- 
cending from the earth. 

39. Qua nosset : who knew ; was ac- 
quainted with. Nosset is by syncope for 
novisset. 

39. Furta: the adulteries. 



40. Ego fallor: I am deceived ; I err in 
my conjectures. 

41. Ego Icedor: I am injured. Her hus- 
band was guilty of violating his faith to 
her. 

41. Delapsaque: gliding down; descend- 
ing. 

43. Nitentem juvencam: a beautiful hei- 
fer. Several reasons are assigned for the 
worship of the goddess Isis (Io) in Egypt 
under the form of a cow; some would un- 
derstand by it agriculture, of which the 
cow was a type, and which in time came 
to be worshipped ; while others think the 
animal was made sacred so that it could 
not be eaten; and thus agriculture would 
be promoted by the rearing of cattle for 
the plough. 

The utility of cattle, and the smallness of their 
herds, led the Egyptians to prohibit the slaughter 
of cows; therefore, though they killed oxen for 
the altar and table; they abstained from the fe- 
males with a view to their preservation; and 
the law deemed it a sacrilege to eat their meat. 
Porphyry. 

The Egyptians offer clean bulls and calves, 
but they are not allowed to immolate heifers, 
because they are sacred to Isis, who is repre- 
sented in her statues under the form of a wo- 
man with horns, as the Greeks figure Io. 

Herodotus. 

44. Inacliidos. Of Io, the daughter of 
Inachus. 

Straight was my sense disordered, my fair form 
Changed, as you see. disfigured with these horns; 
And lortured with the bryze r s horrid sting:, 
Wild with my pain, with frantic speed I hurried 
To Cenchrea's vale with silver-winding streams 
Irriguous, and the fount whence Lerna spreads 
Its wide expanse of waters. 

-Esciiylus's Prometheus Chajnkd 



108 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber I. 



Bos quoque formosa est. Specimen Saturnia vaccae 45 
Q,uanquam invita, probat : nee non et cujus, et unde 
Q,uove sit armento, veri quasi nescia, quserit. 
Jupiter e terra genitam mentitur, ut auctor 
Desinat inquiri. Petit hanc Saturnia munus. 
Q,uid faciat ? crudele, suos addicere amores : 50 

Non dare, suspectum. Pudor est, qui suadeat lllinc ; 
Hinc dissuadet amor. Victus pudor esset amore : 
Sed leve si munus socise generisque torique 
Vacca negaretur, poterat non vacca videri. 

Pellice donata, non protinus exuit omnem 
Diva metum ; timuitque Jovem, et fuit anxia furti ; 
Donee AristoridsB servandum tradidit Argo. 
Centum luminibus cinctum caput Argus habebat. 
Inde suis vicibus capiebant bina quietem ; 
Caetera servabant, atque in statione manebant. 
Constiterat quocunque modo, spectabat ad Io : 
Ante oculos Io, quamvis aversus, habebat. 
Luce sinit pasci : cum Sol tellure sub alta est, 



55 



60 



vultus Inachidos in 
nitentera juvencam. 
Bos quoque est for- 
mosa. 

48. Jupiter mentitur 
Warn genitam esse e 
terra, ut auctor desi- 
nat inquiri. Saturnia 
petit hanc munus. 

51. Pudor est. qui 
suadeat illinc; amor 
dissuadet hinc. Pudor 
esset victus amore : 
sed si vacca, leve mu- 
nus, negaretur sociee 
generisque torique, 

55. Diva, donata. 
pellice, non protinus 
exuit omnem metum ; 
timuitque Jovem, et 
fuit anxia furti; do- 
nee tradidit Aristo- 
ridse Argo servan- 
dam. Argus habebat 
caput cinctum centum 
luminibus. Inde bina 
capiebant quietem su- 
is vicibus; caetera 
servabant, 

63. Sinit pasci luce : 



NOTiE. 



45. Saturnia. Juno, the daughter of 
Saturn. 

45. Specimen: the appearance ; the form. 

46. Quanquam invita: though unwilling. 
Juno hated her because of her adultery, 
yet affected to be pleased with her appear- 
ance, that she might get her into her power. 

46. Cujus: whose she was? 

46. Unde: from what place she came ? 

47. Quasi nescia. As if she did not 
know her real character. 

48. Genitam: that she was sprung. 
48. Auctor: the owner ; the creator. 
50. Addicere: to deliver up. 

50. Suos amores: his love ; his mistress. 
The abstract amor is put for the concrete 
amata, viz. Io. 

51. Illinc: from that ; from refusing to 
give Io to Juno. 

52. Hinc: from this ; from giving her up 
to Juno. 

53. Socice: to the participant of his race 
and couch. 

54. Non poterat. She could not appear 
to be a heifer, if Jupiter would refuse to 
give her to his wife. 

55. Pellice donata: when the harlot was 
given to her. 

56. Timuitque Jovem: she was afraid of 
Jupiter. She was under apprehension that 
Jupiter would take some means to get the 
heifer out of her possession. 

56. A?ixia furti : was solicitous about 
the adultery. She was fearful that Jupiter 
might change her again into the human form, 
and again violate his marital obligations. 

57. Aristorida?: the son of Aristor. 

58. Argo. The son of Aristor who 
married Ismene, the daughter of Asopus. 
He had an hundred eyes, only two of which 



slept in succession. Some m} 
state that one-half of his eyes slept at the 
same time. By Argus is meant heaven, 
and his eyes are the stars. The two that 
were fabled to watch Io, or the upper hemi- 
sphere, were the sun and moon. By Mer- 
cury killing Argus, Macrobius and Ponta- 
nus understand Apollo ; but I have shown 
that the horizon is meant by Mercury. 

Macrobius considers Argeiphontes to be the 
sun, at whose rising the hundred eyes of Argus 
are put out. — Wilkinson. 
Argus is heaven : ethereal fires his eyes, 
That wake by turns ; and stars that set and rise. 
These sparkle on the brow of shady night; 
But when Apollo rears his glorious light, 
They, vanquished by so great a splendor, die. 
Pontants. 
Close behind, 
In wrathful mood, walked Argus, earthborn 

herdsman, 
With all his eyes observant of my steps. 

iEsCHYLUS. 

59. Inde: thence ; of them. 

59. Suis vicibus: in their turns. 

59. Bina: two at a time. 

60. Servabant: watched. 

60. In statione: in station; upon guard 
like soldiers. Hence Cicero : 

Oculi tanquam speculatores in arce collocati. 

De Natura Deorum. 

61. Quocunque modo: in whatever way 
he stood. 

62. Quamvis aversus : though turned 
away from her ; though she was behind his 
back ; for his head was encircled with eyes. 

63. Luce: during the light ; by day. 
63. Cum sol tellure: when the sun is be- 
neath the deep earth. 

Where the searching eye of heaven is hid 
Behind the globe, and lights the lower world. 
Siiakspeare, 



Fabula XIII. 



METAMORPHOSE ON. 



65 



70 



Claudit, et indigno circumdat vincula collo. 
Frondibus arbuteis, et amara pascitur herba: 
Prcque toro, terrae non semper gram en habenti 
Incubat infelix : limosaque flumina potat. 
Ilia etiam supplex, Argo cum brachia vellet 
Tendere ; non habuit quae brachia tenderet Argo : 
Conatoque queri, mugitus edidit ore : 
Pertimuitque sonos : propriaque exterrita voce est, 

Venit et ad ripas, ubi ludere saepe solebat, 
Inachidas ripas, novaque ut conspexit in unda 
Cornua, pertimuit, seque externata refugit. 
Nai'des ignorant, ignorat et Inachus ipse 
duse sit. At ilia patrem sequitur, sequiturque sorores ; 
Et patitur tangi, seque admirantibus offert. 
Decerptas senior porrexerat Inachus herbas ; 
Ilia manus lambit, patriisque dat oscula palmis ; 
Nee retinet lacrymas ; et, si modo verba sequantur, 80 
Oret opem, nomenque suum, casusque loquatur. 
Littera pro verbis, quam pes in pulvere ducit, 
Corporis indicium mutati triste peregit. 
Me miserum ! exclamat pater Inachus ; inque gementis 
Cornibus, et niveae pendens cervice juvencae, 85 

Me miserum! ingeminat : tune es quaesita per omnes, 



75 7, 



109 

cum Sol est sub alld 
tellure, claudit, et cir- 
cumdat vincula indig- 
no collo. Pascitur ar- 
buteis frondibus et 
amara herba : que 
infelix incubat terrae 

68. Ilia etiam sup- 
plex, cum vellet ten- 
dere brachia Argo : 
non habuit brachia 
quae tenderet Argo : 
quae edidit mugitus 
ore, conato queri: 
pertimuitque sonos : 
que exterrita est pro- 
pria voce. Et venit 
ad ripas, ubi saepe 

5. Na'ides igno- 
rant, et Inachus ipse 
ignorat quae sit. At 
ilJa sequitur patrem. 
sequiturque sorores : 
et patitur tangi, que 
offense admirantibus. 
Senior Inachus 

80. Nee retinet la- 
crymas; et si modo 
verba sequantur, oret 
opem, que loquatur 
suum nomen, casus- 
que. Littera pro ver- 
bis, quam pes ducit 
in pulvere, peregit 
triste indicium mutati 

86. Tune es nata, 
quaesita mihi per om- 



NOTjE. 



64. Claudit: he shuts her up, viz. in a 
stable. 

64. Indigno collo: her neck unworthy — 
undeserving— of chains. So line 56, Lib. I. 
Fab. XII. 

66. Pro toro. Instead of the soft and 
downy couch which she was wont to press, 
she is forced to lie upon the ground, which 
was often without a covering of grass, hard 
and stony. 

69. Non habuit. Supply brachia. Had 
not arms, which arms she could extend to 
Argus. 

70. Mugitus edidit. When she attempt- 
ed to complain, instead of being able to 
speak, she could only low after the manner 
of a heifer. 

71. Propria voce. Was affrighted at the 
sounds which her own voice uttered. 

72. Ubi ludere. Where she was often 
accustomed to play. This is a pathetic 
circumstance that appeals to the heart with 
all the freshness and feeling of early recol- 
lections. 

73. Ut conspexit. When she saw her 
horns in the water she was frightened. 
Actaeon, in like manner, when changed 
into a stag, is horrified at the sight of his 
horns. 

Ut verb solitis sua cornua vidit in undis, 
Me miserum! dicturus erat. 

Metamorph. Lib. iii. 

75. Na'ides. The goddesses of fountains 
and rivers ; here they were the attendants 
and daughters of Inachus. 



75. Ignorat et Inachus. What a melan- 
choly change ! The sister Naiads, — hor 
very father, — does not know her. 

He hath put my brethren far from me, and 
mine acquaintance are verily estranged from 
me. My kinsfolk have failed, and my familiar 
friends have forgotten me. — Job xix. 

80. Nee retinet lacrymas: nor restrains 
her tears. 

80. Si modo. If she only had the pov/er 
of speech. 

82. Littera. Retaining the use of her 
reason, although her body had suffered 
transformation, Io wrote her name in the 
sand, and the history of her misfortunes. 
The impression of the cow's foot is that of 
an I inside of the letter O ; but this mere 
impression, of itself, could have detailed 
nothing to her father, unless it is fabled, 
that only since the days of IO, the feet of 
cows have had the peculiar impression to 
which we have referred. 

82. Pes ducit : her foot- traces in the 
dust. 

83. Indicium peregit : gave the discovery. 

85. Pendens cervice : hanging upon the 
neck. This recumbent attitude is the true 
one of overwhelming sorrow. 

86. Ingeminat: he repeats again. The 
repetition of short, broken sentences is the 
very language of true grief. Thus David 
over Absalom: 

O, my son Absalom, my son, my son Absa- 
lom ! would God I had died for thee, O Absa- 
lom, my son, my son !— 2 Samuel xviii. 

K 



110 



P. OVIDII NASON1S 



Liber I. 



Nata, mihi terras ? Tu, non inventa, reperta 
Luctus eras levior. Retices ; nee mutua nostris 
Dicta refers. Alto tantum suspiria prodis 
Pectore: quodque unum potes, ad mea verba remugis. 90 
At tibi ego ignarus thalamos taedasque parabam : 
Spesque fait generi mihi prima, secunda nepotum. 
De grege nunc tibi vir, nunc de grege natus habendus. 
Nee finire licet tantos mihi morte dolores : 
Sed nocet esse Deum : praeclusaque janua lethi 
iEternum nostros luctus extendit in sevum. 
Talia moerenti stellatus submovet Argus, 
Ereptamque patri diversa in pascua natam 
Abstrahit. Ipse procul montis sublime cacumen 
Occupat, unde sedens partes speculetur in omnes. 

Nee superum rector mala tanta Phoronidos ultra 
Ferre potest : natumque vocat ; quern lucida partu 
Ple'ias enixa est : lethoque det, imperat, Argum. 



95 



100 



nes terras? Tu eras 
levior luctus non in- 
venta reperta. Re- 
tices ; nee refers dicta 
mutua nostris. Tan- 
tum prodis suspiria 
alto pectore : 

91. At ego ignarus 
parabam tibi thala- 
mos taedasque: spes- 
que generi fuit prima 
mihi, nepotum secun- 
da. Nunc vir est ha- 
bendus tibi de grege, 
nunc natus de grege. 
Nee licet mihi finire 
tantos dolores morte : 

97. Stellatus Argus 
submovet natam patri 
moerenti talia, abstra- 
hitque Mam in diver- 
sa pascua. 

101. Nee rector su- 
periim potest ferre ul- 
tra tanta mala Phoro- 
nidos; vocatque na- 
tum, quem lucida Pie- 



NOT.E. 



88. Luctus eras levior: you were a lighter 
sorrow. It was a less unhappiness for Ina- 
chus to consider her lost or dead than to 
find her changed into a beast. 

90. Remugis. Unable to address him, 
the only reply which she can make to his 
words, is to low after the manner of a 
heifer. 

91. Ego ignarus. There is something 
very pathetic in the relation, which the 
afflicted father gives, of the blasted pros- 
pects and ruined hopes which he had been 
cherishing for his child. 

91. Thalamos: marriage - chambers ; by 
metonymy for marriage. 

91. Tcedas. The bridal torches with 
which the husband led home his bride. 

94. Tantos dolores: so great sorrows. 
Bring me a father that so loved his child, 
Where joy of her is overwhelmed like mine, 
And bid him speak of patience; 
Measure his wo the length and breadth of mine, 
And let it answer every strain for strain. 

Shakspeare. 
Ah never, never 
Conceived I that a tale so strange should reach 
My ears ; that miseries, woes, distresses, terrors, 
Dreadful to sight, intolerable to sense, 
Should shock me thus: wo, wo, unhappy fate! 
How my soul shudders at the fate of Io ! 

iEsCHYLUS. 

94. Morte. The unhappy father laments 
that he cannot escape from his sufferings 
by dying. 

Oh ! that this too solid flesh would melt, 
Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew ! 
Or that the Everlasting had not fixed 
His canon 'gainst self-slaughter. 

Shakspeare. 

95. Nocet esse Deum: it is a curse to be 
a god. In full, the sentence is, nocet 
mihi me esse. 

95. Prceclusa janua lethi: the gate of 
death shut against me. Poets often speak, 
of the court and halls of death. 



So live that when thy summons comes to join 
The innumerable caravan that moves 
To that mysterious realm, where each shall take 
His station in the silent halls of Death. 

W. C. Bryaxt. 
Fly fearless through death's iron gate, 
Nor dread the dangers as she passed. 

Watts. 

96. JEternum in csvum : to an eternal 
age. 

Ill would st thou bear my miseries, by the Fates 
Exempt from death, the refuge of the afflicted; 
But my afflictions know no bounds, till Jove 
Falls from the imperial sovereignly of heaven. 

iEsCHYLUS. 

97. Stellatus Argus: the starry Argus — 
having eyes like stars. 

97. Submovet: removes him; repels Ina- 
chus from his daughter. 

99. Abstrahit: forces away. 

101. Superum rector : the ruler of the 
gods, viz., Jupiter. 

101. Phoronidos. Of Io, who was the 
grand-daughter of Phoroneus. 

102. Quem. Mercury, the son of Jupi- 
ter, by Maia, one of the Pleiades. 
Hermes, draw near, and to my prayer incline, 
Angel of Jove, and Maia's son divine. 

Orpheus. 
Mercury is the source of invention; and hence 
he is said to be the son of Maia; because search, 
which is implied by Maia, leads invention into 
light. He bestows too mathesis on souls, by un- 
folding the will of his father Jupiter : and this 
he accomplishes as the angel or messenger of 
Jupiter. — Proclus. 

103. Ple'ias. The Pleiades were seven 
of the daughters of Atlas by Pleione, one 
of the Oceanides. They were changed 
into the constellation commonly called the 
Seven Stars, in the neck of Taurus. 

103. Lethoque det : to put to death. This 
rs to be understood astronomically. To 
extinguish the light of Argus's eyes and 
put him to death, as related in the subse- 



Fabtjla XIII. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



Parva mora est, alas pedibus, virgamque potenti 
Somniferam sumsisse manu, tegimenque capillis. 
Hsec ubi disposuit, patria Jove natus ab arce 
Desilit in terras. Illic tegimenque removit, 
Et posuit pennas : tantummodo virga retenta est. 
Hac agit, ut pastor per devia rura capellas, 
Dum venit, abductas : et structis cantat avenis, 
Voce novae captus custos Junonius artis, 
Gluisquis es, hoc poteras mecum considere saxo, 



111 

las enixa est partu: 
in . imperatque det Ar- 
li)o gum leto. Mora est 
sumsisse alas pedi- 
bus, virgamque 

109. Hac, ut pastor, 
agit, dum venit, ca- 
pellas abductas per 
devia rura ; et cantat 
1 1 _ structis avenis. Ar- 
lJU gus Junonius custos, 
captus voce novae ar- 
tis, ait, Quisquis es, 
poteras considere hoc 
saxo mecum ; enim 



NOTiE. 



quent fable, means the extinguishment of 
the light during an eclipse of the sun. 
Mercury or Anubis being the horizon ac- 
cording to the Egyptian myth ; for these 
two are the same. Isis or Io is the upper 
or visible part of the earth. 

The Egyptians esteem the sun to be the De- 
miurgus, and hold the legends about Osiris and 
Isis (Io) and all their mythological fables to have 
reference to the stars, their appearance and oc- 
cultations, and the periods of their risings, or to 
the increase and decrease of the moon, to the 
cycles of the sun, to the diurnal and nocturnal 
hemispheres,, or to the river (Nile.) — Eusebius. 

Anubis is the interpreter of the gods of Hea- 
ven and of Hades . . . holding in his left hand a 
caduceus, and in his right shaking a poplar 
branch.— Apuleius Metahorph. 

Anubis -(Mercury) was supposed in one of his 
characters to represent the horizontal circle 
which divides the invisible part of the world, 
called by the Egyptians Nepthys from the visi- 
ble which they term Isis.— Plutarch de Iside et 
Osiri. 

104. Parva mora est: the delay is slight ; 
immediately. Obedience to the commands 
of God, should be prompt and cheerful. 

He spake. The God who mounts the winged 

winds 
Fast to his feet the golden pinions binds, 
That high through fields of air his flight sustain 
O'er the wide earth, and o'er the boundless main : 
He grasps the wand that causes sleep to fly, 
Or in soft slumbers seals the wakeful eye; 
Then shoots from heaven to high Pieria's steep, 
And stoops incumbent on the rolling deep. 

Homer's Odyssey. 

104. Alas. The talaria or winged shoes 
which he was accustomed to bind to his 
feet. The wings of Mercury may refer 
physically to the swiftness of the planet, 
which is the most rapid of the seven in its 
course ; or, allegorically, to his volubility 
of speech, as the god of eloquence. 

104. Virgam. The rod which Mercury 
was accustomed to carry in his hand, called 
also Caduceus. It was wreathed with two 
serpents, and had irresistible power. With 
it he could call the spirits of the dead from 
Orcus, seal the eyes of the living in sleep, 
and perform many other prodigies. By 
the virtue of this rod, we are to understand 
the power of eloquence in persuading or 
dissuading, which attracts and impels the 
minds of men. 

105. Tegimenque capillis. His winged 



cap, called also Petasus. By this we are 
to understand the disguised art of the ora- 
tor, by which he conceals the fallacy of his 
arguments. 

106. Disposuit: arranged there, viz. his 
talaria, rod, and cap. We have here a de- 
scription of the messenger of Jupiter ; we 
give one of a messenger of Jehovah by a 
Christian poet. 

At once on the eastern cliff of Paradise 
He lights, and to his proper shape returns, 
A seraph winged : six wings he bore to shade 
His lineaments divine; the pair that clad 
Each shoulder broad, came mantling o'er his 

breast 
With regal ornament ; the middle pair 
Girt like a starry zone his waist, and round 
Skirted his loins and thighs with downy gold, 
And colors dipt in heaven; the third his feet 
Shadowed from either heel with feather'd mail 
Sky-tinctured grain. Like Maia's son he stood, 
And shook his plumes, that heavenly fragrance 

filled 
The circuit wide. — Milton. 

106. Patrid ab arce. From heaven, 
where Jupiter his father reigns. 

107. Illic: there; when he reached the 
earth. 

108. Posuit pennas : laid aside his wings. 

109. Hac: with this ; his caduceus, used 
now as a shepherd's crook. 

110. Abductas: taken away; driven 
away, as he came along. He seizes upon 
some one's goats, as he passed through 
the country, and having put on the ap- 
pearance of a shepherd, drove them near 
the place where Argus was watching Io. 

110. Structis avenis: on the oat-straws ; 
reeds joined together. The pastoral pipe 
was formed of reeds, oaten-straws, or, like 
hollow cylinders of unequal length, joined 
together by wax. 

Fistula cui semper decrescit arundinis ordo, 
Nam calamus cera jungitur usque minor. 

Tibtjllus. 
Est mihi disparibus septem compacta cicutis 
Fistula. — Virgil. 

111. Voce: with the voice ; the sound. 
111. Novee artis: the new art ; the new 

invention — viz. the pipe — the abstract be 
ing put for the concrete. 

111. Custos Junonius. The keeper 
whom Juno had employed. 

112. Hoc saxo : upon this rock. Upon 
the rock on which Argus was sitting. 



112 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber I, 



Argus ait ; neque enim pecori faecundior ullo 
Herba loco est ; aptamque vides pastoribus umbram. 
Sedit Atlantiades, et euntem multa loquendo 115 

Detinuit sermone diem ; junctisque canendo 
Vincere arundinibus servantia lumina tentat. 
Me tamen pugnat molles evincere somnos : 
Et, quamvis sopor est oculorum parte receptus ; 
Parte tamen vigilat. - Gluserit quoque, namque reperta 
Fistula nuper erat, qua sit ratione reperta. 121 



neque est herba foe- 
cundior pecori ullo 
loco. 

115. Atlantiades se- 
dit, et detinuit euntem 
diem sermone loquen- 
do multa; tentatque 
vincere servantia lu- 
mina canendo junctis 
arundinibus. 

120. Quaerit quoque, 
qua ratione ilia reper- 
ta sit, namque fistula 
reperta erat nnper. 



NOTjE. 



113. Argus ait. In giving him an invi- 
tation to stop, and take a seat with him 
upon the rock on which he was sitting, 
Argus tells Mercury there is good accom- 
modation both for his goats and for him- 
self; the grass is abundant, and there is 
an agreeable shade for shepherds. 

114. Pastoribus umbram. Argus points 
to the shade which invites them to its cool 
retreat ; thus in Virgil : 

Sive sub incertas Zephyris motantibus umbras, 
Sive antro potius succedimus : aspice ut antrum 
Sylvestris raris sparsit labrusca racemis. 

Eclogtte v. 

115. Atlantiades. Mercury, the grand- 
son of Atlas. 

115. Euntem diem: the passing day. 

116. Detinuit: detained; arrested. Thus 
Adam, in the Paradise Lost, tells the angel 
that the sun will pause in his orb, to listen 
to his recital. 

And the great light of day yet wants to run 
.Much of his race, though steep, suspense in 
heaven 



Held by thy voice : thy potent voice he hears, 

And longer will delay to hear thee tell 

His generation, and the rising birth 

Of nature from the unapparent deep. — Book vii. 

117. Vincere: to overcome; to lull to 
sleep by the sweetness of the music. 

117. Arundinibus. The reed has been 
a very important instrument in the pro- 
gress of society. It was originally used in 
war for arrows, and thus contributed to 
fire and madden the angry passions of men. 
Made afterwards into flutes, it softened the 
affections, and promoted pastoral innocence 
and happiness. Lastly, it was employed in 
writing, and, formed into pens, was the 
means of enlightening the mind, and diffus- 
ing intelligence abroad. 

117. Servantia lumina: his wakeful 
eyes. 

118. Molles somnos: soft slumbers. 

The timely dew of sleep 
Now falling with soft slumbrous weight, inclines 
Our eyelids. — Milton. 



QU^STIONES. 



Where is Tempe ? 

Where did the rivers of Greece as- 
semble ? 

Of what geographical explanation is this 
capable ? 

For what did they assemble ? 

Which one of the rivers was absent, and 
why ? 

Who had fallen in love with Io ? 

When surprised by Juno, into what had 
he changed her ? 

To whose care did Juno assign her ? 

Who was Argus ? 

To whom d id Io come in her wanderings ? 

Did they know her ? 

How did she discover herself? 

How does Jupiter resolve to free her? 



Who was Mercury ? 

What form and appearance did he as- 
sume ? 

What does he endeavour to do with his 
pipe ? 

What story does he relate to Argus ? 

Is the sl,ory of Io a consistent fable, or 
made up of detached parts? 

What does Herodotus say of her histo- 
rically ? 

What does Diodorus Siculus say ? 

Were Osiris and Jupiter considered the 
same ? 

How can the love of Jupiter and the 
birth of Epaphus be explained ? 

If we consider Io the moon, how can 
we explain the love of Osiris or Jupiter? 



Fabula XIII. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



113 



If by Io we understand the earth, how 
may we explain the love of Jupiter or 
Osiris ? 

Why was the cow worshipped as a 
sacred animal, according to Eusebius and 
others ? 

As a hieroglyphic, what may the cow 
represent ? 

Do Diodorus Siculus and Sophocles 
speak of the wanderings of Io at a time 
that agrees with the Fall of man ? 

Of what, then, had we better consider 
the hieroglyphic and worship of the cow a 
tradition and corruption ? 



What do the wanderings of Io indi- 
cate ? 

How do we explain the part of the story 
relating to Argus ? 

How must we consider Io or Isis in this 
connection ? 

Were the Greek Mercury and Egyptian 
Anubis the same ? 

As what did they consider Anubis ? 

How is the horizon said to cut off the 
head of Argus, and to put out the light 
of his eyes ? 



15 



k2 



FABULA XIV. 

SYRINX MUTATUR IN ARUNDINEM. 

Pari falls in love with the nymph Syrinx, the daughter of the river Ladon, 
and when she refuses to listen to his addresses, pursues her. She flies 
from him till she is stopped by the waters of the Ladon, when she im- 
plores the assistance of the Naiads who transform her into reeds. Out of 
these Pan makes a pipe which is called by her name. 

EXPLICATIO. 

Mercury, at the request of Argus, who is captivated with the music 
of the pipe upon which he is playing, proceeds to tell the manner in 
which that instrument was invented, and relates the story of Pah and the 
nymph Syrinx. As Pan, the god of shepherds, was the inventor of the 
pipe, he is here said to have fallen in love with Syrinx, which is the 
Greek name for that pastoral instrument of music. Dionysius informs 
us, that on the banks of the Ladon, the kind of reeds of which pipes were 
made, grew in abundance ; and hence Syrinx is fabled to be the daughter 
of the river Ladon. It is probable, that Pan (or the shepherds whom he 
represents) was attracted by the sound which the sighing of the wind 
among the reeds, effected ; or, that by blowing into them, and hearing the 
noise which was made, he conceived the idea of multiplying and varying 
the sounds by joining several reeds together of different length, and thus 
perfected the instrument. 

The poet has thrown an attractive interest around the fable, by making 
Syrinx one of the Naiads. Nor is she merely a fair nymph of the wa- 
ters, but the most celebrated for beauty, of all the nymphs of that region. 
Another grace is added to her beauty, she is no less pure than fair ; and 
in her character and exercises, was the constant worshipper of Diana. 
She had refused the converse of the Satyrs, Fauns, and Sylvans, and did 
not deign even to listen to the addresses of Pan, but fled from him with 
the utmost precipitancy, and preferred, at length, surrendering up her 
life, rather than sully the virgin innocence and modesty which had been 
the pride of her existence. 

The story is in itself so pleasant, and so musical is the voice of Mer- 
cury in relating it, that the eyes of Argus become heavy with sleep ; 
when the god confirms their drowsiness with his magic wand, and strikes 
off the head of Argus with his falchion. Juno collects the eyes, and 
places them in the tails of her peacocks. 



114 




I UM Deus, Arcadise gelidis in montibus, inquit, 
Inter Hamadryadas celeberrima Nonacrinas 
Nai'as una fuit. Nymphae Syringa vocabant. 
Non semel et Satyros eluserat ilia sequentes, 
Et qucscunque Deos umbrosave sylva, feraxve 5 
Rus habet : Ortygiam studiis, ipsaque colebat 

NOTJE. 

1. Turn Deus. Mercury commences the relation of the 
metamorphosis of Syrinx. 

1. Arcadia:. An inland country in Peloponnesus. 
From the multitude of oaks it was anciently called Dry- 
modes, afterwards Pelasgia, and finally Arcadia, from 
Areas, ihe son of Jupiter and Calisto. The inhabitants 
were generally shepherds, and were skilled in music and 
pastoral poetry. 

2. tiamadryadas. The Hamadryads were nymphs of 
the woods, who presided over oaks, with which they were 
supposed to live and die. The etymology is a/xa, together, 
and f'/jyf, an cak. 

2. JSo?iacrinas. Of Nonacris, a town and mountain in 
Arcadia. 

3. Syringa. A pipe in Greek is called ovpiy%, and hence 
in a great measure the origin of the fable. 

4. IS on semel: not once ; oftentimes. 
4. Satyros: the Satyrs. See note on page 62. 

4. Eluserat: had eluded ; had escaped from. 

5. Quoscumque Deos. The Fauns, Sylvans, &c. See 
note on these, page 62. 

6. On ygiam Deam: the Ortygian goddess; Diana, who 
was born in Delos, called Ortygia, from tyrOf, a quail, be- 
cause the island abounded in quails. 

6. Studiis: in her exercises. 

115 



116 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber I. 



Virginitate Deam : ritu quoque cincta Dianas 
Falleret, et credi posset Latonia, si non 
Corneus huic arcus, si non foret aureus illi. 
Sic quoque fallebat. Redeuntem colle Lyceo 
Pan videt hanc, pinuque caput prEecinctus acuta,' 
Talia verba refert. Restabat plura referre : 
Et precibus spretis fugisse per avia Nympham ; 
Donee arenosi placitum Ladonis ad amnem 
Venerit : hie, illi cursum impedientibus undis, 
Ut se mutarent, liquidas orasse sorores : 
Panaque, cum prensam sibi jam Syringa putaret, 
Corpore pro Nymphse calamos tenuisse palustres. 
Dumque ibi suspirat, motos in arundine ventos 
EfFecisse sonum tenuem, similemque querenti : 
Arte nova vocisque Deum dulcedine captum, 
Hoc mini concilium tecum, dixisse, manebit : 
Atque ita disparibus calarnis compagine cerse 
Inter se junctis nomen tenuisse puellaB. 



6. Colebat Ortygiam 
Deam studiis, ipsaque 
virginitate. Quoque 
cincta ritu Dianae, fal- 
leret, et posset credi 

10 Latonia, si corneus 
arcus non foret huic, 
11. Pan videt hanc 
redeuntem Lyceo col- 
le, praecinctus caput 
acuta pinu refert talia 
verba. Restabat re- 
ferre plura: et Nym- 

15 pham fugisse per avia, 
spretis precibus ; do- 
nee venerit ad placi- 
tum amnem arenosi 
Ladonis: hie, undis 
impedientibus cursum 
illi, orasse liquidas 
19. Dumque suspi- 

20 rat ibi, ventos motos 
in arundine, effecisse 
tenuem sonum, simi- 
lemque querenti. Que 
Deum, captum nova 
arte que dulcedine 
vocis dixisse, Hoc 
concilium tecum 



NOTJE. 



8. Falleret : she would deceive you. 
You would take her to be Diana. 

8. Latonia. Diana, who was the daugh- 
ter of Latona. 

9. Huic. To Syrinx. 

11. Pan. The god of shepherds, and of 
the inhabitants of the country in general. 
His parentage is uncertain. Some make 
him son of Jupiter and Callisto ; some of 
Jupiter and Thymbris ; while others make 
him the son of Mercury and Dry ope, or 
Penelope. He had on his head horns, his 
nose was flat, and his thighs, legs, feet and 
tail were those of a goat. The Egyptians 
worshipped Nature under the name of Pan. 

11. Pinu. The pine was sacred to Pan. 

12. Verba refert: he addresses her. 

14. Ladonis. The Ladon is a gentle 
river of Arcadia, and a branch of the Al- 
pheus. 

15. Hie: here, viz., at the river Ladon. 

16. Liquidas sorores: the nymphs of the 
river Ladon. 

18. Corpore pro NympJia: instead of the 
body of the nymph, who was now changed 
into the reeds. Moore, the lyric poet, 
speaks in like manner of the transforma- 
tion of a syren into a harp. 

'Tis believed that this harp which I now wake 

for thee 
AVas a syren, of old, who sung under the sea, 
And who often at eve, through the bright billow 

roved, 
To meet on the green shore a youth whom she 

loved. 
But she loved him in vain, for he left her to weep, 
And in tears, all the night her gold ringlets to 

steep. 
Till heav'n looked, with pity, on true-love so 

warm, 
u d changed to this soft harp the sea-maiden's 

form! 



Still her bosom rose fair— still her cheeks smiled 

the same, 
"While her sea-beauties gracefully curled round 

the frame ; 
And her hair, shedding tear-drops from all its 

bright rings, 
Fell over her white arms, to make the gold 

strings. 
Hence it came that this soft harp so long hath 

been known, 
To mingle love's language with sorrow's sad 

tone; 
Till thou didst divide them, and teach the fond 

lay 
To be love when I'm near thee, and grief when 

away. — Moore's Melodies. 

19. hi arundine ventos. Lucretius says, 
that it was the sighing of the wind among 
the reeds which suggested the invention 
of the Pandaean pipes: 

Thus birds instructed man 
And taught them songs, before their art began : 
And while soft evening gales blew o'er the plains, 
And shook the sounding reeds, they taught the 

swains: 
And thus the pipe was framed, and tuneful reed ; 
And whilst the tender flocks securely feed, 
The harmless shepherds tuned their pipes to 

love. — Creech's Lucretius. 

20. Effecisse sonum: made a faint sound. 
Thus Anacreon : 

The god pursued, with winged desire, 
And when his hopes were all on fire. 
And when he thought to hear the sigh 
With which enamored virgins die, 
He only heard the pensive air 
"Whispering amid her leafy hair ! — Ode lx. 

22. Concilium: reconciliation. 
Conciliis et dissidiis exercita crebris. 

Lucretius. 

23. Disparibus calarnis: reeds of unequal 
length. 

24. Nomen puellce : the name of the girl. 
Syrinx signifies a pipe. 



Fabula XIV. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



117 



Talia dicturus vidit Cyllenius omnes 25 

Succubuisse oculos, adopertaque lumina somno. 
Supprimit extemplo vocem ; firmatque soporem, 
Languida permulcens medicata lumina virga. 
Nee mora ; falcato nutantem vulnerat ense, 
Qua collo confine caput : saxoque cruentum 30 

Dejicit : et maculat prseruptam sanguine cautem. 
Arge, jaces : quodque in tot lumina lumen habebas, 
Exstinctum est : centumque oculos nox occupat una. 
Excipit hos, volucrisque suae Saturnia pennis 
Collocat, et gemmis caudam stellantibus implet. 35 



25. Cyllenius dictu- 
rus talia, vidit omnes 
oculos succubuisse, 
luminaque adoperta 
esse somno. Extemplo 
supprimit vocem, fir- 
matque soporem, 

29. Vulnerat ilium 
nutantem, falcato en- 
se, ex ea parte qua ca- 
put est confine collo ; 
dejicitque ilium cru- 
entum saxo, et macu- 
lat praeruptarn cautem 
sanguine. 

34. Saturnia excipit 
hos, que collocat pen- 
nis suae volucris. 



NOTjE. 



Telling us how fair trembling Syrinx fled 
Arcadian Pan, with such a fearful dread. 
Poor nymph,— poor Pan, — how he did weep to 

find 
Naught but a lovely sighing of the wind 
Along the reedy stream ; a half-heard strain, 
Full of sweet desolation — balmy pain. — Keats. 

25. Cyllenius: the Cyllenian. Mercury 
is thus called, from Cyllene, a mountain in 

.Arcadia, where he was born. f 

26. Succubuisse oculos : that his eyes 
had yielded ; were overcome with sleep. 

28. Medicata virga ; with his magic 
wand. 

29. Nutantem: as he nods. 

29. Falcato ense; with his crooked sword, 
shaped like a sickle. 



33. Nox una: a common night; the 
darkness of death. 

34. Volucris sues : of her bird ; of the 
peacock which was sacred to Juno, and 
drew her chariot. As the lower air or at- 
mosphere, mythologically called Juno, is 
the medium through which light is trans- 
mitted, the peacock covered over with 
eyes, in being sacred to Juno, is designed 
to emblematize the fact. 

35. Gemmis stellantibus : with starry 
gems. 

The crested cock whose clarion sounds 
The silent hours, and the other whose gay train. 
Adorns him, colored with the florid hue 
Of rainbows and starry eyes. — Milton. 



QILESTIONES. 



Where is Arcadia, and for what cele- 
brated ? 

Who was Syrinx ? 

Who were the Hamadryads ? 

Who were the Satyrs ? Fauns ? Sylvans ? 

Why was Diana called the Ortygian ? 

Why was she called Latonia ? 

Whom did Syrinx imitate in her actions ? 

Who was Pan ? 

With whom did he fall in love ? 

Did she favor his suit ? 

When about to be taken, what request 
did she make of her sister nymphs ? 



What transformation took place ? • 

What did Pan do with the reeds ? 

What is the meaning of Syrinx ? 

Why was she said to be the daughter of 
the river Ladon ? 

How does Lucretius say the invention of 
the pipe was suggested ? 

When the relation of the story had lulled 
Argus to sleep, what did Mercury do to 
him? 

What did Juno do with his eyes ? 

Mythologically, how do we account for 
the peacock being sacred to Juno ? 



FABULA XV. 

10 IN PRISTINAM FORMAM REVERSA. 

Io ; persecuted by Juno with a horrid fury, wanders over the world until she 
comes to the Nile. By the intercession of Jupiter she is freed from further 
punishment, and resumes the human form. After this she gives birth to 
Epaphus. Quarrel of Epaphus and Phaethon. 

EXPLICATIO. 

This fable is a continuation of the same story which is related in part 
in the two former fables. If, in explanation of the myth, we consider the 
Cow a type of agriculture, which became necessary when man was 
forced to subsist by labor, by the wanderings of Io we may understand 
the early emigration of mankind, and the spread of agriculture. In the 
explanation of Fable XIII., we showed, by reference to Diodorus Siculus, 
that in time and circumstances it agreed with the Fall of man, and the 
•deterioration of morals. Io (or agriculture) is said in her wanderings to 
be urged on by furies ; and as, at the time when agriculture was insti- 
tuted, man was driven out from the presence of God, under the goadings 
of remorse, and a consciousness of guilt, these were the furies by which 
he was agitated in his wanderings over the world in search of a home 
where to settle. The great fertility of the Valley of the Nile would at 
length become the great centre of agricultural emprise, and thus the Nile 
is fabled to be the end of the long journeyings of Io. The story of Io's 
resumption of the human form is a mere conclusion of the personal cha- 
racter of the myth, and is not capable of any interpretation. The wor- 
ship of Isis by the Egyptians, from whom the Greeks borrow the 
mutilated story of their Io, was no doubt a corruption of a symbolic 
^commemoration of agriculture, and of the taurine part of the great quadri- 
form image or cherubim at the gates of Eden. 

The story of the quarrel of Epaphus and Phaethon is a continuation of 
the fable of Io, in a personal, instead of a mythological form, and is a 
beautiful introduction to the second Book of the Metamorphoses. If we 
•consider Phaethon a real personage, and the actual son of Clymene by 
a reputed union with Apollo, we must explain the amour of the celestial 
lover by the fact, that a lewd priesthood often imposed on the credulity 
of silly women whom they wished to corrupt, by giving out that the 
god upon whom they ministered was in love with them. Thus Hero- 
dotus, in describing the temple of Jupiter Belus, at Babylon, says : In the 
last tower is a large chapel, in which there lies a bed, very splendidly 
ornamented, and beside it a table of gold ; but there is no statue in the 
place. No man is allowed to sleep here, but the apartment is appropri- 
ated to a female, whom, if we believe the Chaldean priests, the deity 
selects from the women of the country, as his favorite. Lib. i. Cap. 181. 
Other interpretations of the history of Phaethon we will give in Lib. II. 
Fab. II. 

118 





ROTINUS exarsit, nee tempora distulit irge ; 

1 Horriferamque oculis animoque objecit Erinnyn 
Pellicis Argolicae, stimulosque in pectore caecos 
Condidit, et profugam per totum terruit orbem. 

1. Protinus: forthwith; immediately after the death of Argus. 

1. Exarsit: Juno was inflamed with rage. 

2. Oculis animoque: before the eyes and imagination. 
Again that sting! Ah me, that form again! 
With all his hundred eyes the earth-born Argus- 
Cover it Earth ! See, how it glares upon me, 
The horrid spectre ! Wilt thou not, O Earth, 
Cover the dead, that from thy dark abyss 
He comes to haunt me, to pursue my steps 
And drive me foodless o'er the barren strand ! roATwn , 

JEschylus's Prometheus Chained. 

2. Erinnyn: a fury, madness. 
By the Furies' fierce assaults 

To flight I was impelled.— Euripides's Iphigenia. 

3. Pellicis Argolicce: of the Argolic mistress; of lo, the mistress 



of Jupiter. 
3. Stimulosque: stings, goads 



a meta- 
phor taken from spurs or goads with which 
cattle are urged forward. 

That virgin, wlioir. transformed 
The torturing sting drove wandering o'er the 
world.— ^schylus's Supplicants. 
4. Profugam: a fugitive ; a wanderer. 
I hear her griefs lhat whirl her soul to madness 
Daughter of Inachus, whose love inflames 
The heart of Jove; hence Juno's jealous rage 
Drives the poor wanderer restless o'er the 
world.— Xsciiylus. 



Thy toils, which thou through Greece 
Driven by the Furies"' maddening stings, hast 
borne.— Euripides. 

4. Terruit : affrighted her. Virgil and 
JEschylus say that Juno pursued her with 
the brize or gadfly. 

beneath her restless win? 
whizzes, and the forests 



The gadfly sounds ; 
The breeze shrill 



Errtwftb this plague the jealous wife of Jove 
In direful rage th' Inacuian I"**™* ^ ^ 

119 



120 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Ultimus immenso restabas, Nile, labori. 5 

Quern simul ac tetigit, positisque in margine ripse 
Procubuit genibus, resupinoque ardua collo, 
Q,uos potuit, solos tollens ad sidera vultus, 
Et gemitu, et lacrymis, et luctisono mugitu 
Cum Jove visa queri est, finemque orare malorum. 10 
Conjugis ille suae complexus colla lacertis, 
Finiat ut pcenas tandem, rogat : Inque futurum 
Pone metus, inquit, nunquam tibi causa doloris 
Haec erit ; et Stygias jubet hoc audire paludes. 

Ut lenita Dea est, vultus capit ilia priores ; 15 

Fitque quod ante fuit. Fugiunt e corpore setae : 
Cornua decrescunt ; fit luminis arctior orbis : 
Contrahitur rictus : redeunt humerique manusque : 
Ungulaque in quinos dilapsa absumitur ungues. 
De bove nil superest, formae nisi candor, in ilia : 20 
Officioque pedum Nympha contenta duorum 
Erigitur ; metuitque loqui ; ne more juvencae 



Liber 1. 

5. Nile, restabas 
ultimus immenso la- 
labori. Quem simul 
ac tegigit, positisque 
genibus in margine 
ripae, procubuit, que 
ardua resupino collo, 
tollens vultus quos so- 
los potuit ad sidera, et 
visa est queri cum 

11. Ille complexus 
colla conjugis sua? la- 
certis, rogat ut tan- 
dem finiat pcenas ; que 
inquit, Pone metus in 
futurum, haec nun- 
quam erit causa do- 
loris tibi. et jubet 

16. Setae fugiunt 6 
corpore: cornua de- 
crescunt : orbis lu- 
minis fit arctior : ric- 
tus contrahitur: hu- 
merique manusque 
redeunt : ungulaque 
dilapsa in quinos 

21. Nymphaque con- 
tenta officio duorum 
pedum, erigitur j me- 



not^:. 



Pel. What new device to vex the wretched 

heifer ? 
Cho. A winged pest, armed with a horrid sting : 
Those on the banks of Nile call it the brize. 
The Supplicants, v. 326. 

5. Nile. The Nile is here introduced by 
apostrophe. It is a large river in Africa, 
which rises in Abyssinia, and empties into 
the Mediterranean. See note on page 89. 
iEschylus notices the same. 
On the land's extreme verge a city stands, 
Canobus, proudly elevate, nigh where the Nile 
Rolls to the sea his rich stream : there shall Jove 
Heal thy distraction, and. with gentle hand, 
Soothe thee to peace. — Prometheus Chained. 

7. Resupinoque alta: high with upturn- 
ed neck. 

8. Quos potuit solos : which alone she 
could. She had not arms to raise in sup- 
plication. 

10. Queri: to expostulate. Her feelings 
are finely portrayed by iEschylus. 
How, son of Saturn, how have I offended, 
That with these stings, these tortures thou pur- 

suest me, 
And drivest to madness my affrighted soul! 
Hear me, supreme of gods, oh hear thy suppliant, 
Blast me with lightnings, bury me in the earth, 
Or cast me to the monsters of the sea; 
But spare these toils, spare these wide-wander- 
ing errors. — Prometheus Chained. 

12. Pcenas. Jupiter entreats that Juno 
will discontinue her persecution of Io, and 
permit her to resume the human form. 

12. In futurum: for the future ; hence- 
forth. Supply tempus. 

14. Stygias paludes. To swear by the 
Styx was considered an inviolable oath. 
See note on flumina, page 61. 
Iio! then imperishable Styx the first, 
Swayed by the careful counsels of her sire, 
Stood on Olympus, and her sons beside. 



Her Jove received with honor and endowed 
With goodly gifts : ordained her the great oath 
Of deities. — Hesiod's Theogony. 

15. Lenita est: was appeased. 

15. Vultus priores: her former features. 
Lucian, who satirized the gods of the 
Greeks and Romans, gives a very humor- 
ous account of her resuming the human 
form. 

Notus. That heifer a goddess ! 

Zephtrus. Certainly ! and Mercury says she 
is to be a tutelar goddess of mariners, and our 
mistress, so that every one of us is to blow or 
not to blow, just as she pleases. < 

Notus. Then we should pay our court to her 
betimes, Zephyr, since the thing is now as good 
as done. 

Zephyrus. By Jupiter ! it is the way to ren- 
der her more benign.— But, see ! the voyage is 
over, she is already arrived, and has swum 
ashore. Look ! already she has done walking 
on all fours, and what a fine, stately dame Mer- 
cury has made of her! 

Notus. These are wonderful events, dear 
Zephyr ! Horns, tail, and cloven feet, all gone 
at once, and the heifer is a charming maid. 

Dialogues of Marine Deities. 

15. Ilia: she, viz. Io. 

17. Luminis: of her eye. As the eye is 
the organ by which light is perceived, lu- 
men is figuratively used for oculus. 

The light of the body is the eye. — Matt. vi. 22. 

18. Redeunt humerique: her shoulders 
and hands return. There is a nice distinc- 
tion in the use of redeunt ; for the parts 
in men called humeri are called arnii in 
beasts. 

19. Dilapsa: having separated. 

20. Formce candor : fairness of form. The 
use of candor here is metaphorical. 

21. Officio: with the service. 

22. Erigitur: stands erect. 



Fabula XV. 



METAMORPHOSE ON. 



121 



Mugiat : et timide verba intermissa retentat. 
Nunc Dea linigera colitur celeberrima turba. 

Huic Epaphus magni genitus de semine tandem 25 
Creditur esse Jovis : perque urbes juncta parenti 
Templa tenet. Fuit huic animis aequalis et annis 
Sole satus Phaethon: quern quondam magna loquentem. 
Nee sibi cedentem, Phoeboque parente superbum, 
Non tuiit Inachides : Matrique, ait, omnia demens 30 
Credis, et es tumidus genitoris imagine falsi. 
Erubuit Phaethon, iramque pudore repressit : 
Et tulit ad Clymenen Epaphi convicia matrem. 
Quoque magis doleas, genitrix, ait, Ille ego liber, 
Iile ferox tacui. Pudet haec opprobria nobis, 35 



tuitque loqui, ne mu- 
giat more juvencae, et 
retentat intermissa 
verba timide. Nunc 
celeberrima Dea 

28. Huic Epaphus 
tandem creditur esse 
genitus de semine 

28. Quem, quondam 
loquentem magna,nec 
cedentem sibi, que su- 
perbum Phoebo pa- 
rente. Inachides non 
tulit : que ait, Demens 
credis matri omnia ; 

32. Phaethon eru- 
buit, que repressit 
iram pudore: et tulit 
ad matrem Clymenen 
convicia Epaphi. Que 
ait, genitrix, quo ma- 



NOTJE. 



23. Verba intermissa : words that had 
been discontinued ; disused speech. 

24. Dea colitur: is worshipped as a god- 
dess ; as Isis. 

Mercury. Wh at is to be done? 

Jupiter. Nothing, but that you fly down to 
Nemea, kill Argus, carry offlo into Egypt, and 
make Isis of her. There she shall henceforth be 
worshipped as a goddess, preside over the in- 
undations of the Nile, and grant favorable winds 
to the mariners, and be their tutelar deity. 

Luciax's Dialogues. 

Io versa caput primos mugiverat annos 

Nunc Dea, quae Nili flumina vacca bibit. 

Propertius Eleg. 

24. Linigera turba: linen- wearing throng. 
The priests of Isis wore garments of linen. 
The following reason is given by Plutarch 
in his Morals. 

For the greater part of men are ignorant, even 
of this most common and ordinary thing, for 
what reason the priests (of Isis) lay aside their 
hair, and go in linen garments. 

The true reason of tbem all, is one and the 
same. "For it is not lawful (as Plato saith) for 
a clean thing to be touched by an unclean." 
But now no superfluity of food or excrementi- 
tious substance can be pure or clean ; but wool, 
down. hair> and nails, come up and grow from 
superfluous excrements. It would be an absur- 
dity, therefore, for them to lay aside their own 
hair in purgations, by shaving themselves, and 
by making their bodies all over smooth, and yet 
in the meantime to wear and carry about them 
the hair of brutes. For we ought to think that 
the poet Hesiod, when he saith, 

At the rich banquet of the gods forbear 

The dry excrescence from the quick to pare ; 
would teach us to keep the feast already 
cleansed from such things as these, and not in 
the solemnities themselves to use purgation or 
removal of excremenlitious superfluities. But, 
now. flax springs up from an immortal being, 
the Earth, and bears an eatable fruit, and affords 
a simple and cleanly clothing, and not burden- 
some to him that's covered with it, and conve- 
nient for every season of the year, and which, 
besides, is the least likely to engender vermin. 
De Iside et Osiri. 

25. Huic: to her; to Io. 

25. Epaphus. He was the son of Jupi- 

16 



ter and Io. He was worshipped in Egypt 
under the name of Apis. 

Apis, also called Epaphus, is a young bull, 
whose mother can have no other offspring, and 
who is reported by the Egyptians to conceive 
from lightning sent from "heaven, and thus to 
produce the god Apis. He is known by certain 
marks ; his hair is black, on his forehead is a 
white triangular spot, on his back an eagle, and 
a beetle under his tongue, and the hair of his 
tail double. — Herodotus, iii. 23. 

Of his high race a son. 
The dusky Epaphus shall rise, and rule 
The wide-extended land o'er which the Nile 
Pours his broad waves. 

iEscHTLus's Prometheus Chained 

26. Juncta parenti: joined to his parent ; 
jointly with his mother. 

Before the enclosure where Apis is kept, is a 
vestibule, in which also the mother of the Sacred 
Bull is fed ; and into this vestibule Apis is some- 
times introduced, to be shown to strangers. 

Strabo xvii. 

I have seen an instance of a bull, with the 
globe and feathers between its horns, standing 
on a monument built at the side of a mountain. 
On the other side was a cow, also coming from 
a mountain with a similar head-dress, and the 
long horns usually given to Athor, over which 
was the name Isis. 

"Wilkinson's Ancient Egyptians. 

27. Animis: inspirit; in pride. 

28. Phaethon. He was the son of Apollo 
and the nymph Clymene. The name is 
derived from the Egyptian phre, the sun, 
and atd-u, to burn. 

28. Magna loquentem: speaking proudly. 

30. Inachides: Epaphus, the grandson of 
Inachus. 

31. Imagine: with the idea. 

31. Genitoris falsi: of a fictitious father. 
Epaphus insinuated that Clymene had con- 
cealed her unchaste actions by giving out 
that Apollo was the father of Phaethon, 
who was born to her before she had mar- 
ried Merops. 

33. Clymenen. Clymene was the daugn- 
ter of Oceanus and Tethys, and the mother 
of Phaethon by Apollo. 



122 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber I, 



Et dici potuisse, et non potuisse refelli. 

At tu, si modo sum coBlesti stirpe creatus ; 

Ede notam tanti generis : meque assere coelo. 

Dixit ; et implicuit materno brachia collo : 

Perque suum, Meropisque caput, taedasque sororum, 40 

Traderet, oravit, veri sibi signa parentis. 

Ambiguum, Clymene precibus Phaethontis, an ira 
Mota magis dicti sibi criminis ; utraque coelo 
Brachia porrexit : spectansque ad lumina solis, 
Per jubar hoc, inquit, radiis insigne coruscis, 
Nate, tibi juro, quod nos auditque, videtque ; 
Hoc te, quern spectas, hoc te, qui temperat orbem, 
Sole satum. Si ficta loquor, neget ipse videndum 
Se mihi ; sitque oculis lux ista novissima nostris. 
Nee longus patrios labor est tibi nosse penates : 
Unde oritur, terras domus est contermina nostras. 
Si modo fert animus ; gradere ; et scitabere ab ipso 



45 



50 



gis doleas, ego ille li- 
ber, ille ferox. tacui. 
Pudet haec opprobria 
et potuisse dici nobis, 
et non potuisse re- 
felli. 



42. Ambiguum est, 
an Clymene mota ait 
magls precibus Phae- 
tontis, an ira criminis 
dicti sibi : porrexit 
utraque brachia coelo; 
spectansque ad lumi- 
na solis, inquit juro 
tibi nate, per hoc ju- 
bar, insigne coruscis 
radiis. 



50. Nee est. labor 
longus tibi nosse pa- 
trios penates : comus, 
unde oritur est cou- 



NOTiE. 



38. Assere coelo : assert me to heaven ; 
prove my divine origin. 

39. Implicuit brachia ; entwined his 
arms. 

40. Meropisque caput : and the head of 
Merops, viz. his life. An oath or adjura- 
tion by the head, was anciently considered 
of the most solemn character. 

Neither shalt thou swear by thy head, be- 
cause thou canst not make one hair white or 
black.— Matt. v. 36. 

Sed Jove nondum 
Barbato, nondum Grsecis jurare paratis 
Per caput alterius. — Juvenal. Sat. vi. 

40. Tcedasque sororum : the marriage- 
torches of his sisters; by metonymy for 
marriage. As the slander of Epaphus 
would affect the character and prospects 
of his sisters, this appeal to their mother, 
Clymene, was of the strongest character. 
Sophocles depicts the feelings of a father 
in view of this : 

Whither now 
Must my poor children fly? From every feast. 
Joyless, with grief and shame, shall you re- 
turn ; 
And when the time shall come, when riper 

years 
Should give you to the nuptial bed, who then, 
Careless of fame, will let his child partake 
The infamy of my abhorred race? 
You, my daughters ! Such reproach 
Must still be yours, to virgin solitude 
Devoted ever and a barren bed. 

CEdipus Tyrannus. 

41. Oravit: besought ; adjured. 
41. Signa: tokens; proofs. 

43. Dicti sibi: imputed to her. 

43. Criminis. The crime of concealing 
the illegitimacy of her child by giving out 
he was the son of Apollo. A modern poet 
gives in his poems an animated description 



of the credulity of a votaress imposed upon 

by a priest of Apollo. 
How often ere the destined time 
"Which was to seal my bliss sublime ; 
How often did I trembling run 
To meet, at morn, the mounting sun, 
And, while his fervid beam he threw 
Upon my lips' luxuriant dew, 
I thought — alas, the simple dream — 
There burned a kiss in every beam ; 
With parted lips inhaled their heat, 
And sighed, " O god ! thy kiss is sweet !" 
Oft. too, at day's meridian hour. 
When to the Naiad's gleamy bower 
Our virgins steal, and, blushing, hide 
Their beauties in the folding tide, 
If through the grove, whose modest arms 
AVere spread around my robeless charms 
A wandering sunbeam wanton fell 
Where lover's looks alone should dwell, 
Not all a lover's looks of flame 
Could kindle such an amorous shame. 
It was the sun's admiring glance, 
And, as I felt its glow advance 
O'er my young beauties, widely flushed. 
I burned, and panted, thrilled, and blushed! 
No deity at midnight came, 
The lamps, that witnessed all my shame* 
Revealed to these bewildered eyes 
No other shape than earth supplies; 
No solar light, no nectared air — 
All, all, alas! was human there: 
Woman's faint conflict, virtue's fall, 
And passion's victory — human all. — Moore. 

45. Jubar. As the streaming rays of 
the sun resemble flowing hair, it is possi- 
ble the term jubar is derived fromjuba, the 
mane of a horse. 

49. Lux 7iovissima: may this light be the 
last ; may I die this day. 

50. Patrios penates : your paternal house- 
hold gods ; your father's residence. 

50. Nosse: by syncope for ?wvisse. 

51. Nostras terra:: our land, viz. ^Ethiopia. 

52. Si fert animus: if your mind inclines 
you ; if you have an inclination. 



Fabula XV. 



METAMORPHOSEON 



Emicat extemplo lastus post talia matris 
Dicta suae Phaethon, et concipit aethera mente : 
^Ethiopasque suos, positosque sub ignibus Indos 
Sidereis, transit ; patriosque adit impiger ortus. 



NOT.E. 



55 



123 



termina nostrae'terrae. 
Si modi) animu s fert te. 
54. Phaeton, laetus 
post talia dicta suae 
matris, emicat extem- 
plo : et concipit aethe- 
ra mente. 



53. Emicat: leaped up ; rejoiced. 

54. Concipit <zthera : conceives the air 
in mind ; enters in imagination upon his 
airy journey. 

55. JEthiovas. The ^Ethiopians, ac- 
cording to the Roman authors generally, 
inhabited the southern portions of Africa, 



and the southern part of Asia, west of the 
Ganges. The name is derived from aicraj, 
to bum, and tStp, the countenance. 

56. Ingibus sidereis: starry fires. 

56. Indos: the Indians, a people of the 
East, so called from the river Indus. 



QU^STIONES. 



Of what is this fable a continuation? 

What effect had the death of Argus on 
Juno ? 

What did she do to Io ? 

What was the end of Io's wanderings ? 

Of what country is the Nile a river ? 

Where did Io resume the human 
form ? 

How was she honored afterwards ? 

What was the name of her son ? 

How was he honored ? 

Who was Phaethon ? 

What reproach was cast upon him by 
Epaphus ? 



What means did Clymene suggest to 
Phaethon to learn his true origin ? 

Did he take her advice ? 

What people did he pass by ? 

As what was the cow worshipped m 
Egypt ? 

Of what antediluvian image may the 
cow have been a part ? 

What do you understand by the wander- 
ings of Io or the cow ? 

How can we interpret the Furies that 
urged her on ? 

How might the Nile be said to be the 
end of her wanderings ? 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 
METAMOEPHOSEON 

LIBER II. 

ARGUMENTUM. 

Having arrived at the palace of the Sun, Phaethon is acknowledged by 
Apollo to be his son ; but not content with this, demands, as a proof of 
his descent, the guidance of the solar chariot. Unequal to the task of 
curbing the fiery-footed horses, he sets the world upon fire, and is struck 
by Jupiter with a thunderbolt. His mother Clymene, and his sisters 
at length find his remains by the side of the river Po, where the latter, 
through grief, are changed into trees, from which distil tears. These 
are hardened by the sun, and change to amber. Cycnus, the cousin of 
Phaethon, also laments his untimely end, and is changed to a swan. In 
travelling over the earth to restore what has been injured, Jupiter meets 
with Callisto, one of Diana's nymphs, and assuming the form of Diana, 
debauches her. Juno changes Callisto into a bear, which Areas, her 
son, would have shot some years after, unless Jupiter had transferred 
both to the heavens, and made them neighboring constellations. Juno, 
after this, descended to the old Oceanus to complain of the indignity, after 
which she was carried to heaven by her peacocks, who had been lately 
variegated. The crow at this time was changed from white to black, 
because he did not obey the warning of Cornix, (who related also her 
own transformation into a raven, and that of Nyctimene into an owl,) but 
told to Apollo the adultery of Coronis, who was slain by the god. Ocyrrhoe 
predicts the future to Escukpius, the son of Apollo and Coronis, and by 
divine wrath is changed into a mare. Her father Chiron, in this cala- 
mity, invokes Apollo, but he was in Elis, tending herds, and, in conse- 
quence of love, was so careless, that Mercury stole a part of them. Bat- 
tus, who alone was privy to the theft, for his treachery is changed by 
Mercury into a touchstone. Going thence into Attica, Mercury possesses 
Herse, the daughter of Cecrops. Aglauros, her sister, moved with envy, 
is changed to stone. Mercury drives to the shore the herds of Agenor, 
by order of Jupiter, who transforms himself to a bull, and carries Europa 
into Crete. 

l 2 -'25 



FABULA I. 

REGIA SOLIS ; SOLARIS CURRUS. 

A description of the Palace of the Sun. Phaethon arrives at the Palace, and 
while admiring every thing that he sees, is discovered by his father, and 
acknowledged as his son. As a public proof of his descent, he demands 
and obtains the guidance of the solar chariot. Description of the chariot. 

EXPLICATIO. 

The description which the poet gives of the Palace of the Sun, is con- 
ceived with much ingenuity, and embellished with great art. The ideas 
he has introduced, like the gems and precious stones employed in the 
structure of the palace, are not merely splendid and magnificent in 
themselves, but a*e wrought up with skill so consummate, that it may be 
said of the production of the poet, as of the architect, " the workmanship 
surpassed the material." The temple which Augustus erected to 
Apollo, and the Palace of the Sun, described by Ovid, is a pictorial 
representation of the Universe, in which the sea, the earth, and the hea- 
vens are given with their appurtenances and inhabitants. The Sun him- 
self, as the great ruler of the system, is appropriately placed upon a 
throne in the centre, and surrounded by allegorical personages, denoting 
the different portions of time, the hours, days, months, years, seasons, and 
ages, determined by his motions and revolutions. It is not a little remark- 
able, that Josephus considers the tabernacle of the Jews, in like manner, 
an " imitation and representation of the Universe." The two divisions 
of the tabernacle, accessible and common, he regarded as denoting the 
earth and the sea, which were common to all ; the third division, or holy 
of holies, as representing heaven, which was inaccessible to men. The 
seven lamps he considered the seven planets, and the twelve loaves of 
bread, the twelve months of the year. The vails, of four different mate- 
rials, denoted the four elements ; the linen signified the earth, from which 
it grew ; the purple, the sea, because from the blood of a marine shell- 
fish ; the blue denoted the air, and the scarlet, fire. The linen of the 
high priest's vesture typified the earth ; the blue, the sky ; its pomegra- 
nates resembled lightning ; its bells imitated thunder. The breast-plate 
in the middle of the ephod was the earth ; the blue girdle of the priest 
was the ocean that surrounded the earth. The sardonyxes on the priest's 
shoulders denoted the sun and moon ; the twelve stones were the twelve 
signs of the zodiac. The blue mitre, with the name of God upon it, was 
heaven ; and the crown of gold denoted the light and splendor in which 
God dwelt. 

The poet has sustained himself well in the description of the chariot of 
the Sun, and of the fiery-footed coursers that wheel it through the immense 
of heaven ; nor has he succeeded less happily in portraying the fiery 
energy and daring of the adventurous youth, and the anxiety and grief 
that afflicts the sorrowing father, as he commits to the hands of his child 
the chariot which is to prove his destruction. 
26 



tfgtr 








rtEGIA Solis erat sublimibus alta columnis, 
*■ Clara micante auro, flammasque imitante pyropo : 

Cujus ebur nitidum fastigia summa tegebat : 

Argenti bifores radiabant lumine valvae. 

Materiem superabat opus : nam Mulciber illic 5 

iEquora ccelarat medias cingentia terras, 

Terrarumque orbem, co3lumque quod imminet orbi. 

1. Regia. Some suppose that Ovid, in giving an account of the 
Palace of the Sun, described the temple which was dedicated to Apollo 
by Augustus, but it is more agreeable to truth, to suppose, that the 
poet, like Phaethon, concepit cere mente, and drew upon his own imagi- 
nation for the principal part of the description. 

1. Sublimibus columnis : on lofty columns. 

2. Micante auro : with burnished gold. To denote the splendor of 
the sun, all the materials of the palace are of the most glittering kind. 

2. Pyropo. Pliny, in Lib. xxiv. Cap. 8, describes the pyrope as a 
mixed metal, composed of three parts of brass and one part of gold. 
Propertius, also, Lib. iv. Eleg. 11, describes it as a metal: 
Inducto falgebat parma pyropo. 



By others it is considered a gem. The 
etymology is ™p, fire, and tty, the counte- 
nance. The pyrope is a species of garnet 
or ruby, red and fiery. 
At thee the ruby lights its deepening glow, 
And with a waving radiance inward flames. 

Thomson. 

4. Bifores valvas : the double-folding 
doors. 

4. Argenti lumine : with the light of 
silver. 



5. Opus superabat : the workmanship 
surpassed the material. 

The hasty multitude 
Admiring entered ; and the work some praise, 
And some the architect. — Milton. 

5. Mulciber: a name of Vulcan, derived 
from mulceo, to soften, because fire softens 
the metals. 
Nor was his name unheard, or unadored, 
In ancient Greece; and in Ausonian land 
Men called him Mulciber.— Milton. 
127 



128 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Cceruleos habet unda deos ; Tritona canorum, 
Proteaque arnbiguum, balaenar unique prementem 
iEgaeona suis immania terga lacertis ; 10 

Doridaque et natas : quarum pars nare videntur, 
Pars in mole sedens virides siccare capillos ; 
Pisce veh-i qusedam : facies non omnibus una, 
Nee diversa tamen ; qualem decet esse sororum. 
Terra viros, urbesque gerit, sylvasque, ferasque 
Fluminaque et nymphas, et castera numina ruris. 
Hasc super imposita est cceli fulgentis imago ; 
Signaque sex foribus dextris, totidemque sinistris. 

Quo simul acclivo Clymene'ia limite proles 
Venit, et intra vit dubitati tecta parentis ; 20 

Protinus ad patrios sua fert vestigia vultus ; 
Consistitque procul : neque enim propiora ferebat 
Lumina. Purpurea velatus veste sedebat 



Liber II. 



8. Unda habet Deos 
caeruleos, canorum 
Tritona, ambiguumquc 
Protea, iEgaeonaque 
prementem immania 
terga halsenarum fuit 
lacertis, Doridaque, et 
natas : 



1 5 15. Terra gerit viros, 
urbesque, sylvasque, 
ferasque, fluminaque, 
et nymphas, et caetera 
numina ruris. 



19. Quo simul ac 
proles Clymene'ia ve- 
nit acclivo limite, et 
intravit tecta dubitati 
parentis; 

23. Phoebus velatus 



» 



not^:. 



6. Cceldrat: had carved, by syncope for 
celaverat. 

6. Medias cingentia: the seas surround- 
ing the mid earth. 
Earth-shaker Neptune, earth-enclasping god. 

Hesiod. 

8. Unda habet: the water, that is, the 
sea, as represented on the folding- doors. 

8. Tritona canorum : the sounding Tri- 
ton. See note on page 78. 

9. Protea. Proteus was the son of 
Oceanus and Tethys, or of Neptune and 
Phcenice. He was a sea-god, and had the 
power of changing himself into any shape ; 
hence the epithet ambiguum. He was the 
keeper of the sea-calves, and had from 
Neptune the gift of prophecy, but was dif- 
ficult of access, and would not deliver his 
predictions unless compelled. 

9. Balcenarum: huge sea-monsters, sup- 
posed to be whales. 

10. JEg&ona. He was a giant, the son 
of Coelus and Terra, and was made a sea 
deity after he was conquered. Homer 
makes him the same as Briareus, with fifty 
heads and a hundred hands. He was pro- 
bably a formidable pirate with fifty com- 
panions, whence the fable. 

10. Lacertis: with his arms, of which he 
was fabled to have a hundred. 

11. Dorida. Doris, the daughter of 
Oceanus and Tethys, was the mother of 
the sea-nymphs. 

From Nereus and the long-haired Doris, nymph 
Of ocean's perfect stream, there sprang to light 
A lovely band of children, goddesses 
Dwelling within th' uncultivable main. — Hesiod. 

12. Mole: upon a mass; a rock. 

13. Pisce vehi: some to be carried on 
fishes. 

But, anon, the wave 
Was filled with wonders, wild and green-haired 

men, 
With conchs for trumpets, followed by fair 

nymphs, I 



That showed their ivory shoulders through the 
tide; 

Some tossing spears of coral, some, pearl- 
crowned, 

And scattering roses— or, with lifted hands, 

Reining the purple lips of dolphins yoked, 

And huge sea-horses. — Croly. 

15. Terra gerit: the earth bears. On 
the earth was represented men, cities, 
woods, and wild-beasts, rivers, nymphs 
and other rustic deities. 

17. Imago: the representation. 

18. Signa. Apollo was sitting in the 
Equator, and hence the six northern con- 
stellations were on his right, and the six 
southern on his left. They are called 
signa, signs, because they are the repre- 
sentations of animals. The sun enters the 
first, or Aries, in March, and remains a 
month in each sign. Ausonius comprises 
them in the following distich : 

Sunt Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, 

Virgo ; 
Libraque, Scorpius, Arcitenens, Caper, Am- 
phora, Pisces. — Ausonius. 
The Ram, the Bull, the heavenly Twins, 
The Crab, and next the Lion shines, 

The Virgin and the Scales : 
The Scorpion,' Archer, and the Goat, 
The man that holds the watering Pot, 
And Fish with glittering tails. 

19. Quo: whither, — to the palace of the 
Sun. 

19. Simul: as soon as. Supply ac. 
19. Clymeneia proles. Phaethon, the 
son of Clymene. 

19. Acclivo limite: by an ascending path. 
The Palace of the Sun was on an elevated 
situation. 

20. Dubitati parentis : his doubted pa- 
rent His paternity had been questioned 
by Epaphus. 

21. Protinus: forthwith; immediately. 
23. Purpurea veste : in a purple robe. 

Princes and magistrates alone were per- 
mitted to wear the purple. This probably 



Fabula I. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



129 



In folio Phosbus claris lucente smaragdis. 

A dextra, laevaque, dies, et mensis, et annus, 25 

Saeculaque, et positse spatiis asqualibus horas : 

Verque novum stabat cinctum florente corona : 

Stabat nuda iEstas, et spicea serta gerebat : 

Stabat et Autumnus calcatis sordidus uvis : 

Et glacialis Hyems canos hirsuta capillos : 30 

Inde loco medius, rerum novitate paventem 
Sol oculis juvenem quibus aspicit omnia, vidit : 
duasque vise tibi causa ? quid hac, ait, arce petisti 
Progenies, Phaethon, haud inficianda parenti ? 
Ille refert, O lux immensi publica mundi 35 

Phoebe pater, si das hujus mihi nominis usum, 
Nee falsa Clymene culpam sub imagine celat ; 
Pignora da, genitor ; per quae tua vera propago 
Credar ; et hunc animis errorem detrahe nostris : 

Dixerat. At genitor circum caput omne micantes 40 
Deposuit radius ; propriusque accedere jussit : 
Amplexuque dato, nee tu meus esse negari 
Dignus es ; et Clymene veros, ait, edidit ortus. 
Q,uoque minus dubites ; quodvis pete munus; ut illud 
Me tribuente feras : promissis testis adesto 45 

NOTjE. 



purpurea veste sede 
bat in solio lucente 
Claris smaragdis. A 
dextra laevaque, dies, 
et mensis, et annus, 
saeculaque, et horse 
positse fequalibus spa- 
tiis, stabant; 

29. Autumnus et sta- 
bat sordidus calcatis 
uvis, et Hyems glacia- 
lis, hirsuta secundum 
canos capillos. 

33. Aitque, Phae'- 
thon; progenies haud 
inficianda parenti, 
qua? est causa vise ti- 
bi? Quid petisti hac 
arce? 

38. Da genitor pig- 
nora, per quae ego cre- 
dar esse tua vera pro- 
pago. 

40. At genitor depo- 
suit radios micantes 
circum omne caput ; 
jussitque ilium acce- 
dere proprius. 



44. Qu&que dubites 
minus, pete quodvis 



was to signify that they alone had the 
power of life and death, and the right of 
shedding blood. 

24. Smaragdis : with emeralds. The 
emerald is a mineral of a beautiful green 
color, which occurs in prismatic crystals, 
and is much valued for ornamental jewelry. 

Nor deeper verdure dyes the robe of spring, 
"When first she gives it to the southern gale, 
Than the green emerald shows. — Thomson. 

25. Dies et mensis: hours, days, months, 
years, and ages are represented as the at- 
tendants of the sun, because they are all 
measured by his motions. 

26. Scscula. Saeculum is the space of an 
hundred years ; hence the games cele- 
brated at Rome, at the close of every hun- 
dred years, were called secular games. 

26. HorcB : the hours. The word is from 
6puw, to define, because they denote the 
spaces of time. 

While round thy beaming car, 
High seen, the seasons lead, in sprightly dance 
Harmonious knit, the rosy-fingered hours. 

Thomson. 

27. Florente corona: girt with a flowery 
crown. 

Come, gentle Spring, ethereal mildness, come, 
And from the bosom of yon dropping cloud, 
While music wakes around, veiled in a shower 
Of shadowing roses, on our plains descend. 

Thomson. 

28. Nuda JEstas. Summer is repre- 
sented naked, to denote the heat, in con- 
sequence of which little clothing is neces- 
eary. 

17 



28. Spicea serta: garlands of corn. 
Shaking his tangled locks, all dewy bright 
With spangled gossamer that fell by night. 
Pearling his coronet of golden corn. — Anon. 

29. Sordidus : stained with trodden 
grapes. The vintage occurs in autumn. 

Along the sunny wall 
Where autumn basks,with fruit empurpled deep. 

Thomson. 

30. Hirsuta : rough ; shaggy. 

30. Canos capillos: as to his hoary hair. 

31. Rerum novitate: with the novelty 
of the objects. 

33. Hac arce: in this palace. 

34. Haud inficianda: not to be denied. 

35. O lux publica : O common light of 
the vast world. 

Prime cheerer, Light ! 
Of all material beings first and best ! 
Efflux divine ! Nature's resplendent robe ! 
Without whose vesting beauty all were wrapped 
In unessential gloom ! and thou, O sun ! 
Soul of surrounding worlds, in whom best seen 
Shines out thy Maker ! may I sing of thee ? 

Thomson. 

36. Si das usum: if you permit the use. 

37. Falsa sub imagine : under a false 
pretence. 

38. Fignora: pledges; proofs. 

38. V<era propago: thy true offspring. 

39. Hunc errorem: this uncertainty. 

40. Dixerat. PhaSthon spoke. 
40. Genitor: his father ; Apollo. 
43. Edidit; hath uttered ; hath told. 
43. Veros ortus: your true origin. 



130 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Dis juranda palus, oculis incognita nostris. 

Vix bene desierat : currus rogat ille paternos, 
Inque diem alipedum jus et moderamen equorum. 
Poenituit jurasse patrem ; qui terque quaterque 
Concutiens illustre caput, Temeraria, dixit, 50 

Vox mea facta tua est : utinam promissa liceret 
Non dare ! confiteor, solum hoc tibi, nate, negarem, 
Dissuadere licet : non est tua tuta voluntas. 
Magna petis, Phaethon, et quee nee viribus istis 
Munera conveniant, nee tarn puerilibus annis. 55 

Sors tua mortalis : non est mortale quod optas. 
Plus etiam quam quod superis contingere fas sit, 
Nescius affectas : placeat sibi quisque licebit ; 
Non tamen ignifero quisquam consistere in axe 
Me valet excepto : vasti quoque rector Olympi, 60 

Q.ui fera terribili jaculatur fulmina dextra, 
JNon agat hos currus. Et quid Jove majus habemus ? 

Ardua prima via est ; et qua vix mane recentes 
Enitantur equi ; medio est altissima coelo ; 
Unde mare, et terras ipsi mihi ssepe videre 65 

Fit timor, et pavida trepidat formidine pectus. 
Ultima prona via est ; et eget moderamine certo. 
Tunc etiam, qua? me subjectis excipit undis, 
Ne ferar in praeceps, Tethys solet ipsa vereri. 



Liber II. 



munus, ut feras illud, 
me tribuente. 



49. Poenituit patrem 
jurasse, qui concuti- 
ens caput illustre ter 
quaterque, dixit : mea 
vox est facta temera- 
ria tua voce. 



57. Tu etiam nescius 
affectas plus, quam 
quod sit fas contingere 
superis. Licebit vt 
quisque placeat sibi, 
tamen non quisquam 
superum me excepto, 
valet consistere in ig- 
nifero axe. 



67. Ultima via est 
prona, et eget certo 
moderamine. 



NOTJE. 



46. P&lu-s. The Styx, which was or- 
dained the oath of the gods. See note on 
page 26. To confirm any indefinite pro- 
mise by an oath is sinful. To break the 
oath would be sinful, and the performance 
of the promise may be equally so. The 
rash promises of Herod and of Jephtha, 
recorded in the sacred volume, are illustri- 
ous examples. 

47. Vix bene desierat : scarcely had he 
well ended. 

47. Rogat : he asks. There is great 
beauty in the use of the present tense here. 
It denotes the eagerness of Phaethon, as if 
he made the request simultaneously with 
the address of Apollo. 

48. In diem: for a day. 

48. Alipedum equorum : of the wing- 
footed horses. 

48. Jus et moderamen : the rule and 
guidance. 

50. Concutiens. Here, sorrow is indi- 
cated by the shaking of the head ; in Fa- 
ble VII. of the First Book, great indigna- 
tion is expressed. 

51. Promissa : the things I have pro- 
mised. 

52. Negarem : I would deny ; I would 
wish to deny. 

53. Tua voluntas: thy desire, — the wish 
of guiding the solar chariot. 

54. Viribus istis: these powers of thine. 



56. Sors tua: thy condition is mortal. 

57. Plus etiam. The madness of his 
wish was evident. A mortal, he coveted 
more than was lawful for the gods. 

58. Affectas : you affect ; presumptu- 
ously desire. 

Ccelum ipsum petimus stultitia. — Horace. 

59. Ignifero in axe : on the fire-bearing 
axle ; the axle being put for the chariot by 
synecdoche. 

60. Me excepto : myself excepted ; the 
ablative absolute. 

60., Rector Olympi: the ruler of Olym- 
pus; Jupiter. Olympus is put poetically 
for Heaven. See note on Olympus, page 
56. 

62. Jove majus: what have we greater 
than Jove ? 

Jure capax mundus nil Jove majus habet. 

Ovid. Trist. 

Unde nil majus generatur ipso. — Horatius. 

63. Ardua prima: the first way is steep. 

63. Recentes equi: the fresh horses, — 
renewed by rest and by food. 

64. Enitantur : can ascend ; can climb 
up. 

67. Moderamine certo : sure guidance ; 
careful driving. 

69. Inprceceps: headlong. 

69. Tethys. A goddess of the sea ; the 
wife of Oceanus, and daughter of Ccelus 



Fabula I. 



METAMORPHOSE ON. 



Adde, quod assidua rapitur vertigine ccelum : 
Sideraque alta trahit, celerique volumine torquet. 
Nitor in adversum : nee me, qui csstera, vincit 
Impetus ; et rapido contrarius evehc-r orbi. 

Finge datos currus : quid agas ? poterisne rotatis 
Obvius ire polis, ne te citus auferat axis ? 
Forsitan et lucos iliic, urbesque deorum 
Concipias animo, delubraque ditia donis 
Esse : per insidias iter est, formasque ferarum. 
Utque viam teneas, nullcque errore traharis, 
Per tamen adversi gradieris cornua Tauri, 
Hsemoniosque arcus, violentique ora Leonis, 
Sasvaque circuitu curvantem brachia longo 
Scorpion, atque aliter curvantem brachia Cancrum. 
Nee tibi quadrupedes animesos ignibus illis 
duos in pectore habent, quos ore et naribus efflant, 



131 

70 70. Adde quod cce- 
lum rapitur assidua 
vertigine, trahitque 
alta sidera, torquetque 
celeri volumine. 



74. Finge currus da- 
~r tos, quid agas? Po- 
'** terisne ire obvius po- 
lis rotatis, ut citus 
axis ne auferat te? 



79. Utque teneas vi- 
am, traharisque nullo 

gQ errore, tamen gradie- 
ris per cornua adversi 
Tauri, arcusque Hse- 
monios, oraque vio- 
lenti Leonis, 

84. Nee est tibi in 
promptu regere quad- 
rupedes animosos illis 

85 ignibus, quos habent 
in pectore, 



NOT^. 



and Terra. The sun was fabled to descend 
into the sea, and pass the night. 

70. Ccelum : the heavens ; the primum 
mobile, which, by its motion, was sup- 
posed to carry the fixed stars from west to 
east, while the sun proceeded from east to 
west. 

70. Assidua vertigine : with continual 
revolution. 

71. Celeri volumine: with its swift 
whirl. 

72. Nitor in adversum: I struggle against 
the revolution ; I direct my course against it. 

73. Rapido orbi : the rapid sphere ; the 
sphere oi the heavens. 

73. Contrarius : in a direction contrary 
to the swift orb. The sun passes through 
the signs of the zodiac_^contrary to the 
sphere of the heavens. 

74. Finge datos currus : suppose the 
chariot given to you. 

74. Rotatis polis : the revolving poles, 
here put for heaven by synecdoche. This 
is often the case with the poets. 

In freta dum fluvii current, dum montibus um- 
brae, 

IiUstrabunt convexa, polus dum sidera pascet; 

Semper honos. nomenque tuum, laudesque ma- 
nebunt. — Virgil. 

Both turned, and under open sky adored 

The God that made both sky, air, earth, and 
heaven 

Which they beheld; the moon's resplendent 
globe, 

And starry ■pole. — Milton. 

77. Concipias: you may imagine. 

78. Formas ferarum: the forms of wild 
beasts. The signs of the zodiac are all 
animals except four. 

79. Viam teneas: that you may keep on 
your way. He proceeds to describe the 
course ot the sun through the signs of the 
zodiac — the sun's annual course, instead 
of his diurnal one. 



80. Adversi Tauri: of the Bull opposite 
to you. After leaving Aries, the sun en- 
ters Taurus, which is here called adversus, 
because the head of the Bull is drawn 
meeting the Sun. As the Egyptians be-, 
gan to plough when the sun entered Tau- 
rus, the Bull was chosen as the name of 
the sign. Its figure (&) is a rude outline 
of the head and horns of a bull. 

81. Ho3moniosque arcus : the Haemonian 
bow. Sagittarius, with his drawn bow, 
would threaten him. He was the Centaur 
Chiron of Hasmonia or Thessaly, trans- 
lated to heaven and made a constellation. 
As the sun enters Sagittarius in the hunt- 
ing season, it is easy to see why the sign 
was adopted. The figure is a dart {$). 

81. Violenti Leonis : of the fierce Lion, 
so called from the intense heat of the 
sun while in that sign. The figure is 
a rude representation of a lion's tail ('C^). 

Under his chest the Crab, beneath his feet 
The mighty Lion darts a trembling flame. 

Akatus. 

82. Circuitu longo: in a long circuit. 

83. Scorpion. From the Greek Scorpios. 
The fevers and poisonous malaria that ex- 
ist when the sun is in this sign (TT\j caused 
the adoption of this poisonous animal. 

83. Aliter: in a different manner. The 
Scorpion spreads its arms widely, gene- 
rally ; the Crab in a slight degree, and 
at the extremities ; the Scorpion towards 
the east ; the Crab towards the west ; 
the Scorpion upwards ; the Crab down- 
wards. 

83. Cancrum. This sign of the zodiac 
was adopted to show the retrograde mo- 
tion of the sun after reaching the Tro- 
pic. Its figure is (®). 

84. Animosos ignibus : spirited with 
those fires which they breathe out of their 
mouths. 



132 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber II. 



In promptu regere est : vix me patiuntur, ut acres 

Incaluere animi ; cervixque repugnat habenis. 

At tu, funesti ne sim tibi muneris auctor : 

Nate, cave : dum resque sinit, tua corrige vota. 

Scilicet, ut nostro genitum te sanguine credas, 90 

Pignora certa petis : do pignora certa timendo ; 

Et patrio pater esse metu probor. Aspice vultus 

Ecce meos : utinamque oculos in pectora posses 

Inserere ; et patrias intus deprendere curas ! 

Denique quicquid habet dives, circumspice, mundus, 95 

Eque tot ac tantis coeli, terrasque, marisque, 

Posce bonis aliquid ; nullam patiere repulsam. 

Deprecor hoc unum ; quod vero nomine poena, 

Non honor est : poenam, Phaethon, pro munere poscis. 



Q,uid mea colla tenes blandis, ignare, lacertis ? 100 

Ne dubita ; dabitur (Stygias juravimus undas) 
Gluodcunque optaris : sed tu sapientius opta. 

Finierat monitus : dictis tamen ille repugnat : 
Propositumque tenet : flagratque cupidine currus. 
Ergo, qua licuit genitor cunctatus, ad altos 105 

Deducit juvenem, Vulcania munera, currus. 
Aureus axis erat, temo aureus, aurea summse 
Curvatura rotse ; radiorum argenteus ordo. 
Per juga chrysolithi, positseque ex ordine gemmae, 
Clara repercusso reddebant lumina Phoebo. 110 



88. At tu nate cave, 
ne sim tibi auctor fu- 
nesti muneris, corri- 
geque tua vota, dum 
res sinit. 

92. Ecce, aspice me- 
os vultus: utinamque 
posses inserere oculos 
in pectora, et depren- 
dere curas patrias in- 
tus. 



100. Quid ignare te- 
nes mea colla blandis 
lacertis? Ne dubita 
quodcunque optaris 
dabitur, (nam juravi- 
mus per Stygias un- 
das) sed opta tu sapi- 
entius. 

105. Ergo genitor 
cunctatus qua licuit, 
deducit juvenem ad 
altos currus, munera 
Vulcania. 



NOTiE. 



86. In promptu: easy. 

86. Vix me : scarcely do they suffer me, 
who am a god, and am known to them. 

89. Dum resque sinit : whilst the thing 
permits ; while you can. 

91. Pignora certa : sure pledges; infal- 
lible tokens. 

92. Aspice vultus : behold my counte- 
nance troubled with all the anxiety of a 
father. 

94. Et deprendere: and discover. 

98. Deprecor: I deprecate ; I beg to be 
excused from. 

99. Poznam poscis: you ask punishment 
for a present. 

We, ignorant of ourselves, 
Beg often our own harms, which the wise 

powers 
Deny us for our good. — Shakspeare. 

Quid tam dextro pede concipis, ut te 

Conatus non pceniteat, votique peracti? 

Evertere domos totas optantibus ipsis 

Dii faciles.— Juvenal. Sat. x. 

102. Optaris: for optaveris by syncope. 

103. Finierat monitus. Phoebus had 
ended his admonitions. 

103. Ille repugnat : he (Phaethon) re- 
sists. 

104. Propositumque tenet: and holds to 
his purpose. 

105. Qua licuit : as long as he could. 
This was done in hope that his son would 



abandon his intention of attempting to 
guide the chariot. 

106. Deducit: he leads him; an especial 
mark of honor. 

106. Vulcania munera: the gift of Vul- 
can who had made if.. For the sake of 
comparison, we give a description of Juno's 
chariot from Homer : 

On the bright axle turns the bidden wheel 
Of sounding brass: the polished axle steel; 
Eight brazen spokes in radiant order flame, 
The circles gold of uncorrupted frame, 
Such as the Heavens produce ; and round the 

gold 
Two brazen rings of work divine were rolled. 
The bossy naves of solid silver shone; 
Braces of gold suspend the moving throne: 
The car behind an arching figure bore, 
The bending concave formed an arch before. 
Silver the beam, the extended yoke was gold, 
And golden reins the immortal coursers hold. 

Iliad v. 

107. Temo aureus: the pole was of gold. 
The pole is the part to which the horses 
are harnessed, by some called the tongue. 

108. Curvatura: the orb ; the rim. 

108. Radiorum ordo: the range of spokes. 

109. Chrysolithi. Precious stones of a 
gold color, whence the name xpw°s, gold, 
and \i$o s , a stone. The chrysolite is a 
ferriferous silicate of magnesia. 

109. Ex ordine: placed in order. 

1 10. Reddebant lumina : gave back the 
light. 



Fabula I. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



133 



Dumque ea magnanimus Phaethon miratur, opusque 
Perspicit ; ecce vigil rutilo patefecit ab ortu 
Purpureas Aurora fores, et plena rosarum 
Atria : diffugiunt stellae ; quarum agmina cogit 
Lucifer, et creli statione novissimus exit. 

At pater, ut terras, mundumque rubescere vidit, 
Cornuaque extremae velut evanescere Lunae ; 
Jungere equos Titan velocibus imperat Horis. 
Jussa deas celeres peragunt : ignemque vomentes 
Ambrosias succo saturos praesepibus altis 
Q,uadrupedes ducunt ; adduntque sonantia frasna. 
Turn pater ora sui sacro medicamine nati 
Contigit, et rapidae fecit patientia flammse : 
Imposuitque comae radios ; praesagaque luctus 
Pectore sollicito repetens suspiria, dixit : 
Si potes hie saltern monitis parere paternis, 
Parce, puer, stimulis, et fortius utere loris. 
Sponte sua properant : labor est inhibere volentes. 
Nee tibi directos placeat via quinque per arcus. 
Sectus in obliquum est lato curvamine limes 130 



115 



120 



125 



111. Dumque mag- 
nanimus Phaethon 
miratur ea, perspicit- 
queopus; ecce vigil 
Aurora patefecit pur- 
pureas fores, et atria 
plena rosarum, ab ru- 
tilo ortu. 



122. Turn pater con- 
tigit ora sui nati sacro 
medicamine ; et fecit 
patientia rapidae flam- 
mas. 



129. Nee via per 
quinque arcus direc- 
tos piaceat tibi. Est 



NOTiE. 



110. Repercusso Phcebo : from the re- 
flected sun. 

111. Opusque perspicit: and examines 
the work. 

112. Ecce vigil Aurora ! Lo, the watch- 
ful Aurora ; the goddess of the morning. 

But, look, the morn, in russet mantle clad, 
Walks o'er the dew of yon high eastern hill. 
Shakspeare. 

112. Rutilo ab ortu: from the reddening 
sun-rise. 

113. Plena rosarum: full of roses. The 
heavens in the morning are lit up with 
rosy light, hence the above fiction. 

114. Agmina cogit: collects the bands ; 
this is a military expression. 

115. Lucifer. The planet Venus, the 
second in the solar system, is called Luci- 
fer when it precedes the sun in the morn- 
ing, and Hesperus when it follows the sun 
in the evening. 

Nunlius Noctis. modo lotus, undis 
Hesperus, pulsis iterum tenebris 
Lucifer idem.— Senec. in Hippol. 

115. Statione codi: from his station in 
heaven. When the morning star, Lucifer 
is the last to disappear. It is spoken of as 
set for a watch in heaven. Modern poets 
have employed the same thought. 

The sentinel stars set their watch in the sky. 

Campbell. 

117. Cornua Lunce : the horns of the 
moon, the extremities of the crescent 
moon. 

117. Evanescere: to grow dim. As the 
tips of the moon reflect the light less 
strongly, they begin to disappear first. 



118. Velocibus Horis: the swift hours. 
These are said to be the servants of the 
sun, because they depend on his motions. 

120. Ambrosice succo; with the juice of 
ambrosia. This is the fancied food of the 
gods. 

Axe sub Hesperio sunt pascua solis equorum : 
Ambrosiam pro gramine habent; sed fessa di- 

urnis 
Membra ministeriis nutrit, reparatque labori. 

Metam. Lib. iv. 

121. Adduntque sonantia: and put on 
the jingling bridles. 

122. Sacro medicamine: with a sacred 
ointment, that he may resist the heat of 
the sun. 

123. Patientia jlammm : patient of the 
rapid flame ; able to endure it. 

124. Imposuitque comce : and put the 
rays on his head ; the crown which Apollo 
wore, emitting rays in every direction. 

O diadem, thou centre of ambition, 
Where all its different lines are reconciled 
As if thou wert the burning-glass of glory ! 

Drydex. 

124. Pro3saga: presages; forebodings. 

127. Parce stimulis: spare the whip. 

129. Nee tibi. He directs him not to go 
in a line parallel with the five circles that 
mark the zones ; the Arctic, the Antarctic, 
the Tropic of Cancer, the Tropic of Capri- 
corn, and the Equinoctial ; but to go 
through the zodiac. 

130. Sectus in obliquum. He speaks of 
the zodiac, which extends eight degrees 
on each side of the ecliptic. 

130. Lato curvamine: of broad curva- 



ture. 



M 



134 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber II. 



Zonarumque trium contentus fine : polumque 

Effugit Australem, junctamque Aquilonibus Arcton. 

Hac sit iter : manifesta rotse vestigia cernes. 

Utque ferant sequos et coelum et terra calores ; 

Nee preme, nee summum molire per asthera currum. 135 

Altius egressus coslestia tecta cremabis ; 

Inferius, terras : medio tutissimus ibis. 

Neu te dexterior tortum declinet in Anguem ; 

Neve sinisterior pressam rota ducat ad Aram ; 

Inter utrumque tene : fortunse csetera mando, 140 

Quae juvet, et melius, quam tu tibi, consulat opto. 

Dum loquor ; Hesperio positas in littore metas 

Humida Nox tetigit : non est mora libera nobis. 

Poscimur ; effulget tenebris Aurora fugatis. 



limes sectus in obli- 
quum lato curvamine. 



136. Egressus altius, 
cremabis tecta cceles- 
tia, egressus, inferius, 
cremabis terras : ibis 
tutissimus medio. 

140. Tene inter ut- 
rumque. Mando cae- 
tera fortunee, quae op- 
to ut juvet, et melius 
consulat, quam tu con- 
suluisti tibi. 



NOTiE. 



131. Trium contentus : content with the 
limit of three zones. The zodiac cuts the 
equinoctial in an oblique direction, and, 
passing through the torrid zone, touches 
the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capri- 
corn, which are the extreme boundaries of 
the temperate zones. 

132. Arcton : the Bear. Callisto, the 
daughter of Lycaon, being changed by 
Juno into a bear, was made a constellation 
near the North pole. 

133. Botes vestigia: tracks of the wheel. 
The frequent passage of the chariot of the 
sun, had rendered the path plain. 

134. JEquos calores: just proportions of 
heat. 

135. Nee preme: neither depress the 
chariot. 

Apollo. On seating him, however, in the 
chariot, I gave him especial instructions for his 
government, how he should fix himself so as to 
keep a steady command, how far he might give 
the rein in ascending, and how he then should 
tend downwards, and how he was to manage so 
as always to keep master of the bridle, and to 
direct such fiery coursers ; -I told him likewise 
the danger of not driving constantly straight 
forwards. — Dialogues of the Deities. 

135. Nee molire: nor urge it. 

136. Altius egressus : having gone too 
high. 

137. Terras. Supply cremebis. 

137. Medio tutissimus : you will go safest 
in the middle way. This, adopted as a 
motto, is susceptible of a fine moral ap- 
plication. Moderation in all things is de- 
sirable. The sentiment is similar to the 
saying of Cleobulus, one of the Seven 
Wise men of Greece : "Apiarov ^irpov. 

138. Dexterior: too much to the right ; 
too far towards the north ; for, to the sun 
starting from the east, the north is on the 
right hand. 

138. Ad tortum Anguem: to the wreathed 
Snake, a constellation which winds around 
the north pole. 



The Serpent grim betwixt them bends his way. 
As through the winding banks the currents stray, 
And up and down in sinuous bendings rolls. 

Aratus. 

The Kid's bright beams, and Serpent's lucid fold. 

Virgil, Georgic i. 

139. Sinisterior. Too much to the left ; 
too far towards the south. 

139. Ad Aram : towards the Altar, a 
constellation not far from the South pole. 
The altar on which the gods are first sup- 
posed to have made a confederacy against 
the Titans, and on which they sacrificed 
after their subjection, was translated to 
heaven and became this constellation. As 
by the conflict of the gods and Titans, we 
are to understand the convulsions occa- 
sioned at the deluge by the great physical 
agents, fire and water, and, as from the 
remotest antiquity, the celestial hemis- 
phere presents a pictorial representation 
of the deluge, aquatic animals, the ark. the 
dove, and the altar, there is little doubt 
that the constellation of the Altar is in- 
tended to represent the one on which 
Noah offered sacrifice after leaving the 
ark. See note on rate, page 77. 

140. Inter utrumque: keep between the 
two ; viz. the Serpent and the Altar. 

141. Quam tu tibi: than you consult for 
yourself. 

142. Hesperio in littore: on the western 
shore ; the Atlantic. 

142. Metas. The goal was the bound 
that marked the end of the course. The 
term is used here since the Sun and Night 
were represented as drawn in a chariot. 

143. Humida Nox: moist Night. When 
Nox reached the west, of necessity the sun 
must rise in the east. 

144. Poscimur : we are called for ; we 
must go. 

144. Tenebris fugatis: the darkness be- 
ing dispersed. 

Now, flaming up the heavens, the potent sun 
Melts into limpid air the high-raised clouds, 



Farula I. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



135 



Corripe lora manu : vel, si mutabile pectus 145 

Est tibi, consiliis, non curribus utere nostris ; 
Dum potes, et solidis etiamnum sedibus adstas ; 
Dumque male optatos nondum premis inscius axes ; 
Q/ase tutus spectes, sine me dare lumina terris. 
Occupat ille levem juvenili corpore currum ; 150 

Statque super ; manibusque datas contingere habenas 
Gaudet ; et invito grates agit inde parenti. 

NOTiE. 



And morning fogs, that hovered round the hills 
In party-colored bands. — Thomson. 

147. Dum potes: whilst you can; whilst 
it is in your power. 

148. Axes: the axle; the chariot. 

149. Sine me dare : permit me to give 
light. 

150. Occupat. Great eagerness and ce- 
lerity are indicated by the use of this verb. 
The fragment of a play by Euripides, 
quoted by Longinus, presents the same 
idea. 



Thus spoke the god. The impatient youth with 

haste 
Snatches the reins, and vaults into the seat 

EURIPIDES'S PHAETHOX. 

152. Invito parenti : to his unwilling 
father. He was unwilling, as he foresaw 
his destruction. 

Apollo. Aware that I could not trust the 
chariot to his guidance, I resisted his importu- 
nity a long time ; but at last, adding tears to his 
entreaties, and his mother Clymene leaguing 
with him so impetuously in the attack, they ex- 
torted my consent. — Dialogues of the Deities. 



QILESTIONES. 



What did the Palace of the Sun repre- 
sent? 

What coincidence between it and the 
Jewish tabernacle ? 

Who was the architect of the palace ? 

Why was he called Mulciber ? 

Why were the Hours, Days, Months, 
Years, &c, represented as surrounding 
the Sun ? 

Who was Proteus ? iEgaeon ? Doris ? 

What was the office of Triton ? 

Did Apollo recognise Phaethon as his 
son? 

What did he offer him in proof of his 
paternity ? 



Did he confirm it by an oath ? 

Are indefinite promises lawful ? 

What did Phaethon ask in proof of his 
descent ? 

Did his father seek to dissuade him ? 

Finding his directions unavailing, what 
directions did he give him ? 

What course does the poet describe as 
the path of the Sun ? 

Who was Chiron ? for what celebrated ? 

Who was Tethys ? Aurora ? 

What was the office of Lucifer ? 

What different names has this planet ? 

What ancient poet besides Ovid wrote 
on the fall of Phaethon ? 



FABULA II. 

TERR^ INCENDIUM; PHAETHONTIS CASUS. 

Having mounted the chariot of the Sun, Phaethon is unable to curb the horses, 
or keep the path which his father had designated. They bear the chariot 
at times aloft to the stars, and again depress it towards the earth, which is at 
length set on fire. To prevent a conflagration, Jupiter strikes Phaethon with 
a thunderbolt into the river Po. 

EXPLICATIO. 

This Fable may be interpreted historically or physically. Many an- 
cient writers speak of a partial conflagration of the world. Aristotle 
states, that in the days of Phaethon flames fell from heaven which con- 
sumed several countries. Eusebius supposes the event to have happened 
about the time of Deucalion's Flood. St. Chrysostom thinks in the cha- 
riot of the Sun, guided by Phaethon, he recognises the fiery chariot of 
Elias, and is disposed to lay considerable stress on the resemblance of his 
name to "hmoj, the sun. If any part of Biblical history forms the sub- 
ject of this Fable, it is more probably the destruction of the Cities of the 
Plain — the stoppage of the sun in the days of Joshua, or the retrograda- 
tion of the sun in his course, in the days of Hezekiah. 

Plutarch considers Phaethon a real character, and tells us that he was 
a king of the Molossians, who devoted much time to the study of Astro- 
nomy, and was at length drowned in the river Po, whence the origin of 
the fable. Lucian, who diverts himself with the fabulous story, and 
especially with the changing of the sisters of Phaethon into trees that 
distilled amber, nevertheless tells us, in his treatise on Astronomy, that 
Phaethon was a prince much addicted to that study, who endeavored to 
find out the course of the sun, whence he was said to be the son of 
Phoebus, and that dying before he had completed his investigations, he 
was fabled to have been slain while driving the chariot of the sun. 
Intense heat prevailing during his life may have caused the fiction of 
setting the world on fire. 

Physically considered, Phaethon, which signifies a burning inflamma- 
tion, may mean the electric fluid. He is said to be the son of Phoebus 
and Clymene, {water,) because the heat of the sun, acting upon water, 
causes a rapid evaporation to take place, which carries up the elec- 
tricity into the clouds. Thunder and lightning succeed, whence Phae- 
thon may be said to have been struck with lightning. He is said to 
fall like a shooting-star ; and as these are but meteors, depending on 
electricity, the very simile may adumbrate the true character of 
Phaethon. 

136 



NTEREA volucres Pyroeis, et Eous, et iEthon, 
Solis equi,quartusque Phlegon,hirmitibus auras 
Flammiferis implent, pedibusque repagulapulsant. 
Q,ua3postquamTethys,fatorumignaranepotis, 
Reppulit ; et facta est immensi copia mundi ; m,m 
r> Corripuere viam, pedibusque per aera motis w 

NOTJEL 

1. Volucres: swift; winged. 

2. Solis equi. The names of the four horses 
of the sun are of Greek derivation : Pyroeis 
is from rip, fire ; Eous, from nu>s, the morn- 
ing ; iEthon, from «&», to inflame ; and 
Phlegon, from <p\eyw, to burn. 

2. Hinnitibus flammiferis : with fiery 
neighings. The horses of the sun were said, 
to breathe flame from their mouths and nos- 
trils. 

3. Repagula : the barriers. These were 
bars placed before the goal to prevent the 
horses in the chariot-race starting before the 
proper time. 

4. Nepotis. Phaethon was the son of Clymene, and the 
grandson of Tethys. 

5. Copia: expanse; full scope. 

6. Corripuere : seized upon ; entered upon with alacrity. 
Thus Virgil : 

Corripuere viam interea qua semita monstrat. — iE>"EiD iv. 
He starts; the coursers, whom the lashing whip s 

Excites, outstrip the winds, and whirl the car [ 

High through the airy void. Behind the sire, 
Borne on his planetary steed, pursues 
"With eye intent, and warns him with his voice. 
Drive there ! now here ! — here ! turn the chariot here. 

EURIPIDES'S PHAETHOX. 




&Z, ei^ 





M2 137 



138 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Leber II. 



Obstantes findunt nebulas, pennisque levati 
Prastereunt ortos isdem de partibus Euros. 
Sed leve pondus erat ; nee quod cognoscere possent 
Solis equi ; solitaque jugum gravitate carebat. 
Utque labant curvse justo sine pondere naves, 
Perque mare, instabiles nimia levitate, feruntur : 
Sic onere assueto vacuos dat in aere saltus, 
Succutiturque alte, similisque est currus inani. 
Quod simul ac sensere, ruunt, tritumque relinquunt 
Quadrijugi spatium ; nee, quo prius ordine currunt. 
Ipse pavet ; nee qua commissas flectat habenas, 
Nee scit qua sit iter ; nee, si sciat, imperet illis. 

Turn primum radiis gelidi caluere Triones, 
Et vetito frustra tentarunt aequore tingi. 
Q,u£eque polo posita est glaciali proxima serpens, 
Frigore pigra prius, nee formidabilis ulli ; 
Incaluit ; sumsitque novas fervoribus iras. 
Te qucque turbatum memorant fugisse, Bobte ; 
Quamvis tardus eras, et te tua plaustra tenebant. 



6. Corripuere viam, 
pedibusque motis per 
aera, findunt nebulas 
obstantes, levatique 
pennis, praetereunt 
10 Euros ortos de isdem 
partibus. 



13. Sic currus dat 

saltus in aere, vacuos 

assueto onere, succu- 

15 titurque alte, estque 

siinilis inani. 

17. Ipse pavet, nee 
scit qua flectat habe- 
nas commissas sibi, 
nee qua sit iter, nee si 
sciat, imperet illis. 



20 



24. Memorant te 

quoque Boote fugisse 

25 turbatum, quamvis 



NOTjE. 



7. Pennis levati : upborne by wings ; 
mounted upon wings. 

8. Isdem de partibus: from the same re- 
gions as the east wind. 

9. Nee quod cognoscere: nor such as they 
could feel. 

10. Solitaque gravitate : its accustomed 
gravity, viz. the weight of the god. 

14. Succutiturque alte: and is tossed on 
high. 

14. Simili inanis : like an empty cha- 
riot. 

15. Buunt: they rush forward. 

15. Tritumque sjmtium : the beaten 
track. 

16. Quadrijugi: the four horses abreast. 

16. Quo prius: in which they ran be- 
fore. Supply currebant. 

17. Ipse pavet : he. (Phaethon) is af- 
frightea. 

17. Commissas habenas : the reins that 
had been committed to him. 

19. Turn primum: then for the first time. 
They were situated near the pole, and had 
never been heated by the sun before. 

19. Triones. The Triones, or ploughing 
oxen, are seven stars near the north pole 
in the form of a plough. Some call them 
Charles's Wain, from a fancied resem- 
blance to a wagon. They are part of the 
stars comprising the Bears ; hence Cice- 
ro, speaking oi the Bears, says — 

Winch are by us Septentriones called. 

20. Vetito cequore: in the forbidden sea. 
So Virgil: 

Arctos metuentes cequore tingi.— Geokgic i. 
Ovid is here guilty of an a?iachroni$m,. 
After the conflagration which took place 



from Phaethon' s inability to guide the 
chariot of the Sun, and while about to 
repair the injury done by the fire, Jupiter 
met with Callisto and fell in love with her. 
Callisto was changed into a bear by Juno, 
and afterwards transferred with her son to 
the heavens by Jupiter. Aggrieved by 
this insult, Juno went to Oceanus and 
Tethys, and obtained that the Bears 
should never descend into the sea ; that is, 
should never set, for the sun and constel- 
lations, when they set, were said to de- 
scend into the sea. 

22. Frigore pigra : sluggish with cold. 
Serpents in winter are benumbed with 
cold, and live in a torpid state. 

23. Fervoribus: with the heat. Serpents 
are rendered more furious by the heat. 
Hence Virgil: 

Postquam exhausta palus, terrceque ardore de- 

hiscunt; 
Exilit in siccum, et flammantia lumina tor- 

quens 
Saevit agris, asperque siti, atque exterritus a?stu. 
Georgic iii. 

24. Bobte: Bootes is derived from Bocorvs, 
and signifies a driver of oxen. It follows 
the Ursa Major, by some called the Wa- 
gon, and hence is named Arctophylax, 
keeper of the bear, and Bootes, the ox- 
driver. 

24. Fugisse : fled. The near approach 
of the sun makes the planets move more 
swiftly. The same effect was produced 
on the constellation Bootes. 

25. Tardus. The stars near the pole 
move more slowly, because they have less 
space to pass over in a revolution. 

25. Plaustra. The principal stars in 



Fabula II. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



30 



35 



Ut vero summo despexit ab sethere terras 
Infelix Phaethon penitus penitusque jacentes ; 
Palluit, et subito genua intremuere timore ; 
Suntque oculis tenebrse per tantum lumen obortas : 
Et jam mallet equos nunquam tetigisse paternos : 
Jamque agnosse genus piget, at valuisse rogando : 
Jam Meropis dici cupiens. Ita fertur, ut acta 
Praecipiti pinus Borea, cui victa remisit 
Fraena suus rector, quam Dis, votisque reliquit. 
Quid faciat ? multum coeli post terga relictum ; 
Ante oculos plus est ; animo metitur utrumque : 
Et modo, quos ilia fato contingere non est, 
Prospicit occasus ; interdum respicit ortus. 
Quidque agat ignarus, stupet : et nee frsena remittit, 
Nee retinere valet ; nee nomina novit equorum. 40 

Sparsa quoque in vario passim miracula coelo, 
Vastarumque videt trepidus simulacra ferarum. 

Est locus, in geminos ubi brachia concavat arcus 
Scorpios, et cauda, flexisque utrinque lacertis 
Porrigit in spatium signorum membra duorum. 45 



139 

eras tardus, et tua pla- 
ustra tenebant te. Ut 
vero infelix Phaethon 
summo aethere des- 
pexit terras penitus, 
penitusque jacentes, 

30. Et jam mallet 
nunquam tetigisse 
equos paternos, jam- 
que piget agnovisse 
genus et valuisse ro- 
gando: jam cupiens 
dici filius Meropis ; 



37. Et mod6 prospi- 
cit occasus, quos non 
est illi contingere fa- 
to: interdum respicit 
ortus. ignarusque quid 
agat; stupet. 



NOTiE. 



the two Bears are thought by some to re- 
present a wagon. 

Saw there the brilliant gems that nightly flare 
In the thin m.st of Berenice's hair; 
And there Bootes roll his lucid wain 
On sparkling wheels along the ethereal plain. 

Pierpoxt. 

25. Tenebant : detained you ; retarded 
you. 

26. Despexit: looked down. 

Apollo. But indeed it is extremely natural 
that one so young as he, on seeing himself sur- 
rounded by so much fire, and looking down on 
the immense abyss, should lose his head; and 
that the steeds, as soon as they perceived that 
they had not their accustomed driver, should 
have despised the boy, and, running away with 
him, have created all this mischief.— Dialogues 
of the Deities. 

27. Penitus penitusque : lying far and 
far away. The repetition adds force to 
the expression. 

28. Palluit: he became pale with fear. 

29. Per tantum lumen: by reason of so 
great light. He was blinded by the light. 

31. Valuisse rogando: to have prevailed 
in his request. 

32. Merovis : of Merops ; the son of 
Merops. He preferred now to be consi- 
dered the son of a man, and be safe, than 
to be the son of a god, and be destroyed. 

32. Fertur: he is borne ; he is carried. 

33. Prcecipiti Bored : by the impetuous 
north- wind. 

33. Pinus : a pine, put by synecdoche 
for a ship. 

34. Frana: the reins, by metonymy for 
the helm. The vessel is spoken of under 
the metaphor of a horse. 



34. Suus rector : her pilot ; her steers- 
man. 

34. Bis . Under the pressure of danger, 
the sailors readily apply to the gods for 
assistance. Thus Horace : 

Dii, quos iterum pressa voces malo. 

Lib. i. Oda 14. 

35. Multum coeli : much of heaven is 
left behind. He has passed over a great 
part of heaven. 

36. Animo metitur: he measures each 
in his mind. He considers whether it 
would be easier for him to return to the 
east, or continue his course to the west. 

37. Fato: which it is not in fate for him 
to reach ; which it is not fated for him to 
reach. Some MSS. have fas turn, instead 
of fato ; which it is not lawful for him 
then to reach. 

38. Prospicit occasus : looks forward to 
the west. 

38. Pespicit ortus : looks back to the 
east. 

39. Stupet : he is stupified ; he is con- 
founded. 

41. Miracula: monsters. 

41. In vario coelo : in the different parts 
of heaven. 

42. Vastarum ferarum : of huge wild 
beasts ; the different constellations in the 
form of animals. 

42. Simulacra : the forms ; the phan- 
toms. 

43. Brachia concavat: hollows his arms ; 
bends his arms. 

43. Geminos arcus : two circles ; two 
arches. 
45. Porrigit membra : stretches his 



140 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber II. 



Hunc puer ut nigri madidum sudore veneni 
Vulnera curvata minitantem cuspide vidit ; 
Mentis inops, gelida formidine lora remisit ; 
Quae postquam summum tetigere jacentia tergum, 
Expatiantur equi ; nulloque inhibente, per auras 
Ignotse regionis eunt ; quaque impetus egit, 
Hac sine lege ruunt : altoque sub sethere fixis 
Incursant stellis, rapiuntque per avia currum. 
Et modo summa petunt, mo-do per decliva, viasque 
Praecipites, spatio terrae propiore, feruntur ; 
Inferiusque suis fraternos currere Luna 
Admiratur equos : combustaque nubila fumant. 

Corripitur flammis, ut quseque altissima, tellus ; 
Fissaque agit rimas, et succis aret aderntis. 
Pabula canescunt ; cum frondibus uritur arbos ; 
Materiamque suo praebet seges arida damno, 
Parva queror : magna? pereunt cum moenibus urbes 
Cumque suis totas populis incendia gentes 
In cinerem vertunt. Sylvae cum montibus ardent : 
Ardet Athos, Taurusque Cilix, et Tmolus et CEte ; 



50 



55 



60 



65 



46. Puer ut vidit 
hunc madidum sudore 
nigri veneni, minitan- 
tem vulnera curvata, 
cuspide ; inops mentis, 
remisit lora gelida l'or- 
midine. 



54. Et modd petunt 
summa, modo ferun- 
tur per decliva, vias- 
que praecipites, spatio 
propiore terrae : luna- 
que admiratur equos 
fraternos currere in- 
ferius suis. 



62. Queror parva: 
magna? urbes pereunt 
cum moenibus. Incen- 
diaque vertunt totas 
gentes cum suis popu- 
lis in cinerem. Sylvse 
ardent cum montibus. 



NOTJE. 



limbs. The Scorpion extends his claws 
until he encroaches upon the Lion, while 
with his tail he occupies a portion of the 
space allotted to Libra. 

46. Hunc: him, viz. the Scorpion. 

47. Curvata cuspide: with his tail bent, 
in the attitude of striking. Scorpions strike 
with the tail. 

48. Gelida formidine: with cold dread. 
It is the nature of fear to cause a chilly 
sensation. 

48. Lora remisit: let go the reins. 
Apollo. The poor youth, I suppose, for fear 

of falling, let go the reins, and clung fast to the 
chariot. — Dialogues of the Deities. 

49. Summum tergum: the upper part of 
the back. See Syntax, R. i, n. 8. 

50. Expatiantur: they leave the track; 
rush out of the path. 

53. Incursant stellis : rush against the 
stars. 

54. Summa: the highest places. Sup- 
ply loca. Lucian gives a similar account : 

Jupiter. You have seen a proof of it in this 
young hare-brain, with whom they ran away, 
now up, now down, now to the right, now to the 
left, now even in the most contrary directions, 
he being quite at a loss to govern them. 

Dialogues of the Deities. 

56. Inferiusque. The moon is much 
nearer to the earth than the sun. She 
might well be astonished that her brother's 
horses were below hers. 

56. Fraternos equos : her brother's 
horses. Phoebus was the brother of Di- 
ana. The chariot of the sun is represented 
with four horses, that of the moon with 
two. 



57. Combusta nubila: the burnt clouds. 
The scorched and blackened heavens together 
roll.— Anon. 

59. Succis aderntis: the moisture being 
taken away — being dried up. 

60. Pabula canescunt : the grass becomes 
white. This is in consequence of the dry- 
ing up of the moisture. 

62. Parva queror: I lament things of 
little consequence. The loss of grass, 
crops, and trees was of but little account, 
when compared with the destruction of 
great cities and nations. 

63. Cumque suis populis : nations with 
their people. In a nation are generally 
several diverse tribes. 

65. Athos. A mountain of Macedonia, 
between Sinus Singiticus and Sinus Stry- 
monicus. Its height is about 4560 feet. 
The poet proceeds to enumerate all the 
high mountains of which he had know- 
ledge. 

65. Taurusque Cilix. A very large 
range of mountains in Asia, commencing 
in Lycia and Caria, near the Mediterra- 
nean, and stretching easterly under differ- 
ent names. The Cilicians call the range 
Taurus. 

65. Tmolus. A mountain in Lydia, 
abounding in wine, saffron, and honey. 
It was here the palm was awarded to 
Apollo over Pan in a contest upon the 
flute. 

Nonne vides croceos ut Tmolus odores, 

India mitlit ebur. — Georgic i. 56. 

65. CEte. One of the heights of the chain 
of mountains which commences near the 



Fabula II. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



141 



Et nunc sicca, prius celeberrima fontibus, Ida ; 
Virgineusque Helicon, et no-ndum GEagrius Hsemos : 
Ardet in immensum geminatis ignibus iEtna, 
Pamassusque biceps, et Eryx, et Cynthus, et Othrys, 
Et tandem Rhodope nivibus caritura, Mimasque, 70 
Dindymaque, et Mycale, natusque ad sacra Cithseron. 
Nee prosunt Scythice sua frigora : Caucasus ardet, 
Ossaque cum Pindo, majorque ambobus Olympus, 
Aeriasque Alpes, et nubifer Apenninus. 

Turn verb Phaethon cunctis e partibus orbem 75 
Aspicit accensum ; nee tantos sustinet aestus : 
Ferventesque auras, velut e fornace profunda, 



72. Nee sua frigora 
prosunt Scythiae: Cau- 
casus ardet. 

75. Turn vero Phae- 
thon aspicit orbem 
accensum e cunctis 
partibus ; nee sustinet 
tantos aestus. 



NOTjE. 



Isthmus of Corinth, and extends about two 
hundred miles to the north-west. The po- 
ets fabled that the sun, moon, and stars 
rose by its side. Here Hercules erected 
his funeral pile, and submitted to the flames 
which consumed his mortal part to ashes. 

66. Ida. A lofty mountain to the north 
of Troy, celebrated for its streams and 
fountains. It was here that Paris adjudged 
the prize of beauty to Venus over Juno and 
Minerva, and thus caused the Trojan 
war. 

67. Virgineus Helicon. A mountain in 
Bceotia, sacred to Apollo and the muses, 
and hence called virgineus ; for the muses 
were all virgins. At the foot of Helicon 
were the fountains Aganippe and Hippo- 
crene. 

67. Haemtis. A high mountain in Thrace, 
separating that country from Moesia. In 
aftertime it was called (Eagrius, because 
Orpheus, the son of (Eager, was here torn 
to pieces by the Bacchanals. 

68. JElna. A mountain of Sicily, and 
the most remarkable volcano in the world. 
The circumference at the base is about 
eighty-seven miles, its perpendicular height 
11,000 feet, with an ascent varying from 
twelve to twenty-four miles. It is of the 
shape of a cone, and divided into three re- 
gions ; the first consisting of a rich soil in 
high cultivation ; the second, a woody re- 

fion, affording pasturage to flocks and 
erds ; and the third, or highest region, an 
arid waste of lava, scoriae, and ashes, in 
some places covered with snow. As it is 
a volcano, it is here said during Phaethon' s 
conflagration to burn "with redoubled 
fires." 

69. Parnassus biceps. A mountain of 
Phocis with two peaks. See note on page 
76. 

69. Eryx. A mountain of Sicily, sacred 
*o Venus, who is thence called Erycina. 

69. Cynthus. A mountain in the island 
)f Delos* where Latona brought forth Apol- 
lo and Diana. Hence he is called Cyn- 
thius, and she Cynthia. 



69. Othrys. A mountain which joins 
Pelion on the west, and Pindus on the east, 
and forms the southern boundary of Tempe. 
It was the seat of the Titans in their bat- 
tle with the gods. 

From Othrys' lofty summit warred the host 
Of glorious Titans : from Olympus they, 
The band of gift-dispensing deities 
Whom fair-haired Rhea bare to Saturn's love. 

Hesiod. 

70. Rhodope. A mountain of Thrace 
covered with perpetual snow. Rhodope 
the wife of Haemus, together with her hus- 
band, was said to have been changed into 
this mountain. 

70. Mimas. A very high mountain in 
Ionia. The giant Mimas was said to have 
been transformed into it. 

71. Dindyma. Mountains of Phrygia, 
sacred to the goddess Cybele. She is 
therefore called Dindymene. Dindymus, m. 
Plur. Dindyma, orum, n. 

71. Mycale. A mountain, city, and pro- 
montory of Caria. 

71. Cithceron. A mountain in Boeotia, 
sacred to Bacchus, on which Acteeon' was 
torn to pieces by his own dogs. 

72. Caucasus. A chain of mountains 
between the Pontus Euxinus and Mare 
Caspium. Prometheus was chained here 
for stealing fire from heaven. 

73. Ossa. For Ossa, Pindus, and Olym- 
pus, mountains of Thessaly, see notes on 
page 56. 

74. Alpes. A chain of mountains in 
the form of a crescent separating Italy from 
Germany, Switzerland, and France. They 
are called aperies, from their great height. 

74. Apenninus. A chain of mountains 
traversing the middle of Italy. 

74. Nubifer: cloud-bearing; cloud-capt. 

76. Nee sustinet: cannot bear. 

77. Ferventes auras : inhales the hot 
air. 

Breathed hot 
From all the boundless furnace of the sky. 
And the wide glittering waste of burning sand, 
A suffocating wind the pilgrim smites 
With instant death. — Thomson. 



142 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber II 



Ore trahit, currusque suos candescere sentit. 
Et neque jam cineres, ejectatamque favillam 
Ferre potest ; calidoque involvitur undique fumo ; 
Q,u oque eat, aut ubi sit, picea caligine tectus 
Nescit ; et arbitrio volucmm raptatur equorum. 

Sanguine turn credunt in corpora summa vocato, 
iEthiopum populos nigrum traxisse colorem : 
Turn facta est Libye, raptis humoribus asstu, 
Arida ; turn nymphae passis fontesque lacusque, 
Deflevere comis : queritur Boeotia Dircen ; 
Argos Amymonen, Ephyre Pyrenidas undas. 
Nee sortita loco distantes flumina ripas 
Tuta manent : mediis Tanais fumavit in undis, 
Peneosque senex, Theutranteusque Ca'icus, 
Et celer Ismenos, cum Phocai'co Erymantho, 
Arsurusque iterum Xanthus, flavusque Lycormas, 
Quique recurvatis ludit Meandros in undis. 
Mygdoniusque Melas, et Tasnarius Eurotas : 
Arsit et Euphrates Babylonius, arsit Orontes, 



80 



85 



90 



95 



83. Credunt populos 
JSthiopum turn trax- 
isse nigrum colorem, 
sanguine vocato in 
summa corpora. 



89. Nee flumina sor- 
tita ripas distantes lo- 
co, manent tuta: Ta- 
nais fumavit in mediis 
undis 



NOT^. 



the embers thrown up. 
at the will of the swift 



78. Candescere: to glow with a white 
heat. 

79. Favillam, 

82. Arbitrio: 
horses. 

83. In summa corpora : to the surface of 
their bodies ; to the skin. 

85. Libye. A very arid part of Africa 
occupying a part of Barca and of Tripoli. 

86. Nymphce passis : the nymphs with 
dishevelled hair. 

87. Deflevere. They lamented their 
fountains now dried up. 

87. Dircen. A fountain of Boeotia, into 
which Dirce the wife of Lycus, king of 
Thebes, was changed. 

88. Argos. The principal city of Argo- 
lis, a district of Peloponnesus, the Morea. 

88. Amymonen. A fountain of Argos 
into which Amymone, the daughter of 
Danaus, was changed. 

88. Ephyre. An ancient name of Co- 
rinth. 

88. Pyrenidas undas : the waters of Pi- 
renius, a fountain at Corinth, sacred to the 
muses. 

89. Nee sortita : nor do rivers 
obtained by lot distant banks ; 
phrasis for wide rivers. 

90. Tanais. A river of Scythia, now of 
Russia, separating Europe and Asia, and 
emptying into Palus Maeotis, or Sea of 
Asoph. Its present name is the Don. 

91. Peneus. A river of Thessaly, which 
rises in Mount Pindus, and waters Tempe. 

91. Caicus. A river of Mysia emptying 
into Mare iEgaeum, or Archipelago. It is 
called Thcutranteus, from Theuiras, king 
of Mysia. 



having 
i peri- 



92. Ismenos. A river of Bceotia which 
falls into the Euripus, or Strait of Negro- 
pont. It was sacred to the muses, accord- 
ing to Pliny. 

92. Erymantho. A river, town, and 
mountain of Arcadia. Upon this moun- 
tain Hercules killed the noted wild boar. 

93. Xanthus. A river of Troy, large 
and rapid, which rises in Mount Ida. It 
was called Xanthus by the gods, and Sca- 
mander by men. In the Trojan war Vul- 
can set it on fire; hence the poet says 
arsurusque iterum. 

93. Lycormas. A river of iEtolia, with 
sands of a golden color ; hence called fla- 
vus Lycormas. 

64. Mceandros. A river of Asia Minor 
which rises in Phrygia, and running west- 
erly, receives many streams on both banks, 
and empties into Mare iEgaeum, the Archi- 
pelago. It has six hundred windings, and 
is said to have suggested to Daedalus the 
idea of the Cretan Labyrinth. The word 
to meander is derived from this river. 

95. Melfis. A river of Mygdonia, which 
is reputed to render the wool of sheep that 
drank it black. Plence its name n&a>, 
black. 

95. Eurotas. A river of Peloponnesus, 
the Morea, which empties into Sinus La- 
conicus. The town of Taenarus stands on 
its banks. 

96. Euphrates. A celebrated river in 
Asia, which rises in the mountains of Ar- 
menia, and after a course of 1400 miles 
falls into Sinus Persicus, the Persian Gulf. 
Babylon stood upon its banks. 

i)6. Orontes. A large and impetuous 
river of Syria, which rises in Mount Li- 



Fabula II. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



143 



Thermodonque citus, Gangesque, et Phasis, et Ister. 

iEstuat Alpheos, ripse Sperchei'des ardent : 

Quodque suo Tagus amne vehit, fluit ignibus aurum : 



Et, quas Mseonias celebrarant carmine ripas, 
Flumineas volucres medio caluere Caystro. 
Nilus in extremum fugit perterritus orbem, 
Occuluitque caput, quod adhuc latet : ostia septem 
Pulverulenta vacant, septem sine flumine valles. 
Fors eadem Ismarios Hebrum cum Strymone siccat, 
Hesperiosque amnes, Rhenum, Rhodanumque, 
dumque, 



100 



105 

Pa- 



100. Et fluminese 
volucres, quae cele- 
brarant ripas Mceoni- 
as carmine, caluere 
medio Caystro. 



NOT^E. 



barms, twelve miles north of Damascus, 
and empties into the Mediterranean. 

97. Thermodon. A river of Pontus, 
which empties into Pontus Euxinus, the 
Black Sea. The Amazons are said to 
have lived near it. 

97. Ganges. A large river of India, 
which rises in the mountains of Thibet, 
and after traversing a great extent of fer- 
tile country, empties into the Pay of Pen- 
gal by eight mouths. 

97. Phasis. A river of Colchis, which 
rises in Armenia, and falls into Pontus 
Euxinus, the Black Sea. 

98. Ister. That part of the Danube from 
the junction of the Save to the Plack Sea. 
It is sometimes taken for the whole river 
Danube. 

98. JEstuat : boils with heat. 

98. Alpheos. A river of Elis in the Pe- 
loponnesus, which runs westwardly and 
falls into the Ionian sea. The god of this 
river is fabled to have conceived a passion 
for Arethusa, and having pursued her until 
she was changed into a fountain in Orty- 
gia, passed under the sea without mingling 
his waters with the ocean, arose in Orty- 
gia, and joined the fountain of Arethusa. 

98. Sperche'ides : of Spercheus, a very 
swift river of Thessaly, which empties 
into the Maliac Gulf. Its banks were co- 
vered with poplars. 

99. Tagus. A river which rises in 
Spain, passes through Portugal, and after 
a course of 300 miles, empties into the At- 
lantic. 

99. Aurum fluit : the gold is melted. 
The gold sands which it brought down 
from the mountains were melted. Three 
rivers were famous for sands of gold. Pac- 
tolus, Hermus, and Tagus. 

There at distance hear 
The roaring floods, and cataracts that sweep 
From disembowelled earth the virgin gold. 

Thomson. 
For all the gold 
Down the bright Tagus and Pactolus rolled. 

Juvenal. 

100. McBonias ripas. Maeonia was a 
country of Asia Minor, afterwards called 
Lydia. The river Cayster was in it, fa- 



mous among the poets for the swans that 
frequented it. 

101. Fluminece volucres : the river birds ; 
the swans. 

102. Nilus. A large river of Africa, 
which rises in Abyssinia. See note on 
page 89. 

103. Quod latet. The source of this 
river, which was so long a subject of in- 
quiry both to the ancients and moderns, 
was discovered at length by the indefati- 
gable Bruce, a Scottish traveller. 

Nile pater, quanam possum te dicere causa 
Aut quibus in terris occuluisse caput. 

TiBTjxLrs. 

103. Ostia septem : seven mouths. Of 
the seven ancient mouths of the Nile, but 
two remain. 

104. Vacant: are empty ; are dry. 

105. Fors eadem: the same fate. 

105. Ismarios: the Ismarian rivers ; the 
rivers of Thrace, of which Ismarus was a 
mountain. A part being put for the whole, 
by synecdoche. 

105. Hebrum. A large river of Thrace, 
which rises in Mount Haemus, the Balkan, 
and after a course of 250 miles, empties 
into Mare iEgaeum, the Archipelago. 

105. Strymone. A river which separated 
Thrace from Macedonia, and after a course 
of ninety miles emptied into the Strymonic 
Gulf. 

106. Hesperiosque amnes : the rivers of 
the west. The poet now mentions the 
principal river of Germany, of France, and 
of Italy. 

106. Rhenum. The Rhine is a cele- 
brated river of Europe, which rises in 
Mount St. Gothard, and after a course of 
about 600 miles, empties into the German 
ocean. 

106. Hlwdanum. The Rhone is a large 
river which rises near Mount. St. Gothard, 
passes the Lake of Geneva, five leagues 
below which it disappears between two 
rocks, rises again, and flowing towards 
the south, empties into the Gulf of Lyons 
by three mouths. 

106. Padum. The Po, called by the 
Greeks Eridanus, is the chief rher of Italy. 



144 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber II. 



Cuique fuit rerum promissa potentia, Tybrin. 
Dissilit omne solum ; penetratque in Tartara rimis 
Lumen, et infernum tenet cum conjuge regem : 
Et mare contrahitur; siccseque est campus arense, 110 
Quod modo pontus erat ; quosque altum texerat aequor, 
Exsistunt montes, et sparsas Cycladas augent, 
Ima petunt pisces : nee se super aequora curvi 
Tollere consuetas audent delphines in auras. 
Corpora phocarum summo resupina profundo 
Exanimata natant : ipsum quoque Nerea fama est, 
Doridaque, et natas, tepidis latuisse sub antris. 
Ter Neptunus aquis cum torvo brachia vultu 
Exserere ausus erat ; ter non tulit aeris asstus. 

Alma tamen Tellus, ut erat circumdata ponto, 
Inter aquas pelagi, contractosque undique fontes, 
Q,ui se condiderant in opacse viscera matris ; 
Sustulit omniferos collo tenus arida vultus : 
Opposuitque manum fronti ; magnoque tremore 
Omnia concutiens paulum subsedit ; et infra 



115 



120 



125 



108. Omne solum 
dissilit, lumenque pe- 
netrat in Tartara ri- 
mis, et terret regem 
infernum cum con- 
juge. 

113. Pisces petunt 
ima, nee curvi Del- 
phines audent tollere 
se super aequora, in 
auras consuetas. 



118. Neptunis ter 
ausus erat exserere 
brachia aquis cum 
torvo vultu; ter non 
tulit aestus aeris. 



124. Opposuitque 
manum fronti : concu- 
tiensque omnia mag- 



NOT.E. 



It rises near the foot of Mount Vesulus, 
runs eastwardly about 300 miles, and falls 
into the Gulf of Venice. 

107. Tybrin. The Tiber, here put by 
metonymy for Rome, which stands upon 
its banks. It rises in the Apennines, and 
running south-west, passes by Rome, and 
empties into the Mediterranean about fif- 
teen miles from that city. 

107. Potentia rerum: the government of 
the world. 

108. Dissilit : leaps asunder ; cracks 
open. 

Deep to the root 
Of vegetation parched, the cleaving fields 
And slippery lawn an arid hue disclose. 

Thomson. 

108. Tartara. In the sing. Tartarus. 
The place of punishment in the infernal 
regions. 

109. Infernum regem: the infernal king; 
viz. Pluto. 

109. Cum conjuge : with his wife, Pro- 
serpine. 

112. Existunt: rise up and stand out of 
the water. 

112. Augent: increase in number. 

112. Cycladas. The Cyclades are a 
cluster of islands in the Archipelago, lying 
in the form of a circle ; hence their name 
from ok-Xoj, a circle. 

113. Ima : the lowest places; the bot- 
tom. Supply loca. 

] 14. Tollere : to raise ; to toss them- 
selves. 

115. Phocarum. Sea-calves, which imi- 
tate the lowing of oxen. 

116. Natant: float. 

116. Nerea. The son of Oceanus and 



Terra who married Doris, by whom he had 
fifty daughters called Nereides. 

117. Dorida. See note on page 128. 

119. Exserere: to put forth ; to lift up. 

120. Alma Tellus: the bountiful Earth; 
so called because she feeds and nourishes 
all animals. 

121. Contractos. Contracted by the 
heat, and by their retiring into the recesses 
of the earth. 

122. Qui se condiderant : who had hid 
themselves. They sought refuge from the 
intense heat. 

Distressful Nature pants ; 
The very streams look languid from afar ; 
Or, through the unsheltered glade, impatient, 

seem 
To hurl into the covert of the grove. 

Thomson. 

122. In opaca viscera: in the bowels of 
their dark mother. 

123. Sustulit: lifted up. 

123. Omniferos: all-sustaining. Hence 
the earth is called -na^rrip by the Greeks, 
and omniparens by the Latins. 

Common mother, 
"Whose womb immeasurable, and infinite breast 
Teern^ and feeds all. — Milton. 
All-parent, bounding, whose prolific powers 
Produce a store of beauteous fruits and flowers. 

Orpheus. 

124. Opposuitque manum: and put her 
hand to her brow. The whole description 
of the Earth here is a beautiful allegory. 
The present attitude in which she is pre- 
sented is at once pensive and melancholy. 

124. Magno tremore: with a great trem- 
bling. 

125. Paulum subsedit : settled a little ; 
sunk down a little. 



Fabula II. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



145 



Q,uam solet esse, fuit : siccaque ita voce locuta est. 

Si placet hoc, meruique, quid 6 tua fulmina cessant, 

Summe deum ? liceat perituras viribus ignis, 

Igne peri re tuo ; clademque auctore levare. 

Vix equidem fauces hsec ipsa in verba resoivo : 130 

(Presserat ora vapor ;) Tostos en aspice crines ! 

Inque ocuiis tantum, tantum super ora favillae. 

Hosne mihi fructus ? hunc fertilitatis honorem, 

Officiique refers, quod adunci vulnera aratri 

Rastrorumque fero, totoque exerceor anno ? 135 

Q,uod pecori frondes, alimentaque mitia fruges 

Humano generi, vobis quod thura ministro ? 

Sed tamen exitium fac meruisse : quid undae, 

Quid meruit frater ? cur illi tradita sorte 

iEquora decrescunt, et ab aethere longius absunt ; 140 

Quod si nee fratris, nee te mea gratia tangit ; 

At coeli miserere tui ; circumspice utrumque, 

Fumat uterque polus ; quos si vitiaverit ignis 

Atria vestra ruent. Atlas en ipse laborat ! 

Vixque suis humeris candentem sustinet axem. 145 

Si freta, si terras pereunt, si regia coeli ; 

In chaos antiquum confundimur. Eripe flammis 

Si quid adhuc superest ; et rerum consule summse. 

Dixerat haec Tellus : neque enim tolerare vaporem 

Ulterius potuit, nee dicere plura ; suumque 150 

Rettulit os in se, propioraque manibus antra. 



no tremore, subsedit 
paulum, et fuit infra 
quarn solet esse. 



130. Equidem vix 
resoivo fauces in haec 
ipse verba, (vapor 
presserat ora) en as- 
pice crines tostos, fa- 
villaeque tantum sunt 
in ocuiis favillce tan- 
tum sunt super ora. 



138. Sed fac tamen 
me meruisse exitium : 
quid unda meruere, 
quid frater tuus me- 
ruit? Cur sequora tra- 
dita illi forte, decres- 
cunt. 



149. Tellus dixerat 
haec ; neque enim po- 
tuit ulterius tolerare 
vaporem, nee dicere 
plura, rettulitque, su- 



NOTtE. 



126. Sicca voce: with dry, husky voice. 
128. Summe Deum : sovereign of the 
gods ; viz. Jupiter. 

128. Liceat periturcs : may I, who am 
about to perish by the strength of fire, 
perish by thy fire, viz. the thunderbolt. 
Supply mihi after liceat. 

129. Clademque auctore: and lighten my 
destruction by the author. It would be a 
mitigation of her destruction to perish by a 
god, and not by a boy. 

130. Vix resoivo : scarcely do (can) I 
open my mouth. The indicative is used 
here with the force of the potential mood. 

131. Tostos crines : my scorched hair. 
The earth refers to the foliage of the trees, 
which may be regarded as her hair. See 
note on page 100. 

134. Hosne fructus : these fruits ; these 
rewards. 

134. Aratri, rastrorumque. The differ- 
ent implements of husbandry. 

136. Quod pecori. The Earth here 
makes a strong appeal, in that she sup- 
plied necessaries for animals, men, and 
gods. 

137. Thura : frankincense, to be used 
in sacrifices to the gods. 

138. Fac me meruisse : suppose me to 
have deserved. 

19 



139. Quid meruit frater ? what has my 
brother (Neptune) merited ? 

139. Tradita sorte: given him by lot, 
when the world was divided. 

140. Lo7igius absunt : are farther re- 
moved. 

141. Te tangit: moves you ; affects you. 
143. Fumat uterque: each pole is smoking. 

143. Quos si vitiaverit: which if the fire 
shall destroy. 

If the foundations be destroyed what can the 
righteous do. — Psalm xi. 3. 

144. Atria vestra : your palaces will fall. 

144. Atlas. A high mountain of Mau- 
ritania, which is feigned to support the Hea- 
vens, because it is lost in the clouds. Atlas, 
the king of Mauritania, was said to be 
changed into that mountain. The introduc- 
tion of Atlas here is an anachronism, for his 
transformation does not take place for a long 
time afterwards, as recorded in Lib. IV. 

145. Cxindt7item axem : the burning 
axle ; the burning Heavens ; a part for the 
whole, by synecdoche. 

145. Freta: the straits ; put for the sea, 
by synecdoche. 

146. Rerum summce. : for the whole of 
things ; for the universe. 

149. Vaporem: the heat. 

151. Rettulit os: withdrew her head. 

N 



146 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber II. 



At pater omnipotens superos testatus, et ipsum, 
Qui dederat currus, nisi opem ferat, omnia fato 
Interitura gravi ; summam petit arduus arcem ; 
Unde solet latis nubes inducere terris ; 
Unde movet tonitrus, vibrataque fulmina jactat. 
Sed neque, quas posset terris inducere, nubes, 
Tunc habuit : nee, quos coelo dimitteret, irnbres. 
Intonat, et dextra libratum fulmen ab aure 
Misit in aurigam ; pariterque, animaque rotisque 
Expulit, et saevis compescuit ignibus ignes. 
Consternantur equi : et saltu in contraria facto 
Colla jugo excutiunt, abruptaque lora relinquunt. 
lilic fraena jacent, iJlic temone revulsus 
Axis ; in hac radii fractarum parte rotarum : 
Sparsaque sunt late laceri vestigia currus. 
At Phaethon, rutilos flamma populante capillos, 
Volvitur in prseceps, longoque per aera tractu 
Fertur ; ut interdum de coelo stella sereno, 
Etsi non cecidit, potuit cecidisse videri. 
Q,uem procul a patria diverso maximus orbe 
Excipit Eridanus, spumantiaque abluit ora> 



155 



160 



165 



170 



urn os in se, antraque 
propiora raanibus. 



157. Sed neque tunc 
habuit nubes, quas 
posset inducere ter- 
ris ; nee imbres, quos 
dimitceret coelo. In- 
tonat et misit fulmen 
libratum ab dextra, 
aure, in aurigam 
Phatihonta. 



167. At Phaethon, 
flamma populante ru- 
tilos capillos, volvi- 
tur in praeceps; fer- 
turque per aera longo 
tractu, ut interdum 
Stella de coelo sereno, 
qua, etsi non cecidit, 
potuit videri cecidissi 



NOT^. 



151. Propioraque manibus : nearer to the 
manes ; nearer the infernal shades. 

152. Pater omnipotens : Jupiter, who 
possesses all power. 

152. Testatus: having attested ; having 
called to witness. Thus Virgil : 
Vos seterni ignes, et non violabile vestrum, 
Testor nnmen. — iENEirj ii. 

152. Ipsum qui dederat: Apollo. In 
the dialogue between Jupiter and Apollo, 
Lucian gives an account of this : 

Jupiter. What have you done, you wickedest 
of all the Titans ? The whole earth is nearly de- 
stroyed, by your trusting your chariot to a heed- 
less boy; he has burnt one-half of it, by going too 
near it, and the other is perishing with cold, be- 
cause he kept at too great a distance from it. In 
short, he has thrown all into confusion and ruin, 
and had I not in time perceived what was going 
forward, and dashed him down from the chariot 
with my thunderbolt, there would not have been 
a bone remaining of the whole human race; 
such a sober coachman have you sent out with 
your chariot ! — Dialogues of the Deities. 

154. Summam: the highest eminence. 

154. Petit ardaus : aloft he mounts to. 

155. Latis terris: o'er the broad earth. 

156. Fulmina jactat : he hurls the bran- 
dished thunderbolts. 

159. Intonat : he thunders ; sends the 
thunderbolt. 

160. Pariterque: and at once ; alike. 

160. Rotisque: and the wheels ; by syn- 
ecdoche for the chariot. 

161. Compescuit: restrained; extin- 
guished. 

162. Consternantur equi: the horses are 
affrighted. 



162. In contraria: across; opposite. 

163. Colla excutiunt: shake their necks 
from the yoke. This expression indicates 
the great ease with which they freed them- 
selves. 

164. Temone revulsus: torn away from 
the tongue. 

166. Vestigia: traces; fragments. 

166. Laceri currus: of the shattered cha- 
riot. 

167. Populante: spoiling; destroying. 

168. Volvitur in prceceps : falls head- 
long. 

His blood fell on the earth ; his hands, 
His feet, rolled whirling like Ixion's wheel, 
And to the ground his flaming body fell. 

Eupjpides's Phceniss^e. 

168. Longoque tractu : with a long 
train. 

169. Stella. Stars do not fall ; what are 
imagined to be shooting stars, are only 
meteors traversing the heavens. 

171. Procul a patria : afar from his coun- 
try, JEthiopia. It was a melancholy ag- 
gravation of Phaethon's death, that even 
his bones could not rest in his own 
country. 

Weep not for the dead, but for him that goeth 
away from his country, for he shall return no 
more. — Isaiah. 
O thou, to whom I owe my birth, and thou, 
My sister, in my native earth entomb me, 
And pacify the exasperated state: 
Be this, at least, of my paternal soil 
My portion, though the royal seat be lost. 

Euripides 

172. Eridanus: The Po, called also the 
Padus. 



Fabtjla II. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



147 



QU^STIONES. 



What were the names of the horses of 
the sun ? 

Was Phaethon able to curb them? 

Did they preserve the track of the sun? 

Whither did they run ? 

What affrighted Phaethon and caused 
him to let fall the reins ? 

At what is the moon surprised ? 

What is meant by the horses of the sun 
running lower than hers ? 

What happens to the clouds ? 

What happens to the earth ? 

Were any cities destroyed ? 

What happened to the fountains ? 

What is said of the color of the Ethio- 
pians ? 

How was the Nile affected ? 

Who presented a special appeal to Ju- 
piter ? 



What did Jupiter resolve to do ? 

What did he afterwards do ? 

Where did Phaethon fall ? 

How may this Fable be interpreted ? 

Do ancient writers record an early partial 
conflagration of the world? 

To what does St. Chrysostom refer it ? 

What other Biblical occurrences more 
probably gave rise to the Fable ? 

What does Plutarch say of Phaethon ? 

What account of him does Lucian give ? 

Interpreted physically, what does Phae- 
thon mean? 

How is he the son of Phoebus and Cly- 
mene ? 

Why is he said to be struck with light- 
ning? 

Does Ovid describe, in the Fable, the di- 
urnal, or the annual course of the sun ? 



FABULA III. 

SORORES PHAETHONTIS IN ARBORES; CYCNUS IN OLOREM. 

The mother and sisters of Phaethon, after a diligent search for his body, at 
length find his tomb in Italy, erected by the Naiads. His sisters give 
themselves up to lamentation, and are changed into poplar trees, from 
which drop tears that become amber. Cycnus his cousin is changed into 
a swan. 

EXPLICATIO. 

As Phaethon falls into the river Po, his sisters are fabled to be changed 
into poplars, because these trees grow better near the water. Because 
immoderate grief stupifies, they are reported to become fixed to the earth. 
Amber being an exudation of trees, and of the color of the sun, it is finely- 
imagined to be the tears of the daughters of Apollo. Cycnus is repre- 
sented as changed into a swan, because the name signifies swan. Lucian, 
who was fond of ridiculing the mythology of his times, in an account of 
a fictitious journey to the Po, makes himself merry over the incidents 
described in the fable : " I cherished the hope, that if ever in my life I 
should visit the Eridanus, I would convince myself by personal experi- 
ence ; by remaining with the skirts of my coat spread out under one of 
those poplars, till I could catch at least a few of those miraculous tears, 
and convey them home as an everlasting memorial. It happened not long 
since, that I travelled into those parts, and was obliged to proceed up the 
Eridanus. I looked carefully everywhere about me, but neither poplar 
trees nor amber were to be seen ; neither did the inhabitants know even 
so much as the name of Phaethon. At length, on asking the sailors how 
far we were from the amber-weeping poplars, they laughed in my face, 
and desired me to express in plain language what I meant, when I told 
them the old story. ' What crack-brained driveller,' said they, ' has imposed 
such silly stuff upon you ? We have not seen a charioteer fall from the 
sky, nor are there any such trees as you speak of in our parts. Were it 
so, do you think we should be such fools as to row for two oboli a-day, 
when we need only gather poplar tears for becoming rich V I was, how- 
ever, cheered by the certain expectation of being compensated for the dis- 
appointment, by the singing of the swans which frequent the banks of 
that river. Accordingly, I again inquired of the sailors when the swans 
would come, and plant themselves on both sides of the river in two choirs, 
to delight us with their famous singing ? Here the laughter broke out 
afresh. 'But, good friend,' said they, 'will, then, the lies you repeat about 
our country never have an end? We have passed our whole lives on the 
Eridanus, and it rarely happens that we see swans in the marshy grounds 
on the river; but their screams are so horribly unmusical, that the jack- 
daws and crows are sirens compared to them. It is really surprising 
where you could pick up such lies about our country.' " 
148 





AIDES Hesperiae trifida fumantia flamma 
Corpora dant turrmlo, signantque hoc carmine saxum : 

HlC SITUS EST PHAETHON, CURRUS AURIGA PATERM ; 
QjJEM SI NON TENUIT, MAGNIS TAMEN EXCIDIT AUSIS. 

Nam pater obductos luctu miserabilis segro 
Condiderat vultus : et, si modo credimus, unum 
Isse diem sine sole ferunt : incendia lumen 
Praebebant ; aliquisque malo fuit usus in illo. 
At Clymene postquam dixit, quascunque fuenint 
In tantis dicenda malis ; lugubris et amens, 

NOTiE. 



10 



1. Naides Hesperia: Hesperian or Italian Naiads. They are said 
to bury his blazing body, because water extinguishes fire. 

1. Trifida flamma: from the three-forked flame ; viz. lightning. 

2. Dant tumulo: commit to the tomb. 

2. Hoc carmine: with this verse ; with this inscription. 
2. Hie situs est : here lies. This line and the following constitute 
the epitaph-upon Phaethon. 



4. Non tenuit : he did not hold ; was 
unable to manage. 

4. Excidit ausis: he fell by a great un- 
dertaking. This epitaph is well suited to 
the character of the rash youth it comme- 
morates, and should teach youth modesty 
and moderation. When Angel Politian 
attempted to render Homer into Latin 
verse, and was boasting everywhere of his 
labors and success, he wrote to many men 
of letters asking their advice. Cardinal 
Papiensis facetiously replied: "I think 
the commenced work should not be dis- 
continued ; if you do not accomplish what 



you desire, still you will merit equal praise 
with Phaethon ; for the same may be said 
of your attempt on Homer, that was said 
of his effort to drive the chariot of the sun: 
'Quern si non tenuit, magnis tamen excidit 
ausis.' " 

5. Obductos luctu : overspread with 
horror. 

5. Condiderat vultus : had hid his coun- 
tenance. Grief very naturally seeks re- 
tirement. 

some advantage. 

in that calamity; viz. 



8. Aliquis usus: 
8. In illo malo : 
the conflagration. 



n2 



149 



150 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber II. 



Et laniata sinus, totum percensuit orbem, 
Exanimesque artus primo, mox ossa requirens, 
Repperit ossa tamen peregrina condita ripa. 
Incubuitque loco : nomenque in marmore lectum 
Perfudit lacrymis, et aperto pectore fovit. 15 

Nee minus Heliades fletus, et inania morti 
Munera, dant lacrymas, et cassse pectora palmis 
Non auditurum miseras Phaethonta querelas 
Nocte dieque vocant, adsternunturque sepulcro. 

Luna quater junctis implerat cornibus orbem ; 20 
Illae more suo (nam morem fecerat usus) 
Plangorem dederant, e queis Phaethusa sororum 
Maxima, ciim vellet terras procumbere, questa est 
Diriguisse pedes : ad quam conata venire 
Candida Lampetie ; subita radice retenta est. 25 

Tertia ciim crinem manibus laniare pararet ; 
Avellit frondes : hagc stipite crura teneri, 
Ilia dolet fieri longos sua brachia ramos. 
Dumque ea mirantur ; complectitur inguina cortex ; 
Perque gradus uterum, pectusque, humerosque, ma- 
nusque, 30 

Ambit : et exstabant tantum ora vocantia matrem. 

Quid faciat mater ? nisi, quo trahat impetus illam, 
Hue eat, atque illuc ? et, dum licet, oscula jungat ? 
Non satis est ; truncis avellere corpora tentat, 
Et teneros manibus ramos abrumpere : at inde 35 

Sanguineae manant, tanquam de vulnere, guttse. 



11 . Et laniata sinus, 
percensuit totum or- 
bem : requirensque 
primb exanimes ar- 
tus, mox ossa. 

16. Nee minus He- 
liades, dant morti ejus, 
fletus et lacrymas, 
munera inania : et cae- 
sae pectora palmis, vo- 
cant nocte dieque 
Phaethonta non audi- 
turum miseras quere- 



26. Tertia cum pa- 
raret laniare crinem 
manibus, avellit fron- 
des. Hsec dolet crura 
teneri stipite, ilia dolet 
sua brachia fieri lon- 
sros ramos. 



32. Quid mater fa- 
ciat? nisi eat hue at- 
que illuc, quo impetus 
trahat illam? et jungat 
oscula dum licet? 



NOTiE. 



11. Percensuit orbem: travelled over the 
world. 

12. Arties primo. She first sought his 
body, and when time sufficient had passed 
for it to undergo decay, she looked for his 
bones. 

13. Peregrina ripa: on a foreign shore ; 
the bank of the Era&anus. 

14. Incubuit loco: fell upon the spot. 

15. Perfudit lacrymis : she bedewed 
with her tears. 

And from thy yearning heart 
Whose inmost core was warm with love for him, 

A gladness must depart, 
And those kind eyes with many tears be dim. 
W. G. Clark. 

15. Aperto pectore: with naked breast. 

16. Heliades: the daughters of the sun, 
called also Phaethontiades, from Phaethon 
their brother. The word is derived from 
nXios, the sun. Their names were Phae- 
thusa, ardor; Lampetie, brightening; and 
Pasiphae, all- enlightening. They repre- 
sent the virtues of the sun m natural bodies. 

16. Inania morti: unavailing to death — 
to the dead. 

18. Phaethonta vocant : they call upon 
Phaethon. The apostrophe is very com- 
mon in passionate grief. The allusion to i 



this repetition of the name of the departed 
by Mrs. Hemans, in one of her poems, is 
very beautiful : 
But tell us, thou bird of the solemn strain ! 

Can those who have loved forget ? 

We call — and they answer not again — 

Do they love— do they love us yet? 

The Messenger Bird. 

20. Luna quater. Four months had now 
passed. 

20. Procumbere : to prostrate herself on 
the earth. 

24. Diriguisse. The transformation had 
already commenced. 

25. Subita radice: by a sudden root. 
Her feet began to grow to the earth. 

27. Avellit frondes : tore away leaves. 
Her hair was already changed into foliage. 

30. Perque gradus : by degrees ; gra 
dually. 

31. Exstabant: stood out ; remained un- 
covered by the bark. 

32. Quo trahat impetus: where impulse 
may lead her. 

35. Inde .* thence ; from the boughs. 

36. Sanguines guttm : drops of blood. 
Blood in like manner flows from the shrubs 
that grow above the body of Polydore, as 
described by Virgil : 



Fabula III. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



Parce, precor, mater, quaecunque est saucia, clamat, 
Parce, precor ; nostrum laniatur in arbore corpus : 
Jamque vale ; cortex in verba novissima venit : 
Inde fluunt lacrymas ; stillataque sole rigescunt 40 

De ramis electra novis ; quae lucidus amnis 
Excipit, et nuribus mittit gestanda Latinis. 

Admit huic monstro, proles Sthenelei'a, Cycnus, 
Qui tibi materno quamvis a sanguine junctus, 
Mente tamen, Phaethon, propior fuit. Ille relicto 45 
(Nam Ligurum populos, et magnas rexerat urbes) 
Imperio, ripas virides amnemque querelis 
Eridanum implerat, sylvamque sororibus auctam : 
Cum vox est tenuata viro : canaeque capillos 
Dissimulant plumas ; collumque a pectore longum 50 
Porrigitur, digitosque ligat junctura rubentes : 
Penna latus vestit, tenet os sine acumine rostrum : 
Fit nova Cycnus avis ; nee se coeloque Jovique 
Credit, ut injuste missi memor ignis ab illo ; 



151 

37. Quaecunque est 
saucia clamat, mater, 
precor parce, parce 
precor ; nostrum cor- 
pus laniatur in arbore. 



45. Ille relicto impe- 
rio (nam rexerat po- 
pulos Ligurum, et 
magnas urbes) imple- 
rat ripas virides, am- 
nemque Eridanum, 
sylvamque auctam so- 
roribus querelis. 



NOT.E, 



Nam quae prima solo ruptis radicibus arbos 
Vellitur, huic atro liquuntur sanguine guttae, 
Et terram tabo maculant. — -Eneid iii. 27. 

37. Parce: forbear. Polydore in like 
manner wounded by the uprooting of the 
shrubs above his grave, exclaims : 

Quid miserum, ^Enea, laceras? jam parce se- 

pulto; 
Parce pias scelerare manus. — jEneid iii. 41. 

39. In verba novissima. The bark closed 
over the mouth as it uttered the last words, 
viz. farewell ! 

40. Inde. From the bark of the trees. 
40. Fluunt lacryma: tears flow. The 

transformation of tears into amber is a 
beautiful imagination of the poet. Moore 
describes the tears of the seabird as form- 
ing amber. 

Around thee shall glisten 

The loveliest amber, 
That ever the sorrowing 

Seabird hath wept. — Lalla Rookh. 

40. Stillata : distilled ; flowing in drops. 
Shakspeare in a beautiful manner assimi- 
lates the falling of tears to the exudation 
of aromatic trees. 

Of one, whose subdued eyes 
Albeit unused to the melting mood, 
Drop tears as fast as the Arabian trees, 
Their medicinal gum.— Othello. 

40. Sole rigescunt: is hardened by the 
sun. 

41. Electra. Amber is a resin-like sub- 
stance, found on the seacoast, and dug up 
in diluvial soils. It often contains leaves 
and insects, and is probably an antedilu- 
vian resin, of a species of pine. It is found 
in abundance on the Baltic. There is a 
piece weighing eighteen pounds in the 



royal cabinet at Berlin. Pliny describes 
it as an exudation of a species of pine or 
cedar. He and Theophrastus affirm it is 
found in Liguria. Amber is used for jew- 
elry, and the oil of it is sometimes em- 
ployed as a medicine. 

41. Lucidus amnis : the bright river, 
viz. the Po. 

42. Nuribus Latinis: by the Latin wo- 
men. 

42. Gestanda: to be borne ; to be worn 
as jewelry by them. 

43. Huic monstro. The prodigy in which 
the sisters of Phaethon were changed into 
poplars, and their tears into amber. 

43. Proles Stkeneleia: the son of Sthe- 
nelus, king of Liguria. 

43. Cycnus. As cycnus signifies a swan, 
the name may have suggested this meta- 
morphosis. Pausanias, however, says : 

The swan has the reputation of being a musical 
bird, because a certain king in Liguria named 
Cycnus, was a great musician, and after his death, 
was metamorphosed by Apollo into a swan. 

45. Mente: indisposition; in heart. 

46. Ligurum: of the Ligurians. Ligu- 
ria was a part of upper Italy and lay be- 
tween the rivers Varus and Macra. It was 
formerly Lombardy, and now Genoa, Pied- 
mont, Parma, &c. 

48. Sororibus auctam: increased by his 
sisters, who had been changed into trees. 

49. Vox viro: the voice of the man; the 
dative being used for the genitive. 

49. Est tenuata: is made shrill. 

50. Dissimulant: represent. 

51. Junctura: a web ; a film. 

52. Sine acumine: a beak without a 
point ; a blunt beak. 

54. Ignis: of the fire; the thunderbolt. 



152 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber II. 



Stagna colit, patulosque lacus ; ignemque perosus ; 55 
Quae colat, elegit contraria flumina flammis. 

Squalidus interea genitor Phaethontis, et expers 
Ipse sui decoris : qualis, cum deficit orbem • 
Esse solet ; lucemque odit, seque ipse, diemque ; 
Datque animum in luctus ; et luctibus adjicit iram ; 60 
Omciumque negat mundo. Satis, inquit, ab sevi 
Sors mea principiis fuit irrequieta, pigetque 
Actorum sine fine mihi, sine honore, labomm. 
Q,uilibet alter agat portantes lumina currus : 
Si nemo est, omnesque dei non posse fatentur ; 65 

Ipse agat ; ut saltern, dum nostras tentat habenas, 
Orbatura patres aliquando fulmina ponat. 
Tunc sciet, ignipedum vires expertus equorum, 
Non meruisse necem, qui non bene rexerit illos. 

Talia dicentem circumstant omnia Solem 70 

Numina ; neve velit tenebras inducere rebus 
Supplice voce rogant : missos quoque Jupiter ignes 
Excusat, precibusque minas regaliter addit. 
Colligit amentes, et adhuc terrore paventes, 
Phoebus equos : stimuloque domans et verbere ssevit : 
Saevit enim, natumque objectat, et imputat illis. 76 



55. Colit stagna pa- 
tulosque lacus: pero- 
susque ignem, elegit 
flumina contraria 
flammis, quae colat. 



61. Inquit, mea sots 
fuit satis irrequieta ab 
principiis sevi: piget- 
que laborum actorum 
mihi sine fine, sine ho- 
nore. 



68. Turn expertus 
vires ignipedum equo- 
rum, sciet ilium non 
meruisse necem qui 
non rexerit illos bene. 



NOTiE. 



56. Flumina fiammis. The poet in ex- 
pressing the dissimilarity of these elements, 
has artfully chosen two words which in 
sound are very similar, so as to give 
greater effect to the contrast by alliteration. 

57. Squallidus: dismal; squalid. 

58. Deficit orbem: is deficient in his orb ; 
suffers an eclipse. Milton has a forcible 
description of the sun when obscured or 
eclipsed : 

As when the sun, new ris'n. 
Looks through the horizontal, misty air 
Shorn of his beams; or, from behind the moon,'" 
In dim eclipse, disastrous twilight sheds 
On half the nations.— Paradise Lost. 

60. Datque animum: gives up his mind 
to grief. 

61. Officiumque negat: refuses his service. 

66. Ipse agat: let him drive, viz. Ju- 
piter. In his indignation he will not even 
condescend to name him- 

67. Orbatura patres: that is about to 
bereave fathers of their children. 

67. Ponat: he may lay aside. 

68. Tunc sciet. Having tried the fiery- 
footed horses, he will know that Phaethon 
who failed to govern them, did not deserve 
so severe a fate. 



72. Missos ignes: the thunderbolt that 
had been cast. 

73. Minas addit : adds threats to en- 
treaty. Lucian, in one of his dialogues, 
gives an account of the matter : 

Jupiter. However, for this once, I pardon 
you ; but if ever hereafter you are guilty of the 
like again, by employing such a substitute, you 
shall presently see how much hotter the fire of 
my lightning is than yours ! In the mean time, 
let his sisters bury him on the banks of the 
Eridanus, where he fell from the chariot, weep- 
ing tears of amber over him, and be transformed 
through grief into poplars. Do you immedi- 
ately repair your chariot; for the pole is broke, 
and one of the wheels is shattered ; then put the 
horses to and drive on ! But remember what I 
have said to you. — Dialogues of the Deities. 

73. Regaliter: like a king; like one 
who had a right to command him. 

74. Colligit amentes : he collects the 
frantic horses. 

74. Terrore. With fear of the thun- 
derbolt and the conflagration. 

76. Nalum objectat: casts up his son — 
the death of his son. The last three lines 
of this fable are considered of doubtful 
authority. The last line, especially, has 
little of the usual grace of Ovid. 



Fabula III. 



METAMORPHOSEON 



153 



QU^ESTIONES. 



Who committed the body of Phaethon 
to the tomb ? 

Who were the Naiads ? 

What moral does the inscription on the 
tomb convey ? 

What effect had the death of Phaethon 
on his sisters ? 

What do the names of his sisters repre- 
sent? 

What transformation did they undergo ? 

What attempt in the mean time did 
their mother make ? 

What was the result of this attempt ? 

Did the tears of the Heliades continue to 
flow after they were changed to trees ? 

What change did their tears undergo ? 

What is amber, and where is it princi- 
pally found ? 

What use is made of amber ? 

Of what trees is it most probably an 
exudation ? 



Why were the Heliades said to be 
changed into poplars ? 

Who was a witness of the transforma- 
tion of the sisters of Phaethon? 

Over what people did he reign ? 

Into what was he metamorphosed ? 

What probably suggested the idea of 
this metamorphosis ? 

What does Pausanias say of Cycnus ? 

Who gives a humorous account of a pre- 
tended visit to the Po ? 

Is amber to be found in that region ? 

What writers make this statement ? 

What effect had the loss of his son upon 
Apollo ? 

How was he induced to assume the di- 
rection of his chariot ? 

How did Apollo treat his horses after 
the death of his son ? 

What lines in this fable are of doubtful 
authority ? 



20 



FABULA IV. 

JUPITER IN FORMAM DIANjE. 

As Jupiter makes a survey of the world ; for the purpose of restoring what- 
ever had been destroyed by the conflagration of the world in consequence 
of Phaethon's imprudence, he comes to Arcadia, and falls in love with 
Cailisto, the daughter of Lycaon. To favor his intentions, he assumes the 
form of Diana, and thus imposes upon the nymph. 

EXPLICATIO. 

Although the ancients supposed that the godhead was divided into 
innumerable attributes, each of which was represented by a person, they 
still believed there was one principal god, the creator and ruler of all 
things. This subdivision of the power of the deity into personages, was 
the primary cause of much confusion in their mythology, which was 
greatly increased by the circumstance of different princes assuming the 
names of the deities, to give greater dignity to their pretensions. Thus 
many princes assumed the name of Jupiter, and in time their own indi- 
vidual names were forgotten, while that of the god remained. The most 
distinguished of these were the Lycaean Jupiter, and the Cretan, as re- 
lated in the hymn to Jupiter by Callimachus. The Lycaean Jupiter was 
doubtless some prince, who had his residence upon Mount Olympus, 
from which circumstance, as well as its cloud-capt appearance, that 
mountain came to be synonymous with Heaven, and was so employed 
in the fictions of the poets. 

Ovid has therefore artfully connected with the story of Phaethon, an 
amour of the Lycaean prince with a young huntress of Arcadia, who on 
account of her fondness for the chase, is represented to have been an 
attendant of the goddess Diana. To practise an imposition upon her 
unprotected innocence, he may have assumed the disguise of female 
attire, or his transformation into the form of Diana may be altogether a 
gratuitous addition of the poet, for the embellishment of the story. Or, 
as I have stated iri the story of the loves of Apollo and Clymene, the 
whole may be the imposition of some cunning priest of Jupiter upon the 
credulity of an innocent huntress. 

The fable abounds with good moral lessons, as it tends to display the 
effects of crime upon the person who indulges in it. The grove once 
so pleasant to her, and the conscious woods are her aversion ; so occupied 
is she with thoughts of her guilt, that she almost forgets her bow and 
quiver ; the silent lip, the abstracted manner, the downcast eye, the fallen 
countenance, the timid look, the sudden flush, and the slow step, indicate 
the change and the degradation that have come upon her spirit. 

154 





T pater omnipotens ingentia moenia cceli 
Circuit ; et, ne quid labefactum viribus ignis 
Corruat, explorat : quae postquam firma, suique 
Roboris esse videt : terras, hominumque kbores 
Perspicit. Arcadise tamen est impensior illi 5 

Cura suae. Fontesque et nondum audentia labi 
Flumina restituit ; dat terras gramina, frondes 
Arboribus ; laesasque jubet revirescere sylvas. 
Dum redit, itque frequens ; in virgine Nonacrina 
Hassit ; et accepti caluere sub ossibus ignes. 10 

Non erat hujus opus lanam mollire trabendo ; 

NOTjE. 

3. Explorat: explores; searches diligently. 
3. Sui roboris: of their strength ; of their proper strength. 
5. Arcadia sua: of his Arcadia, because Jupiter himself is said to 
have been born in Lycia, a mountain of that place. 

But say. thou first and greatest power above ! 

Shall I'Dictsean or Lye scan Jove 

Attempt to sing ? Who knows thy miirhty line? 

Anil who can tell, except by power divine, 

If Ida's hills thy sacred birth may claim, 

Or far Arcadia boast an equal fame? — Callimachus. 

10. Hasit: he was fixed to the spot ; he 
stopped and gazed steadfastly. Thus Vir- 
gil: 

Hone oculis. hrcc pectore toto 
Ha;ret. — ..Eneid i. 717. 



he gives grass to 



7. Jlettitu.it: restored 
7. Dat terra gramina: 
the earth. 

Heaven his wonted face renewed, 
And with fresh flowrets hill and valley smiles. 

Milton. 

9. Virgine Nonacrina: a virgin of No- 
nacris, a mountain of Arcadia; Callisto, 
the daughter of Lycaon. 



10. 
11. 
11. 
ing. 



Ignes: flames; love. 
Hujus: of her; of Callisto. 
Trahendo : by teasing ; by 

155 



card 



156 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Nee positu. variare comas : sed fibula vestem, 

Vitta coercuerat neglectos alba capillos, 

Et modo leve maim jaculum, modo sumpserat arcum. 

Miles erat Phcebes : nee Msenalon attigit ulla 15 

Gratior hac Triviae. Sed nulla potentia longa est. 

Ulterius medio spatium Sol altus habebat ; 
Cum subit ille nemus, quod nulla ceciderat aetas. 
Exuit hie humero pharetram, lentosque retendit 
Arcus ; inque solo, quod texerat herba, jacebat : 20 
Et pictam posita pharetram cervice premebat. 
Jupiter ut videt fessam, et custode vacantem : 
Hoc certe conjux furtum mea nesciet, inquit : 
Aut si rescierit, sunt, 6 sunt jurgia tanti ! 

Protinus induitur faciem cultumque Dianas : 25 

Atque ait, O comitum virgo pars una mearum, 
In quibus es venata jugis ? De cespite virgo 
Se levat ; et, salve numen, me judice, dixit, 
Audiat ipse licet, majus Jove : ridet, et audit ; 
Et sibi praeferri se gaudet : et oscula jungit : 30 

Nee moderata satis, nee sic a virgine danda. 
Qua venata foret sylva narrare parantem 
Impedit amplexu : nee se sine crimine prodit. 
Ilia quidem pugnat ; superum sethera sed petit victor 
Jupiter : huic odio nemus est, et conscia sylva. 35 



Liber II. 

11. Opus hujus non 
erat mollire lanam 
trahendo ; nee variare 
comas positu. 

15. Erat miles Phce- 
Des; nee ulla gratior 
Triviae hac, attigit 
Maenalon: sed nulla 
potentia est longa. 



22. Jupiter, ut vidit 
illam fessam et vacan- 
tem custode; inquit, 
certe mea conjux nes- 
ciet hoc furtum: aut 
si rescierit, sunt, 6 
sunt jurgia tanti. 



27. Virgo levat se 
de cespite, et dixit, 
salve numen, me ju- 
dice, majus Jove, licet 
ipse audiat. 

32. Impedit amplexu 
illam parantem nar- 
rare qua. sylva; foret 
venata. 



NOTjE. 



12. Positu: by arrangement. 
12. Variare: to adorn. 

12. TJbi. When she had prepared her- 
self by girding up her dress with a clasp, 
and her loose hair with a fillet, she was 
ready for the chase, and became an attend- 
ant of Diana. 

13. Neglectos capillos : her unadorned hair. 
15. Miles: a soldier; an attendant. 

15. Phcebes. Diana, the sister of Apollo. 

15. Mcenalon. Maenalos was a moun- 
tain of Arcadia where Diana was accus- 
tomed to hunt. 

15. TrivicB. Diana was called Trivia, 
either because of her threefold course un- 
der the zodiac, or because she was wor- 
shipped in the trivia, or highways, where 
three roads met, and where statues were 
set up with three heads, that of a horse, a 
boar, and a dog, representing her threefold 
character, as Luna, Diana, and Proser- 
pine. The following lines most briefly 
and beautifully describe her triple nature 
and functions : 

Terret, lustrat, agit, Proserpina, Luna, Diana ; 
Ima, suprema, feras, sceptro, fulgore, sagitta. 

Ennit/s. 

16. Nulla potentia : no power is lasting. 
The instability of all terrestrial things pro- 
claims their vanity. 

17. Ulterius medio. The sun had passed 
his meridian ; it was the afternoon. 



18. Nulla cetas: no age, by metonymy 
for the men of no age. 

19. Retendit arcus : unstrung her bow. 
If they be not relaxed occasionally they 
become weak. 

22. Custode vacantem : without a pro- 
tector. 

25. Proti?ius: immediately. It is wor- 
thy of remark, that the poet, in describing 
the transformation of mortals, always re- 
presents it as a gradual thing ; but when 
speaking of the metamorphosis of the gods, 
describes it as instantaneous and invi- 
sible. 

27. De cespite: from the turf. Cespes 
signifies earth covered with grass. This 
agrees with what is said above : 

Inque solo, quod texerat herba. 

28. Me judice: in my judgment; I be- 
ing judge. 

31. Moderata satis: moderate enough. 
Thy cheek, thine eyes, thy lips to kiss, 
Like this — and this — no more than this; 
For, Alia ! sure thy lips are flame : 

What fever in thy veins is flushing? 
My own have nearly caught the same ; 
At least, I feel my cheek too blushing. 

Bride of Abydos. 
33. Impedit amplexu: he prevents by an 
embrace. 

35. Conscia sylva: the conscious wood ; 
conscious of the violence committed by 
Jupiter. 



Fabtjla IV. 



METAMORPHOSE ON. 



Unde, pedem referens, paene est oblita pharetram 
Tollere cum telis, et quem suspenderat, arcum. 
Ecce, suo comitata chore- Dictynna per altum 
Maenalon ingrediens, et csede superba ferarum, 
Aspicit hanc, visamque vocat : clamata refugit ; 40 

Et tirrmit primo, ne Jupiter esset in ilia. 
Sed postquam pariter nymphas incedere vidit : 
Sensit abesse dolos : numerumque accessit ad harum. 
Heu quam difficile est, crimen non prodere vultu ! 



Vix oculos attollit humo : nee, ut ante solebat, 
Juncta Deas lateri, nee toto est agmine prima : 
Sed silet, et lsesi dat signa rubore pudoris, 
Et (nisi quod virgo est) poterat sentire Diana 
Mille notis culpam : Nymphas sensisse feruntur. 



45 



157 



38. Ecce Dictynna 
comitata suo choro, 
ingrediens per altum. 
Maenalon, et superba 
caede ferarum, aspicit 
hanc, vocatque earn 
visam : ilia clamata 
refugit : et timuit pri- 
m& ne Jupiter esset in 
ilia. 

44. Heu quam est 
difficile non prodere 
crimen vultu ! 



NOTjE. 



36. Pedem referens : withdrawing her 
footsteps ; departing. 

38. Ecce. As she fled from the grove, 
suddenly Diana passed along. 

38. Dictynna. A name of Diana from 
Siktvov, a net, because she employs nets in 
hunting wild beasts. 

41. Ne Jupiter. She was afraid that it 
was Jupiter again under the form of Diana. 

43. Abesse dolos: that there is no deceit. 

44. Crimen prodere: to betray guilt. 

45. Vic oculos. In the confusion con- 
sequent upon guilt, the eyes are cast upon 
the ground. 

All silent and unheeding now 
With downcast eyes. — Byron. 

46. Juncta deep-. In the days of her pu- 
rity, she was always by the side of the 
goddess ; but it was different after her 
fall. Sin causes separation from God. 

46. Nee est prima. The light foot and 
the light heart of innocence were her's no 
longer. 

47. Sed silet : but she is silent. Her 
cheerfulness had departed from her. 

49. Mille notis: by a thousand marks; 
a finite number put for an infinite. It is 
natural for the countenance and manners 



to betray conscious guilt, except in the 
case of the most inveterate and hopeless 
depravity. This disposition of our nature, 
in the case of murder, has been portrayed 
by Webster in the most powerful manner : 
Meantime the guilty soul cannot keep its own 
secret. It is false to itself; or rather it feels an 
irresistible impulse of conscience to be true to 
itself. It labours under its guilty possession, 
and knows not what to do with it. The human 
heart was not made for the residence of such 
an inhabitant. It finds itself preyed on by a 
torment, which it does not acknowledge to God 
nor man. A vulture is devouring it, and it can 
ask no sympathy or assistance, either from hea- 
ven or earth. The secret which the murderer 
possesses soon comes to possess him; and, like 
the evil spirits of which we read, it overcomes 
him, and leads him whithersoever it will. He 
feels it beating at his heart, rising to his throat, 
and demanding disclosure. He thinks the whole 
world sees it in his face, reads it in his eyes, 
and almost hears its workings in the very si- 
lence of his thoughts. It has become his mas- 
ter. It betrays his discretion, it breaks down 
his courage, it conquers his prudence. When 
suspicions from without begin to embarrass 
him, and the net of circumstances to entangle 
him, the fatal secret struggles with still greater 
violence to burst forth. It must be confessed, 
it will be confessed, there is no refuge from 
I confession but suicide, and suicide is confes- 
' sion.— Speech on the tkial of J. F. Knapb. 



QU^STIONES. 



What journey did Jupiter make ? 
For what purpose ? 

Why was Arcadia peculiarly dear to him ? 
Where was Nonacris ? 
With whom did he meet there ? 
What was her name ? 
What were the employments of this vir- 
gin? 

How did he find her ? 

What form did Jupiter assume ? 

What did the virgin say to him ? 



What explanation do you give of the 
story ? 

Who passed along shortly after the in- 
jury done to Callisto? 

Was she afraid of Diana ? Why ? 

What confirmed her that it was Diana 
who appeared ? 

Did she betray her guilt by her counte- 
nance and manner ? 

Did Diana notice the change in her ? 

Did the nymphs notice it ? 

o 



FABULA V. 

CALLISTO IN URSAM MUTATA. 

Uiana and her nymphs bathe in a fountain, when the unchastity of Callisto 
is apparent. Diana drives her from her retinue, when shortly after she 
gives birth to Areas. Juno, enraged at the injury of her bed, changes 
Callisto into a bear. 

EXPLICATIO. 

The name of the Parrhasian maiden who is the subject of this fable, 
according to some, was Helice. It is most probable, then, that she was 
called Callisto, which signifies most beautiful, because she received the 
prize of beauty in the Callisteia, a festival observed among the Parrha- 
sians, during which all the women presented themselves in the temple 
of Juno, and the prize was assigned to the fairest. The story of her 
being driven from the train of Diana, who is the goddess of chastity, is 
merely intended to express the loss of character which she sustained as 
soon as her immodesty became known. As she had received the prize 
of beauty in the temple of Juno, it is possible, that after the loss of her 
modesty, she was excluded from the religious ceremonies of the Callisteia 
in the temple of that goddess, and that, under a sense of shame and de- 
gradation, she may have given herself up exclusively to the solitary pur- 
suits of hunting, and that hence, from her wild and savage life, and pro- 
bably the circumstance of her being clothed in the skins of beasts, the 
story may have arisen of her being changed into a bear. As the Lycaean 
prince who bore the name of Jupiter was the one who seduced her from 
propriety, it was a poetic license to attribute her transformation into a 
bear, otherwise her exclusion from the ceremonies of the Callisteia, which 
took place in the temple of Juno, to the jealousy which that goddess is 
reported to have entertained in all cases of aberration from marital pro- 
priety, upon the part of her liege lord. 

Again, as the bear lives solitary, it may be regarded as an emblem of 
that virginity which is best preserved when retired from the world. 
Hence the fable may have arisen from the corruption of a virgin by a 
priest of Jupiter. The following justifies this conclusion : Eustathius, a 
scholiast ou Homer, says: "A young bear born under the altar of the 
temple of Diana, was taken by the Athenians and put to death, for which 
the goddess sent a famine upon the city. ' That bear,' says the scholiast, 
'was certainly a young maid, who had consecrated her virginity to 
Diana, and who wished to live retired from the world, from under the 
shade of whose altars she was taken by force, to be given in marriage.' " 

Others suppose that Callisto, entering a cavern, was eaten up by a 
bear, and that afterwards the bear emerging from the cave, was said to 
be the metamorphosed maiden. The metamorphosis of Callisto into a 
bear, after the loss of her virtue, contains a good moral, for it shows, that 
unchastity transforms even the most beautiful maid into a beast the most 
unsightly and destructive. 
158 





^£?RBE resurgebant lunaria cornua nono ; 

Cum Dea venatrix fraternis languida flammis, 
Nacta nemus gelidum, de quo cum murmure labens 
Ibat, et attritas versabat rivus arenas. 
Ut ]oca laudavit ; summas pede contigit undas ; 
His quoque laudatis : Procul est, ait, arbiter omnis : 
Nuda superfusis tingamus corpora lymphis. 
Parrhasis erubuit : cunctse velamina pormnt : 
Una moras quaerit : dubitanti vestis ademta est : 
Q,ua posita nudo patuit cum corpore crimen. 



10 



NOT.E. 



The moon 



1. Orbenono: in her ninth orb ; in the ninth month, 
renews her orb every month. 

Oh, swear not by the moon, the inconstant moon 

That monthly changes in her circled orb. — Shakspeare. 

2. Venatrix Dea: the huntress goddess, viz. Diana. 

2. Fraternis flammis : by the heat of her brother; by the rays of the 
sun, her brother. 

5. Pede contigit: patted with her foot. 

6. Procul est: is afar. There is no wit- 
ness near us. 

7. Tingamus corpora : let us lave our 
bodies. 

8. Parrhasis: the Parrhasian, viz. Cal- 
listo, who was born in Parrhasia. 

9. Dubitanti adempta: is taken from her 
as she delays. This was probably done in 
sportive playfulness. 



3. Cum murmure: with a murmur. 
The silvery gleaming rills 
Lure with soft murmurs from the glassy lea. 

W. J. Pabodie. 
The streamlet, gurgling through its rocky glen. 

Pierpont. 



after she praised 



5. Ut loca laudavit 
the place. 

5. Summas undas : the surface of the 
water. 



160 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



I procul hinc, dixit, nee sacros pollue fontes, 
Cynthia : deque suo jussit secedere coetu. 

Senserat hoc olim magni matrona Tonantis ; 
Distuleratque graves in idonea tempera pcenas : 
Causa morae nulla est : et jam puer Areas (id ipsum 
Indoluit Juno) fuerat de pellice natus. 
Club simul obvertit saevam cum lumine mentem ; 
Scilicet hoc unum restabat, adultera, dixit. 
Haud impune feres : adimam tibi nempe figuram ; 
Q,ua tibi, quaque places nostro, importuna, marito. 

Dixit ; et arreptis adversa fronte capillis 
Stravit humi pronam. Tendebat brachia supplex: 
Brachia cceperunt nigris horrescere villis, 
Curvarique manus, et aduncos crescere in ungues, 
Officioque pedum fungi : laudataque quondam 
Ora Jovi, lato fieri deformia rictu. 
Neve preces animos, et verba superflua flectant ; 
Posse loqui eripitur : vox iracunda, minaxque, 
Plenaque terroris rauco de gutture fertur. 
Mens antiqua tamen facta quoque mansit in ursa ; 
Assiduoque suos gemitu testata dolores, 
Q-ualescunque manus ad coelum et sidera tollit ; 
Ingratumque Jovem, nequeat cum dicere, sentit. 
Ah quoties, sola non ausa quiescere sylva 



Liber II. 

11. I procul hinc, 
nee pollue sacros fon- 
tes, jussitque earn se- 
cedere de suo coetu. 



15 



20 



25 



17. Quo simul ob- 
vertit mentem saevam 
cum lumine, dixit. 



21. Dixit: et capil- 
lis arreptis a fronte 
adversa, stravit Mam 
pronam humi. Sup- 
plex tendebat brachia. 



27. Neve preces et 
verba superflua flec- 
tant animos, eripitur 
posse loqui: vox ira- 
cunda, minaxque, ple- 
30 naque terroris, fertur 
de rauco gutture. 



34. Ah quoties non 
ausa est quiescere sola 



NOT.E. 



11. Sacros fontes : the sacred fountains. 
They were sacred, because used by the 
goddess and her nymphs ; or probably be- 
cause all running streams were supposed 
to have a divinity residing in them. 

12. Cynthia. Diana, so called from Cyn- 
thus, a mountain of Delos, where Apollo 
and Diana were born. 

13. Senserat hoc: had perceived this — 
the infidelity of Jupiter. 

15. Id ipsum : that very thing, viz. the 
birth of a son, by which Jupiter's dis- 
grace was rendered public. 

17. Quo: whither; to whom, viz. Cal- 
listo. 

18. Scilicet : forsooth. There is great 
anger implied in the use of this word. 

19. Haud impune : you shall not bear 
this with impunity. 

20. Importuna: wanton. 

21. Adversa a fronte : from the fore- 
head. 

22. Humi pronam: prone on the ground ; 
with her face to the earth. 

Prone to the dust, afflicted Waldgrave hid 
His face on earth. — Campbell. 

23. Brachia cceperunt. The transforma- 
tion of the maid into a bear began to take 
place. 

23. Horrescere : to become rough and 
6haggy with hair. 



The same hour was the thing fulfilled upon 
Nebuchadnezzar, and he was driven from men, 
and did eat grass as oxen, and his body was 
wet with the dew of heaven, till his hairs were 
grown like eagle's feathers, and his nails like 
bird's claws. — Daniel, chap. iv. 

25. Laudata Jovi. Praised by Jupiter 
on account of its delicate beauty. 

26. Lato rictu: with wide jaws. 

27. Verba superflua: superfluous words ; 
many entreaties. 

28. Posse loqui : to be able to speak ; 
the faculty of speech. 

29. Fertur: is brought ; issues. 

30. Mens antiqua: her former mind. 
Her reason remains unimpaired. On the 
contrary, when Nebuchadnezzar is driven 
from men, his body is not changed, but he 
has the spirit of a beast. 

Let his heart be changed from man's, and let 
a beast's heart be given unto him; and let seven 
times pass over him. — Daniel, chap. iv. 

32. Qualescunque manus : her hands 
such as they were. They were hands 
formerly, but are now the fore-feet of a 
beast. The bear often walks on its hind- 
feet, and holds up its paws; and hence 
she is here said to lift up her hands in en- 
treaty. 

33. Nequeat dicere: she cannot call him 
ungrateful. The loss of her voice pre- 
vented. 



Fabula V. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



Ante domum, quondamque suis erravit in agris ! 
Ah ! quoties per saxa canum latratibus acta est ; 
Venatrixque metu venantum territa fugit! 
Saspe feris latuit visis ; oblita quid esset : 
Ursaque conspectos in montibus horruit ursos : 
Pertimuitque lupos, quamvis pater esset in illis. 



35 



40 



161 

sylva. erravitque ante 
domum, in agris quon- 
dam suis 



NO'OS. 



35. Quondam suis. There is something 
mournful in this hovering of Callisto around 
the house which she formerly inhabited. 
Virgil, in like manner, represents Philo- 
mela, after her metamorphosis, flying over 
her former residence : 
Quo cursu deserta petiverit, et quibus ante 
Infelix sua tecta supervolitaverit alis? 

Ecloga vi. 

37. Venatrix : a huntress — who had 
been a huntress. 



38. Oblita. Having forgotten that she 
is now a beast herself. 

40. Pater. Her father Lycaon, who had 
been transformed into a wolf, as related in 
Fable VIII., of Book I. As all animals 
subsequent to that period were destroyed 
by the flood, it is an error in the poet to re- 
present Lycaon as then among the wolves. 

41. Ignara: ignorant; unacquainted with 
the fact that his mother had been changed 
into a bear. 



QU^STIONES. 



"Why was Callisto driven from the re- 
tinue of Diana ? 

What became of her afterwards ? 

Why was the name Callisto probably 
given to her ? 

What were the Callisteia? 

Where were they celebrated ? 

In the temple of what goddess were the 
prizes given ? 

Why is the name Parrhasis applied to 
Callisto ? 

Where was Parrhasia ? 



Was any change made in the mind of 
Callisto ? 

Was she fearful of the bears ? 

Why was her father said to be among 
the wolves ? 

Who was her father ? 

Why was he changed to a wolf? 

How will you interpret the metamor- 
phosis of Callisto ? 

Was there a Lycaean prince named Ju- 
piter? 

Where did he hold his court ? 



21 



o2 



FABULA VI. 

ARCAS ET CALLISTO IN SIDERA MUTATI. 

Areas, while hunting in the Erymanthian woods, meets with his mother Cal- 
listo ; who had been changed into a bear ; and not knowing who she is, 
attempts to shoot her, when Jupiter interposes to prevent the matricide, 
and translates both Areas and his mother to the heavens, where they 
form the constellation of the Two 



EXPLICATIO. 

According to some, Callisto, after being changed to a bear, had entered 
the sacred enclosure of the Lycaean Jupiter, which it was unlawful to 
enter, and was about to be slaughtered by her son Areas and others, 
when Jupiter interposed and transferred her to the skies. In this inter- 
pretation, we are given to understand, that after her departure from 
female propriety, and leading, in consequence of shame, a solitary and 
savage life, she entered the sacred temenus of the Lycasan Jove, which 
was punishable with death, but escaped in some manner, probably 
through the compassion of the priest of Jove, and was thus fabled to be 
changed into the constellation known as the Bear. 

Others, again, regarding the Lycaean Jupiter as a temporal prince, who 
had assumed the name of a deity, to give dignity to his character, sup- 
pose, that in the wild state in which Areas and his mother lived, the for- 
mer attempted her life, and that the prince, by taking them to his palace 
upon Mount OJympus, was fabled to translate them to heaven. Others, 
again, suppose, that on account of her having been a noted huntress, she- 
was said to have been changed into a constellation, and that her son, in 
like manner devoted to hunting, having died while he was young, was 
fabled to have undergone a like transformation. 

The poet has succeeded in his delineation of the passions of Juno, in 
the most admirable manner ; wounded pride, a sense of conjugal injury 
and insulted majest)^ — wrath, and a desire of revenge, appear in all that 
she utters. The Queen of the celestials, leaving her throne and sceptre 
to become a supplicant for justice against the injury of her bed and royal 
majesty, is a sight full of humiliation, and well calculated to interest 
Oceanus and Tethys for their foster-child. There is great poetical beauty 
in calling Juno their foster-child ; for Juno is said by Cicero to be the 
lower air, which is formed by the evaporation of water. 

The request that the Bears may not be permitted to wash in the ocean, 
is assumed by the poet, from the astronomical circumstance that the Bears 
move ever around the pole, without descending into the sea, or setting. 

162 





CCE Lycaonise proles ignara parenti 
Areas adest, ter quinque fere natalibus actis: 
Dumque feras sequitur ; dum saltus eligit aptos, 
NexiJibusque plagis sylvas Erymanthidas ambit; 
Incidit in matrem, qua? restitit Arcade viso ; 5 

Et cognoscenti similis fuit. Ule refugit; 
Immotosque oculos in se sine fine tenentem 
Nescius extimuit ; propriusque accedere aventi 
Vulnifico fuerat fixurus pectora telo. 

Arcuit omnipotens ; pariterque ipsosque, nefasque 10 

Sustulit ; et celeri raptos per inania vento 

NOTiE. 

1. LycaonicE. Of Callisto, the daughter of Lycaon. 

2. Ter quinque: fifteen birthdays being nearly past. He was now 
nearly fifteen years of age. 

4. Nexilibus plagis: with plaited nets. 

4. Sylvas Erymanthidas: the woods of Erymanthus, a mountain in 
Arcadia, where the celebrated wild-boar was taken by Hercules. 



5. Incidit in matrem : fell upon his mo- 
ther ; met with his mother. 

5. Qua rcslitit : who stopped ; who 
stood still. 

6. Cognoscenti similis : like one know- 
ing him ; as if she knew him. 

8. Nescius : ignorant that she was his 
mother. 

8. Aventi : of her desiring — the dative 
for the genitive. 

9. Vulnifico telo : with a wounding 
dart. 

10. Arcuit: forbade; prevented him from 
ehooting his mother. 



11. Sustulit: took away ; removed. 

11. Raptos vento: rapt by a swift wind. 
In sublimity, how infinitely does this trans- 
lation of a frail being fall beneath that of 
Enoch or Elijah, removed in a chariot of 
flame, on account of spotless purity of life. 

And it came to pass, as they still went on, 
and talked, that behold, there appeared a cha- 
riot of fire, and horses of fire, and parted them 
both asunder ; and Elijah went up by a whirl- 
wind into heaven. 

And Elisha saw it, and he cried. My father, 
my father, the chariot of Israel, and the horse- 
men thereof! And he saw him no more. 

2 Kings, chap. ii. 
163 



164 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Imposuit coelo, vicinaque sidera fecit. 
Intumuit Juno, postquam inter sidera pellex 
Fulsit ; et ad canam descendit in sequora Tethyn, 
Oceanumque senem : quorum reverentia movit 
Saspe Deos; causamque vias scitantibus, infit: 
Q-uaeritis sethereis quare regina Deorum 
Sedibus hue adsim ? Pro me tenet altera coelum. 
Mentiar, obscurum nisi nox cum fecerit orbem, 
Nuper honoratas summo mea vulnera coelo 
Videritis Stellas illic, ubi circulus axem 
Ultimus extremum, spatioque brevissimus ambit. 
Est verb, cur quis Junonem laedere nolit, 
OfFensamque tremat, quae prosim sola nocendo ? 
En ego quantum egi ! quam vasta potentia nostra est ! 
Esse hominem vetui ; facta est Dea : sic ego pcenas 
Sontibus impono; .sic est mea magna potestas. 
Vindicet antiquam faciem, vultusque ferinos 
Detrahat ; Argolica quod in ante Phoronide fecit. 
Cur non et pulsa ducat Junone, meoque 



Liber II. 

10. Omnipotens ar- 
cuit : sustulitque pari- 
ter ipsosque nefasque: 
et imposuit eos coelo 
raptos per inania ce- 
15 leri vento, fecitque vi- 
cina sidera. 

17. An quseritis qua- 
re ego regina deorum 
adsim hue aethereis 
sedibus ? Altera le- 
^ net coelum pro me. 

20 



23. Est vero cur 
quis nolit laedere Ju- 
nonem, trematque of- 
25 fensam ; quae sola pro- 
sim nocendo ? 



28. Vindicet anti- 
quam faciem, detra- 
hatque vultus ferinos, 
a(\ quod ante fecit in Ar- 
"" golica Phoronide. 



NOT.E. 



Yet where the captives stood, in holy awe, 
Rapt on the wings of cherubim, they saw 
Their sainted sire ascending through the night; 
He turned his face to bless them in his flight; 
Then vanished. — Montgomery. 

11. Per inania: through the void. 

12. Vicina sidera : neighboring con- 
stellations. Arctos and Arctophylax are 
situated near each other, not far from the 
north pole. 

13. Intumuit: swelled with rage. 

15. Oceanum. The god of Ocean, ear- 
lier than Neptune. He was the eldest of 
the Titans, the offspring of Ccelus and 
Terra. He married his sister Tethys, and 
their children were the rivers of the earth, 
and the three thousand Oceanides. 

To Ocean Tethys brought the rivers forth 
In whirlpool waters rolled: Eridanus 
Deep-eddied, and Alpheus, and the Nile : 
And the divine Seamander. Bare she then 
A sacred race of daughters, who on earth 
With King Apollo and the rivers claim 
The first-shorn locks of youth : their dower from 

Jove 
Three thousand slender-ankled ocean nymphs, 
Long-stepping, tread the earth; and, scattered 

far, 
Haunt everywhere alike the depth of lakes; 
A glorious sisterhood of goddesses. 
As many rivers, also, yet untold, 
Rushing with hollow-dashing sound, were sons 
Of Ocean, to majestic Tethys born. — Hesiod. 

17. Regina Deorum : the queen of the 
gods, viz. Juno. 

18. Hue adsim. The whole address of 
Juno is excellent. It is short, sententious, 
and violent. The frequent use of the in- 
terrogation, of antithesis, and of irony, 
shows a wrathful and tumultuous spirit. 
Do you ask why I, who am the queen of 
the gods, have left heaven, and am here a 



poor suppliant ? I am supplanted, Pro me 
tenet altera coelum ! 

20. Honoratas Stellas: as honored stars. 

20. Mea vulnera : my torments ; my 
wounds, ever rankling in my breast. Thus 
Virgil : 

Cum Juno, aeternum servans sub pectore vulnus. 

jEneid i. 

23. Est verd air: is there wherefore ? is 
there any reason why ? 

25. Quantum egi! What a great thing 
I have done ! an expression full of bitter 
irony. 

25. Quam vasta. Another exclamation 
of irony. 

26. Esse homi?iem : to be a human 
being. 

27. Sontibus: on the guilty. 

28. Vindicet: let him vindicate ; let him 
restore. 

29. In Phoronide: in the case of Phoro- 
nis — Io the daughter of Phoroneus. Jupi- 
ter, after changing her to a heifer, restored 
her to the human form. 

31. Socerum Lycaona. Lycaon as a 
father-in-law, who had once attempted to 
kill him, as related in a former Fable. 

32. Tangit: touches you ; affects you. 

32. Aluthnce: of your foster-child. This 
may be explained physically. As Juno is 
the lower air, she is said to be the foster- 
child of Tethys, or water, because the 
lower air is water in a rarefied form. 

33. Gurgite cozruleo : from the azure 
gulf, here put for the sea by synecdoche. 

The other tribes forsake their midnight track, 
And rest their weary orbs beneath the wave ; 
But thou dost never close thy burning eye, 
Nor stay thy steadfast step. But on, still on, 



Fabtjla VI. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



165 



Collocet in thalamo, socerumque Lycaona sumat ? 
At vos si laesse contemptus tangit alumnae, 
Gurgite coeruleo septem prohibete Triones ; 
Sideraque in coelo stupri mercede recepta 
Pellite : ne puro tingatur in asquore pellex. 



35 



not,e. 



"While systems change, and suns retire, and 

worlds 
Slumber and wake, thy ceaseless march pro- 
ceeds. 
The near horizon tempts to rest in vain : 
Thou, faithful sentinel, dost never quit 
Thy long-appointed watch ; but, sleepless still, 
Dost guard the fixed light of the universe, 
And bid the north forever know its place. 

Henry Ware. 

33. Septem Triones. The Great Bear 
and Arctophylax. See note on page 30. 
Seven stars 
Dwell in that brilliant cluster, and the sight 



Embraces all at once ; yet each from each 
Recedes as far as each of them from earth. 

Henry Ware. 

35. Pellite: expel; drive away. 

35. Ne tingatur: let not the harlot be 
washed in the pure sea. Diana had driven 
Callisto from the pure fountains, and Juno 
now prays that she may not be purified in 
the ocean. The Bear and the constella- 
tions adjacent, on account of the elevation 
of the pole, never go below the horizon, 
hence they are said not to descend into the 
sea. 



QU^STIONES. 



How do you explain the translation of 
the Bears into heaven by Jupiter ? 

How do you account otherwise for Cal- 
listo being made a constellation ? 

How do you explain the circumstance 
of her son being made a constellation ? 

What moral lesson does the story teach ? 

Do you recollect any anachronism in this 
fable ? 



When the Bears were received into hea- 
ven, what visit did Juno make ? 

Who was Oceanus ? Who was Tethys ? 

What request did she make of these two 
deities ? 

What astronomical circumstance gave 
rise to this fiction ? 

What were the Septem Triones ? 

In what part of the heavens are they ? 



FABULA VII. 

CORONIS IN CORNICEM. 

While the Raven is going to acquaint Apollo with the adultery of his mistress ; 
he is met by the Crow, who ; learning the object of his journey, endeavors 
to dissuade him j and relates the ungracious manner in which Minerva had 
requited her services as an informer in the case of Erichtonius) as also her 
former transformation from a royal virgin into a crow. 

EXPLICATIO. 

To restrain the Raven from tattling, the Crow relates her own history, 
both prior to her transformation and subsequent to it. She was Coronis, 
the daughter of Coroneus, king of Phocis, and when about to be violated 
by Neptune, was changed into a crow. It is probable, that when walk- 
ing on the sea-shore, she was nearly carried away by the sudden rise of 
the tide ; or that some priest of Neptune attempted to offer her violence. 
Corone, in Greek, signifies crow, and hence her name suggested the idea 
of the transformation. In digging the foundation for a city in Messenia, 
the body of a crow was found, whence the city was called Corona. The 
city was placed under the protection of Minerva, and a bronze statue of 
the goddess bore a crow upon the fist. Hence the crow was said to be- 
come the companion of Minerva. For an historical interpretation, see the 
note on Pelagi Deus, page 169. 

The crow becomes hateful to the goddess, by relating to her the con- 
duct of the daughters of Cecrops intrusted with Erichthonius. This we 
show in the notes to be a personification of the Athenian people in some 
civil commotion. As Attica abounded in quarries of stone, the basket of 
twigs in which Erichthonius is shut up by Minerva, the guardian god- 
dess of the city, is probably some strong party enclosed in the Acropolis. 
Herse, the mountain party, including the city ; and Pandrosos, the mari- 
time party, keep the basket shut on Erichthonius ; in other words, hem 
the mingled faction of artisans and countrymen in the citadel, till Agrau- 
los, the countrymen generally, opens the basket ; in other words, raises the 
siege. After relating the conduct of the daughters of Cecrops, the crow 
is driven from her society. The crow is the symbol of garrulity, and 
hence is displeasing to Wisdom, who is thoughtful and contemplative. 
Again, according to Pliny and Lucretius, no crow comes near Athens, 
which is called from Athena, a title of Minerva. 

The Crow grieves that the Owl supersedes her in the affections of 
Minerva. The Egyptians expressed deadly enmity by the crow and the 
owl ; for the crow destroys the eggs of the owl by day, and the owl the 
eggs of the crow by night. The crow is the hieroglyphic of long fife ; 
and the owl of death. The owl is sacred to Minerva, either because of 
her habit of watching and musing, for the powers of the mind are more 
collected and vigorous in the night ; or, because the coin of Athens was 
stamped with an owl. Two good morals are contained in this fable. It 
shows the evil of talebearing ; and the misfortune of not attending to the 
admonitions of experience. 
166 




w. 




maris annuerant : habili Satumia curru 

Ingreditur liquidum pavonibus aera pictis : 

Tarn nuper pictis ceeso pavonibus Argo ; 

Q,uam tu nuper eras, cum candidus ante fuisses, 

Corve loquax, subito nigrantes versus in alas. & 

Nam fuit haec quondam niveis argentea pennis 

Ales, ut asquaret totas sine labe columbas : 

Nee servaturis vigili Capitolia voce 

Cederet anseribus, nee amanti flumina Cycno. 

Lingua fuit damno: lingua faciente loquaci, 10 

Qui color albus erat, nunc est contrarius albo : 

NOT.E. 

1. Annuerant : had consented ; had agreed that the Triones should 
never descend into the sea. 

2. Pavonibus pictis: with her painted peacocks. They were lately- 
adorned with the eyes of Argus, who was slain by Mercury. As the 
air is the medium of sight, and is of various colors, hence peacocks, 
particolored birds, are said to draw the chariot of Juno. 

when the cackling of the geese awoke 
Manlius and his soldiers, who threw the 
assailants down the precipice. 

9. Cederet: yielded; was inferior; viz. 
in whiteness. 

10. Lingua fuit damno: his tongue was 
his destruction. This unruly member has 
been the cause of the ruin of many. 

But the tongue can no man tame ; it is an un- 
ruly evil, full of deadly poison.— St. James iii. 8. 

He that keepeth his mouth, keepeth his life; 
but he that openeth wide his lips shall have de- 
struction. — Proverbs liii. 3. 

167 



3. Tarn, nuper. This repetition prepares 
the mind for the relation of the succeeding 
fable. 

5. Corve loquax : Oh babbling raven. 
The poet here makes an apostrophe to the 
raven for the purpose of reprehending his 
prattling. 

6. Niveis penni > : with snowy wings. 
6. Argentea: silvery; of a silver color. 
8. Vigili voce : with watchful voice. 

While besieging Rome, the Gauls, unno- 
ticed by the sentinels, and without arous- 
ing the dogs, had nearly scaled the citadel, 



168 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber II. 



15 



Pulchrior in tota quam Larissasa Coronis, 
Non fuit Haemonia. Placuit tibi, Delphice, certe, 
Dum vel casta fuit, vel inobservata : sed ales 
Sensit adulterium Phoebeius ; utque latentem 
Detegeret culpam non exorabilis index, 
Ad dominum tendebat iter ; quern garula motis 
Consequitur pennis, scitetur ut omnia, cornix : 
Auditaque vise causa, Non utile carpis, 
Inquit, iter ; ne sperne meae praesagia linguae. 

Quid fuerim, quid simque, vide, meritumque require : 
Invenies nocuisse fidem. Nam tempore quodam 
Pallas Erichthonium, prolem sine matre creatam, 
Clauserat Actaeo texta de vimine cista ; 



12. Non fuit in totA. 
Haemonia puella pul- 
chrior quam Coronis 
Larissaea. 



20 



21. Vide quid fue- 
rim, quidque sim, re- 
quireque meritum, in- 
venies fidem nocuisse 
mihi. 



NOTjE. 



12. Larisscea Coronis : Coronis of La- 
Tissa, a city of Thessaly. This is to dis- 
tinguish her from Coronis of Phocis, 
changed into a crow. 

13. Delphice. He here apostrophizes 
Apollo, who was called Delphicus, be- 
cause he had a celebrated oracle at Delphi. 

14. Ales Phozbeius: the bird of Apollo. 
The raven is said to be sacred to Apollo, 
because in augury it is most relied on ; 
for its voice is the most distinct and intel- 
ligible of all the birds. 

15. Adulterium. The adultery of Coro- 
nis with Ischys. 

16. Ut detegeret: that he might disclose. 

16. Non exorabilis index: the inexorable 
informer. The raven could not be prevail- 
ed on by Coronis to conceal the fact of her 
adultery, nor by the crow to abandon the 
purpose of his journey. 

17. Ad dominum: to his master, Apollo. 

17. Molis pennis: with flapping wings. 

18. Scitetur ut omnia: to pry into every 
thing. 

20. Prcesagia: the presages; the predic- 
tions. 

21. Quid fuerim: what I was. She was 
tSie principal attendant of Minerva. 

22. Nam tempore. Cornix, the raven, 
who was formerly Coronis, the daughter 
of Coroneus, now relates the reason of her 
being expelled from the society of Mi- 
nerva. 

23. Pallas. A name of Minerva, de- 
rived from itdWco, to brandish, because she 
carries a spear in her hand. 

23. Erichthonium. When Vulcan at- 
tempted to offer violence to Minerva, and 
defiled the ground, Erichthonius was pro- 
duced as the offspring of his passion, and 
fabled to be half human and half serpent. 
Minerva enclosed him in a basket, and 
gave him in charge to the three daughters 
of Cecrops, with orders not to open. Erich- 
thonius is of Greek derivation, and means 
a contention of the soil, and doubtless has 
reference to some civil dissension. We 



may, therefore, as in the case of Cecrops, 
consider Erichthonius not a real personage, 
but a personification of the people. Vulcan 
attempts to violate Athena; that is, the 
artisan population of the city attempt to 
seize the government, but cannot effect the 
purpose, — the seed falls upon the earth, 
and Erichthonius is produced ; that is, the 
artisans unite with some of the country 
people, and form a powerful party, who 
assume the government. As the chief 
leaders would probably belong to the city, 
and the countrymen be their followers ; 
hence the head and upper parts of Erich- 
thonius are said to be human, while his 
feet are serpents ; that is, " children of the 
earth." 

24. De vimine : of osiers. This may 
adumbrate the citadel of Athens, as stated 
in the Explicatio ; or it may refer to a 
guard of soldiers, defended by shields 
made of twigs, like those in use among 
the Germans, as described by Caesar. 
These might figuratively be called a basket, 
just as the wooden walls of Athens ad- 
vised by the oracle, were understood to be 
ships. 

25. Gemino Cecrope. Cecrops was said 
to be the founder of Athens. He is repre- 
sented by some as a native of Attica, and 
by others as an Egyptian, who led a colo- 
ny from Sais, and settled Attica. He was 
said to be half man and half serpent ; either 
because he had two languages, the Egyp- 
tian and the Greek; or because being a 
native of Attica, he was fabled to have the 
feet of a serpent, on account of his autoch- 
thonous or indigenous nature ; for in He- 
rodotus i. 78, the explanation of the ser- 
pents devoured by the horses at Sardis is, 
" that the snake is a child of the earth." 
As the Athenians wore the golden cicada 
in their hair, as a symbol of their autoch- 
thonia, and as Cecrops is by metathesis 
KptKoxp, a name of the cicada, it is most pro- 
bable he was a native. Wordsworth in 
his "Greece Pictorial, Descriptive, and 



Fabula VII. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



169 



Yirginibusque tribus gemino de Cecrope natis 
Hanc legem dederat, sua ne secreta viderent. 
Abdita fronde levi densa speculabar ulmo, 
Quid facerent. Commissa, duas sine fraude tuentur, 
Pandrosos atque Herse ; timidas vocat una sorores 
Agraulos, nodosque manu diducit, at intus 
Infantemque vident, apporrectumque draconem. 
Acta deae refero ; pro quo mihi gratia talis 
Redditur, ut dicar tutela pulsa Minervaa ; 
Et ponar post noctis avem. Mea poena volucres 
Admonuisse potest, ne voce pericula quadrant : 
At puto non ultro nee quicquam tale rogantem 
Me petiit ; ipse licet hoc a Pallade quaeras 
Gluamvis irata est: non hoc irata negabit. 

Nam me Phoca'ica clarus tenure Coroneus 
(Nota loquor) genuit: fueramque ego regia virgo; 
Divitibusque procis (ne me contemne) petebar. 
Forma mihi nocuit ; nam dum per littora lentis 
Passibus, ut soleo, summa spatiarer arena, 
Vidit, et incaluit pelagi Deus ; utque precando 



25 



30 



35 



40 



27. Ego abdita fron- 
de levi speculabar 
quid facerenl ab den- 
sa ulmo. 



32. Refero acta Deae ; 
pro quo talis gratia 
redditur mihi, ut dicar 
pulsa tutela Minervas, 
et ponar post avem 
noctis. 



39. Nam Coroneus 
clarus tellure Phocai- 
ca (loquor nota) genuit 
me, egoque fueram re- 
gia virgo, petebarque 
(ne contemne me) di- 
vitibus procis. 



NOTJE. 



Historical," does not consider Cecrops as 
an individual, but as a personification of 
the Athenian people. 

25. Natis : the daughters of Cecrops. 
Their names were Herse, which signifies 
dew ; Pandrosos, all-dewy ; and Agraulos, 
living-in-the-country. If we consider Ce- 
crops (cicada) a personification of the Athe- 
nian people, since the cicada is said to feed 
upon dew in the country, we readily per- 
ceive why his daughters bore the names 
attributed to them ; for as dew is abundant 
in mountainous places, Herse would repre- 
sent the mountain party ; Pandrosos, all- 
dewy, the maritime party, and Agraulos 
those living in the country. These three 
identical parties were known in the dissen- 
sions of the people in the days of Solon. 

26. Ne secreta. Minerva had ordered 
them not to pry into its secret contents. 

27. Abdita fronde : concealed by the 
leaves. 

28. Commissa: what had been commit- 
ted to them ; their charge. 

30. Nodos deducit : unties the knots. 

31. Apporreclum draconem: a dragon 
laid beside him. As the extremities of 
Erichthonius were a dragon, they thought 
they saw an infant and a dragon lying 
together. 

32. Acta refero: I report their deeds. 

33. Tutela puha: expelled from the pro- 
tection of Minerva. Perhaps some inha- 
bitant of Corona was the bearer of trea- 
sonable correspondence, and hence was 
expelled from Athens. Or it may be be- 
cause crows are said not to come near 
Athens. 

22 



j Est et Athenaeis in montibus, arcis in ipso 
Venice. Palladis ad templum Tritonidos alma?, 
Quo nunquam pennis appellunt corpora raucae 
Cornices, non cum fumant altaria donis. 

Lucretius. 

34. Noctis avem: the bird of night ; the 
night-owl. 

35. Ne voce. The punishment of Coro- 
nis ought to be a warning to the birds, not 
to incur danger by a tattling disposition. 

36. At puto : but I suppose ; but may 
be ! This is a gentle irony, and is in- 
tended to obviate a tacit objection, that 
Minerva had repulsed her perhaps be- 
cause Cornix had not at any time been 
very acceptable to her, or been selected as 
a companion without solicitation. 

39. Phocaica tellure: in the land of 
Phocis. 

39. Coroneus. A king of Phocis. As 

Coroneus founded the city of Coronea, 

and called it after his own name, he is 

J said with poetical beauty to be the father 

' of Coronis or Coronea. 

41. Petehar : I was courted; I was 
sought in marriage. This may be said as 
a natural embellishment of the story; or. 
considering the maiden as a city, it may 
refer to alliances proposed by different 
cities or slates. 

43. Dum spatiarer : while I was walk- 
ing. 

44. Incaluit: was inflamed with love of 
me. The interpretation by which we 
consider the virgin pursued by Neptune, 
as the city of Coronea threatened with in 
undation from the sea, or Copaic lake, ie 
illustrated by an incident in the history of 



170 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber II. 



Tempora cum blandis absumsit inania verbis ; 45 

Vim parat, et sequitur. Fugio, densumque relinquo 
Littus, et in molli nequicquam lassor arena. 
Inde Deos, hominesque voco: nee contigit ullum 
Vox mea mortalem: mota est pro virgine virgo, 
Auxiliumque tulit. Tendebam brachia cceIo : 50 

Brachia coeperunt levibus nigrescere pennis. 
Rejicere ex humeris vestem molibar : at ilia 
Pluma erat ; inque cutem radices egerat imas. 
Plangere nuda meis conabar pectora palmis ; 
Sed neque jam palmas, nee pectora nuda gerebam. 55 
Currebam ; nee, ut ante, pedes retinebat arena : 
Et summa tollebar humo. Mox acta per auras 
Evehor, et data sum comes inculpata Minervse. 
Quid tamen hoc prodest, si diro facta volucris 
Crimine, Nyctimene nostro successit honori ? 60 



48. Inde voco Deos 
hominesque : nee vox 
mea contigit ullum 
mortalem : virgo est 
mota pro virgine, tu- 
litque auxilium. 



54. Conabar plan- 
gere nuda pectora 
meis palmis : sed ne- 
que jam gerebam pal- 
mas, nee nuda pec- 
tora. 



NOT.E. 



Lorenzo de' Medici. His villa, called Am- 
bra, and situated on the banks of the Om- 
brone, was overflowed during an inunda- 
tion, and the prince commemorated the 
circumstance by an agreeable fable, which 
formed the subject of one of his beautiful 
poems, and was also exquisitely carved on 
an amber Fiaschetto. 

A nymph named Ambra, bathing in the Om- 
brone, the river god is enamored of her; he 
endeavors to seize upon her, and she flies away 
along the banks. The river overflows, but can- 
not overtake her. He calls for assistance to 
Arno, his elder brother, who swells up his 
stream, and prevents her further flight. Om- 
brone has nearly reached her, when she pours 
out her supplications to Diana ; and, as Daphne 
was transformed into a laurel, she is changed 
into a rock. It appears to me, that it was the 
intention of Lorenzo to celebrate his villa of 
Ambra, which, at a time of inundation, is fre- 
quently surrounded by water, and to give a 
poetic origin to his favorite residence, and the 
lovely eminence on which it is placed. — Illus- 
trations of the Life of Lorenzo de' Medici. 

44. Pelagi Bens. This whole story of 
Coronis is susceptible of a fine historical 
interpretation. Corone of Messenia was 
situated upon the Sinus Messeniacus, 
which was subject to sudden risings of the 
tide. Coronea in Bceotia was near the 
Copaic lake ; which, like the Nile, often 
overflows the whole adjacent country. 
Hence Neptune may be said to fall in love 
with Coronis, and pursue her. As the 
name Corone signifies crow, hence the fa- 
bulous transformation into that bird. In 
the vicinity of the town of Coronea was the 
temple of Minerva Itonis, in which the 
general council of the Boeotian states as- 
sembled. Hence Coronea, the crow, is 
under the protection of Minerva. Calli- 
machus, in his Hymn to the Bath of Pal- 
las, speaks of Coronea and its adjacent 



grove as dear to Minerva. The august 
ceremony of the Bath probably took place 
here. As the owl was a symbol of that 
goddess, it is said to supplant the crow 
in her affections. 

46. Vim parat. Pan, in like manner, 
after employing words of blandishment, 
pursues Syrinx with all his speed, as re- 
lated in a former Fable. 

47. Nequicquam lassor: I am wearied in 
vain ; I weary myself in vain. 

48. Inde Deos. After making every ex- 
ertion of her own, she implores the assist- 
ance of the gods, and of men. Heaven 
may be supplicated with confidence, after 
we have done all that is in our own power. 

God is faithful, who will not suffer you to be 
tempted above that ye are able ; but will with 
the temptation also make a way to escape. 

1 Corinthians x. 13. 

49. Mota est virgo : a virgin was moved 
in behalf of a virgin. Minerva was moved 
for Coronis. Heaven interposes to save 
the virtuous, when every human means 
fails. 

52. Bejicere vestem: to throw off the gar- 
ment. The garment had already begun 
to change into feathers. 

53. Egerat imas: had driven the lowest 
roots. 

57. Tollebar humo : I was raised from 
the ground. Coronis was now upborne by 
wings, being changed into a crow. 

57. Acta per auras: impelled through 
the air. 

58. Comes inculpata: a blameless com- 
panion. She was inviolate from Nep- 
tune. 

59. Diro crimine: a dreadful crime ; the 
crime of incest. 

59. Volucris: a bird. She was changed 
to a night-owl 



Fabula VII. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



171 



QUiESTIONES. 



Who was Coronis of Phocis ? 

Who fell in love with her ? 

When pursued by Neptune, into what 
was she changed ? 

Who effected the transformation ? 

How do you explain Neptune's pursuing 
her? 

How do you explain her transformation 
to a crow ? 

How may this whole fable be explained 
historically ? 

What similar fable in the history of Lo- 
renzo de' Medici ? 

How may the city of Coronea be fabled 
to be the daughter of Coroneus ? 

Who was Erichthonius, and how pro- 
duced ? 

What is the meaning of the word Erich- 
thonius ? 

How do you explain the attempt of Vul- 
can upon Minerva ? 

How do you explain the circumstance of 
Erichthonius being half man and half 
serpent ? 



What was the basket of Attic oziers ? 

What is the second interpretation of 
this? 

Who was Cecrops said to be ? 

How do you explain the double nature 
of Cecrops ? 

What were the names of his daugh- 
ters? 

Explain the meaning of these different 
names ? 

How do the three Cecropidae guard 
Erichthonius in the ozier basket ? 

How do you interpret the action of Ag- 
raulos ? 

Wherefore does the crow become dis- 
agreeable to Minerva ? 

Explain this ! Of what is the crow the 
symbol ? 

Is there especial enmity between the 
crow and owl 1 

Why is the owl sacred to Minerva ? 

Why is the owl said to be preferred to 
the crow by Minerva ? 



FABULA VIII. 

NYCTIMENE IN NOCTUAM MUTATA: MORS CORONIDIS. 

Nyctimene having entertained a criminal passion for her father Nyctseus, the 
king of Lesbos, she is changed into an owl as a punishment for her crimes. 
Unaffected by the relation of the Crow ; the Raven reports to Apollo the 
adultery of Coronis, his mistress. Apollo in a passion slays her ; but after- 
wards; repenting of the deed, changes the color of the Haven from white 
to black. 

EXPLICATIO. 

Ashamed of her hateful crime, the daughter of the Lesbian prince 
shuns society, and hides herself in secret ; and, hence, is said to be trans- 
formed into an owl — a bird which does not make its appearance in day- 
light. Or, the idea of her transformation may have been suggested by 
the name of the maiden, for Nyctimene is from the Greek, and signifies 
a screech-owl. The story of Coronis in all probability arose from the 
misfortune that befel the young lady of Larissa, either by a priest of 
Apollo or some other. She probably perished during some pestilence, 
immediately after giving birth to a son, and, hence, was fabled to be slain 
by the arrows of Apollo. In the Iliad of Homer, in like manner we find, 
that those who fell by the plague that arose from the unburied corpses of 
the Greeks were said to be slain by the arrows of that god. 

Her son iEsculapius is said to be the son of Apollo, the god of medi- 
cine, because he became in after-life a famous physician. He was taken, 
while young, and placed under the care of Chiron, a great physician, 
astronomer, and musician, who was the fabled preceptor of many of the 
heroes of antiquity. He was one of the principal Centaurs, and was the 
ideal instructor of the heroic age, and gives us a conception of what a 
Grecian education embraced. His form, half human, half ferine, shows 
that the instruction of that time embraced both the intellectual and the 
animal, in which the former, as the head, predominated. The name is 
derived from #£tp, the hand, and shows the estimation in which surgery 
was held in these times. His cave was on the summit of Mount Pelion, 
a natural observatory for the study of astronomy ; the botanical fertility 
of the mountain was favorable to the study of plants ; and the enlivening 
character of the mountain air disposed to the musical recreations of the 
lyre. Hence Chiron, an ideal personage, was fabled to be a great master 
of astronomy, medicine, and music. There was probably a school of 
pharmacy upon this mountain height. Even at the present day, Thes- 
saly is said to furnish the principal portion of the medical practitioners 
of Greece. 



172 





N, quse per totam res est notissima Lesbon, 
Non audita tibi est ? Patrium temerasse cubile 
£> Nyctimenen ? Avis ilia quidem ; sed conscia culpae, 
•} Conspectum lucemque fugit, tenebrisque pudorem 
Celat ; et a cunctis expellitur sethere toto. 

Talia dicenti, Tibi, ait, revocamina, corvus, 
Sint precor ista malo: nos vanum spernimus omen. 
Nee cceptum dimittit iter: dominoque jacentem 
Cum juvene Haemonio vidisse Coronida narrat. 
Laurea delapsa est, audito crimine amantis : 
Et pariter vultusque Deo, plectrumque, colorque 
Excidit. Utque animus tumida fervebat ab ira, 
Arma assueta capit ; flexumque a cornibus arcum 



10 



NOT^E. 



1. Lesbon. Lesbos, now Mity- 
lene, a large and celebrated island 
in Mare iEgseum, the Archipelago, 
about sixty miles long and one 
hundred and seventy in circum- 
ference. Alcaeus, Sappho, Terpander, 
and other celebrated Greek poets were 
born here. 

2. Temerasse: defiled; put for temera- 
visse by syncope. 

5. Cunctis: by all the birds. All the 
birds pursue the owl when it comes out in 
daylight. 

6. Revocamina ista: this recalling of me ; 
this detention of me. 

7. Sint malo: be a curse to thee. 



8. Domino narrat : tells his master, 
Apollo. 

9. Juvene Hamonio. Ischys, a young 
man of Thessaly. 

10. Laurea. The laurel crown which 
Apollo wore. 

10. Amanlis: of his lover; viz. Coronis. 

11. Vultus: the countenance fell; the 
cheerfulness of countenance. 

11. Plectrum. The bow with which the 
lyre was played. It is derived from n\ioao>, 
to strike. 

11. Color. The color of the god. His 
countenance became pale. 

12. Tumida ira: swelling rage. The 
effect is here put for the cause. 

P2 173 



174 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber II. 



Tendit ; et ilia suo toties cum pectore juncta 
Indevitato trajecit pectora telo. 15 

Icta dedit gemitum, tracloque e vulnere ferro, 
Candida puniceo perfudit membra cruore : 
Hactenus : et pariter vitam cum sanguine fudit : 
Corpus inane animae frigus lethale secutum est. 

Poenitet heu serb poense crudelis amantem : 20 

Seque, quod audierit, quod sic exarserit, odit ; 
Odit avem, per quam crimen, causamque dolendi 
Scire coactus erat : nervumque, arcumque, manumque, 
Odit ; cumque manu, temeraria tela, sagittas : 
Collapsamque fovet ; seraque ope vincere fata 25 

Nititur; et medicas exercet inaniter artes. 
Quae postquam frustra tentata, rogumque parari 
Sensit, et arsuros supremis ignibus artus, 
Turn vero gemitus (neque enim coslestia tingi 
Ora decet lacrymis) alto de corde petitos 30 

Edidit: haud aliter, quam cum spectante juvenca, 
Lactentis vituli, dextra libratus ab aure, 
Tempora discussit claro cava malleus ictu. 



12. Utque animus 
fervebat ab tumida 
ira, capit arma assue- 
ta; tenditque arcum 
flexum a cornibus: 
et trajecit indevitato 
telo, ilia pectora toties 
juncta cum suo pec- 
tore. 



27. Qua? postquam 
sensit tentata frustra, 
rogumque parari, et 
artus arsuros supre- 
mis ignibus; turn vero 
edidit gemitus petitos 
de alto pectore. 



not^:. 



15. 
pon. 

16. 
ico. 

16. 

19. 

20. 

21. 



Indevitato telo : with unerring wea- 
Icta: being wounded ; from the verb 



Dedit gemitum: she uttered a groan. 
Inane an imce: void of life. 
Amantem: the lover, viz. Apollo. 
Sic exarserit : that he had been so 
enraged. 

22. Crimen. The infidelity of Coronis. 

25. Collapsam fovet : he presses her to 
his bosom, after she had fallen. 

25. Vincere fata : to conquer fate ; to 
recover her from death. 

27. Rogum: the funeral pile. This was 
constructed of wood, in the form of an 
altar, with four equal sides. The sides of 
the pile were rough and unpolished, but 
were frequently covered with leaves. On 
the top of the pile the corpse was laid, 
with the couch on which it was carried. 
The nearest relative set fire to it with his 
face averted. 

29. Neque decet. Ovid, in his Fasti, 
lib. iv., expresses the same sentiment : 

Neque enim lacrymare deorum est. 
Other writers have thought differently, 
and have presented us with instances in 
which tears have added to the comeliness 
and interest of the celestial countenance ; 
as when Venus intercedes with Jupiter for 
vEneas, or laments the untimely fate of 
Adonis ; or when Apollo mourned for 
Bion. The height of the sublime of tears 
is reached in the Scriptures, where God- 
head sanctifies sorrow and friendship, 
when, at the tomb of Lazarus, "Jesus 
wept." 



Atque ilium tales jactantem pectore curas. 

Tristior, et lacrymis oculos suffusa nitente's, 

Alloquitur Venus. — jEneid i. 227. 

Thus Cypris wailed ; but, dead, Adonis lies ; 

For every gout of blood that fell from him, 

She drops a tear ; sweet flowers each dew sup- 
plies — 

Roses his blood, her tears anemonies. 

Bion's Lament for Adonis. 
Apollo wept, I wis 

For thee, sweet Bion ! and, in mourning weed, 

The brotherhood of Fauns, and all the Satyr 
breed.— Moschus's Lament for Bion. 

30. Lacrymis : with tears. Similar to 
this is the lamentation of Herod over Ma- 
riamne, after he had slain her. The ac- 
count is given in Josephus. 

31. Haud aliter. It is not a very dig- 
nified account of Apollo, that, when he 
saw the dead form of his mistress before 
him, his immortal godship uttered a cry 
like the dam of a sucking calf when she 
sees it slaughtered before her eyes. By- 
ron, in the following, is more happy : 

What cleaves the silent air 
So madly shrill, so passing wild? 
That, as a mother's o'er her child 
Done to death by sudden blow. 
To the sky these accents go, 
Like a soul's in endless wo. 

Parisina xviii. 

31. Juvenca. A young cow that has 
had her first calf. 

35. Injustajusta : the unjust funeral 
ceremonies. These obsequies are called 
justa, because they are the last offices due 
to the dead. They are here called injusta, 
as Coronis died before her time, and by a 
violent death. There is an Oxymoron in 
the use of these words. 



Fabula VIII. 



METAMORPHOSE ON. 



Ut tamen ingratos in pectora fudit odores ; 
Et dedit amplexus, injustaque justa peregit: 35 

Non tulit in cineres labi sua Phoebus eosdem 
Semina: sed natum flammis uteroque parentis 
Eripuit ; geminique tulit Chironis in antrum. 
Sperantemque sibi non falsae praemia linguas, 
Inter aves albas vetuit considere corvum. 40 



175 

34. Tamen Phoebus 
ut fudit ingratos odo- 
res in pectora; et de- 
dit amplexus, peregit- 
que justa injusta, non 
tulit sua semina labi 
in eosdem cineres. 



NOT.E. 



36. Non tulit: did not suffer; did not 
permit. 

37. Sua semina : his offspring, viz. the 
unborn child of Coronis. 

37. Natum. His son, ^Esculapius. 

38. Chironis. The most celebrated of 
the Centaurs, and the son of Saturn and 
Philyra. To escape discovery by Rhea, 
Saturn transformed himself into a steed, 
and Philyra into a mare ; hence their off- 
spring, Chiron, was half man and half 
horse. He was skilled in surgery, the 
medical arts generally, and in music. Ho- 
mer praises his justice, and hence he is 



said to be the son of Saturn, who reigned 
in the golden age. His mother's name, 
Philyra, a lover-of-the-lyre, explains his 
skill in music. 

39. Sperantem prcemia: expecting a re- 
ward. The crow looked for a reward in 
consequence of his fidelity to Apollo, in 
reporting the conduct of Coronis. 

40. Albas aves : the white birds. He 
changed him to a different color — to black. 
This color figuratively expresses dislike 
and hatefulness. Things unlucky were 
said to be marked with coal. 



QU^STIONES. 



Into what was Nyctimene changed? 
Why? 

Why is vice assimilated to the owl ? 

What suggested the idea of the trans- 
formation? 

Did the warning of the Crow deter the 
Raven from going to Apollo ? 

What effect did the disclosure of the 
adultery of Coronis produce upon the god ? 

What did he do in his passion ? 

Did he repent of his rashness immedi- 
ately after ? 

What did he do with his son ? 

Who was Chiron ? What arts did he 
practise ? 



What punishment did Apollo inflict on 
the Raven? 

How do you explain the love of Apollo 
for Coronis ? 

How do you explain her destruction by 
the arrows of the god ? 

What similar instance is given ? 

Was Chiron a real, or an ideal personage ? 

Where was his cave ? 

What circumstances connected with the 
locality and character of his residence ex- 
plain his fabled accomplishments ? 

Is Thessaly still rich in botanical plants ? 

Is it still celebrated for masters of the 
healing art ? m 



) 



i 

4 



t 



FABULA IX. 

OCYRRHOE IN EQUAM MUTATI. 

'Ocyrrhoe, the daughter of Chiron by the nymph Chariclo, besides learning 
her father's arts ; covets the gift of prophecy ; and under an oracular frenzy, 
predicts future events. She predicts the medical ability of JEscuiapius, 
and his destruction by a thunderbolt. She also foretels the sufferings and 
death of her father, when her further prophecies are prevented by her 
own transformation into a mare. 

EXPLICATIO. 

This fable is somewhat complicated, as it relates to no less than three 
personages. JEscuiapius, according to Sanchoniatho, was the same as 
the Phenician Esmun, and the brother of the Seven Cabiri. He is the 
same as the Egyptian Ptha, and, like him, is the guide of the Cabiri, 
who are the seven planets. As a solar deity, the son of Apollo, he is 
like the Phrygian Atis, the fair Adonis, or the chained Hercules, and 
represents the sun without strength, in the Spring, and in Autumn, as 
the author of health. As the insalubrious seasons follow the period 
which is designated by this solar deity, hence, he who is the giver of 
health, is fabled to be slain by Jupiter, or the pestilent air which falls out 
in the unhealthy seasons of the Spring and Autumn. Purged from 
these infections, and assuming recovered vigor, he is fabled to be changed 
into a deity. Or, his fabled deification and immortality may represent the 
continued succession of the seasons. 

In the story of the death of Chiron, by one of the poisoned arrows that 
were dipped in the blood of the serpent of Lerna, we have an astronomical 
and physical fact presented to us. The constellation Scorpio is intended 
to represent the pestiferous airs and miasmata that abound during the 
period when the sun is in that constellation ; and as Sagittarius follows 
next in or^er, and is fabled to be the Centaur Chiron ; hence, the latter 
is said to be slain by the poisoned arrows of a deadly serpent ; in other 
words, by the malignant rays of the autumnal sun during the sickly 
season. 

*The account of Ocyrrhoe involves a good deal of difficulty. Considered 
as an actual personage, it is to be presumed she was instructed by her father 
in all his accomplishments, and that being expert at horsemanship, she 
was fabled to be changed into a mare ; since the Centaurs were described 
as half man and half horse, because they were skilful horsemen. Or, as 
Chiron, the ideal physician, dwelt upon Mount Pelion, we may consider 
Ocyrrhoe a stream flowing from Pelion, as used for medical purposes, 
and, hence, said to be the daughter of Chiron, and changed into a mare; 
for several streams (among them one in Colchos flowing into the Phasis) 
have the name of Hippos, a mare. 

176 



&£3^ 





EMIFER interea aivinsB stirpis alumno 
Laetus erat; mistoque oneri gaudebat honore. 
Ecce venit rutilis humeros protecta capillis 
Filia Centauri : quam quondam nympha Chariclo, 
Fluminis in rapidi ripis enixa, vocavit 5 

Ocyrrhoen. Non hsec artes contenta paternas 
Edidicisse fuit : fatorum arcana canebat. 

NOTjE. 

1. Semifer. Chiron, who was half man ana half beast. 

1. Alumno : his foster-child ; viz. jEsculapius. 

4. Centauri : of the Centaur ; of Chiron. The Centaurs were a 
race of beings half man and half beast, said to be born of Ixion and a 
cloud. They were a rude race of mountaineers, who first taught the 
practice of riding on horseback, and who, descending from the cloud- 
capt heights of Thessaly, were fabled to be born of a cloud. Again, 
the fiction may have arisen from their coming from the city of Nephele T 
which signifies a cloud ; or, as they probably were predatory in their 
habits, they may have been called in the old Greek language, which 
contained many Phenician words, Nephelim, which means giants ; 
and by mistaking Nephele, a cloud, for the root of Nephelim, the Cen- 
taurs may have been called the sons of the cloud. 



4. Chariclo. Was a nymph beloved by 
Chiron, and the mother of Ocyrrhoe and 
Tiresias. 

6. Ocyrrhoen. The daughter of Chiron 
and Chariclo ; she was born on the banks 
of a rapid stream, and hence her name, 
which signifies flowing swiftly. 

6. Artes paternas : the arts of her fa- 
23 



ther, viz. Astronomy, Music, and Medi- 
cine. 

7. Arcana canebat: she sang the secrets 
of the fates. Cano is employed, because 
oracles were given, for the most part, in 
verse. 

Sola mihi tales casus Cassandra canebat. 

Virgil. 
177 



178 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber II. 



Ergo ubi fatidicos concepit mente furores, 
Incaluitque deo, quern clausum pectore habebat; 
Aspicit infantem, Totique salutifer orbi 
Cresce, puer, dixit: tibi se mortalia ssepe 
Corpora debebunt ; animas tibi reddere ademptas 
Fas erit ; idque semel dis indignantibus ausus, 
Posse dare hoc iterum flamma prohibebere avita; 
E'que deo corpus fles exsangue ; deusque, 
Q,ui modo corpus eras; et bis tua fata novabis. 
Tu quoque, care pater, non jam mortalis, et aevis 
Omnibus ut maneas, nascendi lege creates ; 
Posse mori cupies turn, cum cruciabere diras 
Sanguine serpentis per saucia membra recepto : 
Teque ex seterno patientem Numina mortis 
Efficient ; triplicesque dese tua fila resolvent. 

Restabat fatis aliquid ; suspirat ab imis 
Pectoribus, lacrymeeque genis labuntur obortse : 
Atque ita, Prsevertunt, inquit, me fata ; vetorque 
Plura loqui ; vocisque meae praecluditur usus. 
Non fuerant artes tanti, quse numinis iram 
Contraxere mihi ; maliem nescisse futura. 



10 



8. Ergo ubi concepit 
fatidicos furores men- 
te, incaluitque deo 
quem habebat clau- 
sum pectore. 



15 



20 



17. Tu quoque, care 
pater, jam non morta- 
lis, et creatus lege 
nascendi ut maneas 
omnibus aevis. 



23. Aliquid restabat 
fatis: ilia suspirat ab 
imis' pectoribus, lacry- 

OR maeque obortae labun- 

"° tur genis. 



27. Artes quae con- 
traxere iram numinis 
mihi non fuerant tan- 



NOTiE. 



8. Fatidicos furores : the oracular fury. 

9. Incaluit deo. When she became 
heated by the divine impulse. 

10. Salutifer : the bringer of health. 
This is a sublime spectacle where the 
prophetess Chariclo takes in her arms the 
child who is the giver of health to the 
world. It reminds us of one more sublime, 
when the prophetess Anna takes in her 
arms the infant Jesus, {physician,) who is 
to heal alike the maladies of the souls and 
bodies of a sin-sick world; and, the spirit 
of prophecy resting upon her, beholds 
"the Sun of righteousness arise with 
healing in his wings." 

Great iEsculapius, skilled to heal mankind. 
All-ruling Paean, and physician kind; 
Whose arts medicinal can alone assuage 
Diseases dire, and stop their dreadful rage. 
Strong, lenient god, regard my suppliant prayer, 
Bring gentle Health, adorned with lovely hair ; 
Convey the means of mitigating pain, 
And raging deadly pestilence restrain. 
O, power all-flourishing, abundant, bright, 
Apollo's honored offspring, god of light; 
Husband of blameless Health, the constant foe 
Of dread disease, the minister of wo. 
Come, blessed Saviour, human health defend, 
And to this mortal life afford a prosperous end. 
Orpheus's Hymn to iEsculapius. 

11. Cresce puer: grow up, boy. 

13. Semel. When he shall restore Hip- 
polytus to life. 

14. Flamma avita: by the thunder of his 
grandfather. 

15. Corpus exsangue: a pale body; a 
lifeless body. 

16. Bis novabis: thou shalt twice renew 
thy fate ; once having become mortal from 



a god ; and again rendered immortal after 
death. 

17. Tu quoque. Ocyrrhoe predicts also 
the death of her father, Chiron. 

17. Non mortalis: immortal. 
That Heaven to me the final seal - 

Of all earth's sorrow would deny, 
And I eternally must feel 
The death-pang, without power to die ! 

Moore 

18. JEvis omnibus: throughout all time. 

18. Nascendi lege: by the condition of 
thy birth. 

19. Dirce serpentis: of the dread serpent. 
Chiron was wounded by one of the poi- 
soned arrows of Hercules, which had been 
dipped in the gall of the Lerneean serpent. 

22. Triplices dece. The three fates, Clo- 
tho, Lachesis, and Atropos. They were 
said to be the daughters of Jupiter and 
Themis ; or of Nox, or Erebus, according 
to others. They spun the thread of human 
life ; the first holding the distaff, the second 
spinning the thread, and the third cutting it : 
Clotho colum retinet, Lachesis net, et Atropos 

occat. 

23. Restabat aliquid : something re- 
mained to the fates of her father. She was 
about to foretel his transformation to the 
constellation Sagittarius, but her own me- 
tamorphosis prevented. 

25. Fata prcevertunt : the fates prevent. 

26. Praduditur : is stopped; is pre- 
cluded. 

27. Artes. The art of prophecy. 

28. Contraxere mihi: have drawn upon 
me. 



Fabula IX. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



179 



Jam mihi subduci facies humana videtur : 
Jam cibus herba placet ; jam latis currere campis 
Impetus est ; in equam, cognataque corpora vertor. 
Tota tamen quare ? Pater est mihi nempe biformis. 

Talia dicenti pars est extrema querelas 
Intellecta pariim : confusaque verba fuere. 
Mox, nee verba quidem, nee equa3 sonus ille videtur ; 
Sed simulantis equam ; parvoque in tempore certos 
Edidit hinnitus ; et brachia movit in herbas. 
Turn digiti coeunt, et quinos alJigat ungues 
Perpetuo cornu levis ungula : crescit et oris 
Et colli spatium ; longae pars maxima pallse 
Cauda fit ; utque vagi crines per colla jacebant, 
In dextras abiere jubas ; pariterque novata est 
Et vox et facies : nomeii quoque monstra dedere. 



30 



35 



40 



ti ; mallem 
futura. 



38. Turn digiti coe- 
unt et levis ungula 
alligat quinos ungues 
perpetuo cornu: spa- 
tium et oris et colli 
crescit 



notje. 



29. Mihi subduci: to be taken from me. 

31. Cog?iata corpora: into a kindred bo- 
dy. Her father was half horse. 

32. Tota quare: wherefore entire ? She 
wonders why she should be changed en- 
tirely into a mare, when her father was 
half man and half horse. 

36. Simtdantis equam: of one that imi- 
tates a mare. 

37. Certos hinnitus: true neighings. 
37. Brachia movit : she moved her arms. 



She went upon all-fours, but her arms 
were not yet changed into fore-legs. 

40. Longce pallce: of her long robe. The 
clothes of Lycaon, in like manner, were 
changed into hair. 

41. Vagi jacebant: lay scattered. 

43. Nomen. The metamorphosis also 
caused her to have a new name ; she was 
called Evippe, which signifies one skilled 
in horsemanship, from eviimog, expert in 
horsemanship. 



QU^STIONES. 



Who was Chiron ? 

Who were the Centaurs ? 

How do you explain their double na- 
ture? 

Who was Ocyrrhoe ? 

What arts did she possess ? 

What prophecy did she make in refer- 
ence to iEsculapius ? 

By whom was iEsculapius slain ? 

After the prophecy relating to iEscula- 
pius, what prediction did she utter? 

How did Chiron die ? 

What became of him after death ? 



What happened to Ocyrrhoe ? 

Whom did Sanchoniatho consider iEs- 
culapius to be ? 

Who are the Cabiri considered to be ? 

What character of the sun does iEscu- 
lapius represent ? 

Explain how he is slain by Jupiter. 

How do you interpret his deification and 
immortality ? 

How do you explain the death of Chiron ? 

How do you explain the account of 
Ocyrrhoe as a real personage ? 

How can you explain it physically ? 



FABULA X. 

BATTUS IN INDICEM MUTATUS. 

Apollo, while tending the herds of Admetus, and singing on his pipe the love 
of his mistress, forgets his cattle, and a part of them are stolen by Mercury. 
Battus witnesses the theft, but on receiving from Mercury the present of a 
cow, he promises silence. Mercury assumes a different form, and returns to 
Battus, and inquires if he had seen any stray cattle j and promises him a 
greater reward if he would tell him where they are. Battus directs Mer- 
cury to the place where they are to be found, when the god makes himself 
known, and, for his perfidy, changes him into a touchstone. 

EXPLICATIO. 

Apollo, according to Homer, is sometimes fabled to be a herdsman, 
because the solar influence is the chief cause of the nutriment and 
growth of all things upon earth. As the country of Pherae was particu- 
larly noted for its fine pastures, he is therefore said to have fed flocks in 
that fine pastoral country. The theft which Mercury practised upon 
Apollo, is related by Homer in his Hymn to Mercury ; and by Horace, 
in his Hymn to the same deity, in Lib. i. Ode x. The great point of 
difference between them is, that Homer describes the theft as committed 
by Mercury when an infant, not yet done with the cradle ; Horace 
represents it as committed when the god was a boy ; while Ovid places 
it at a more advanced period, when he had grown up and become the 
messenger of his father, Jupiter. The story, as related by Homer, ex- 
tends through four or five hundred lines, and although related in polished 
language, is protracted and tedious. 

The story of Battus contains a good moral, as it shows the baneful 
effects of avarice. When the love of gain comes to be an absorbing pas- 
sion, it shakes the foundation of all the virtues, and involves the ruin of 
truth, fidelity, and integrity. The breast is hardened against all the 
finer feelings of humanity; pity, benevolence, generosity, and charity 
plead in vain for the unfortunate ; while on the footsteps of unhallowed 
cupidity follow not unfrequently treachery, perjury, theft, robbery, and 
even murder itself. When Battus had consented to lie for a bribe, he 
was fitted for the treachery which he afterwards committed, when a 
larger bribe tempted his avarice. 

The petrifying effect which it has upon the soul, may be adumbrated 
by the metamorphosis of Battus into stone ; or as the Index, or touch- 
stone, is used to test the qualities of gold, and is therefore a discoverer, 
Battus may be fabled to be changed into that stone, because he perfidi- 
ously discovered the place where Mercury had hidden the cattle, con- 
trary to an express promise, extracted too by a reward. 

180 





LEBAT opem que tuam frustra Philyrei'us heros, 
Delphice, poscebat : sed nee rescindere magni 
Jussa Jovis poteras ; nee, si rescindere posses, 
Tunc aderas; Elin Messeniaque arva coiebas. 
Illud erat tempus, quo te pastoria pellis 5 

Texit ; onusque fuit baculum sylvestre sinistra? ; 
Alterius, dispar septenis fistula cannis. 
Dumque amor est curas, dum te tua fistula mulcet ; 

NOTjE. 

1. Philyreius heros. Chiron, the son of Saturn by Philyra. 

2. Rescindere: to rescind ; to make void. 

4. Elin. A principal division of Peloponnesus, the Morea, lying 
west of Arcadia, bounded on the north by the Larissus, which- sepa- 
rated it from Achaia ; on the south by the Neda, and on the west by 
the iEgean sea. It was fertile, and used for agriculture and grazing. 
The city of Elis was in the north. 

4. Messenia arva. Messenia, a district of Peloponnesus, the Morea, 
bounded on the north by Elis and Arcadia, on the east by Laconia, 
and on the south and west by the Ionian sea. It is a mountainous 
country, with rich and well-watered plains, suitable for pasturage. 

While in Messenia, Apollo fell in love 
with the daughter of Admetus. 
8. Fistula mulcet : your pipe solaces you. 

Ea sola voluptas, 
Solamenque mali : de collo fistula pendet. 
Charming shell. Apollo's love, Virgil. 

And pleasing to the priests of Jove ! 
Hear thy poet's solemn prayer, 
Thou solace of each anxious care. — Horace. 

q i8i 



5. Pastoria pellis : the pastoral skin. 
The shepherd's coat, made of skins. When 
Apollo killed the Cyclops for making the 
thunderbolts with which his son iEscula- 
pius was destroyed, he was driven from 
heaven, and compelled to tend the flocks 
of Admetus. 

8. Amor est cur 02 : love is your care ; 
while your thoughts are turned to love. 



182 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber H. 



Incustoditae Pylios memorantur in agrcs 
Processisse boves : videt has Atlantide Maia 
Natus ; et arte sua sylvis occultat abactas. 

Senserat hoc furtum nemo, nisi notus in illo 
Rure senex : Battum vicinia tota vocabant. . 
Divitis hie saltus herbosaque pascua Nelei, 
Nobiliumque greges custos servabat equarum. 
Hunc timuit, blandaque manu seduxit ; et, eja, 
Quisquis es, hospes, ait, si forte armenta requiret 
Hasc aliquis, vidisse nega ; neu gratia facto 
Nulla rependatur, nitidam cape prsemia vaccam ; 
Et dedit. Accepta, voces has reddidit hospes ; 
Tutus eas; lapis iste prius tua furta loquatur; 
Et lapidem ostendit. Simulat Jove natus abire, 
Mox redit : et, versa pariter cum voce figura, 
Rustice, vidisti si quas hoc limite dixit, 
Ire boves ; fer opem : furtcque silentia deme ; 
Juncta suo pretium dabitur tibi foemina tauro. 
At senior, postquam merces geminata, sub illis 
Montibus, inquit, erunt ; et erant sub montibus illis. 
Risit Atlantiades : et, Me mihi, perflde, prodis ? 
Me mihi prodis ? ait : perjuraque pectora vertit 
In durum silicem ; qui nunc quoque dicitur Index : 
Inque nihil merito vetus est infamia saxo. 



10 



15 



16. Mercurius timuit 
hunc, seduxitque 

blanda manu. et ait, 
eia hospes, quisquis 



9Q 20. Vacca accepta, 
hospes reddidit has 
voces: eas tutus; iste 
lapis prills loquatur 
tua furta, et ostendit 
lapidem. 



25 



27. At senior post- 
quam merces est ge- 
minata, inquit, erunt 
sub illis montibus, et 
erant sub illis monti- 
30 bus. 



NOTtE. 



9. Pylios. Pylos was a maritime city 
of Messenia, built by Pylos, king of Me- 
gara. It was captured and held by Nele- 
us, the father of Nestor. It is now almost 
in ruins. There were two other towns of 
the same name in Elis. 

10. Processisse : had advanced ; had 
wandered away. 

11. Natus. Mercury, who was the son 
of Jupiter by Maia, one of the daughters 
of Atlas. 

11. Arte sua: by his art; by theft. 
Mercury was the god of thieves. 
Great life-supporter, to rejoice is thine, 
In arts gymnastic, and in fraud divine. 

Orpheus's Hymn to Mercury. 
Artful and cunning to conceal 
Whate'er in playful theft you steal; 
When from the god, who gilds the pole, 
Even yet a boy, his herds you stole. 
With angry look, the threatening power 
Bade thee thy fraudful prey restore, 
But of his quiver, too, beguiled, 
Pleased with the theft, Apollo smiled. 

Horace. 
14. Nelei. Neleus was the father of 
Nestor, king of Pylos. 

16. Hunc timuit: he feared him. Mer- 
cury was apprehensive that Battus would 
betray him. 

18. Vidisse nega : deny that you have 
seen them. When Mercury required of 
Battus to lie on his account, it was hardly 
to be expected that one so lost to principle 
would keep faith with him. 



19. Prcemia. The unprincipled, who 
will accept bribes to commit crimes, or to 
conceal them, are seldom to be trusted 
when more tempting offers are addressed 
to their cupidity, as was shown in the case 
of Battus. 

22. Simulat abire: he feigns to depart. 

23. Versa figura. Having changed his 
form and his voice, that Battus might not 
recognise him. 

28. Et erant. Some writers, and among 
them Erasmus, imagine that Battus was a 
silly poet, who indulged in vain repetitions. 
These reiterations are called battologia. 
The following are in this Fable : 

Sub illis 
Montibus, inquit, erunt, et erant sub montibus 
illis. 

Et, me mihi, perfide, prodis ? 
Me mihi prodis? 

29. Atlantiades. Mercury, the grandson 
of Atlas. 

Thou god of wit, from Atlas sprung, 
Who by persuasive power of tongue, 
And graceful exercise refined 
The savage race of human kind. — Horace. 

31. Index: touchstone. A stone called 
by some Lydius lapis, which is used to try 
the purity of gold. Tests of gold are now 
made by assay, when a portion of the me- 
tal is dissolved, and tried by acid. 

32. Nihil merito : that deserves none ; 
viz. no infamy. 



Fabula X. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



183 



QU^ESTIONES. 



Why did Apollo become a pastor ? 

Whose herds did he attend ? 

What happened while he was solacing 
himself with his pipe ? 

Who witnessed the theft ? 

What present did Mercury make him to 
insure his silence ? 

Did Mercury suspect his fidelity ? 

How did he test his honesty ? 

Did Battus yield to the temptation? 

What did Mercury do to him ? 



What is the touchstone ? 

How is gold tested at present ? 

How does Homer explain the pastoral 
character of Apollo ? 

Why was he said to feed flocks in 
Phera ? 

Of what is Mercury the god ? 

What moral does the story of Battus 
teach ? 

How do you interpret the transformation 
of Battus ? 



FABULA XL 

AGRAULOS IN SAXUM MUTATA. 

Mercury beholds a procession of virgins who are carrying presents into the 
temple of Minerva at Athens, and falls in love with one of them, Herse, 
the beautiful daughter of Cecrops. and asks the aid of Agraulos, her sister, 
to favor his suit. Minerva, displeased with Agraulos for former disobedience 
o£ her orders, engages Envy to infect her with her evil nature. Moved 
with envy and hatred of her sister Herse, she attempts to exclude Mercury 
from the house, when the god changes her to stone. 

EXPLICATIO. 

In the Explicatio and Notes of Fable VI. of this Book, we have shown, 
that, by the three daughters of Cecrops, we are to understand, not real 
personages, but personifications of the Athenian people. This mode of 
interpretation must be continued in the explanation of the present Fable ; 
and in the jealousy of Agraulos, consequent on the love of Mercury for 
her sister Herse, we are to contemplate some civil dissension, owing to 
the manner in which trade or commerce was conducted, and possibly the 
collection and appropriation of imposts consequent thereon. Mercury, as 
the god of gain, presided over commerce, and hence in all cases his statue 
stood at the head of the agora or forum. His winged hat and talaria 
beautifully represent the white-winged ships that skim the surface of the 
deep. As by Herse we are to understand the people of Athens and 
those immediately adjacent, who would participate more particularly in 
the advantages of trade ; it is easy to perceive why Mercury, or com- 
merce, falls in love with this daughter of Cecrops. Pandrosos, or those 
engaged in maritime pursuits, like Herse, the emporium, would enjoy 
their advantages from trade, and be satisfied ; while Agraulos, the inha- 
bitants of the country, might envy the opportunities of wealth and fortune 
possessed by the city. If duties imposed upon the importation of mer- 
chandise were expended mainly upon the city, as was probably the case, 
still greater cause for disaffection would exist. Efforts were possibly 
made to obstruct trade in some way by the inhabitants of the country, 
and hence that part of the Fable in which Agraulos endeavors to prevent 
Mercury, or commerce, from passing to Herse, or the emporium. That 
something of the kind did take place is certain, from the fact that walls, 
five miles in length, and hence called the long ivalls, were constructed 
from the Pirceus, and other ports of Athens, to protect merchandise as it 
passed up to the city; and thus Agraulos, or the countrymen, who 
attempted to prevent the ingress of Mercury, may be fabled to be changed 
into stone, while the god is at liberty to pass in. In relation to the pa- 
lace of Cecrops containing three chambers, it is possible the Cecropium, 
dedicated to the majesty of the Athenian people, embraced in the personi- 
fication Cecrops, had a sanctuary dedicated to Herse, one to Pandrosos, 
and one to Agraulos ; for the Erechtheum had two chambers, one for 
Pandrosos, the other for Herse, under the form of Minerva Polias ; while 
the sanctuary of Agraulos stood near. 
184 




JNC se sustulerat paribus Caducifer alis : 
Munychiosque volans agros, gratamque Minervz 
$ Despectabat humum, cultique arbusta Lycaei. 
fJ Ilia forte die castae de more puellEe, ---- ft 

Vertice supposito, festas in Palladis arces : 
Pura coronatis portabant sacra canistris. 
Inde revertentes deus aspicit ales : iterque 
Non agit in rectum, sed in orbem curvat 
eundem. 

NOT^E. 



After the transformation of Bat-| 

Mercury,] 

with! 




1. Hinc. 
tus. 

1. Caducifer. The wand-bearer; 
who bears the caduceus. 

1. Paribus alis: with equal wings, 
poised wings. 

2. Munychios agros. The Athenian fields, 
so called Irom Munychium, a promontory near 
Athens. 

2. Gratam Minerva : dear to Minerva. Athens was under '■ 
the particular protection of Minerva. jjv 

3. Culti Lyccei. The polished Lycaeum — where Aristotle' 
and other philosophers lectured. 

5. Festas arces: the festal citadel. The feast of the Pana- 
thenaea was celebrated at that time. 

5. Vertice supposito: with the head placed under. 

6. Coronatis: crowned with flowers. 
6. Pura sacra: the pure offerings ; frankincense, &c. 

In rectum: direct. 

Sed curvat: but bends in a circle. 

Throws his steep flight in many an airy whirl. — Mnvrox. 



186 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber II. 



Ut volucris, visis rapid issima miliius extis, 

Dum timet, et densi circumstant sacra ministri 10 

F'lectitur in gyrum ; nee longius audet abire : 

Spemque suam motis avidus circumvolat alis : 

Sic super Actseas agilis Cyllenius arces 

Inclinat cursus ; et easdem circinat auras. 

Quanto splendidior, quam csetera sidera, fulget 15 

Lucifer ; et quanto te, Lucifer, aurea Phoebe ; 

Tanto virginibus prsestantior omnibus Herse 

Ibat ; eratque decus pompae, comitumque suarum. 

Obstupuit forma Jove natus ; et aethere pendens 

Non secus exarsit, quam cum Balearica plumbum 20 

Funda jacit : volat illud, et incandescit eundo ; 

Et, quos non habuit, sub nubibus invenit ignes. 

Vertit iter, cceloque petit diversa relicto : 
Nee se dissimulat : tanta est fiducia formae. 
Q,use quanquam justa est ; cura tamen adjuvat illam : 25 
Permulcetque comas ; chlamydemque, ut pendeat apte, 
Collocat : ut limbus, totumque appareat aurum : 
Ut teres in dextra, qua somnos ducit et arcet, 
Virga sit : ut tersis niteant talaria plantis. 

Pars secreta domus ebore, et testudine cultos, 30 
Tres habuit thalamos : quorum tu, Pandrose, dextrum, 
Agraulos lsevum, medium possederat Herse. 



15. Quanto Lucifer 
fulget splendidior 
quam caetera sidera, 
et quanto aurea Phce- 
be fulget splendidior te 
O Lucifer; tanto Herse 
ibat preestantior omni- 
bus virginibus. 



25. Quae forma, 
quanquam est justa, 
tamen adjuvat illam 
cura: permulcetque 
comas, collocatque 
ehlamyden ut pendeat 
apt6. 



31. Quorum tu Pan- 
drose possederas dex- 
trum, Agraulos posse- 



NOT.E. 



9. Miliius. This is a very beautiful 
similitude. The circular flight of the kite 
is well known. 

But cawing rooks, and kites that swim sublime 
In still repeated circles, screaming loud. 

Cowper. 

10. Dum timet. While the kite is afraid 
to make a swoop upon the entrails. 

10. Circumstant: stand around, inspect- 
ing the entrails. We have just been told 
that the entrails were laid open to view ; 
extis visis. 

12. Spem : his hope ; the thing hoped 
for, viz. the entrails. 

12. Motis alis: with flapping wings. 

13. Actfis arces : the Actaean towers ; 
the Athenian towers. Attica is so called, 
from &kty), shore, because much of its terri- 
tory lies upon the sea. ' 

13. Lucifer. The planet Venus is called 
Lucifer when it is the morning star, and 
Hesperus when it is the evening star. 

18. Pompce : of the pomp ; of the pro- 
cession. 

19. Obstupuit forma : was struck with 
her form. 

20. Balearica funda: the Balearic sling. 
The Baleares were two islands in the Me- 
diterranean sea, near Spain, now called 
Majorca and Minorca. The inhabitants 
were celebrated in the use of the sling, from 
which they threw stones and balls of lead. 

21. Incandescit eundo: becomes heated 



as it goes. Virgil, in his account of the 
games at the tomb of Anchises, represents 
the arrow of Acestes as shot with a force 
which caused it to ignite. 
The feathered arrow gave a dire portent 
And latter Augurs judge from this event. 
Chafed by the speed it fired ; and as it flew, 
A trail of following flames, ascending drew : 
Kindling they mount ; and mark the shining way, 
Across the skies as falling meteors play, 
And vanish into wind ; or in a blaze decay. 

iENEID v. 

24. Nee se dissimulat : nor does he dis- 
guise himself. He does not conceal who 
he is. / 

26. Chlamyden collocat : he adjusts his 
mantle. The chlamys was a Grecian outer 
garment, something like a scarf, being 
about twice as long as broad. It was 
woollen, of fine material, variegated in 
color, and susceptible of great ornament. 
It was generally worn by passing one of 
the shorter sides round the neck, and con- 
fining it by a fibula, or brooch. 

27. Limbus totumque: the border, and 
all its gold embroidery. 

29. Virga: his wand ; the caduceus. 

29. Niteant talaria : that his winged 
shoes may glisten. 

30. Testudine : with tortoise-shell. It 
was customary to decorate bedposts with 
ivory and shell. 

Nee varios inhiant pulchra testudine postes, 
Illusasque auro vestes.— Virgil, Georgic ii. 



Fabula XL 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



187 



Quae tenuit laevum, venientem prima notavit 
Mercurium ; nomenque dei scitarier ausa est, 
Et causam adventus. Cui sic respondit Atlantis 35 
Plei'onesque nepos : Ego sum, qui jussa per auras 
Verba patris porto. Pater est mihi Jupiter ipse : 
Herse causa vise, faveas oramus amanti. 
Adspicit hunc oculis isdem, quibus abdita nuper 
Viderat Agraulos flavee secreta Minervae : 40 

Proque ministerio magni sibi ponderis aurum 
Postulat : interea tectis excedere ccgit. 

Vertit ad hanc torvi dea bellica luminis orbem, 
Et tanto penitus traxit suspiria motu, 
Ut pariter pectus, positamque in pectore forti 45 

iEgida concuteret. Subit, hanc arcana profana 
Detexisse manu turn, cum sine matre creatam 
Lemnicolae stirpem contra data foedera vidit ; 
Et gratamque deo fore jam, gratamque sorori ; 
Et ditem sumpto, quod avara popcscerit, auro. 50 

Protinus Invidiae nigro squallentia tabo 
Tecta petit. Domus est imis in vallibus antri 
Abdita, sole carens, non ulli pervia vento ; 
Tristis, et ignavi plenissima frigoris ; et quae 
Igne vacet semper, caligine semper abundet. 55 

Hue ubi pervenit belli metuenda virago ; 
Constitit ante domum, (neque enim succedere tectis 
Fas habet) et postes extrema cuspide pulsat. 



derat laevum, 
medium. 



Herse 



36. Ego sum Hie qui 
porto jussa verba pa- 
tris per auras : Jupiter 
ipse est pater mihi. 



46. Subit, hanc de- 
texisse arcana ejus 
profana manu turn, 
cum contra data foe- 
dera, vidit stirpem 
Lemnicolce, creatam 
sine matre. 



56. Ubi metuenda 
virago belli pervenit 
hue. constitit ante do- 
mum (neque enim ha- 



NOTjE. 



33. Qua tenuit: who had the bed-cham- 
ber on the left, viz. Agraulos. 

34. Scitarier. For scitari by paragoge. 
36. Plewnes. Pleione was one of the 

Oceanides, who married Atlas, king of 
Mauritania, by whom she had twelve 
daughters. Seven of them were changed 
into the constellation Pleiades. 

36. Jussa per auras. The termination 
of this line is a good deal like one in Vir- 
gil: 

Et celeres defer mea dicta per auras. 

^Eneid iv. 226. 

37. Verba patris. MercUry was not only 
the messenger of Jupiter, but of all the 
gods. 

Te canam magni Jovis et Deorum 
Nuncium. — Hor. Lib. i. Od. i\ 
"AyycAoi/ dSavuroiv eptovi'iov ov tcke Mara. 

Ho.m. Hymn, in Mercur. 
39. Oculis isdcm. She had beheld with 
profane eyes the secret contents of the 
basket committed to her by Minerva ; with 
the same unholy eyes she looks haughtily 
at Mercury. 

41. Pro miuisterio. For her service in 
favoring the suit of Mercury. 

42. Interea. Until he produces the gold 
she will not permit him to enter the house. 

43. Dea bellica. Minerva, the goddess 
of war. 



46. JEgida. The cegis was originally a 
goatskin, whence its name, used as a pro- 
tection for the breast, and was peculiar to 
Jupiter and Minerva. It was afterwards 
made of brass, and had in the centre the 
terrible gorgon's head. 

46. Subit: it occurs to her. 

48. Lemnicolce stirpem. Erichthonius, 
the son of Vulcan, who was called Lemni- 
cola, because he lived in the island of 
Lemnos. 

51. Invidiam: Envy. This is a fine per- 
sonification, and is sustained throughout 
with much ability. 

52. Imis in vallibus: in the lowest re- 
cesses. 

53. Sole carens: void of sunlight. 

See'st thou yon dreary plain, forlorn and wild, 
The seat of desolation, void of light. — Milton. 

56. Metuenda virago: the dread heroine. 
Pallas was tremendous principally for the 
head of the Gorgon which she bore upon 
her shield. 

Pallas 
Insedit, nimbo effulgens et Gorgone sccva. 

^Eneid ii. 615. 

57. Neque enim. There is a good moral 
here ; for it is the part of wisdom and pu- 
rity to avoid all haunts of vice. 

58. Pulsat. To express the abhorrence 
of Minerva for Envy, she does not knock 



188 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Concussae patuere fores : videt intus edentem 
Vipereas carnes, vitiorura alimenta suomm, 60 

Invidiam ; visaque oculos avertit. At ilia 
Surgit humo pigra; semesarumque relinquit 
Corpora serpentum : passuque incedit inerti. 
Utque deam vidit formaque armisque decoram, 
Ingemuit ; vultumque ima ad suspiria duxit. 65 

Pallor in ore sedet : macies in eorpore toto : 
Nusquam recta acies : livent rubigine dentes : 
Pectora felle virent. Lingua est suffusa veneno. 
Risus abest ; nisi quern visi movere dolores. 
Nee fruitur somno, vigilacibus excita curis : 70 

Sed videt ingratos, intabescitque videndo, 
Successus hominum. Carpitque et carpitur una ; 
Suppliciumque suum est. Gluamvis tamen oderat illam ; 
Talibus adfata est breviter Tritonia dictis : 
Infice tabe tua natarum Cecropis unam, 75 

Sic opus est : Agraulos ea est. Haud plura locuta 
Fugit : et impressa tellurem reppulit hasta. 

Ilia deam obliquo fugientem lumine, cernens ; 
Murmura parva dedit : successurumque Minervae 



Liber II. 

bet fas succedere tec- 
tis) et pulsat postes 
extrema cuspide. 



66. Pallor sedet in 
ore, macies in toto 
eorpore : acies est 
nusquam recta, den- 
tes livent rubigine, 
pectora virent felle, 
lingua est suffusa 
veneno. 



74. Tritonia quam- 
vis oderat, tamen ad- 
fata est illam breviter 
talibus dictis. 



NOTJE. 



at the door with her hand, but with the 
end of her spear. Horace, in like manner, 
makes Death knock at the palaces of kings 
with his foot : 

Pallida mors aequo pulsat pede 

Pauperurn tabernas 

Regumque turres. — Lib. i. Od. iv. 

60. Vipereas carnes: the flesh of vipers. 
The poisonous food upon which she feeds 
is intended to represent the evil passions 
in which she indulges. 

61. Visa. Minerva turns her eyes from 
the loathed view of Envy. The virtuous 
can never look upon vice with any com- 
placency. 

62. Surgit humo. Envy is seated on the 
ground, an attitude of gloom and despon- 
dency. 

63. Passu inerti : with sluggish step. 
This also is an evidence of a disposition 
gloomy, morose, and sullen. 

65. Ingemuit: she groaned. On seeing 
the comeliness and beauty of the goddess 
she was filled with sorrowful and malig- 
nant feelings. 

65. Ima suspiria: deep sighs. 

66. Pallor sedet: paleness is seated on 
her countenance. Her gloom is perpetual. 

66. Macies in eorpore: there is emacia- 
tion in all her body. Her evil passions 
have wasted her away. 

67. Nusqiiam recta : her eye is never 
straight. She always looks askant. This 
:s the manner of envious persons. 

68. Pectora felle : her breast is green 



with gall. Poisonous serpents are often 
green beneath the throat. 

68. Lingua est: her tongue is suffused 
with poison. 

With their tongues they have used deceit: 
the poison of asps is under their lips. 

Romans iii. 13. 

69. Quern movere dolores : which sorrow 
has excited. 

Hate, Ambition, Guile 
Betray no further than the bitter smile. — Byron. 
There was a laughing Devil in his sneer 
That raised emotions both of rage and fear. — Id. 

71. Videt ingratos : beholds ungrateful 
the success of men. 

71. Intabescitque videndo: and pines 
away at the sight. 

For, like the soul, pale Envy braves the tomb, 
Nor with the body shares an equal doom; 
But one, who sickens at another^s joy, 
Prone to insult, and eager to destroy. 

Statius's Thebaid. 

73. Supplicium suum est : is her own 
punishment. It is the righteous punish- 
ment of envious persons, that the fortune 
and condition of others always appear to 
them greater than they really are ; while 
their own seem less than they are. 

74. Tritonia. Minerva was called Tri- 
tonia, either from rpirJJ, which, in the lan- 
guage of the Cretans, signifies head, in al- 
lusion to her origin ; or from the lake Tri- 
tonis, near which she was born and wor- 
shipped. 

75. Tabe tua: with thy poison ; with envy. 
78. Obliquo lumine: with eye askant. 



Fabula XI. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



189 



Indoluit : baculumque capit, quod spinea totum 80 

Vincula cingebant : adopertaque nubibus atris, 
Gluacunque ingreditur, norentia proterit arva, 
Exuritque herbas, et summa cacumina carpit : 
Afflatuque suo populos, urbesque, domosque 
Polluit : et tandem Tritonida conspicit arcem, 85 

Ingeniis opibusque, et festa pace virentem : 
Vixque tenet lacrymas ; quia nil lacrymabile cernit. 

Sed postquam thalamos intravit Cecrope nata3 ; 
Jussa facit : pectusque manu ferrugine tincta 
Tangit : et hamatis prsecordia sentibus implet : 90 

Inspiratque nocens virus : piceumque per ossa 
Dissipat, et medio spargit pulmone, venenum. 
Neve mali spatium causae per latius errent : 
Germanam ante oculos, fortunatumque sororis 
Conjugium, pulchraque Deum sub imagine ponit, 95 
Cunctaque magna facit. Quibus irritata, dolore 
Cecropis occulto mordetur : et anxia nocte, 
Anxia luce gemit ; lentaque miserrima tabe 
Liquitur, ut glacies incerto saucia sole ; 
Felicisque bonis non secius uritur Herses ; 100 

Quam cum spinosis ignis supponitur herbis ; 
Quae neque dant rlammas ; lenique tepore cremantur. 
Ssepe mori voluit ; ne quicquam tale videret : 
Saepe velut crimen rigido narrare parenti. 



S8. Sed postquam 
intravit Thalamos na- 
tae Cecrope ; facit 

jussa. 



93. Neve causre ma- 
li errent per latius spa- 
tium ; ponit ante ocu- 
los germanam, eonju- 
giumque fortunatum 
sororis, deumque sub 
pulchra imagine. 



103. Saepe voluit 
mori, ne videret quic- 
quam tale ; saepe nar- 
rare velut crimen ri- 
gido parenti. 



NOT^l. 



81. Adoperta nubibus. What a gloomy- 
investiture ! 

She with the dark of air her form arrays, 
And walks in awful grief the city ways. 

Hesiod. 

82. Proterit arva: blights the flourishing 
fields. 

The meagre fiend 
Blows mildew from between her shriveled lips, 
And taints the golden ear. — Cowper. 

83. Exurit herbas: consumes the grass. 

Her elfin blood in madness ran. 
Her mouth foamed, and the grass, therewith 

besprent, 
"Withered at dew so sweet and virulent.— Keats. 

83. Summa cacumina. She is enviously 
affected towards the grass and shrubs, and 
cuts down the tallest heads. 

84. Afllatu suo: by her breath. 

85. Polluit: infects; blasts. 

Lo, ill-rejoicing Envy, winged with lies, 
Scattering calumnious rumors as she flies, 
The steps of men with hatred doth pursue 
"With haggard aspect, blasting to the view. 

Hesiod. 

86. Ingeniis: in arts. 

Thus Athens grew, the nurse of arts and arms, 
The eye of Greece. — Akenside. 

86. Festa pace: in festal peace. Shows, 
festivals, ana amusements are common in 
times of peace. 



87. Quia nil. There is keen epigram- 
matic point in this sentence. 

88. Cecrope natce. Agraulos, the daugh- 
ter of Cecrops. 

with canker ; the rust of 



The parts that encom- 
sentibus : with jagged 



89. Ferrugine. 
envy. 

90. Prcecordia. 
pass the heart. 

90. Hamatis 
thorns. 

91. Inspiratque : inspires her with ; 
breathes into her. 

He breathes into it the fire of his own courage, 
a daring and desperate thirst for glory ; an ardor 
panting for great enterprises, for all the storm, 
and bustle, and hurricane of life. — Wirt. 

93. Mali: of unhappiness. 

95. Germanam ponit. Envy ever sets 
before the eyes of Agraulos a lively pic- 
ture of the happiness of her sister to excite 
her malevolent feelings. 

97. Mordetur: is consumed; iscorroded. 

99. Incerto sole. By a slight degree of 
heat. 

100. Uritur: she is consumed. 

103. Mori voluit : she even wished to 
die, that she might not be the witness ot 
her sister's good fortune. 

104. Rigido parenti: her austere father. 
She threatens to accuse her sister as a 
harlot. 



190 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber II. 



Denique in adverso venientem limine sedit 105 

Exclusura Deum : cui bland imenta, precesque 
Verbaque jactanti mitissima, Desine, dixit : 
Hinc ego me non sum nisi te motura repulso. 
Stemus, ait, pacto, velox Cyllenius, isto ; 
Caslatasque fores virga patefecit. At illi 110 

Surgere conanti partes, quascunque sedendo 
Flectimur, ignava nequeunt gravitate moveri. 
Ilia quidem recto pugnat se attollere trunco : 
Sed genuum junctura riget, frigusque per artus 
Labitur; et pallent amisso sanguine venae. 115 

Utque malum late solet immedicabile cancer 
Serpere, et ilfcesas vitiatis addere partes ; 
Sic lethalis hyems paulatim in pectora venit : 
Vitalesque vias, et respiramina clausit. 
Nee conata loqui est ; nee, si conata fuisset, 120 

Vocis haberet iter: saxum jam colla tenebat ; 
Oraque duruerant : signumque exsangue sedebat. , 
Nee lapis albus erat : sua mens infecerat illam. 



110. At partes, quas- 
cunque flectimur, se- 
dendo, nequeunt mo- 
veri ignava gravitate 
illi conanti surgere. 



120. Nee conata est 
loqui; nee si conata 
fuisset, haberet iter 
vocis. 



NOTJE. 



105. Denique. Uncharitable and male- 
volent feelings towards man, cannot fail 
in the end to produce malignity against 
God. 

He that loveth not his brother whom he hath 
seen, how can he love God whom he hath not 
seen ? — 1 John iv. 20. 

109. Isto pacto : to that agreement. 
Having told Mercury that she will not 
move until she has driven him away, he 
tells her, that it shall be so ; for she will 
be changed to stone, and will not have the 
power of moving. 

109. Cyllenius : the Cyllenian. Mer- 
cury, who was so called from Mount Cyl- 
lene, where he was born. 

110. Illi: of her ; the dative being used 
for the genitive case. 

113. Recto trunco: with erect body; 
with erect trunk, — that part of the body 
between the hips and neck. 

114. Genuum junctura: the joint of her 
knees. 



glides; diffuses itself; 



115. Labitur : 
creeps. 

116. Cancer. A diseased tumor, which 
has its name from its supposed resemblance 
to a crab. It becomes enlarged, ulcerates, 
and continues to spread, destroying the 
parts in succession, till the whole texture 
becomes diseased. 

118. Lethalis hyems: the deadly winter; 
the deadly cold. Thomson uses the term 
winter for cold : 

On every nerve 
The deadly winter seizes ; shuts up sense ; 
And, o'er his inmost vitals, creeping cold 
Lays him along the snows a stiffened corse. 

Thomson. 
And, again: 

As thus the snows arise, and foul and fierce 
All winter drives along the darkened air. 

Thomson. 

12.2. Signum exsangue: a bloodless sta- 
tue. 

123. Szta mens. The dark and gloomy 
nature of the envious woman affected even 
her statue. 



QUiESTIONES. 



What festival was celebrated at Athens 
as Mercury was passing along ? 

With whose beauty was he affected ? 

Who was she ? 

What were the names of the daughters 
of Cecrops ? 



What is the meaning of these several 
names? 

Were they real or ideal personages ? 

Which one of the sisters attempted to 
prevent the ingress of Mercury ? 

Why did Minerva dislike Agraulos ? 



Fabula XI. 



METAMORPHOSE ON. 



191 



For what purpose did Minerva visit the 
house of Envy ? 

Did Envy affect Agraulos with her poison? 

Moved with envious feelings towards her 
6ister, what did Agraulos attempt ? 

What did the god do to her ? 

What color was the stone ? 

How is this fable to be interpreted ? 

By Mercury what are we to understand ? 

How must we interpret his love for 
Herse ? 



How must we regard the envy of Ag- 
raulos ? 

What renders it probable there were 
contests with the country people about the 
foreign trade of Athens ? 

For what were the long walls constructed 
that reached from the Piraeus and other 
harbors to Athens ? 

How are we to regard the three cham- 
bers in the palace of Cecrops ? 



FABULA XII. 

JUPITER IN TAURUM MUTATUR; RAPTUS EUROPE. 

Jupiter, smitten with the love of Europa ; the daughter of Agenor, orders Mer- 
cury to drive the herds of that prince to the sea-shore, where Europa with 
other virgins was accustomed to take the air. Jupiter changes himself to a 
beautiful bull, and joins the herd. Europa, struck with his beauty, and en- 
couraged by his gentleness, takes a seat on his back, when he immediately 
takes to the sea, and swims across into Crete. 

EXPLICATIO. 

This Fable, no doubt, rests upon an historical foundation — the forcible 
abduction of the. Tyrian princess. Events of this kind were common in 
the early ages ; and by no means rare in later times. The conquest of 
Ireland, by the English, was in consequence of an act of this kind. 
Herodotus, in his History, book i. Clio, says : Certain Greeks, concern- 
ing whose country writers disagree, but who really were of Crete, are 
reported to have touched at Tyre, and to have carried away Europa, the 
daughter of that prince. Diodorus Siculus, lib. iv. 70, says : Asterius 
reigning in Crete, Jupiter carried Europa from Phenicia to Crete on a 
bull, and, united with her, begot three sons, Minos, Rhadamanthus, and 
Sarpedon. Afterwards, Asterius, the prince of the island, married Eu- 
ropa. Again, in lib. vi. 5, he says : Picus, the brother of Ninus, who 
had also the name of Jupiter, was king of Italy for one hundred and 
twenty years. He had many sons and daughters of the most beautiful 
women ; for using certain mystic prestiges he corrupted them, while they 
believed they were possessed by a god. About to die, Jupiter ordered 
his body to be buried in Crete. His sons raised a temple there, in which 
they laid their father; which monument even now remains, and its 
inscription is read, " Here lies Picus, or Jupiter, whom they also call 
Zeus.!' 

Callimachus, in his Hymn to Jupiter, speaks of this tomb existing in 
the isle of Crete. As we never have mention of more than one Cretan 
Jupiter, it is plain, from what has been quoted above, that Asterius, Picus, 
and the fabled Jupiter, were all one and the same person. It is to be 
noted, that Diodorus does not mention that Jupiter was changed into a 
bull, but that he carried her away " on a bull," or " in a bull," (for «t* 
tavpw may be so rendered.) Europa, then, was evidently carried away 
by the Cretan prince, who had assumed the name of Jupiter, in a ship 
called Taurus, or whose figure-head was a bull ; and hence arose the 
fable. Some would regard Europa as the Sidonian Astarte, and refer the 
fable to the cycle of the lunar worship. They consider the mythus to 
have arisen from some statue of Diana drawn by bulls. The Sidonian 
money was stamped with the representation of Jupiter, in the form of a 
bull carrying away Europa. It is possible, that the rape of Europa is a 
myth, founded upon the going out of some colony from Asia, in a ship 
called the Bull, or bearing the figure of that animal. 
192 





AS ubi verborum pcenas mentisque profana? 
Cepit Atlantiades ; dictas a Pallade terras 
Linquit, et ingreditur jactatis rethera pennis. 
Sevocat hunc genitor ; nee causam fassus amoris, 
Fide minister, ait, jussorum, nate, meorum, 
Pelle moram, solitoque celer delabere cursu : 
Gluaeque tuam matrem tellus a parte sinistra 
Suspicit, (indigense Sidonida nomine dicunt,) 
Hanc pete ; quodque procul montano gramme pasci 
Armentum regale vides, ad littora verte. 
Dixit : et expulsi jamdudum monte juvenci 
Littora jussa petunt ; ubi magni filia regis 
Ludere, virginibus Tyriis comitata, solebat. 

Non bene conveniunt, nee in una sede morantur, 



10 



NOT.E. 



1 . Verborum : of the speech of 
Agraulos. 

2. Diclas a Pallade: named from Pal- 
las. 

7. Tuam matrem. Maia, the mother of 
Mercury, and one of the Pleiades. 

7. Tellus. Phenicia, which lies on the 
left to those who look towards the Ple- 
iades. 

8. Sidonida. Sidonis, the name of the 
country of Phenicia, taken from Sidon, its 
capital. 

11. Jamdudum petunt : are already seek- 
ing. No sooner does Jupiter command 
than Mercury executes. 

12. Filia regis. Europa, the daughter 
of Agenor. 

25 



13. Ludere : to sport 
So said, and bounded up, and sought her train 
Of dear companions, all of noble strain. 
Of equal years and stature; gentle, kind, 
Sweet to the sight, and pleasant to the mind ; 
With whom she sported, when she led the choir 
Or in the river's urn-like reservoir 
She bathed he- limbs, or in the meadow slept, 
And from its bo»u:n odorous lilies cropt. 

MoscHtrs. 

13. Tyriis virginibus: with the Tyrian 
virgins. Tyre was a city of Phenicia, 
near Sidon. 

14. Non bene conveniunt : do not well 
asree. He expresses the same idea in his 
Epistles. 

Nunc male res junctoe calor et reverentia pug- 
nant.— Epistola xvii. 

R 193 



194 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber II. 



Majestas et amor. Sceptri gravitate relicta, 
Ille pater rectorque deum ; cui dextra trisulcis 
Ignibus armata est, qui nutu concutit orbem ; 
Induitur tauri faciem ; mistusque juvencis 
Mugit, et in teneris formosus obambulat herbis. 
Q.uippe color nivis est ; quam nee vestigia duri 
Calcavere pedis, nee solvit aquaticus Auster. 
Colla toris extant : armis palearia pendent : 
Cornua parva quidem ; sed qua3 contendere possis 
Facta manu; puraque magis perlucida gemma. 
Nullae in fronte minse ; nee formidabile lumen ; 
Pacem vultus habet. Miratur Agenore nata, 
Q-uod tarn formosus, quod prselia nulla minetur. 
Sed, quamvis mitem, metuit contingere primo. 
Mox adit ; et flores ad Candida porrigit ora : 
Gaudet amans nunc oscula dat manibusque puellse. 

Et nunc alludit, viridique exsultat in herba : 
Nunc latus in fulvis niveum deponit arenis : 



15 



2Q 20. Quippe color ejus 
est color nivis, quam 
nee vestigia duri pedis 
calcavere, nee aqua- 
ticus Auster solvit. 



OK 25. Nullae minae sunt 
in fronte; nee lumen 
est formidabile, vultus 
habet pacem. 



30 



NOTjE. 



16. Trisulcis ignibus. This epithet, tri- 
sulcis, is applied to thunderbolts, because 
they blast, cleave, and burn. 

Consider the threefold effect of Jupiter's tri- 
sulc, to burn, discuss, and terebrate. — Brown. 
Within the grasp 
Of thy unconquerable hand is held 
Thy minister, the ever-living bolt. 

Hymn of Cleanthes. 

17. Concutit orbem: shakes the world. 
"Thy sacred thunders shake the blest abodes, 
The shining regions of the immortal gods; 
Thy power divine the flaming lightning shrouds 
With dark investiture in fluid clouds. 

'Tis thine to brandish thunders strong and dire, 
To scatter storms and dreadful darts of fire ; 
With waving flames involving all around, 
And bolts of thunder of tremendous sound. 
Rapid, ethereal bolt, descending fire 
The earth, all-parent, trembles at thy ire ; 
The sea, all-shining, and each beast, that hears 
The sound terrific, with dread horror fears. 

Hymn of Orpheus to Jupiter. 

18. Tauri faciem: the form of a bull. 

To show the rage 
Of Hera, and the virgin's mind engage, 
To draw her eyes, and her attention claim, 
He hid his godhead, and a bull became. 

Moschus. 

19. Mugit: he lows. 

Softly he lowed ; no lowing of a brute 

It seemed, but murmur of Mygdonian flute. 

Moschus. 

20. Color nivis : the color of snow. 
Moschus, on the contrary, describes his 
color as yellow : 

His body all a yellow hue did own, 
But a white circle in his forehead shone. 

Idyl ii. 

21. Nee solvit. When snow begins to 
melt it takes a leaden color. 

But beautiful and fair as unsunned snow. 

Anon. 



22. Toris extant: stands out with brawn. 
The necks of bulls have great ridges ot 
heavy muscle, which indicate remarkable 
strength. So Virgil, in speaking of a 
horse : 

Luxuriatque toris animosum pectus. 

Georgic iii. 81. 

22. Palearia pendent: his dewlap hangs 
down. The flesh that hangs from the 
throat and neck of oxen, like a ruffle. 

Et crurum tenus a mento palearia pendent. 

Virgil. 

25. Nulla; mina. The corrugations in 
the forehead of the bull are well known, 
and give him a terrible aspect. In the 
brow of this bull were no wrinkles. 

25. Nee formidabile lumen: nor was his 
eye frightful. So Moschus : 

His sparkling eyes with love's soft lustre 

gleamed ; 
His arched horns like Dian's crescent seemed. 

Idyl ii. 

28. Contingere: to touch him. 
He came into the meadow, nor the sight 
Fluttered the virgins into sudden flight : 
But they desired to touch and see him near. 

Moschus. 

29. Flores porrigit: offers flowers. Eu- 
ropa was gathering flowers when she was 
carried off by Jupiter ; and Proserpine was 
employed in like manner when seized by 
Pluto. 

Nuper in pratis studiosa florum, et 
Debitse Nymphis opifex coronae. — Horace. 

30. Oscula dat: kisses her hands. 
Before Europa's feet he halted meek, 
Licked her fair neck, and eke her rosy cheek. 

Moschus. 

32. Latus deponit: lays his side in the 
grass. 



Fabula XII. 



METAMORPHOSE ON. 



Paulatimque metu demto, modo pectora prsebet 
Virginea plaudenda manu ; modo cornua sertis 
Impedienda novis. Ausa est quoque regia virgo, 
Nescia quern premeret, tergo considere tauri. 
Cum Deus a terra, siccoque a littore, sensim 
Falsa pedum primis vestigia ponit in undis. 
Inde abit ulterius, mediique per asquora ponti 



35 



195 



35. Regia virgo nes- 
eia quem premeret, 
ausa est quoque con- 
sidere tergo tauri 



NOTjE. 



Down on his knees he slunk ; and first her eyed, 
And then his back, as asking her to ride. 

Moschus. 
34. Plaudenda: to be patted. 
Et plausae sonitum cervicis amare. 

Virgil. Georgic iii. 

36. Nescia quem premeret: ignorant whom 
she pressed. Dido, in like manner, when 
pressing Cupid to her bosom, is ignorant 
of the deity that is plotting her ruin : 
Inscia Dido, 
Insideat quantus raiserae deus. 

Virgil, JEneid i. 
36. Tergo considere. She dared to sit 
on his back. This scene is beautifully de- 
scribed by Moschus : 
The long-haired maidens she began to call: 
" Come, let us ride, his back will hold us all, 
E'en as a ship; a bull, unlike the rest, 
As if a human heart was in his breast, 
He gentle is, and tractable and meek, 
And wants but voice his gentleness to speak. 

Idyl ii. 

38. Falsa vestigia: the false footsteps. 
They are called false, because he was not 
a real bull ; also, because they are em- 
ployed in practising an imposition upon 
the maiden. 

She said, and mounted smiling, but before 
Another did. he bounded for the shore. 
The royal virgin struck with infant fear, 
Stretched out her hands, and called her play- 
mates dear ; 
But how could they the ravished princess reach ? 
He, like a dolphin, pushed out from the beach. 

Moschus. 

40. Pavet hcsc : she is afraid. So Ho- 
race : 

Sic et Europe niveum doloso 
Credidit tauro latus, et scatentem 
Belluis pontum mediasque frandes 

Palluit audax. — Lib. hi. Od. 27. 

40. Liltus respicit : she looks back to 
the shore. 

She turned her eyes to the fading strand 
That she ne'er would gaze on more. — Anon. 

41. Dextrd cornu : with her right hand 
she holds his horn. It is very evident, 
that Ovid has closely imitated the Europa 
of Moschus, and especially at the close of 
the Fable. Horace, also, has followed the 
Greek poet very closely. 

From their sea-hollows swift the Nereids rose, 
Sealed on seals, and did his train compose; 
Poseidon went before, and smooth did make 
The path of waters for his brother's sake; 



Around their king, in close array, did keep 
The loud-voiced Tritons, minstrels of the deep, 
And with their conchs proclaimed the nuptial 

song. 
But on Jove's bull-back, as she rode along, 
The maid with one hand grasped his branching 

horn, 
The flowing robe, that did her form adorn. 
Raised with the other hand, and tried to save 
From the salt moisture of the saucy wave ; 
Her robe, inflated by the wanton breeze, 
Seemed like a ship's sail hovering o'er the seas. 
Moschus, Idyl ii. 

Lucian, in his Dialogues of Marine Dei- 
ties, has also copied Moschus very closely, 
though, according to his custom, he has 
thrown an air of the burlesque over the 
whole. His description would afford a 
painter a subject for rich and splendid de- 
lineation. 

Zephyrus. No ; never have I beheld such a 
brilliant scene upon the ocean since I first be- 
gan to blow ! Did not you see it, Southwind ? 

Notus. What scene are you speaking of, 
Zephyr ? Who were the performers ? 

Zephyrus. You have missed a sight, the like 
of which may never be seen again. 

Notus. I had business to do on the Red sea, 
and then to blow through the whole coast of 
India: I therefore understand nothing about 
what you are talking of. 

Zephyrus. You know Agenor, at Sidon ? 

Notus. The father of Europa? Certainly; 
why do you ask ? 

Zephyrus. What I have to relate concerns 
that same Europa. 

Notus. May be, that Jupiter is in love with 
her ? That I knew long ago. 

Zephyrus. That he is her lover, you know : 
hear now what were the consequences. Europa, 
with a number of girls of her own age, had come 
down to the shore to divert themselves in juve- 
nile sports. Unexpectedly, Jupiter presented 
himself in the shape of an amazingly fine bull, 
and mingled in their pastime; he was all over 
white, had horns gracefully turned back, and a 
lovely leering eye, leaped and capered about 
the shore as if maddened with joy, and lowed 
so amiably, that it was a pleasure to hear it. 
Emboldened by this, the young Europa took the 
fancy to get on his back. But no sooner was 
Jupiter aware that she was firmly seated, than 
he ran off full stretch to the sea, and swam 
away with her. The good girl, dreadfully 
frightened at her situation, as well she might, 
grasped hold with her left hand of one of his 
horns, to prevent herself from falling off, while 
with the other she drew her veil about her, 
which was fluttering in the air. 

Notus. To see Jupiter, in the shape of an 
ox, swimming away with his charmer on his 
back. Then you had, indeed, a curious and 
pleasant spectacle, Zephyr ! 



196 



P. OVIDII NASONIS METAMORPHOSEON. Liber II. 



Fert praedam. Pavet haec ; littusque ablata relictum 40 
Respicit : et dextra cornu tenet ; altera dorso 
Imposita est : tremulse sinuantur flamine vestes. 



NOTiE. 



Zephtrus. Oh! what now ensued was still 
pleasanter ! In an instant, the sea drew, as it 
were, a carpet o'er its waves, and became as 
smooth and unruffled as a meadow. We all 
held our breaths, and followed as silent specta- 
tors at a distance. Before them, flew myriads 
of cupids, so near to the surface, that sometimes 
their toes feathered the waters, having torches 
in their hands, and chanting hymeneals. The 
Nereids, rising from the water, mostly half 
naked, rode upon the backs of dolphins on either 
side, and clapped their hands for joy. The Tri- 
tons, also, and the other inhabitants of the sea, 
that were not of frightful aspect, danced around 
the lovely maid. Aye, Neptune himself had 
ascended his car, with Amphitrite by his side, 



and exultingly went before, as if to smooth the 
way for his swimming brother. And, that no- 
thing might be wanting, a couple of vigorous 
Tritons bore the goddess of love, recumbent in 
her shell, strewing flowers of every kind upon 
the bride. It was one continued procession 
from the coast of Phenicia quite to Crete. They 
had scarcely landed on that island, when away 
went the bull, and Jupiter, in his own form, 
taking Europa by the hand, led her, glowing 
with a delicious blush, and hardly daring to 
open her eyes, to the Dictaen cave: This done, 
we all retired, some this way, and some that 
upon the sea, and set about blowing and blus- 
tering as usual.— Dialogues op Marine Deities. 



QUiESTIONES. 



Whither did Mercury go after the pun- 
ishment of Agraulos ? 

For what purpose ? 

With whom was Jupiter in love ? 

Into what did he transform himself? 

Was Europa at first fearful of him ? 

Did his gentleness overcome her timi- 
dity? 

Did she venture to sit upon him ? 

What did he do then ? 

Was she affrighted ? 

How is the fable to be explained ? 

Were virgins often carried off in ancient 
times ? 



What writers speak of the rape of Eu- 
ropa? 

Did princes often assume the names of 
the gods to give dignity to their preten- 
sions ? 

Who was Asterius ? 

Who was Picus ? 

Were Asterius, Picus, and the Cretan 
Jupiter probably all the same individual ? 

How, then, is the transformation into a 
bull to be regarded ? 

How would some others explain the 
Fable ? 



P. OVIDIX NASONIS 
METAMORPHOSEON 

LIBER III. 

ARGUMENTUM. 

Jupiter carries Europa to Crete, and resumes his true form, and makes 
himself known to her. Agenor sends his son, Cadmus, in quest of Eu- 
ropa, and orders him not to return home, unless he recover her. Find- 
ing the search fruitless, Cadmus consults Apollo where he shall fix his 
residence, and is directed hy a heifer to the spot where he is to found a 
city. About to return thanks to the gods by a sacrifice, he sends his 
companions to a fountain for water, when they are all devoured by the 
dragon that guards it. Cadmus arrives and slays the dragon, and at the 
command of Minerva sows the teeth of the serpent in the earth, from 
which rise armed men, a part of whom assist him in building Thebes. 

Cadmus now becomes happy, though in exile, until his grandson, 
Actaeon, is changed into a stag by Diana, (because surprised by him 
while bathing,) and is afterwards devoured by his own dogs. Juno 
rejoices in this calamity of the house of Agenor, and now contemplates 
the destruction of Semele, the daughter of Cadmus, who had become a 
favorite of Jupiter. Assuming the form of Beroe, the nurse of Semele, 
she persuades her to ask Jupiter to visit her, attended by all the insignia 
of his majesty. He consents, and Semele is consumed to ashes ; but her 
son, Bacchus, is rescued from destruction. 

Tiresias, afterwards a famous prophet, delivers his first oracle in the 
case of Narcissus, a beautiful youth, who, slighting Echo and other 
nymphs that loved him, pines away with love of himself. Pentheus 
treats the prophet with indignity, when the old man declares the horrible 
fate that awaits him when Bacchus shall visit Thebes. Bacchus comes 
to Thebes with his attendants, when Pentheus seizes Acoetes, one of 
them, who gives an account of his own attachment to the new god, and 
of the transformation of the Tyrian sailors to dolphins. After this, Pen- 
theus goes to Cithaeron to behold the rites of Bacchus with sacrile- 
gious eyes, when he is torn to pieces by the Bacchanals. 

r2 197 



FABULA I. 

CADMUS DRACONEM INTERFICIT. 

G-uided to the spot where he is to found a city, Cadmus is actuated by gra- 
titude to offer sacrifice to the gods, and sends his companions to bring 
water for that purpose. These are devoured by the Dragon that guards 
the fountain. Cadmus goes to look after them, and finding their dead 
bodies, encounters the Dragon, and slays him after a desperate conflict. 

EXPLICATIO. 

The Dragon is an animal remarkable for its keenness of sight, and its 
deadly nature. Hence it has been the fabled guardian of all important 
places, and precious treasures, such as the Gardens of the Hesperides, 
the Golden Fleece, and the Fountain of Mars. It is therefore to be con- 
sidered a careful and powerful leader, who has vigilance to watch over, 
and prowess to defend whatever is committed to his guardianship. In 
this Fable, we must regard the Dragon as a powerful chieftain, perhaps 
the prince who held Bceotia at the time that Cadmus came to the country. 
As he was sacred to Mars, it is evident that he was devoted to military- 
pursuits. Some have imagined that his name was Dercyllus ; and, 
hence, the fiction of his being a dragon. 

When Cadmus left Phoenicia to look after his sister, as is fabled, which 
probably means some emigration from Asia, there is no doubt that he led 
a considerable colony with him, for the purpose of settling in some 
foreign country. After overrunning Greece, and coming to Bceotia, it is 
likely that he met with considerable opposition from the prince of that 
country, and lost many of his followers in different engagements. If the 
forces of the chieftain lay concealed in an extensive forest, and near a 
fountain of water, and a part of the followers of Cadmus fell into the 
ambuscade, and were cut off; or, if they were attacked and discomfited 
while going for water, ample historical grounds would exist for the foun- 
dation of the fable. By the arrival of Cadmus, his contest with the dra- 
gon, and his triumph over him, we are to understand that the Phoenician 
leader brought up a second party, to support the first, and avenge the 
death of those who had fallen in battle ; and, that he succeeded in de- 
stroying the forces of the Boeotians, and probably killed their leader. 

The imagination of the poet has thus increased the interest of the sub- 
ject, by describing the conflict of the two chieftains and their adherents, 
not as an ordinary contest ; but, by representing one as a dragon, has 
invested the deeds of heroism with a higher and miraculous interest. 
Spenser, in his Faerie Q,ueene, has drawn largely upon this Fable for 
the description of the contest of his Red-cross Knight with the Dragon, 
as will appear in the different extracts which we have made from that 
poem. 

198 





AMQTJE Deus posita fallacis imagine tauri, 
Se confessus erat : Dictaeaque rura tenebat. 
Cum pater ignarus, Cadmo perquirere raptam 
Imperat : et poenam, si non invenerit, addit, 
Exilium, facto pius, et sceleratus eodem. 5 

Orbe pererrato (quis enim deprendere possit 
Furta Jovis ?) profugus patriamque iramque parentis 
Vitat Agenorides ; Phoebique oracula supplex 

NOTjE. 

2. Confessus erat: had made himself known. So Virgil: 

Alma Venus confessa Deam, qualisque videri 

Coelicolis, et quanta solet. — ^Eneid ii. 

To her the horned bull with accents clear : — 

"Take courage virgin ! nor the billow fear; 

The seeming bull is Zeus ; for T, with ease, 

Can take, at will, whatever form I please : 

My fond desire for thy sweet beauty gave 

To me this shape — my footstep to th« wave." — Moschus's F.tjropa. 
2. Dictceaque rura : the Cretan fields, by metonymy ; for Dicte is 
a mountain of Crete. 

5. Facto eodem: by the same deed. He 
was pious towards his daughter, but unna- 
tural to his son. 

6. Orbe pererrato: having wandered over 
the world. Thus Virgil : 
Magna pererrato statues <$ua3 denique ponto. 

JiNEID ii. 



Anil instantly they were in Crete: his own 
Form Zeus put on — and off her virgin zone. 
Strewed the glad bed the Hours, ofjoy profuse 
The whilom virgin was the bride of Zeus. 

Moschus 



3. Cadmo. The son of Agenor, and bro- 
ther of Europa. He was not the only one 
sent out, for, according to Hyginus, fable 
178, Phoenix, another brother, was sent 
out, who settled Phoenicia ; and Cilix, who 
settled Cilicia. 



8. Agenorides. Cadmus, the son of 
Agenor. 
8. Phoeli oracula. The oracle of Apollo, 
199 



200 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber III. 



ConsuHt ; et, quae sit tellus habitanda, requirit. 
Bos tibi, Phoebus ait, solis occurret in arvis, 
Nullum passa jugum, curvique immunis aratri. 
Hac duce carpe vias ; et, qua requieverit herba, 
Mcenia fac condas ; Boeotiaque ilia vocato. 

Vix bene Castalio Cadmus descenderat antro : 
Incustoditam lente videt ire juvencam, 
Nullum servitii signum cervice gerentem. 
Subsequitur, pressoque legit vestigia gressu ; 
Auctoremque vise Phoebum taciturnus adorat. 

Jam vada Cephisi, Panopesque evaserat arva : 
Bos stetit ; et, tollens spatiosam cornibus altis 
Ad coelum frontem, mugitibus impulit auras. 
Atque ita, respiciens comites sua terga sequentes, 
Procubuit ; teneraque latus submisit in herba. 
Cadmus agit grates ; peregrinaeque oscula terroe 
Figit ; et ignotos montes agrosque salutat. 
Sacra Jovi facturus erat ; jubet ire ministros, 
Et petere e vivis libandas fontibus undas. 

Sylva vetus stabat, nulla violata securi. 
Est specus in medio, virgis ac vimine densus, 
Efficiens humilem lapidum compagibus arcum, 
Uberibus foecundus aquis : hoc conditus antro 



|0 10. Phoebus ait, Bos 
passa nullum jugum ? 
immunisque curvi 
aratri, occurret tibi 
solis arvis. 

14. Cadmus vix be- 
-, - ne descenderat Cas- 
io talio antro, cum videt 
juvencam incustodi- 
tam, gerentem nullum 
signum servitii cer- 
vice. ire lente. 



20 



24. Cadmus agit 
o~ grates, figitque oscula 
~0 peregrinse terrae: et 
salutat montes agros- 
que ignotos. 



29. Specus est in 

t y ( ^ medio, densus virgis 

*>U ac vimine, efficiens 

humiiem arcum com- 



NOT.E. 



which was at Delphi. It is always proper 
in any great undertaking to ask counsel of 
Heaven. 

10. Bos occurret ; a heifer shall meet 
thee. 

When Cadmus from the Tyrian strand 
Arriving, trod this destined land, 
Heaven-taught, the heifer led his way, 
Till down to willing rest she lay 

Marking his future seat. — Euripides. 

11. Immunis aratri: free from the 
plough ; that had never drawn the plough. 

13. BcBotia. Boeotian. These walls were 
to be so called from /?%, of the heifer. 
Thebes, the city which Cadmus built, 
had its name from Thebe, which, in the 
Synac tongue, signifies a heifer. 

14. Castalio antro: the Castalian cave. 
It is here used by metonomy for the Del- 
phic cave; for Castalius Was a mountain, 
and a fount between Delphi and Par- 
nassus. 

17. Presso gressu : with slackened 
speed. 

19. Cephisi. Cephisus, a river that rises 
at Lihea, in Phocis, and, after passing at 
the north of Delphi, enters Bceotia, where 
it flows into the lake Copais. 

19. Panopes. A city of Phocis. 

22. Comites. Cadmus and his friends, 
who were following her. 

24. Agit grates. He gives thanks to 
Apollo, who had been the author of his 
•ourney. 



25. Agros salutat. It was customary for 
strangers on first coming to any new place, 
to adore the genius that presided over it. 
Thus Virgil : 
Multa movens animo Nymph as venerabar 

agrestes, 
Gradivumque patrem, Geticis qui praesidet 
arvis. — ^Eneid iii. 

Satan, in like manner, when he enters 
Pandemonium, salutes his future gloomy 
abode : 

Hail, horrors ! hail, 
Infernal world ! and thou, profoundest Hell, 
Receive thy new possessor ! — one who brings 
A mind not to be changed by place or time. 

Milto.w 

27. E vivis fontibus. Water was neces- 
sary as a sign of purification in all sacri- 
fices, and was taken in all cases from run- 
ning streams. 

27. Libandas: to be offered in libation. 

28. Sylva vetus: an ancient forest. 
Gave the tall, ancient forest to the axe. 

Thomson. 
28. Nulla violata: violated by no axe. 
A venerable wood 
That long exempted from the axe had stood. 

Statius's Thebaid. 

31. Hoc conditus: hid in this cavern. 
A speckled serpent, terrible, and vast, 
Gorged with blood-banquets, trailing her huge 

folds 
Deep in the hollows of the blessed earth. 
There in the uttermost depth her cavern is 
Beneath a vaulted rock.— Hesiod. 



Fabula I. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



201 



Martius anguis erat, cristis praesignis et auro ; 
Igne micant oculi ; corpus tumet omne veneno ; 
Tresque vibrant linguae ; triplici stant ordine d'entes. 
Quern postquam Tyria lucum de gente profecti 
Infausto tetigere gradu ; demissaque in undas 
Urna dedit sonitum ; longo caput extulit antro 
Caeruleus serpens ; horrendaque sibila misit 
Effluxere urnae manibus : sanguisque reliquit 
Corpus, et attonitos subitus tremor occupat artus. 
Ule volubilibus squamosos nexibus orbes 
Torquet, et immensos saltu sinuatur in arcus : 
Ac, media plus parte leves erectus in auras, 
Despicit omne nemus ; tantoque est corpore, quanto" 
Si totum spectes, geminas qui separat Arctos. 
Nee mora : Phcsnicas, (sive illi-tela parabant, 
Sive fugam ; sive ipse timor prohibebat utrumque) 
Occupat ; hos morsu, longis complexibus illos, 
Hos necat afflatos funesti tabe veneni. 

Fecerat exiguas jam Sol altissimus umbras : 
Quae mora sit sociis miratur Agenore natus, 
Vestigatque viros. Tegimen direpta leoni 



pagibus lapidum, et 
fcecundus uberibus 



40 



35 35, Quem lucum 
postquam iUi profecti 
de gente Tyria teti- 
gdre infausto gradu; 
urnaque dernissa in 
undas dedit sonitum. 



40. Urnae effluxere 
manibus, sanguisque 
reliquit corpus, et su- 
bitus tremor occupat 
attonitos artus. 



45 

46. Nee est mora : 
occupat Phcenicas; 
(sive illi parabant te- 
la, sive fugam, sive 
ipse timor prohibebat 
utrumque) necatgwe 
ra hos morsu, illos longis 
oyj complexibus ; hos af- 
flatos tabe funesti ve- 
nenit. 



NOTjE. 



32. Martius anguis: a serpent sacred to 
Mars. 

32. Cristis prcesignis : remarkable for 
his crest. 

Three rows of teeth bis mouth expanded shows, 
And from his crest terrific glories rose. 

Statius's Thebaic 

33. Tumet veneno: is swollen with poi- 
son. So Spenser, in describing the dragon : 
Approaching nigh, he reared high afore 

His body monstrous, horrible, and vaste ; 
Which, to increase his wondrous greatnes 

more. 
Was swolen with wrath and poyson, and with 
bloody gore. — Faerie Queene. 
A dragon there in scales of gold 
Around his fiery eyeballs rolled, 
By Mars assigned that humid shade, 
To guard the green extended glade, 

And silver-streaming tide. — Euripides. 

34. Tres linguae. The serpent had not 
three tongues; but the vibrations of its 
tongue were so quick, that it appeared to 
be three tongues. 

And while, with threatening tongue, 
And deathful jaws erect, the monster curls 
His flaming crest, all other thirst appalled, 
Or shivering flies, or check'd, at distance stands. 

Thomson. 

34. Triplici in ordine: in a triple row. 
And, that more wondrous was, in either jaw 
Three ranckes of yron teeth, enraunged were, 
In which yert trickling blood, and gobbets raw, 
Of late devoured bodies did appeare. 

Spenser's Faerie Queene. 

35. Tyria. The companions of Cad- 
mus from Tyre, a city of Phoenicia. 

39. Effluxere urnae. The urns which 
26 



they had taken to bring water in, fell from 
their hands with fear. 

39. Sanguis reliquit. In cases of great 
fright, it is usual for the blood to forsake 
the extremities of the body and rush to 
the heart. 

40. Attonitos artus : their affrighted 
limbs. 

41. Squamosos orbes: scaly orbs. Ser- 
pents wreathe their tail into spires. Thus 
in Virgil: 

Immensis orbibus angues 
Incumbunt pelago, pariterque ad litora tendunt. 
uEneid ii. 204. 
Lo ! the green serpent, from his dark abode, 
Which even Imagination fears to tread, 
At noon forth issuing, gathers up his train 
In orbs immense. — Thomson. 

42. Sinuatur: is bent. 

44. Despicit nemus: overlooks the grove. 

45. Qui separat. He is as large as the 
serpent which lies between the constella- 
tions of the Greater Bear and Lesser Bear. 
Vast as the starry Serpent, that on high 
Tracks the clear ether, and divides the sky; 
And southward winding from the Northern 

Wain, 
Shoots to remoter spheres its glittering train. 

Statius. 
Here the vast Dragon twines 
Between the Bears, and like a river winds. 

Virgil. Georgic i. 

46. Prohibebat utrumque : prevented 
both ; viz. flight, and the use of weapons. 

50. Exiguas umbras. As the sun is 
nearly vertical at noon, the shades are, in 
consequence very small. 

52. Tegimen. The different heroes of 



202 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber III. 



Pellis erat ; telum splendenti lancea ferro, 

Et jaculum ; teloque animus prsestantior omni. 

Ut nemus intravit, lethataque corpora vidit, 

Victoremque supra spatiosi corporis hostem 

Tristia sanguinea lambentem vulnera lingua : 

Aut ultor vestrae, fidissima corpora, mortis, 

Aut comes, inquit, ero. Dixit : dextraque molarem 

Sustulit, et magnum magno conanime misit. 

Ulius impulsu cum turribus ardua celsis 

Mo3nia mota forent ; serpens sine vulnere mansit. 

Loricseque modo squamis defensus, et atrse 

Duritia pellis, validos cute reppulit ictus. 

At non duritia jaculum quoque vincit eadem ; 

Quod medio lentse flxum curvamine spina? 

Constitit ; et toto descendit in ilia ferro. 

Ule, dolore ferox, caput in sua terga retorsit, 

Vulneraque adspexit : flxumque hastile momordit. 

Idque, ubi vi multa partem labefecit in omnem, 

Vix tergo eripuit ; ferrum tamen ossibus hseret. 

Turn verb, postquam solitas accessit ad iras 



60 



65 



61. Moenia ardua 
cum celsis turribus 
forent mota impulsu 
illius. 



68. Ille ferox dolore 
retorsit caput in sua 
terga, adspexitque 
vulnera, momorditque 
fixum hastile. 



NOT^S. 



antiquity wore skins of lions and bears for 
a protection in hunting and in battle. 
Dat Niso Mnestheus pellem, horrentisque leonis 
Exuvias: galeam fidus permutat Alethes. 

Statius's Thkbaid. 

54. Animus. A courageous spirit is the 
most certain defence. 

56. Spatiosi corporis: of huge body. 

59. Molarem: a millstone ; a stone large 
enough for a millstone. This is a strong 
hyperbole. Different heroes, on the loss 
of their weapons, have used this means of 
offensive war. Thus Diomed, in Homer : 

Tydides raised a stone, 
With his one hand, of wondrous weight, and 

poured it mainly on 
The hip of Anchisiades, wherein the joint doth 

move. — Iliad v. 

In like manner, Statius represents his 
hero, Tydeus, in the fifth book of the The- 
baid, as throwing a stone of immense 
weight. So Turnus, in the twelfth book of 
the iEneid of Virgil. 

Him, as with pious haste he came 
To draw the purifying stream, 
Dauntless the Tyrian chief repress'd; 
Dashed with a rock his sanguine crest, 
And crushed his scaly pride. 

Euripides. 

60. Magno conanime: with mighty effort. 
62. Sine vulnere: without a wound. 

But the idle stroke yet back recoyled in vaine, 
And found no place his deadly point to rest. 

Spenser. 
First stoops Hippomedon, and from the fields 
Heaved with vast force, a rocky fragment 

wields. 
As when by vast machines a ponderous stone 
Descending on some hostile gate is thrown ; 
Thus fell the craggy rock, but fell in vain. 

Statius's Thebaid. 



63. Loricce modo: like a coat of mail. 
So Spenser, in describing the conflict of 
the Knight with the Dragon : 
And over all with brazen scales was armed, 
Like plated cote of Steele, so couched neare 
That nought mote pierce ; ne might his corse be 

harmed 
With dint of sword, nor push of pointed speare. 
Faerie Qcjeene. 

65. Non vincit : does not overcome ; 
does not repel. 

Though late in vain assailed my keener dart, 
Shall through thy scales a fatal wound impart. 
Statius's Thebaid. 

66. Medio curvamine: in the mid cur- 
vature. 

67. Toto ferro : with the entire iron ; 
with the whole iron point. So Spenser: 
The steely head stuck fast still in his flesh, 
Till with his cruel clawes he snatcht the wood, 
And quite asunder broke : forth flowed fresh 

A gushing river of blacke gory blood, 
That drowned all the land, whereon he stood. 
Faerie Queene. 

68. Retorsit: shot back. There is great 
rapidity of motion expressed by the use of 
this word. 

69. Hostile momordit : champed the 
spear. This shows the rage into which 
the wound had excited him. 

70. Labefecit: loosened the weapon. 

71. Tergo eripuit: tore it from his back. 
The furious monster, unappalled with pain, 

In rapid mazes bounds along the plain. 
Then, wrenched the javelin from his bleeding 
head. — Statius's Thebaid. 

72. Solitas ad iras. His accustomed 
anger ; his usual fierceness. In like man- 
ner, the Dragon, described by Spenser, 
rages more fiercely after he is wounded: 



Fabula I. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



203 



Plaga recens, plenis tumuerunt guttura venis ; 
Spumaque pestiferos circumfluit albida rictus ; 
Terraque rasa sonat squamis ; quique halitus exit 
Ore niger Stygio, vitiatas inficit auras. 
Ipse modo immensum spiris facientibus orbem 
Cingitur : interdum longa trabe rectior exit : 
Impete nunc vasto, ceu concitus imbribus amnis, 
Fertur ; et obstantes proturbat pectore sylvas. 
Cedit Agenorides paulJum ; spolioque leonis 
Sustinet incursus ; instantiaque ora retardat 
Cuspide prsetenta. Furit ille ; et inania duro 
Vulnera dat ferro; figitque in acumine dentes. 

Jamque venenifero sanguis manare palato 
Coeperat ; et virides aspergine tinxerat herbas : 
Sed leve vulnus erat ; quia se retrahebat ab ictu ; 
Laesaque colla dabat retro ; plagamque sedere 
Cedendo arcebat, nee longius ire sinebat. 
Donee Agenorides conjectum in gutture ferrum 
Usque sequens pressit ; dum retro quercus eunti 
Obstitit ; et fixa est pariter cum robore cervix. 
Pondere serpentis curvata est arbor, et imee 



75 



77. Ipse modo cin- 
gitur spiris facientibus 
immensum orbem : in- 
terdum exit rectior 
longa trabe. 



80 



85 



87. Sed vulnus erat 
leve, quia retrahebat 
se ab ictu, debatque 
laesa colla retro, ce- 
dendoque arcebat pla- 
90 gum sedere, nee sine- 
bat ire longius. 



NOTiE. 



Trebly augmented was his furious mood 
With bitter sence of his deepe rooted ill, 
That flames of fire he threw forth from his large 
nostril.— Faekie Queene. 

73. Tumuerunt guttura. The heads, and 
even the bodies of many serpents, swell 
when they are enraged. 

75. Terra rasa: the earth scraped by his 
scales sounds. So Spenser : 

Which, as an eagle, seeing prey appeare, 
Pis aery plumes doth rowze full rudely dight; 
So shaked he, that horror was to heare : 
For, as the clashing of an armor bright. 
Such noyse his rowzed scales did send into the 
knight. — Faerie Queene. 

76. Stygio ore: from his Stygian mouth ; 
from his infernal mouth. 

But his most hideous head my tongue to tell 
Does tremble; for his deepe devouring jaws 
Wyde gaped, like the griesly mouth of hell, 
Through which into his darke abysse all ravin 
fell.— Spenser. 

76. Inficit auras: infects the air. 
Which to increase, and all at once to kill, 
A cloud of smoothering smoke, and sulphure 

seare; 
Out of his stinking gorge forth steemed still, 
That all the ayre about with smoke and stench 

did fill. — Spenser. 

78. Exit : goes out ; unfolds himself. 

81. Cedit Agenorides. The son of Age- 
nor fell back a little, to avoid the terrible 
onset of the serpent. So in Spenser, the 
Red-cross Knight is dismayed at the ad- 
vance of the Dragon : 
So dreadfully he towards him did pass, 
Forelifting up aloft his speckled breast, 



And often bounding on the bruised grass, 
As for great joyance of his new-come guest. 
Eftsoones he gan adance his haughty crest; 
As chauffed bore his bristles doth upreare ; 
And shoke his scales to battaile ready drest, 
That made the Red-crosse Knight nigh quake 
for fear e.— Faerie Queene. 

81. Spolio leonis. The lion skin was 
used in conflict as a defence to the body, 
after the manner of the Grecian chlamys. 

82. Ora retardat : stops his mouth. 
Spenser represents his hero as thrusting 
his spear into the mouth of the Dragon, 
and thus killing him : 

And in his first encounter, gaping wyde, 

He thought at once him to have swallowed 

quight, 
And rusht upon him with outragious pryde ; 
Who him rencounting fierce as hauke in flight, 
Perforce rebutted back ; the weapon bright 
Taking advantage of his open jaw 
Ran through his mouth with so importune-might, 
That deepe emperst his darksome hollow maw, 
And, back retyrd, his life-blood forth withall 

did draw. — Faerie Queene. 

86. Aspergine. With the sprinkling of 
blood. 

Swift through his gaping jaw the javelin glides, 
And the rough texture of his tongue divides; 
The point was seen above his crested head, 
Then stains the ground with gory filth dispread. 
Statius's Thebaii/. 

87. Leve vulnus. The wound was a 
slight one, because the serpent drew buck 
his head from the spear. 

91. Usque sequens : still following him 
up. 

92. Eunti obstitit. Opposed the serpent 
as he fell back. 



204 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Parte flagellari gemuit sua robora caudae. 

Dum spatium victor victi considerat hostis ; 95 

Vox subito audita est : (neque erat cognoscere promptum 
Unde ; sed audita est) Q,uid, Agenore nate, peremptum 
Serpentem spectas ? et tu spectabere serpens. 
Ille diu pavidus, pariter cum mente colorem 
Perdiderat ; gelidoque comae terrore rigebant. 100 



Liber III. 



96. Neque erat 
promptum cognoscere 
unde, sed audita est 
Quid, nate Agenore. 
spectas serpentem pe- 
remptum? Et tu spec- 
tabere serpens. 



NOTJE. 



94. Flagellari. The tree was lashed 
by the tail of the serpent. In Spenser's 
Faerie Queene, the Dragon beats the air, 
and overturns the forest and rocks that are 
around : 

Then gan he tosse aloft his stretched traine, 
And therewith scourge the buxom aire sa sore, 
That to his force to yielden it was faine; 
Ne ought his sturdy strokes might stand afore, 
That high trees overthrew, and rocks in pieces 
tore. — Book i. Canto xi. 

94. Sua robora: its wood; its trunk. 

94. Gemuit. The oak groaned beneath 
the weight of his huge body. 

So downe he fell, and forth his life did breathe 
That vanisht into smoke and cloude's swift ; 
So downe he fell, that th' earth him underneath 
Did grone, as feeble so great load to lift. 

Spenser. 

95. Spatium victi hostis: the magnitude 
of his vanquished enemy. 

98. Tu spectaberis. Thou shalt be seen 
in the form of a serpent. This prediction 
was fulfilled, as related in Lib. IV., Fab. V. 
Cadmus and his wife, Hermione, by some 
called Harmonia, were both changed into 
serpents. According to Euripides, they 
were metamorphosed into serpents because 
of their impiety. 

Bacchus. O father, for my state now changed 
thou seest, 
Thou and thy loved Harmonia, who from Mars 
Descended, graced thy bed, though mortal, thou 
Shall wear a dragon's savage form. With her, 
For so the oracle of Jove declares, 
Toils after toils revolving shalt thou bear. 
Leading barbarians ; and with forces vast 
Level great towns and many to the ground : 
But when the shrine of Phoebus their rude hands 



Shall plunder, intercepting their return, 
Misfortune shall await them : thee shall Mars 
Deliver and Harmonia from the ruin, 
And place you in the regions of the blessed. 
This, from no mortal father, but from Jove 
Descended, Bacchus tells thee ; had you known 
What prudence is, but you would none of her, 
You might have flourished in a prosperous state, 
Blessed with the alliance of the son of Jove. 

Cad. We have offended; we entreat for- 
giveness. 

Bac. Too late you learn: you would jiot 
when you ought. 

Cad. We own it; yet thy vengeance is se- 
vere. 

Bac. Though born a god, I was insulted by 
you. 

Cad. Ill suits the gods frail man's relentless 
wrath. 

Bac. Long since my father Jove thus graced 
his son. 

Agav. Ah me ! it is decreed, unhappy exile. 

Cad. Alas, my daughter, in what dreadful ills 
Are we all plunged, thy sisters, and thyself. 
Unhappy ! I shall bear my wretched age 
To sojourn with barbarians, fated yet 
To lead a mixed barbarian host to Greece. 
Harmonia too, my wife, the child of Mars. 
Changed to a dragon's savage form, myself 
A dragon, to the altars, to the tombs 
Of Greece, a chief with many a ported spear 
Shall I lead back ; and never shall my toils 
Know respite ; never shall I pass the stream 
Of Acheron below, and there find rest. 

BACCH.E. 

100. Coma rigebant : his hair became 
stiff with terror." 

Thy knotted and combined locks to part, 
And each particular hair to stand on end, 
Like quills upon the fretful porcupine. 

Shakspeare. 

Obstupui steteruntque comae et vox faucibus 
haesit. — Virgil. 



QUjESTIONES. 



Was Cadmus able to find his sister Eu- 
ropa? 

What punishment had his father de- 
nounced against him in consequence ? 

What oracle did Cadmus consult rela- 
tive to a future residence ? 

What was to direct him to the place 
where he was to found a city ? 

What was he to call the place ? 



What is the meaning of this ? 

What is the word Thebae derived from, 
and what is its meaning ? 

Did the heifer direct Cadmus, as foretold 
by the oracle ? 

How did Cadmus show his gratitude to 
the gods ? 

Whither did he send his men, and for 
what purpose ? 



Fabula I. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



205 



What serpent guarded the fountain ? 

Did the men succeed in getting water ? 

What was their fate ? 

Did Cadmus avenge their death ? 
- Give the account of his conflict with the 
serpent. 

What voice was heard after the serpent 
was slain ? 

Was the prophecy ever fulfilled ? 

What is the character of the dragon ? 

Why is it fabled to guard the most pre- 
cious things, and important plaees ? 

When we are told that a dragon guards 
a place, how are we to interpret it ? 



How are we to regard the serpent, or 
dragon, of the present fable ? 

What are we to understand by his being 
sacred to Mars ? 

How must we regard the serpent's 
station in the wood and beside the foun- 
tain? 

How his devouring the Phoenicians sent 
by Cadmus? 

How are we to regard the contest of 
Cadmus himself with the dragon? 

What modern poet has borrowed from 
the incidents of this Fable? 

Who was Spenser ? 



FABULA II. 

DRACONIS DENTES IN MILITES MUTATI. 

By the direction of Minerva, Cadmus sows the teeth of the Dragon in the 
earth, whence spring armed men. These turn their arms against each other, 
and fall by mutual slaughter, till one of them throws down his arms, and 
addresses his brethren, when the battle ceases. The survivors, five in 

lid Thebes. 

EXPLICATIO. 

Following the interpretation of the preceding Fable, we are to con- 
sider the Dragon as the ruler or chieftain that held sway in Boeotia. As 
the power of the dragon consists in his teeth, and that of a chief in his 
soldiery, we must understand by the dragon's teeth the troops of the 
country. Pallas, the goddess of Wisdom, then, that is, prudence, directs 
Cadmus to repair the loss of his men, which he had sustained, by sowing 
the dragon's teeth, and thus raising from the soil a crop of men ; in other 
words, to recruit his army by soldiers of the country drawn over to his 
service. The destruction of their chieftain and many of his soldiers by 
Cadmus, would show the Boeotians that they had to contend with a supe- 
rior enemy, and this consideration would induce many of them to accept 
the advances, and follow the fortunes of Cadmus ; whence the soldiers 
may be said to spring from the buried teeth of the slain Dragon. Another 
view: the Boeotian states held their deliberations in the temple of Minerva 
Itonis, and may have determined to raise an army, which afterwards fell 
into dissensions ; hence Minerva may be said to advise the sowing of the 
Dragon's teeth. 

Again, the myth may be founded on the burial of the slain Boeotians 
by Cadmus, and the raising of a new army to avenge their death. If 
these new troops were first seen by the Phoenician leader while they were 
ascending an eminence, they would justify the highly poetical fiction of 
their gradual emerging from the earth ; while dissensions among them 
afterwards would verify the concluding part of the Fable. Some myco- 
logists say Cadmus threw a stone among these earthborn brothers, and 
thus caused them to slay one another. As the same word, xao?, signifies 
both a stone and people, the explanation is, he sent his people among the 
Boeotian troops, and excited them to a civil battle, in which many were 
slain. By the five soldiers that remained, we are to understand either 
five leaders, or five divisions of the people. 

There is another interpretation of this Fable, which turns upon its 
verbal peculiarities. In the Phoenician language, the same word signi- 
fies either serpent' s-teeth, or brass-pointed javelins ; and the word which 
signifies five, signifies also an army. Hence, the Greeks, in following 
the Phoenician annals, represent the Boeotian troops mustered into service 
by Cadmus, and armed with brass-pointed javelins, as sprung from the 
teeth of a serpent : and the army drawn to his interest, as five men 
assisting him to build Thebes. 
206 




COE viri fautrix, superas delapsa per auras, 
Pallas adest : motseque jubet supponere terras 
Vipereos dentes, populi incrementa futuri. 
Paret ; et, ut presso suJcum patefecit aratro, 
Spargit humi jussos, mortalia semina, dentes : 5 

Inde, fide majus, glebae coepere moveri ; 
Primaque de sulcis acies apparuit hastse. 
Tegmina mox capitum picto nutantia cono ; 
Mox humeri pectusque, onerataque brachia telis 

NOTiE. 

1. Viri fautrix. As Minerva was not only the goddess of wisdom, 
but of valor too, she is properly styled the favorer of man. These 
virtues enable men to overcome all difficulties. 

2. Motoz terrce: the ploughed earth. 
Then, at the martial maid's command, 
Willi his deep ploughshare turns the land. 
The dragon's teeth wide scattering round ; 
When sudden, from the furrowed ground 

Embattled hosts arise. — Euripides. 

3. Incrementa: the seed of a future peo- 




ple. Cadmus now needed men to repair 
his loss of troops. 

5. Mortalia semina: human seed. Seed 
to produce men, not corn. A modern 
writer, in a spirited poem entitled Seventy- 
Six, in like manner describes the blood of 
patriots as producing warriors: 

For though a patriot be o'erthrown, 
The blood that falleth then, 



Springs up — like teeth by Cadmus sown — 
A host of armed men. — W. H. Carpenter. 

6. Fide majus: greater than belief ; be- 
yond belief. 

8. Tegmina capitum: the coverings of 
their heads, viz. their helmets. 

8. Picto cono: with painted crest. The 
crest was the upper part of the helmet, 
where the plume was set. 

207 



208 



P. OVID1I NASONIS 



Liber III. 



15 



Existunt, crescitque seges clypeata virorum. 10 

Sic, ubi tolluntur festis aulaea theatris, 

Surgere, signa solent ; primumque ostendere vultum ; 

Caetera paulatim : placidoque educta tenore 

Tota patent ; imoque pedes in margine ponunt. 

Territus hoste novo Cadmus capere arma parabat : 
Ne cape, de populo, quern terra creaverat, unus 
Exclamat; nee te civilibus insere bellis. 
Atque ita terrigenis rigido de fratribus unum 
Cominus ense ferit: jaculo cadit eminus ipse. 
Hie quoque, qui leto dederat, non longius illo 
Vivit, et exspirat, modo quas acceperat, auras : 
Exemploque pari furit omnis turba ; suoque 
Marte cadunt subiti per mutua vulnera fratres. 
Jamque brevis spatium vitae sortita juventus 
Sanguineam trepido plangebant pectore matrem ; 
Quinque superstitibus : quorum fuit unus Echion : 
Is sua jecit humi, monitu Tritonidis, arma; 
Fraternasque fldem pacis petiitque deditque. 
Hos operis comites habuit Sidonius hospes, 
Cum posuit jussam Phcebeis sortibus urbem. 30 



11. Sic ubi aulaea 
tolluntur festis thea- 
tris, signa solent sur- 
gere; primumque os- 
tendere vultum, pau- 
latim caetera : totoque 
educta placido tenore 
patent. 



20 



25 



24. Jamque juventus 
sortita spatium brevis 
vitas, plangebant san- 
guineam matrem tre- 
pido pectore. 



NOTjE. 



10. Seges clypeata : a shielded crop of 
men ; a crop of shielded men. 

Earth, which from the seed produced a crop 
Waving with golden helms. — Euripides. 

11. Tolluntur aulcea: the curtain is raised. 
On the Roman stage it was customary to 
let the curtain fall upon the floor (premere 
aulcea) at the beginning of a play, and to 
raise it up (tollere aulcea) at the close of the 
different acts. In lifting up the curtain 
from the floor, the figures painted on it 
would appear as they are here described. 

11. Festis theatris: in the festal theatres ; 
the theatres on festal days. 

12. Signa: the figures. The represen- 
tations of men woven in the curtain. 

Vel scena ut versis frontibus, utque 
Purpurea intexti tollant aulaea Britanni. 

Virgil, Georgic iii. 

13. Placido tenore: by a gentle tenor. 
15. Hoste novo. With the men just 

produced from the soil. 

17. Nee te insere: nor meddle yourself. 

17. Civilibus bellis. Of all calamities, 
civil wars are the most distressing, in 
which the bonds of a common nationality, 
and even of friendship and brotherhood, 
are rent asunder. 

18. Terrigenis fratribus : earthborn 
brothers. The people just sprung from 
the earth. 

21. Auras: the breath of life. 

22. Suoque marte: by their own slaugh- 
ter. Mars is here put for bellum by meto- 
nymy. 



But Slaughter's iron arm again 
Consigns them to their native plain ; 
And their loved earth, that to the day 
Show'd them in heaven's ethereal ray, 
With streaming crimson dies. 

Euripides. 

25. Plangebant matrem : beat their 
mother. Tney lay palpitating on the 
earth. 

26. Quinque superstitibus. In the Phoe- 
nician language, the same word that means 
jive also means army. In this latter sense 
we must regard it. 

26. Echion. Apollodorus gives the names 
of the five persons. They must either be 
regarded as leaders of the Boeotian army, 
or as divisions of it. Their names were 
Echion, viper : Udaeus, watery ; Hypere- 
nor, mighty; and Pelorus, vast. Taking 
the latter view, we might consider Echion 
as representing that part of the army which 
had belonged to the chieftain ; Udaeus as 
that part bordering upon the sea, or Copaic 
lake : Hyperenor as a division noted for its 
bravery ; and Pelorus one distinguished for 
stature, or for numbers. 

28. Fraternos pacis : of fraternal peace. 
Oh sheathe your swords, my friends, contend 

no more, 
Nor stain your impious arms with kindred gore. 

Statius. 

29. Sidonius hospes: the Sidonian stran- 
ger, viz. Cadmus. 

30. Phcebeis sortibus. By the oracle of 
Apollo, which was given by lots. 



Fabula II. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



209 



QU^ESTIONES. 



Why was Minerva said to advise Cad- 
mus to sow the serpent's teeth? 

What do we understand by the serpent? 

How are we to consider his teeth ? 

What is the meaning of raising a crop of 
armed men from the earth ? 

How might the burial of the Boeotian 
soldiers by Cadmus be considered? 

How might he be said to raise armed 
men from them ? 

What might give rise to the account of 
their gradual emergence from the earth ? 

How are we to interpret the battle of the 
earthborn brothers ? 



How must we interpret the stone thrown 
among them by Cadmus, as related by 
some mythologists ? 

Of what verbal interpretation is the Fa- 
ble susceptible ? 

Did the Greeks probably adopt the figu- 
rative account of the Phoenician annals ? 

How many men, of the soldiers sprung 
from the serpent's teeth, are said to sur- 
vive the battle ? 

Are we to consider this literally ? 

How are we to interpret it ? 

What assistance did they render Cad- 
mus? 



27 



s2 



FABULA III. 

ACTION IN CERVUM MUTATUS. 

Acteeon, the son of Aristaeus and Autonoe, overcome with heat, comes to the 
valley of Sargaphie, where he surprises Diana and her nymphs bathing. 
Covered with confusion, and resolved to prevent his relation of the acci- 
dent, she changes him into a stag, when he is torn in pieces by his own 
dogs. 

EXPLICATIO. 

This Fable most probably rests upon an historical basis, and records 
the destruction of Actseon for some interruption of the worship of the 
goddess Diana. Diodorus Siculus, lib. iv. 81, says, that he attempted to 
offer violence to the goddess, and was, in consequence, changed into a 
stag, and devoured by his own dogs ; but Euripides says, he was pun- 
ished because he boasted himself superior- to Diana in hunting. Stesi- 
chorus relates that he was not changed into a stag, but that the goddess 
sewed him up in the skin of that beast, and caused his dogs to tear him 
to pieces. It is possible, that anciently with the worship of Diana, as 
with that of Minerva, the ceremony of the Bath may have existed, which 
Action with profane eyes may have witnessed ; and, in consequence, 
been driven from the society of men. As the stag is a fearful and timo- 
rous animal, Action's flight from his pursuers may have given rise to 
the fabulous transformation. While a wanderer from men, he may have 
died in solitude, and his dogs may have preyed upon his corse, and hence 
the fabulous dilaceration while he was alive. 

Again, if, after his impiety towards the goddess, he became affected 
with lunacy, and wandered from the society of men, it might be said he 
was transformed by Diana, or the Moon, into a stag, which is noted for 
its timidity. His dogs may have preyed upon him after death, as in the 
supposition above ; or, what is by no means unusual, his dogs may have 
gone mad during the intense heat of the canicular days, and may have 
torn their master to pieces. Scaliger says, that various hunters in Cor- 
sica have been destroyed thus by their own dogs. Again, he may have 
been pursued by bloodhounds after his impiety towards Diana. 

Some would interpret this Fable morally, by supposing that Actaeon, 
neglecting the pursuit of virtue and heroical deeds, while daily frequent- 
ing the woods, and contending with wild beasts, is fabled to put off the 
nature of man, and to degenerate into a beast ; when, impoverished at 
last by his dogs, he is said to be devoured by them. Palaephatus takes 
this latter view of the Fable. Others, again, are disposed to regard the 
destruction of Actseon by his own dogs, as an allegory, in which is set 
set forth the fact, that his substance was eaten up by the parasites that 
had caressed and fawned upon him. 
210 





AM stabant Thebae : poteras jam, Cadme, videri 
Exilio felix. Soceri tibi Marsque Venusque 
Contigerant : hue adde genus de conjuge tanta, 
Tot natos, natasque, et pignora cara nepotes ; 
Hos quoque jam juvenes. Sed scilicet ultima semper 5 
Expectanda dies homini : dicique beatus 
Ante obitum nemo, supremaque funera debet. 

NOT^. 

1. Stabant Theba: Thebes stood. The city was now built. 

1. Cadme. The poet now addresses Cadmus, by way of apostrophe. 

2. Mars Venusque. Cadmus married Harmonia, or Hermione, the 
daughter of Venus and Mars. To grace the nuptials, all the gods of 
Olympus attended, and presented the bride with gifts. 

Yet to his arms 
The queen of love consigned her beauteous daughter 
Harmonia; and from her, to crown his joys, 
Sprung Folydorus.— Euripides. 

natos. The different mythologists mention but one son, 



4. Tot 
Polydore. 

4. Natasque. Four daughters are men- 
tioned, Agave, Autonoe, Semele, and Ino. 

4. Nepotes. The grand-children of Cad- 
mus were, Actaeon, the son of Autonoe and 
Aristaeus ; Bacchus, the son of Semele 
and Jupiter; Pentheus, the son of Agave 
and Echion ; and Melicerta and Learcnus, 
by Ino and Atharnas. 

5. Jam juvenes: now adult. 

5. Ultima semper. This sentiment was 
first uttered by Solon to Croesus, king of 



Lydia, when the latter was vaingloriously 
displaying his riches and power, and 
considering himself the happiest of men. 
When conquered afterwards by Cyrus, 
captured, and tied to a pyre, about to be 
slain, he recalled to mind the words of 
Solon, which, in his case, had been ora- 
cular: 

Call no man happy till you know the nature 

of his death : he is, at best, but fortunate 

He who possesses the mo6t advantages, and 
211 



212 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber III. 



Prima nepos inter tot res tibi, Cadme, secundas 

Causa fuit, luctus, alienaque cornua fronti 

Addita, vosque canes satiatae sanguine herili. 10 

At bene si quseras : Fortunse crimen in illo, 

Non scelus invenies : quod enim scelus error habebat ? 

Mons erat, infectus variarum caede ferarum : 
Jamque dies rerum medias contraxerat umbras ; 
Et sol ex ssquo meta distabat utraque ; 15 

Cum juvenis placido per devia lustra vagantes 
Participes operum compellat Hyantius ore : 
Lina madent, comites, ferrumque cruore ferarum : 
Fortunasque dies habuit satis. Altera lucem 
Cum croceis invecta rotis Aurora reducet, 20 

Propositum repetamus opus : nunc Phoebus utraque 
Distat idem terra ; finditque vaporibus arva : 
Sistite opus prsesens ; nodosaque tollite lina. 
Jussa viri faciunt; intermittuntque laborem. 

Vallis erat, piceis et acuta densa cupressu, 25 

Nomine Gargaphie, succinctse sacra Dianse : 
Cujus in extremo est antrum nemorale recessu, 
Arte laboratum nulla ; simulaverat artem 
Ingenio Natura suo. Nam pumice vivo 
Ft levibus tophis nativum duxerat arcum. 30 

Fons sonat a dextra, tenui perlucidus unda, 
Margine gramineo patulos incinctus hiatus. 
Hie dea sylvarum, venatu fessa, solebat 
Virgineos artus liquido perfundere rore. 
Quo postquam subiit ; Nympharum tradidit uni 35 



8. Nepos fuit Cadme, 
prima causa luctus ti- 
bi inter tot res secun- 
das 



14. Jamque dies con- 
traxerat medias um- 
bras rerum, et sol di- 
stabat ex aequo utra- 
que meta. 



25. Erat vallis densa 
piceis, et acuta cu- 
pressu, nomine Gar- 
gaphie, sacra succinc- 
tse Dianae. 



31. Fons perlucidus 
sonat a dextra tenui 
unda, incinctus quod 
patulos hiatus grami- 
neo margine. 



NOTjE. 



afterwards leaves the world with composure, he 
alone, O Croesus, is entitled to our admiration. 
It is the part of wisdom to look to the event of 
things; for the Deity often overwhelms with 
misery those who have formerly been placed at 
the summit of felicity. — Herodotus, Clio. 

8. Nepos. Actaeon, for the story of whose 
fate the following is preparatory. 

9. Aliena : foreign ; not his own, but 
those of a stag. The poet here glances at 
the principal heads of the story. 

11. Fortunes crimen : the crime of for- 
tune ; the crime of accident. 

13. Mons. It occurred on Mount Cithae- 
ron, as related by Apollodorus and others. 

15. Meta utraque : from each goal, viz. 
from the east and the west. 

16. Juvenis Hyantius : the young Hy- 
antian, viz. Actaeon. The Hyantes were 
a people of Bceotia. 

18. Lina : the nets. Flax, of which 
nets are made, is here put for the nets 
themselves, by metonymy. 

19. Fortunes satis: sufficient luck. 

20. Croceis rolis: in her saffron chariot. 
Rota is put for currus by synecdoche. 
Aurora is said to be drawn in a saffron 



chariot, because that color is common at 
sunrise. 

21. Propositum opus : our purposed labor, 
viz. hunting. 

22. Idem. Supply spatium. It is evi- 
dent that idem cannot agree in the nomina- 
tive case with Phoebus, for the first sylla- 
ble is short. 

22. Findit arva : cleaves the fields ; 
causes the fields to crack open. 

25. Vallis. The poet gives a descrip- 
tion of the vale and grotto in which Diana 
and her nymphs were accustomed to re- 
fresh themselves at noon. A spot so 
beautiful was meet for their presence. 

26. Succinctce Diance. The goddess 
wore her dress thus, that she might fol- 
low in the chase with more convenience. 

28. Simulaverat artem: had imitated art. 

29. Pumice vivo: with living pumice; 
with natural pumice-stone. 

30. Nativum duxerat arcum: had formed 
a natural arch. 

32. Margine gramineo: with a grassy 
border. 

34. Liquido rore: with the liquid dew ; 
with the clear water. 



Fabula III. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



Armigerae jaculum, pharetramque, arcusque retentos. 

Altera depositee subjecit brachia pallae : 

Vincla duse pedibus demunt. Nam doctior illis 

Ismenis Crocale, sparsos per colla capillos 

Colligit in nodum ; quamvis erat ipsa solutis. 40 

Excipiunt laticem Nipheleque, Hyaleque, Rhanisque, 

Et Psecas, et Phiale ; funduntque capacibus urnis. 

Dumque ibi perluitur solita Titania lympha ; 
Ecce nepos Cadmi dilata parte laborum, 
Per nemus ignotum non certis passibus errans, 
Pervenit in lucum : sic ilium fata ferebant. 
Qui simul intravit rorantia fontibus antra ; 
Sicut erant, viso, nudae sua pectora Nymphse 
Percussere, viro ; subitisque ululatibus omne 
Implevere nemus : circumfusaeque Dianam 
Corporibus texere suis. Tamen altior illis 
Ipsa dea est, colloque tenus supereminet omnes. 



45 



50 



213 



38. Nam Ismenis 
Crocale doctior illis, 
colligit in nodum ca- 
pillos sparsos per col- 
la; quamvis ipsa erat 
capillis solutis. 



44. Ecce nepos Cad- 
mi, parte laborum di- 
lata, (errans non cer- 
tis passibus per igno- 
tum nemus,) pervenit 
in lucum. 



50. Circumfusaeque, 
texere Dianam suis 
corporibus. 



NOT^l. 



37. Subjecit brachia: laid her arms un- 
der her cloak ; received her cloak in her 
arms. 

38. Vincla: her sandals. 

39. Ismenis Crocale: the Ismenian Cro- 
cale. She was the daughter of Ismenus, a 
river of Bceotia. The name is derived 
from upoKT), a pebble. 

41. Excipiunt laticem : take the cup, 
viz. the water in cups. 

4L Niphele. The name of this nymph 
is derived from vi-m-ta, to viash. 

41. Hyale. The name of this nymph is 
from va\ri, transparent. 

41. Rhanis. This name is derived from 
paivcj, to sprinkle. 

42. Psecas. The nymph has her name 
from ipEKas, drops of dew. 

42. Phiale. The name of this nymph 
is derived from <pia\n, a cup. 

45. Nemus ignotum: the unknown grove. 
He did not know that a part of it was sa- 
cred to Diana. 

45. Non certis passibus : with uncertain 
steps ; with random steps. 

46. Lucum. The grove, or forest, that 
is set apart for the worship of some deity, 
is designated by the term lucus, as dis- 
tinguished from nemus. 

46. Fata ferebant: the Fates lead him. 
They led him hither to his destruction. 
Thomson very beautifully describes the 
Loves as leading Damon to a similar 
scene with a happy termination. The de- 
scription is so beautiful that we copy it : 

Thrice happy swain! 
A lucky chance, that oft decides the fate 
Of mighty monarchs, then decided thine. 
For lo! conducted by the laughing Loves, 
This cool retreat his Musidora sought : 
Warm in her cheek the sultry season glowed ; 
And, robed in loose array, she came to bathe 
Her fervent limbs in the refreshing stream. 



What shall he do? In sweet confusion lost, 
And dubious flutterings, he awhile remained : 
A pure ingenuous elegance of soul, 
A delicate refinement, known to few, 
Perplexed his breast, and urged him to retire : 
But love forbade. Ye prudes in virtue, say, 
Say, ye severest, what would you have done ? 
Meantime, this fairer nymph than ever blessed 
Arcadian stream, with timid eye around 
The banks surveying, stripped her beauteous 

limbs, 
To taste the lucid coolness of the flood. 
Ah then ! not Paris on the piny top 
Of Ida panted stronger, when aside 
The rival-goddesses the veil divine 
Cast unconfined, and gave him all their charms, 
Than, Damon, thou; as from the snowy leg, 
And slender foot, th' inverted silk she drew ; 
As the soft touch dissolved the virgin zone; 
And, through the parting robe th' alternate 

breast, 
With youth wild-throbbing, on thy lawless gaze 
In full luxuriance rose. But, desperate youth, 
How durst thou risk the soul-distracting view; 
As from her naked limbs of glowing white. 
Harmonious swell'd by Nature's finest hand, 
In folds loose-floating fell the fainter lawn; 
And fair-exposed she stood, shrunk from her- 
self, 
With fancy blushing, at the doubtful breeze 
Alarmed, and starting like the fearful fawn? 
Then to the flood she rushed ; the parted flood 
Its lovely guest with closing waves received ; 
And every beauty softening, every grace 
Flushing anew, a mellow lustre shed : 
As shines the lily through the crystal mild; 
Or as the rose amid the morning dew, 
Fresh from Aurora's hand, more sweetly glows 
While thus she wantoned, now beneath the wave 
But ill concealed; and now with streaming 

locks, 
Thai half embraced her in a humid veil, 
Rising again, the latent Damon drew 
Such maddening draughts of beauty to the soul 
As for awhile o'erwhelmed his raptured thought. 
Thomson's Seasons. 

50. Circumfus(B Dianam. Having en- 
compassed Diana, that she might not be 



seen naked by Actaeon. 



214 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber III. 



Q,ui color infectis adversi Solis ab ictu 

Nubibus esse solet, aut purpurea? Aurorse, 

Is fuit in vultu visse sine veste Dianae. 55 

Quae quanquam comitum turba stipata suarum, 

In latus obliquum tamen adstitit ; oraque retro 

Flexit ; et, ut vellet promptas habuisse sagittas ; 

Q,uas habuit, sic hausit aquas ; vultumque virilem 

Perfudit : spargensque comas ultricibus undis, 60 

Addidit haec clad is prsenuntia verba futurae : 

Nunc tibi me posito visam velamine narres, 

Si poteris narrare, licet. Nee plura minata, 

Dat sparso capiti vivacis cornua cervi ; 

Dat spatium collo : summasque cacuminat aures ; 65 

Cum pedibusque manus, cum longis brachia mutat 

Cruribus ; et velat maculoso vellere corpus. 

Additus et pavor est. Fugit Autonems heros, 

Et se tarn celerem cursu miratur in ipso. 

Ut vero solitis sua cornua vidit in undis, 70 

Me miserum ! dicturus erat ; vox nulla secuta est. 
Ingemuit ; vox ilia fuit ; lacrymaeque per ora 



62. Nunc si poteris 
narrare, licet narres 
me visam tibi, posito 
velamine. 



68. Autonei'us heros 
fugit, et miratur in 
ipso cursu se esse tarn 
celerem. 



NOT^. 



53. Solis ab iclu: by the ray of the sun. 
56. Turba stipata: surrounded by troops 
of her attendants. 

61. Cladis futures: of his approaching 
destruction. 

62. Me visam. That I have been seen 
by you. The ancients believed that there 
was great danger in seeing any of the dei- 
ties. They probably obtained this idea 
from traditions of the Old Testament, for 
Callimachus says the laws of Saturn esta- 
blish this. We have shown that by Sa- 
turn is to be understood Jehovah. 

And he said, Thou canst not see my face : for 
there shall no man see me and live. 

Exodus xxiii. 20. 
Kp6vtoi 8' o)8e \ivovTi vdftot, 
"Oare tip' aSavaratv, OKa ptf/ veds avros eXjjrai, 
'AS-p»7(T7j //ta-9-cj rovrov iSeiv fxeya\o>. 

Callimachus. 

Even the passage which speaks of the 
disclosure of a part of the glory of the 
Deity, has its parallel in Homer, and a re- 
semblance in a passage of Pausanias. 

And I will take away mine hand, and thou 
shalt see my back parts ; but my face shall not 
be seen. — Exodus xxiii. 23. 

"Ixvia yap nerinrioSe iroSaiv fiSi Kvrmaoiv 
Oei' tyvwv dirtovroi. — Homerus Iliados T. 
It appears that the words of Homer are true, 
that the gods cannot be distinctly seen by men, 
with any good.— Pausanias in Phocide. 

64. Vivacis cervi: of a vivacious stag. 
Pliny says stags will sometimes live four 
hundred years. This is altogether fabu- 
lous. 

Ter binos deciesque novem super exit in annos 
Justa senescentum quos implet vita virorum : 



Hos novies superat vivendo garrula comix, 
Et quater egreditur comicis saecula cervus. 

Ausonius. 

65. Summas auras: the tips of his ears. 

66. Cum pedibus. See Grammar, Rule 
xxviii. n. 9. 

68. Additus et pavor. Stags are the most 
fearful of animals. 

68. Autonexus heros. Actaeon, the son 
of Autonoe. 

69. Miratur. He wonders at the speed 
of his flight, not conscious that he has been 
changed into a stag. 

As when unconscious of the form imposed, 
The shouting youths and eager hounds enclosed 
Actseon, who by fatal stealth surveyed 
The naked beauties of the bathing maid. 

Statius. 

70. Tit cornua videt: when he saw his 
horns. 

The stag, in limpid currents, with surprise 
Sees crystal branches on his forehead rise. 

•Phillips. 

72. Ingemuit. The stag utters very pi- 
teous cries when in pain. 

72. Vox ilia. He could not speak now ; 
groans were the only language he could 
employ. 

72. Lacryma. The tears which the stags 
shed have been witnessed by different hun- 
ters. See the close of the note on gemii 
ille, line 107. 

To the which place, a poor sequestered stag, 
That from the hunter's aim had taken hurt, 
Did come to languish : and, indeed, my lord, 
The wretched animal heaved forth such groans, 
That iheir discharge did stretch his leathern coat 
Almost to bursting; and the big round tears 
Coursed one another down his innocent nose 



Fibula III. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



215 



76. Dura dubitat, 
canes videre turn; 
primusque Melampus, 
Ichnobatesque sagax 
dedere signa latratu. 



Non sua fluxerunt : mens tantiim pristina mansit. 

Quid faciat ? Repetatne domum et regalia tecta ? 

An lateat sylvis ? Timor hoc, pudor impedit illud. 75 

Dum dubitat, videre canes : primusque Melampus, 
Ichnobatesque sagax latratu signa dedere ; ' 
Gnossius Ichnobates, Spartana gente Melampus, 
Inde ruunt alii rapida velocius aura, 
Pamphagus, et Dorceus, et Oribasus ; Arcades omnes : 80 
Nebrophonosque valens, et trux cum Laelape Theron, 
Et pedibus Pterelas, et naribus utilis Agre, 
Hylaeusque fero nuper percussus ab apro, 
Deque lupo concepta Nape, pecudesque secuta 
Poemenis, et natis comitata Harpyia duobus, 85 

Et substricta gerens Sicyonius ilia Ladon : 
Et Dromas, et Canace, Sticteque, et Tigris, et Alee, 
Et niveis Leucon, et villis Asbolus atris, 
Praevalidusque Lacon, et cursu fortis Aello, 
Et Thous, et Cyprio veiox cum fratre Lycisce ; 90 

Et nigram medio frontem distinctus ab albo 
Harpalos, et Melaneus, hirsutaque corpore Lachne ; 



stinctus quoad nigram 
frontem ab a) bo medio, 



NOTiE. 



In piteous chase; and thus the hairy fool, 
Much marked of the melancholy Jaques, 
Stood on the extremest verge of the swift brook, 
Augmenting it with tears.— Shakspeare. 

73. Ora non sua: a face not his own, 
viz. a stag's face. 

73. Mens pristina. It was a melancholy 
aggravation of his fate that he retained his 
reason, and was conscious of the full weight 
of his affliction. 

74. Quid faciat? Actaeon considers with 
himself what is the best to be done. 

76. Dum dubitat. Before he has come to a 
conclusion, his dogs see him, and give chase. 

76. Melampus. Black-foot, from fieXag, 
black, and novs, a foot. The poet has taken 
up an undue space in giving the names, and 
enumerating the qualities of the different 
dogs. The reader naturally desires to 
hasten on to the catastrophe, and while a 
human being is about to be torn to pieces, 
has his humanity shocked by a cold detail 
of the stripes and spots of the dogs that are 
doing it. 

78. Ichnobates. Tracer, from "xwj, a 
track, and Paivw, to go. 

78. Gnossius. Gnossian. Gnosos was 
a celebrated city of Crete. 

79. Pamphagus. Glutton, from nav, all, 
and <pdyu), to eat. 

80. Dorceus. Quick-sight, from 6epKu, 
to see clearly. 

80. Oribasus. Ranger, or Mountain- 
climber, from fy»j, a mountain, and (3aivo), 
to go. 

81. Nebrophonos. Kill-buck, from vefipos, 
a fawn, and (jx>vkoi, to kill. 

81. Lcelape. Tempest, from \ai\aip, a 
whirlwind. 



Agre 
Hylc 



Pterelas. Wing, from nnpov, a wing. 

Agre. Huntress, from aypa, hunting. 

s. Ringwood, from vAjj, a 

Forester, from vami, a lawn, 

Shepherdess, from jro^w, 



81. Theron. Hunter, from Sepevu, to 
hunt. 

82. 

82. 

83. 
wood. 

84. Nape. 
or forest. 

85. Poemenis. 
a shepherd. 

85. Natis duobus: her two whelps. 

85. Harpyia. Ravener, like the harpies 
which were ravenous birds. 

86. Ladon. Watch, from the serpent 
that guarded the apples of the Hesperides. 

86. Sicyonius. Of Sicyon, a city of the 
Peloponnesus. 

87. Dromas. Runner, from <5pfyoj, a race. 
87. Canace. Yelper, from Kavatfi, a 

noise. 

87. Sticte. Spot, from otikto), to diversify 
with spots. 

87. Tigris. Tiger, so called because 
of his fierce nature. 

87. Alee. Strong, from d\Kfj, strength ; 
also Elk. 

88. Leucon. White, from \evx6g, white. 

88. Asbolus. Soot, from aofioKos, soot. 

89. Lacon. Spartan, so called from the 
country from which he came. 

89. Aello. Storm, from <k\\a, a whirl- 
wind. 

90. Thous. Swift, from Sew, to run. 

90. Cyprio. Of Cyprus, an island in the 
Mediterranean. 

90. Lycisce. Wolf, a diminutive of Avkoj, 
a wolf. 

92. Harpalos. Snap, from apirafa, to 
snatch. 



216 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Et patre Dictaeo, sed matre Laconide pati, 
Labros et Agriodos, et acutse vocis Hylactor; 
Quosque referre mora est. Ea turba cupidine praedsB 95 
Per rupes, scopulosque, adituque carentia saxa, 
Qua via difficilis, quaque est via nulla, feruntur. 

Ille fugit, per quae fuerat loca saepe secutus. 
Heu famulos fugit ipse suos ! clamare libebat, 
dActaeon ego sum : dominum cognoscite vestrum. 100 
Verba animo desunt : resonat latratibus aether. 
Prima Melanchastes in tergo vulnera fecit, 
Proxima Theridamas ; Oresitrophus haesit in armo : 
Tardius exierant ; sed per compendia montis 
Anticipata via est. Dominum retinentibus illis 105 
Caetera turba coit, confertque in corpore dentes. 

Jam loca vulneribus desunt. Gem it ille, sonumque, 
Etsi non hominis, quern non tamen edere possit 
Cervus, habet : moestisque replet juga nota querelis, 
Et genibus supplex pronis, similisque roganti 110 

Circumfert tacitos, tanquam sua brachia, vultus. 



Liber III. 

et Melaneus, Lachne- 
que hirsuta corpore. 



98. Ille fugit per lo- 
ca per quae sajpe secu- 
tus fuerat. Heu ipse 
fugit suos famulos. 



107. Ille gerait, et 
habet sonum etsi non 
hominis, tamen quem 
cervus non possit 
edere. 



NOTjE. 



92. Melaneus. Black, from /*eXa?, Hack. 

92. Lachne. Shag, from Mxvv, thickness 
of hair. 

93. Dictceo. Of Dicte, a mountain in 
Crete. 

93. Laconide. Of Laconia, a region of 
Peloponnesus, the Morea. 

94. Labros. Savage, from \a0pog. 

94. Agriodos. Fierce tooth, from aypw$, 
fierce, and <5<5ovj, a tooth. 

94. Hylactor. Barker, from iXcwrto, to 
bark. 

95. Mora est: it is tedious. 
95. Ea turba: the pack. 

97. Feruntur : are borne ; precipitate 
themselves. 

98. Fuerat secutus. He flies where he 
had been accustomed to follow in the 
chase. 

101. Resonat latratibus: re-echoes with 
their barking. 

102. MelanchcBtes. Black-hair, from //eXa?, 
black, and X<"'n7, flowing hair. 

103. Theridamas. Tamer, from $fjp, a 
beast, and <Ja/id$&), to tame. 

103. Oresitrophus. Rover, or Mountain- 
bred, from Spog, a mountain, and Tptyw, to 
raise. 

103. Heesit in armo: fixed his teeth in 
his shoulder. 

104. Tardius exierant : they had fol- 
lowed slower than the others. 

104. Per compendia, montis: by a short 
cut across the mountain. 

106. Catera turba : the rest of the 
pack. 

106. Co'it: come up; join their compa- 
nions. 

107. Gemit ille. He groans. Thomson 



has given a very graphic description of the 
flight of the stag, and his death ; the con- 
cluding portions of which resemble the ac- 
count of Actaeon in several respects : 
The stag, too, singled from the herd, where 

long 
He ranged the branching monarch of the shades, 
Before the tempest drives. At first, in speed 
He, sprightly, puts his faith ; and, roused by fear, 
Gives all his swift aerial soul to flight : 
Against the breeze he darts, that way the more 
To leave the lessening murderous cry behind: 
Deception short ! though fleeter than the winds 
Blown o ; er the keen-aired mountain by the north, 
He bursts the thickets, glances through the 

glades, 
And plunges deep into the wildest wood ; 
If slow, yet sure, adhesive to the track 
Hot-streaming, up behind him come again 
Th' inhuman rout, and from the shady depth 
Expel him, circling through his every shift, 
He sweeps the forest oft ; and sobbing sees 
The glades mild opening to the golden day; 
AVhere, in kind contest, with his butting friends 
He wont to struggle, or his loves enjoy. 
Oft in the full-descending flood he tries 
To lose the scent, and lave his burning sides : 
Oft seeks the herd; the watchful herd, alarmed, 
With selfish care avoid a brother's woe. 
What shall he do ? His once so vivid nerves, 
So full of buoyant spirit, now no more 
Inspire the course ; but fainting breathless toil, 
Sick, seizes on his.heart: he stands at bay; 
And puts his last weak refuge in despair. 
The big round tears run down his dappled face; 
He groans in anguish: while the growling pack, 
Blood-happy, hang at his fair jutting chest, 
And mark his beauteous chequered sides with 

gore.— Thomson's Seasons. 

110. Similis roganti: like one entreat- 
ing ; like a suppliant. 

111. Sua brachia. Since he has not 
hands to lift up in supplication, he turns 
his dying face towards them. 



Fabula III. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



217 



At comites rapidum solitis latratibus agmen 

Ignari instigant, oculisque Actaeona quacrunt; 

Et velut absentem certatim Actaeona clamant : 

Ad nomen caput ille refert. Utabesse queruntur, 115 

Nee capere oblatas segnem spectacula praedae, 

Vellet abesse quidem ; sed adest: velletque videre, 

Non etiam sentire, canum fera facta suorum. 

Undique circumstant : mersisque in corpore rostris 

Dilacerant falsi dominum sub imagine cervi. 120 

Nee, nisi finita per plurima vulnera vita, 

Ira pharetratae fertur satiata Dianas. 



119. Circumstant 
undique : rostrisque' 
mersis in corpore, 
dilacerant dominum 
sub imagine falsi cer- 



NOTiE. 



112. Comites: his companions, viz. those 
who had been accustomed to hunt with him. 

113. Instigat : urge on. 

115. Caput refert. He turns his head 
when he hears His name called. 

119. Rostris: their snouts ; their noses. 
It is more generally applied to the beak of 
birds. 

121. Nee. The last two lines are thought 
to be spurious. 



122. Ira pharetrata : the wrath of the 
quivered Diana. This wrath, according to 
Euripides, was excited by the pride and 
boasting of Actason : 

Seest thou Actseon's miserable fate, 
Rent piecemeal by the ravenous dogs his hand 
Had cherished? For his skill he proudly- 
vaunted 
More than Diana's in the woodland chase. 

Bacch.33. 



QUJESTIONES. 



What sources of happiness had Cadmus 
in his exile ? 

What was the first interruption of that 
happiness ? 

Why was Actaeon changed into a stag, 
according to Ovid ? 

Where was the goddess when discovered 
by Actason ? 

Who attended her ? 

What do the names of the different 
nymphs signify ? 

At what time did this take place ? 

What happened to Actason after his 
transformation ? 

Upon what does this Fable probably rest ? 

What was the real offence of Actason ? 

What does Stesichorus say of his de- 
struction ? 



How may the surprisal of Diana when 
bathing be interpreted ? 

How can we explain his being changed 
to a stag ? 

How account for his being eaten up by 
his own dogs ? 

What second interpretation maybe given 
of his being changed to a stag by Diana, or 
the Moon ? 

Have there been instances in which dogs 
have destroyed their masters ? 

How may the Fable be interpreted mo- 
rally ? 

Of what allegorical interpretation is it 
susceptible ? 

Are any lines in this Fable of question- 
able authority ? 



28 



FABULA IV. 

JUNO IN ANUM MUTATUR: MORS SEMELES. 

Juno, incensed at Semele as a favorite of Jupiter, resolves upon her destruc- 
tion. Assuming the form of Beroe, she visits her, and excites suspicion of 
the fidelity of her lover. Semele desires Jupiter, as a proof of his affection, 
to come to her attended with all his majesty; and perishes amid the ce- 
lestial glories of the obsequious deity. 

EXPLICATIO. 

There are three deities of the name of Bacchus, the Indian, the 
Egyptian, and the Theban. Many things in relation to them are in com- 
mon, which favor the opinion that there existed some one grand original 
from which the fabulous histories of these deities were framed. 

Osiris and Bacchus are each fabled to have taught men agriculture and 
the use of the grape. In the notes upon Fab. ix. Lib. i., I have shown 
that they are the same as Noah, who " began to be a husbandman, and 
planted a vineyard ;" and this will farther appear in the notes on the 
subsequent fables relative to Bacchus. But Adam was a tiller of the 
ground, before Noah ; and as each was the father of a world, tradition 
would very naturally confound them. Hence we find Bacchus described 
both as Adam, and Noah. Here he is plainly spoken of as Adam : * He 
came first into light, and was called Dionysus. This title of Bacchus 
signifies the divine husbandman. Again, both as Adam and Noah : 
2 First-born, two-fold, thrice-begotten, King Bacchus, rustic, mysterious, 
hidden. Allusion is here made to his three lives — antediluvian, arkite, 
and postdiluvian ; to his concealment in the ark, and to his being a husband- 
man. Again, as Adam and Noah, with evident reference to the wander- 
ing of the former over the earth, or of the latter on the deep : 3 / invoke 
the great First-born, two-fold, wandering under the whole heaven. See 
also note on Liber, page 248. The Dionysiacs of Nonnus, a lengthy 
Greek poem, abound with references to the Flood. The rites of Osiris 
commemorate Noah ; and are said by Diodorus to be the same as those 
of Bacchus ; but these latter refer more to the Fall of man. 

Probably in a later era, the symbolizing spirit of the Egyptians changed 
what had been a real history into an allegory, and regarded Osiris, the 
pristine Noah, as the Sun. A verse of Eumolpus, and one of Orpheus 
would intimate this. The solar orb would thus be the father -of the vine, 
as his heat brought it into existence. The Greeks, whom Ovid has fol- 
lowed, enveloped the whole in a physical myth. Jupiter, as the ethereal 
heat, is the father of Bacchus, or the grape, by Semele, or the earth. 
She nourishes her infant till the sap begins to return to the earth, and 
the vine is blasted, when Jupiter, or the ethereal heat, brings the young 
leity to perfection ; that is, ripens the grape. 

There may, however, be an historical reference to Noah enveloped in 
he darkness of the flood, when Bacchus is hid in the thigh of Jupiter, or 
he air; and again to Noah as the son of the rainbow, when Bacchus is 
called the son of Semele, which is Sema-el, the token of God. 

1 Upcoros 8 £5 <paos >5X&£, Aiwvva-Oi; £ir£ic\r)§ri. ORPH. HYMN. 

2 YlpoiToyovov , dupvi, rpiyovov, BaK\£iov avaKra, 
"Aypiov, apptjrov, Kpvipiov. ORPH. HYM. Xxix. 

3 Hp(jiToy6vQv kclXsu) 6t(pvfj t /xeyav, ai^£p6rr\ayKrov. ORPH. HYM. V. 
218 





UMOR in ambiguo est : aliis violentior aequo 
Visa dea est : alii laudant, dignamque severa 
Virginitate vocant: pars invenit utraque causas. 
Sola Jovis conjux non tam culpetne probetne 
Eloquitur, quam clade domus ab Agenore ductae 5 

Gaudet : et a Tyria collectum pellice transfert 

NOTjE. 

1. Bumor. The opinion of the public was divided in relation to the 
act of Diana in the transformation and death of Actaeon. 

1. JEquo: than was just; than was proper. 

2. Severa virginitate: of austere virginity. The cold chastity of 
Diana, and the amorous character of Apollo, as given by Lucian, are 
susceptible of a beautiful physical explanation; for the Sun is a- great 
globe of flame, while the rays of the Moon do not impart heat. 

Venus. But what is the reason that you do not wound Diana? 

Cupid. Oh ! her I can never come at. She is perpetually hunting in the 
mountains, and then is entirely taken up with a passion of her own. 

Venus. What is that, my sweet boy? 

Cupid. The passion for the chase, for the stags and fawns, which she pursues 
the whole day long with such vehemence, that she is not susceptible of any 
other passion. For, as to her brother, though he. too. is an expert archer — 

Venus. I understand what you mean, child; him you have shot pretty often. 

Dialogues of the Deities. 



A beautiful moral is contained in this, 
that exercise and industry keep the mind 
pure and chaste, so that it is not suscepti- 
ble of evil passions. 

3. Invenit causas: finds reasons. They 
find considerations to justify their opinions. 

4. Non tam culpet. Juno states that she 
does not so much blame or approve the act 



of Diana, in itself considered, as she re- 
joices in the ruin of the family descended 
from Agenor. 

5. Domus: the house, by metonymy for 
family. 

6. 'Tyria ■pellice : the Tyrian harlot, 
viz. Europa the daughter of Agenor of 
Tyre. 

219 



220 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber III. 



In generis socios odium. Subit ecce priori 
Causa recens; gravidamque dolet de semine magni 
Esse Jovis Semelen. Turn linguam ad jurgia solvit : 



Profeci quid eriim toties per jurgia? dixit. 
Ipsa petenda mihi est : ipsam, si maxima Juno 
Rite vocor, perdam ; si me gemmantia dextra 
Sceptra tenere decet ; si sum regina, Jovisque 
Et soror, et conjux ; certe soror. At puto furto 
Contentam ; et thalami brevis est injuria nostri. 
Concipit ; et mater, quod vix mihi contigit uni, 
De Jove vult fieri : tanta est fiducia formse. 
Fallat earn faxo : nee sim Saturnia, si non 
Ab Jove mersa suo Stygias penetrant in undas. 
Surgit ab his solio, fulvaque recondita nube 



10 



14. At puto Semelen 
1 _ esse contentam furto : 
lt> et injuria nostri thala- 
mi est brevis. 



20 



NOT.E. 



9. Semelen. Semele, the daughter of 
Cadmus and Hermione. 

9. Ad jurgia : for quarrels. As Juno 
is the lower air, her querulousness may be 
fabled of its turbulent agitation. 

11. Ipsa petenda est. Juno determines 
to lay violent hands upon her. 

12. Gemmantia sceptra : the jewelled 
sceptre. 

13. Regina. The Queen of Heaven 
here proudly asserts her dignity. A part 
of the language which she employs is 
identical with a speech which she makes 
in Virgil : 

Ast ego quae incedo regina Jovisque 
Et soror et conjux. — 7Eneid i. 46. 
O royal Juno, of majestic mien, 
iErial-formed, divine, Jove's blessed queen, 
Throned in the bospm of celestial air. 

Hymn of Orpheus to Juno. 

14. Soror et conjux. Juno was fabled 
to be the sister and wife of Jupiter from 
the following considerations as given by 
different ancient authors : 

Natural philosophers intend Jupiter to be con- 
sidered as the ether (aether), that is, the celes- 
tial heat (ignis), but Juno, as the air (aer); and 
because these elements are similar in rarity, 
they have said that they are brother and sister,- 
and since Juno, that is the air, lies beneath the 
ether (aether), the name of husband is properly 
given to the superincumbent element. — Servius. 

In like manner Macrobius says : 
Juno is said to be both sister and wife of Ju- 
piter. But Juno is the air (aer), and is called 
his sister, because the air is produced from the 
same first principles as the sky (ccelum). and is 
called his wife, because the air is subjacent to 
the sky. — Somnium Scipionis, Lib. i. cap. 7. 

Cicero gives the same mythological ac- 
count : 

The air, as the Stoics affirm, which lies be- 
tween the sea and heaven, is consecrated under 
the name of Juno, which is called the sister and 
wife of Jupiter, because it resembles the ether 
(aether), and is in close conjunction with it. 
They have made it feminine, and attributed it to 
Juno, because nothing could be softer. 

De Natura Deorum, Lib. ii. 



Look up to the refulgent heaven above, 

Which all men call unanimously Jove. 

Ennius, 

So the Greek poet : 
Opys rdv vxpov, r6vS' aneipov alSepa, 
Kal yfjv iripi% eXovS' tiypaig tv dyK&Xais 
Tovtov vdpt^e Zfjva, t6v8' fiyov Qc6v. 

Euripides. 

The earth is surrounded on all sides by the 
air which we breathe, (the word is originally 
Greek, but by frequent use is now Latinized.) 
The air is encompassed by the boundless ether 
(aether), which consists of the fires above. This 
word we borrow also ; for we use ather in La- 
tin as well as aer; though Pacuvius thus ex- 
presses it : 
Hoc quod memoro, nostri coelum. Graii perhi- 

bent aethera. — Cic. De Natura Deorum. 

It will be seen here, that Jupiter is de- 
signated by different ancient authors, as 
the upper air, the ether, the sky, or heaven, 
the celestial heat, the fires above, &c, of 
which we shall make especial use in inter- 
preting this Fable. 

14. Certe soror. On account of the 
adulteries of Jupiter, she thinks that she 
can hardly lay claim to the title of wife, 
but is certainly his sister. So Seneca: 

Soror Tonantis? hoc enim solum 

Mihi relic turn nomen est. — Hercules Furens. 

16. Quod vix. Juno had but four chil- 
dren, Mars, Vulcan, Lucina, and Hebe. 

18. Fallat faxo : I will cause that he 
deceive her. 

18. Nee sim Saturnia : nor may I be 
the daughter of Saturn. This form of ex- 
pression is often used by the poets. 

Non Hercule is sim. qui sum, nisi hanc injuriam, 
Neque ultus pulchre fuero. — Plautus. 

Nee sum mulier, nee omnino spiro, nisi earn 
pessum de tantis opibus ejecero. — Apuleius's 
Metamorphos. 

19. Si non penetrant: if she shall not 
descend. 

20. Recondita nube: concealed by a cloud; 
enwrapped by a cloud. The gods gene- 
rally clothed themselves and others in a 
cloud, when they wished them to be invi- 



Fabtjla IV. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



221 



Limen adit Semeles ; nee nubes ante removit, 

Gluam simula vit anum : posuitque ad tempora canos : 

Sulcavitque cutem rugis : et curva trementi 

Membra tulit passu ; vocem quoque fecit anilem. 

Ipsaque fit Beroe, Semeles Epidauria nutrix. 25 

Ergo ubi, captato sermone, diuque loquendo, 

Ad nomen venere Jovis ; suspirat ; et Opto, 

Jupiter ut sit, ait ; metuo tamen omnia. Multi 

Nomine divorum thalamos iniere pudicos. 

Nee tamen esse Jovem satis est : det pignus amoris ; 30 

Si modo verus is est : quantusque et qualis ab alta 

Junone excipitur ; tantus, talisque rogato 

Det tibi complexus; suaque ante insignia sumat. 

Talibus ignaram Juno Cadmeida dictis 
Formarat. Rogat ilia Jovem sine nomine munus : 35 



22. Posuitque canos 
capiilos ad tempora ; 
sulcavitque cutem ru- 
gis; et tulit curva 
membra trementi pas- 
su. 



30. Tamen nee est 
satis turn esse Jovem. 
Is, si modo est verus, 
det pignus amoris. 



NOTiE. 



sible. Thus Venus withdraws the cloud ! 
which envelopes the warring gods at Troy, 
and shows them to iEneas : 
Namque omnem, quae nunc obducta tuenti 
Mortales hebetat visus tibi, et humida circum 
Caligat, nubem eripiam. — jEneid ii. 604. 

And, again, where she enwraps in a 
cloud iEneas and Achates on their way to 
Carthage : 

At Venus obscuro gradientes aere sepsit, 
Et multo nebulae circum Dea fudit amictu. 

-Eneid i. 411. 

21 . Limen : the threshold, by synec- 
doche for house. 

22. Simulavit anum: assumed the dis- 
guise of an old woman. 

23. Sulcavit cutem: furrowed her skin. 
This is a strong yet beautiful metaphor to 
express the wrinkling of the face. Byron 
represents the same in a powerful man- 
ner. 

And o'er his clear, broad brow were wrought 
The intersected lines of thought — 
Those furrows which the burning share 
Of sorrow ploughs untimely there- 
Scars of the lacerating mind, 
Which the soul's war has left behind. 

Parisina. 

25. Ipsa Beroe. The resemblance is so 
strong, that hyperbolically she is said to 
be Beroe herself. Juno here assumes the 
appearance of Beroe ; in the ^Eneid, Juno 
sends Iris under the assumed form of a 
different Beroe to incite the Trojan women 
to burn the ships of iEneas : 
Fit Beroe', Ismurii conjux longeeva Dorycli. 

-Eneid v. 620. 

25. Epidauria nutrix. Her nurse, of 
Epidaurus, a city of Argolis in Pelopon- 
nesus, noted for a temple in honor of JEs- 
culapius. Her age, and her relation to 
Semele, would necessarily give her great 
influence over her mind. Under the dis- 
guise of friendship, it was easy to effect 
her ruin. Hence Ovid: 



Tuta frequensque via per amici fallere nomen : 
Tuta frequensque, licet, sit via, crimen habet. 
Art. Amat. 

Byron, with bitter sarcasm, used to ex- 
claim : " Save me from my friends ! and I 
will take care of my enemies." 

27. Ad nomen venere. They came to the 
name of Jupiter. Lovers are wont to 
mention those who are supreme in their 
thoughts. 

29. Nomine divorum: under the names 
of gods. Many were the impositions prac- 
tised anciently by the heathen priesthood, 
under the assumed characters of their dei- 
ties. Paulina, a Roman lady of rank, was 
contaminated by a gentleman of Rome 
through the contrivance of the priest of 
Serapis, in the temple of that god, at which 
the people were so incensed that they de- 
molished the temple, put the priest to 
death, and banished the earthly lover who 
had assumed the character of an immortal. 

29. Thalamos pudicos : chaste bed- 
chambers. It was not considered un- 
chaste to admit the embraces of a god. 

30. Det pignus amoris: let him give a 
pledge of his love. Let him evince his 
love by coming to you in godlike majesty. 

31. Si modo: if he be very Jupiter. 

Et 61 Kal o>? kvEJreTs c£w viii<j)ids icrri Kpoviwv 
'EXderco is aioi Xenrpa avv fiixepdevri xepavvo). 

NONN. DlONYS. 

31. Quantus et qualis : as powerful and 
such as. Virgil, in describing the celestial 
beauty of Venus on her appearing to iEne- 
as, employs similar language : 
Et pura per noctem in luce refulsit 
Alma parens confessa Deam ; qualisque videri 
Ccelicolis et quanta solet. — -Eneid ii. 590. 

33. Insignia : his ensigns of royalty — 
the clouds, tempests, lightning, and thun- 
der. 

34. Ignaram Cadmeida. The unsus- 
pecting Semele, daughter of Cadmus. 

35. Sine nomine: without a name. She 

t2 



222 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber III. 



Cui deus, Elige, ait: nullam patiere repulsam. 
Quoque magis credas ; Stygii quoque conscia sunto 
Numina torrentis; timor, et deus ille deonim. 
Laeta malo, nimiumque potens, perituraque amantis 
Obsequio Semele, Q,ualem Saturnia, dixit, 40 

Te solet amplecti, Veneris cum foedus initis, 
Da mihi te talem. Voluit deus ora loquentis 
Opprimere : exierat jam vox properata sub auras. 
Ingemuit: neque enim non haec optasse, neque ille 
Non jurasse potest. Ergo mcestissimus altum 45 

vEthera conscendit; nutuque sequentia traxit 
Nubila; quis nimbos, immistaque fulgura ventis 
Addidit, et tonitrus, et inevitable fulmen. 
Q,ua tamen usque potest, vires sibi demere tentat. 
Nee, quo centimanum dejecerat igne Typhoea, 50 



44. Ingemuit: neque 
enim ilia potest non 
optasse haec, neque 
ille non jurasse. 



50. Nee nunc arma- 
tur eo igne quo deje- 



not^:. 



asks a favor of Jupiter without designat- 
ing it. 

38. Timor et deus: that dread, and god 
of gods. Men generally swore by the 
gods; the gods themselves swore by the 
Styx ; hence it is called the god of gods. 

39. Lceta malo: rejoicing in her own 
calamity, viz. in the promise of what was 
about to be her ruin. 

41. Cum foedus initis. The union of 
Jupiter and Juno was a physical allegory 
of singular beauty. The ancients regarded 
Jupiter as the ethereal fire, or upper air ; 
and Juno as the lower air. They believed 
that the union of these caused thunder and 
lightning, and hence fabled that Jupiter, 
when he embraced Juno, was attended by 
the lightning and thunder. Modern phi- 
losophy has proved that the higher the re- 
gion of the air is, the colder it is, and that 
thunder and lightning are electric pheno- 
mena, produced by the passage of electri- 
city between two different clouds, or be- 
tween a cloud and the earth. 

42. Te talem. She asks that, he would 
come to her attended with all the glories 
with which he approached Juno. Moore, 
in the Loves of the Angels, appears to have 
copied after the story of Semele : 

Then come, O Spirit, from behind 

The curtains of thy radiant home, 
Whether thou wouldst as god be shrined, 

Or loved and clasped as mortal, come ! 
Bring all thy dazzling wonders here, 1; 

That I may waking know and see — 
'Or waft me hence to thy own sphere, 

Thy heaven, or — ay, even that with thee! 
Demon or god, who holdest the book 

Of knowledge spread beneath thine eye, 
'Give me, with thee, but one bright look 

Into its leaves, and let me die ! 

Second Angel's Story. 

42. Ora loquentis : her mouth as she 
spoke. 

43. Vox properata : the rash word ; the 
word hastily pronounced. 

Nescit vox missa reverti. — Horace. 



45. Neque potest. Semele cannot now 
recal her request, nor Jupiter his oath. 

49. Qua usque potest. Wherever he 
can, he tries to diminish the force of his 
power. Moore, in like manner, describes 
the endeavors of his celestial lover : 

Sudden her brow again she raised, 

And there, just lighted on the shrine, 
Beheld me, — not as I had blazed 

Around her, full of light divine, 
In her late dreams, but softened down 
Into more mortal grace — my crown 
Of flowers, too radiant for this world, 

Left hanging on yon starry steep ; 
My wings shut up, like banners furled, 

AVhen Peace hath put their pomp to sleep ; 

Or like autumnal clouds, that keep 
Their lightnings sheathed, rather than mar 
The dawning hour of some young star— 
And nothing left but what beseemed 

The accessible, though conscious mate 
Of mortal woman — whose eyes beamed 

Back upon her's as passionate : 
Whose ready heart brought flame for flame, 
Whose ain, whose madness was the same. 

Loves of the Angels. 

50. Igne eo : with that fire ; with that 
kind of thunderbolt. Virgil describes the 
more powerful thunder : 

Three layers of hail, three of a watery cloud, 
Three of red fire, and stormy Auster's wings, 
Terrible flashes, fragors, menacings, 
Mixt with the same : and wrath pursued by 
flame. — jEneid viii. 

50. Typhoea. Typhoeus, a terrible giant 
that made war upon the gods, and was de- 
stroyed by Jupiter. It is the same as the 
Egyptian giant, Baby ; and as its deriva- 
tion is Tuph-on, altar of the sun, but little 
doubt can exist that the Tower of Babel 
is meant. This idea is strengthened by 
the fact, that the demon coveted universal 
empire. The Tower of Babel was intend- 
ed to be a landmark to the Cushites dis- 
persed over the plains of Shinar, and, 
hence, watchfires were kept burning for 
this purpose, as well as in honor of the 
solar orb. The curling smoke and wreath- 
ing flames would give rise to the fiction of 



Fabula IV. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



223 



Nunc armatur eo : nimium feritatis in illo : 
Est aliud levius fulmen ; cui dextra Cyclopum 
Saevitiae, flammaeque minus, minus addidit iraB ; 
Tela secunda vocant superi : capit ilia ; domumque 
Intrat Agenoream. Corpus mcrtale tumultus 



cerat centimanum Ty- 
phoea : erat nimium fe- 
ritatis in illo. 



55 



NOT.E. 



the "snaky heads" that quivered with 
" blackening tongues ;" or serpent worship 
may have been connected with this solar 
temple. A passage in the Argonautics of 
Apollonius Rhodius, would justify the con- 
clusion that human sacrifice was offered 
there. By "the voices of all sounds, mira- 
culous," we may readily perceive a tradi- 
tion of the confusion of tongues that took 
place at Babel. The demolition of the Tow- 
er, by lightning, though not stated in the 
Scriptures, is attested by different profane 
writers. If by Arimeans we understand 
Arameans, or Mesopotamians, a passage in 
Homer designates the very site of the ruins : 

d^0i Tv<fxoei yaTav inaaar) 
EiV 'Apipois, 6§i <paai Tu0cu£o$ efifievai evvas. 

Iliad B. 
Hesiod thus describes Typhceus : 
Typhoeus : he whose hands 
Of strength are fitted to stupendous deeds, 
And indefatigable are the feet 
Of the strong god : and from his shoulders rise 
A hundred snaky heads of dragon growth, 
Horrible, quivering with their blackening 

tongues : 
In each amazing head, from eyes that rolled 
Within their sockets, fire shone sparkling; fire 
Blazed from each head, the whilst he rolled his 

glance 
Glaring around him. In those fearful heads 
Were voices of all sounds, miraculous : 
Now uttered they distinguishable tones 
Meet for the ear of gods: now the deep cry 
Of a wild, bellowing bull, untamed in strength; 
And now the roaring of a lion, fierce 
In spirit; and anon the yell of whelps 
Strange to the ear ; and now the monster hissed, 
That the huge mountains echoed back the 

sound. 
Then had a dread event that fatal day 
Inevitable fallen, and he had ruled 
O'er mortals and immortals, but the sire 
Of gods and men the peril instant knew 
Intuitive: and vehement and strong 
He thundered : instantaneous all around 
Earth reeled with horrible crash; the firma- 
ment 
Roared of high heaven, the stream of Nile, and 

seas, 
And uttermost caverns. While the king, in 

wrath 
Uprose, beneath his everlasting feet 
The great Olympus trembled, and Earth 

groaned. 
From either side a burning radiance caught 
The darkly-azured ocean, from the flash 
Of lightnings, and that monster's darted flame, 
And blazing bolts and blasts of fiery winds : 
All earth and heaven steamed hot and the sea 

foamed 
Around the shores, and waves dashed wide and 

high 
Beneath the rush of gods. Concussion wild 
And unappeasable uprose: aghast 



The gloomy monarch of the infernal dead 
Recoiled : the sub-tartarean Titans heard 
E'en where they stood, and Saturn in the midst ; 
They heard appalled the unextinguished rage 
Of tumult, and the din of dreadful war. 
But after Jove had roused his strength, and 

grasped 
The thunder, and the flash, and bickering bolt, 
His weapons, he from Mount Olympus' top 
Leaped at a bound, aud smote him : hissed at 

once, 
The grisly monster's heads enormous, scorched 
In one conflagrant blaze. When thus the god 
Had quelled him, thunder-smitten, mangled, 

prone 
He fell: the vast earth groan'd beneath the 

shock ; 
And from the lightning-stricken prodigy 
Flames flashed amidst the mountain-hollows 

dark 
Where he fell smitten. — Hesiod's Theogony. 

Typhceus was said to be the son of Tar- 
tarus and Terra, which may be inter- 
preted, that Hell incited the building of the 
Tower of Babel, and that it was construct- 
ed of earth, that is, of clay made into 
brick. It attempted heaven also, accord- 
ing to the ancients. The following, rela- 
tive to Typhceus, and the Tower of Babel, 
are directly parallel : 

Go to, let us make brick, and burn them tho- 
roughly. And they had brick for stone, and 
slime had they for mortar. 

And they said, Go to, let us build us a city, 

and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven. 

Genesis xi. 3, 4. 

Hue quoque terrigenam venisse Typhcea narrat. 

Ovid. Metam. v. 325. 

Et magnis subjectum molibus urget 

^Ethereas ausum sperare Typhcea sedes. 

Ovid. Metam. v. 347. 

From similarity of name (Bab-y and 
Babel), from identity of origin, and a like 
destruction, but little doubt can exist that 
Baby, Babel, and Typhceus are one and the 
same thing. 

52. Cyclopum : of the Cyclops. See 
notes on tela and Cyclopum, page 71. 

54. Tela secunda : weapons of the se- 
cond class. Although this may be a mere 
embellishment of the poet, yet it is a phy- 
sical truth ; for about the time of the fall 
of the leaf, and the ripening of the grape, 
which the advent of Jupiter is intended to 
represent, though storms are frequent, the 
thunder and lightning are less terrible than 
in midsummer. 

54. Domum intrat. Enters the house of 
Semele, the daughter of Agenor. 

55. Tumultus cethereos : the ethereal 
tumults. 



224 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber III. 



Non tulit aethereos ; donisque jugalibus arsit. 
Imperfectus adhuc infans genitricis ab alvo 
Eripitur, patrioque tener (si credere dignum est,) 
Insuitur femori ; maternaque tempora complet. 



NOTiE. 



56. Arsit: she was consumed. Moore 
gives a graphic account of a maid blasted, 
in like manner, by the glory of her angelic 
lover : 

Scarce had I touched her shrinking frame, 

When — oh, most horrible ! — I felt 
That every spark of that pure flame — 

Pure, while among the stars I dwelt — 
Was now by my transgression turned 
Into gross, earthly fire, which burned, 
Burned all it touched, as fast as eye 

Could follow the fierce ravening flashes, 
Till there— O God ! I still ask why 
Such doom was hers? I saw her lie 

Blackening within my arms to ashes ! 

■ Loves of the Angels. 

57. Imperfectus adhuc: as yet imperfect. 

Cadmean goddess, universal queen, 

Thee, Semele, I call, of beauteous mien; 

Deep-bosomed lovely flowing locks are thine, 

Mother of Bacchus, joyful and divine, 

The mighty offspring, whom Jove's thunder 

bright 
Forced immature, and frightened into light. 

Hymn of Orpheus to Semele. 

57. Genitricis ab alvo : from the womb 
of his mother. Orpheus makes Proser- 
pine, or the Earth, the mother of Bacchus : 

Mother of Bacchus, sonorous, divine, 
And many-formed the parent of the vine. 

# # * * * 

O vernal queen, whom grassy plains delight, 
Sweet to the smell, and pleasing to the sight: 
Whose holy form in budding fruits we view, 
Earth's vigorous offspring of a various hue: 
Espoused in autumn, life and death alone 
To wretched mortals from thy power is known. 
Hymn to Proserpine. 

The above extract from Orpheus, who 
introduced into Greece most of its religious 
rites, and, consequently, is the best fitted 
to expound them, shows that Semele, Pro- 
serpine, and the Earth were identical. The 
birth of Bacchus, then, is a myth of a phy- 
sical character. Jupiter, as the ethereal 
heat, or electric power, is the impregnating 
force of nature, and is, therefore, the fa- 
ther of Bacchus, or the grape, by Semele, 
the earth. The mother nourishes her off- 
spring until blasted by the fires of Jupiter, 
who then assumes the part of a mother, 
and completes the maternal period ; that 
is, the sap and juices go up from the earth, 
nourishing the young Bacchus, or grape, 
until the dry ethereal heats of autumn come 
on, when the sap begins to return to the 
earth, the leaves fall, the vine dies, as it 
were ; while the same heats that withered 
and destroyed the mother, nourish and 
bring the child to perfection — in other 
words, ripen the grape, and produce the 



58. Eripitur: is snatched ; is rescued. 
Him, as the pangs of child-birth came, 

While all aroundher flashed the lightning's flame, 

Untimely did his mother bear, 
Then in the thunder's volleyed blaze expire. 
But favoring Jove, with ail a father's care. 
Snatched his loved infant from the blasting fire, 
And, hid from Juno's jealous eye, 
Closed the young Bacchus in his thigh. 

Bacchje of Euripides. 

59. Femori. Pliny speaks of a mountain 
in India named Nysa, the same that Strabo 
and iElian call Meros, which signifies a 
thigh. The mountain was sacred to Jupi- 
ter ; and as Bacchus was brought up there, 
fabulous antiquity has asserted that Bac- 
chus was produced from the thigh of Ju- 
piter. At Nysa in Bceotia, Deucalion's ark 
rested. See note on Parnassus, p. 76. 
Hear me, illustrious father, daemon famed, 
Great Saturn's offspring, and Sabazius named ; 
Inserting Bacchus, bearer of the vine, 

And sounding god, within thy thigh divine, 
That when mature, the Dionysian god 
Might burst the bands of his concealed abode. 
Hymn of Orpheus to Jupiter Sabazius 
Euripides gives a physical interpretation 
of this part of the Fable, which is the true 
explanation of the myth. 

Ovtos SeoTai airivSerai Seos yeycSs, 
"12? re Sia rovrov rdyaS' dvSpojnovs lx tiV - 
Kai KaTaytkas viv, cjs lyepgdQri Aidg 
Mr/pw, dtda%G) a ojj xaAaJj tx tl roSe. 
'Enei viv i\pira<j' ex irvpos Kepavviov 
Zeis eis r oXuiiirov PpeQos dvftyaysv viov, 
"Hpa viv rj$e\' iK/SaWeiv an' ovpavov 
Zeis 6' avT£nt)xavrioa§\ ola 5f) 5-£oj- 
'Prjfaj p-ipos ti rov x$6v' iyKVK\ovp.ivov 
AiSepos, s§r)K£, t6vS' '6p.r}pov ckSiSovs 
Ai6vvauv"Hpa5 veixicjv xpdfWjJt viv 
BpoTol rpa<l)fjvai (fiaatv ev uripfi> Aids, 
"Ovofia fxeraiTTficTovTEs, on Sea $eos 
"Hpa iro$' lonfjpevae, ovvSivres \6yov. 

BAKXAI. 

He to the gods, though born himself a god, 

Is offered in libation, that through him 

Men may enjoy the blessings of this life : 

And thou deridest him as sewed within 

The thigh of Jove; I'll teach thee what this 

means. 
When Jove had snatched him from the light- 
ning's flame, 
He bore the newborn infant up to heaven ; 
But Juno wished again to cast him down. 
Then Jove, a god, against this thus contrived : 
Part of the ether winch enrings the earth 
He burst, and lodged him as a hostage there, 
Delivering Bacchus up from Juno's rage. 
In time, men fabled that within Jove's thigh 
The god was nourished; changing thus the 

name, 
They formed this myth, because the god was 

made 
A hostage to the goddess Juno. 

In this translation, which I have made 
as literal as possible, it will be seen that 
Bacchus is the grape, or wine, since 



Fabula IV. 



METAMORPHOSE ON. 



225 



Furtim ilium primis Ino matertera cunis 
Educat. Inde datum Nymphas Nysei'des antris 
Occuluere suis ; lactisque alimenta dedere. 



60 



" He to the gods, though born himself a god 
Is offered in libation." 



Euripides, who was fond of indulging in 
conceits that depended on the use of terms 
of similar sound, though of different im- 
port, has played upon the words iwp%, a 
thigh, and pipos, a part ; and as we know 
that Jupiter, and the ether, are one and the 
same, he tells us, that by the thigh of Jupi- 
ter is to be understood a part of the ether, 
expressly stating that the myth depends 
upon the change of name, or term, "opopa 
UL£TaaTficovT€i ; thus pzpoq (/^p<%) aldipos, part 
of the ether ; thigh of Jupiter. And, again, 
as heaven is often used for the sky, or 
open air, Jupiter may be said to take 
Bacchus up to heaven, after the light- 
ning's flame has destroyed the mother ; 
that is, after the falling of all the leaves 
of the vine, consequent upon the au- 
tumnal heat, has left the grape hanging 
in the open air. It is a well-known fact, 
that the higher grapes are in the air, the 
better they are ; and for this purpose the 
ancients reared them as high as possible. 
The grape being thus suspended between 
the upper air, or Jupiter, and the air near 



NOTjE. 

above, may not only contain a double 
meaning with reference to ixip6$, a thigh, 
but may further have a shadowy significa- 
tion that turns upon p.dpw, to divide. 

60. Ino. Though we interpret this fable 
physically, it has many mythological refer- 
ences to Noah. Bacchus is the son of Se- 
mele, or the rainbow ; Ino, a goddess of the 
sea, rears him in his cradle (cunis) which 
is the same as boat ; he is hid in the air or 
darkness of the flood ; he dwells at Nysa. 

61. Nyse'ides nympha. The nymphs of 
Nysa. It is a beautiful allegory, that after 
Bacchus, or wine, has become perfected, 
he is given over to the nymphs, daughters 
of Ocean, who give him a portion of their 
own native element, and moreover the 
nutriment of milk. The custom of dilut- 
ing wine with water, and of making milk 
punch, is no doubt as old as the deity of 
the wine-cup himself. 



Nymphs, who from Ocean famed derive your 

birth, 
"Who dwell in liquid caverns of the earth ; 
Nurses of Bacchus, secret-causing powers, 
Fructiferous goddesses, who nourish flowers. 



the earth, or Juno, may be said to be a o Nysian nymphs, insane, whom oaks delight, 
hostage between them. It would thus be J Lovers of spring, Peeonian virgins bright : 
a division between the upper and lower j With Bacchus and with Ceres, hear my prayer ! 
air ; and, hence, opzpov, a hostage, and Hymn of Orpheus. 

u/inpevae, employed by Euripides, as given | For a burlesque of this fable, see Lucian. 



QUiESTIONES. 



Why did Juno rejoice in the destruction 
of Actaeon? 

What fresh cause of dislike had she 
against the house of Agenor ? 

Who was Semele ? 

What does Juno resolve to do ? 

Why is Juno said to be both the wife 
and sister of Jupiter ? 

What form does the goddess assume ? 

What does the fictitious Beroe advise ? 

Does Semele make the request of her 
lover ? 

What were the insignia of Jupiter ? 

Does he grant her request ? 

Why is the Styx designated the god of 
gods? 

What effort does Jupiter make to lessen 
his terrible majesty? 

Who was Typhceus ? 

How are we to consider this fabulous 
demon ? 

With what kind of thunderbolts does 
Jupiter come? 

What is the effect of his awful majesty 
on Semele ? 

What modern poet presents us with a 
similar catastrophe ? 

29 



Was the infant of Semele destroyed by 
the lightning ? 

What disposition did Jupiter make of it ? 

What geographical and historical facts 
will explain this fiction ? 

How many Bacchuses were there ? 

Were the accounts of them somewhat 
similar ? 

What opinion would this favor ? 

Who may be regarded as the original 
Bacchus? 

Were Osiris and Bacchus the same ? 

In the processions of Osiris was there an 
evident reference to Noah? 

How did the Egyptians change the his- 
tory of Bacchus to the allegorical Osiris ? 

How would they consider the paternity 
of the vine, after this? 

Explain the fable of Bacchus, as related 
by Ovid ? 

Were Proserpine, Semele, and the 
Earth the same ? 

How do you explain Semele's death ? 

How do you explain the placing of Bac- 
chus in the thigh of Jove ? 

What references to Noah are to be found 
in this fable ? 



FABULA V. 

ECHO, PR^S IMPATIENTIA AMORIS, IN VOCEM MUTATUR. 

Echo, whose loquacity was objectionable to Juno, because she detained that 
goddess while the nymphs, familiar with Jupiter ; might escape, has the power 
of speech restricted to the repetition of the last words that are uttered by 
others. After this, she fails in love with Narcissus, and being spurned by 
him, pines away to a skeleton, which is changed into stone. Her voice alone 
remains. 

EXPLICATIO. 

The ancient mythologists were fond of investing not merely the inci- 
dents of history, but subjects of natural philosophy and of morality, with 
a livelier and redoubled interest, by means of their fictions. Thus they 
have given to Echo, which is the mere reflection of sound, corporeity 
with all the attendant attributes and passions of human existence. They 
have rendered the attraction still greater, by representing her as a maid 
pining away under the workings of a hopeless passion. There was, per- 
haps, the greater verisimilitude, considering the sarcastic judgment of the 
world, in making Echo a female, as she is distinguished for loquacity, 
which is said to be a characteristic of the female sex. As echo is always 
more faint than the sound which gives rise to it, there is singular pro- 
priety in representing the vocal maid as the victim of a passion, which, 
when unfortunate, tends to make the voice low and feeble. She is said 
to conceal herself in woods, winding valleys, and caverns, because these 
are most favourable to the reflection of sound. Such is the physical 
interpretation. Considering the Fable allegorically, we may regard 
Echo as Vain-glory, and Narcissus as Self-love, which the former affects. 
Vain-glory, rejected and contemned, becomes mere emptiness — a sound, 
and nothing more. 

To take a philosophical view of the subject, Echo is a sound reflected 
from a distant surface, depending on certain conditions. It is necessary 
that the ear be in the line of reflection; and when the person that emits 
the sound wishes to hear the echo, the line of reflection must be perpen- 
dicular to the body that reflects ; unless there be several reflecting sur- 
faces, so as to bring the sound to him by repeated reflections. Besides, 
it is necessary that the reflecting surface be at a proper distance from the 
ear, to give sufficient time to distinguish between the original sound and 
the echo. The least distance to produce an echo is about fifty feet. Any 
body that will reflect sonorous pulses, will cause an echo, but concave bo- 
dies are especially well fitted for their production. Some echoes are 
remarkable for frequency of repetition. One in Woodstock park repeats 
seventeen times by day, and twenty times by night. At Pavia, there is 
one which repeats thirty times. An echo in the Simonetta palace, near 
Milan, repeats the report of a pistol sixty times. 
226 





UMQJJE ea per terras fatali lege geruntur ; 
Tutaque bis geniti sunt incunabula Bacchi : 
Tiresias vates turn per celeberrimus urbes 
Irreprehensa dabat populo responsa potenti. 
Prima fidei, vocisque rata? tentamina sumsit 5 

Cserula Liriope: quam quondam flumine curvo 
Implicuit ; clausaeque suis Cephisos in undis, 
Vim tulit. Enixa est utero pulcherrima pleno 
Infantem, Nymphis jam tunc qui posset amari ; 
Narcissumque vocat. De quo consultus, an esset 10 

KOTM. 

1. Fatali lege: by the law of the Fates. 

2. Bis geniti: twice born ; first from his mother, secondly from the 
thigh of J upiter. 

Hear me, Jove's son, blest Bacchus, god of wine, 

Born of two mothers, honored and divine. — Hymn of Orpheus. 



3. Tiresias. He was the son of 
Everus and the nymph Chariclo. 
He was said to have been changed 
into a girl in early life, in consequence of 
striking two serpents that were lying to- 
gether. Seven years after, he again struck 
;wo serpents similarly situated, and reco- 
vered his virile form. Made the arbiter of 
a dispute between Jupiter and Juno, and 
having decided against the goddess, she 
deprived him of eyesight. Callimachus, 
in his Hymn on ihe Bath of Pallas, says, 
that having seen Minerva while bathing, the 
goddess deprived him of sight ; but in con- 
sequence, gave him the gift of prophecy. 



3. Urbes : the cities of Aonia. The 
mountainous region of Baeotia was called 
Aonia. 

4. Irreprehensa responsa : blameless 
oracles ; so called because always verified 
by fact. 

6. Liriope. One of the Oceanides, and 
the mother of Narcissus by the river Ce- 
phisos. 

7. Cephisos. A river of Greece, which 
rises in Phocis, and passing to the north 
of Delphi, enters Boeotia, and falls into the 
Copaic lake. 

10. Narcissum. The son of Liriope by 
Cephisos. He was a beautiful youth, be- 
227 



228 P. OVIDII NASONIS 

Tempora maturas visurus longa senectse ; 
Fatidicus vates, Si se non noverit, inquit. 
Vana diu visa est vox auguris. Exitus illam, 
Resque probat, letique genus, novitasque furoris 
Jamque ter ad quinos unum Cephisius annum 15 

Addiderat : poteratque puer, juvenisque videri. 

Aspicit hunc, trepidos agitantem in retia cervos, 
Vocalis Nymphe ; qua? nee reticere loquenti, 
Nee prior ipsa loqui didicit, resonabilis Echo. 
Corpus adhuc Echo, non vox erat : et tamen usum 20 
Garrula non aliurn, quam nunc habet, oris habebat ; 
Reddere de multis ut verba novissima posset. 
Fecerat hoc Juno; quia, cum deprendere posset 
Sub Jove saepe suo Nymphas in monte jacentes, 
Ilia deam longo prudens sermone tenebat, 25 

Dum fugerent Nymphse. Postquam Saturnia sensit ; 
Hujus, ait, linguae, qua sum delusa, potestas 
Parva tibi dabitur, vocisque brevissimus usus : 
Reque minas firmat. Tamen hsec in fine loquendi 
Ingeminat voces ; auditaque verba reportat. 30 

Ergo, ubi Narcissum per devia lustra vagantem 
Vidit, et incaluit ; sequitur vestigia furtim. 
Q,uoque magis sequitur ; flamma propiore calescit. 
Non aliter, quam cum summis circumlita teedis 
Admotam rapiunt vivacia sulphura flammam. 35 

O quoties voluit blandis accedere dictis, 
Et molles adhibere preces ! natura repugnat, 

NOTJE. 



Liber III. 



15. Jamque Cephi- 
sius addiderat unum 
annum ad ter quinos : 
poteratque videri pu- 
er, juvenisque. 



26. Saturnia post- 
quam sensit hoc, ait; 
potestas parvae hujus 
lingua? qua sum delu- 
sa dabitur tibi, usus- 
que brevissimus vo- 
cis. 



37. At natura ejus 
repugnat, nee sinit ut 
incipiat. 



loved by Echo and many other maidens, 
whom he slighted. He saw his face in a 
fountain, and falling in love with his own 
image, pined away, and, after death, was 
changed into a flower of the same name. 
As the Narcissus flourishes near the wa- 
ter, hence, he is fabled to be the son of 
the river Cephisos. 

14. Novitas furoris: the strangeness of 
his mad passion. 

16. Puerjuvenis. Such was his age and 
his appearance, that he might be regarded 
either as a boy or a youth. Or, to consi- 
der it differently, he was a boy in beauty, 
but a youth in size. 

19. Resonabilis Echo : the resounding 
Echo. She was the daughter of Tellus 
and Aer, and was remarkable for her lo- 
quacity. Ausonius makes her the daugh- 
ter of Air and the Tongue : 
Aeris et linguae sum filia, mater inanis 
Judicii, vocemque sine mente gero. 
Extremos pereunte modos a fine reducens, 
Ludificata sequor verba aliena meis. 
Auribus in vestris habito penetrabilis Echo: 
Et si vis similem pingere, pinge sonum. 

Epigram, xi. 

Pliny gives the real cause of the Echo: 
Montium flexus, crebrique vertices, et con- 
■flexa cubito, aut anfracta in humeros juga, 



vallium sinus concavi, scindunt ineequaliter 
inde resultantem ae'ra; quae causa etiam voces 
multis in locis reciprocas facit. 

Natural. Histor. lib. ii. cap. 44. 

20. Corpus adhuc: she was yet a body. 
She had not been changed to a voice. 

22. Verba novissima : the last words. 
The confusion of sounds consequent upon 
the words following in continuation, pre- 
vents their being heard distinctly ; but the 
last words not being thus interrupted, re- 
turn to us with distinctness. Some echoes 
repeat completely. There is an. echo at 
Rosneath, near Glasgow, that repeats a 
tune played with a trumpet, three times, 
perfectly and distinctly. 

23. Cum deprendere posset : when she 
might have caught. 

29. Reque minas firmat : she confirms 
her threats by deed. 

31. Devia lustra: the pathless forests. 

33. Quoque magis sequitur : and the 
more she follows him. 

34. Summis tcedis : on the ends of torches. 

35. Vivacia sulphura. It will be seen 
that brimstone matches were an early in- 
vention. 

36. Blandis dictis: with seductive words; 
with soft accents. 

37. Natura repugnat. Her nature re- 



■Fabula V. 



METAMORPHOSEON, 



229 



Nee sinit incipiat; sed, quod sinit, ilia parata est 
Expectare sonos, ad quos sua verba remittat. 
Forte puer, comitum seductus ab agmine fido, 40 

Dixerat, Ecquis adest ? Et, Adest, responderat Echo. 
Hie stupet: utque aciem partes divisit in omnes; 
V T oce, Veni, clamat magna : vocat ilia vocantem. 
Respicit, et nullo rursus veniente, Quid, inquit, 
Me fugis ? Et totidem, quot dixit verba, recepit. 

Perstat ; et alternaB deceptus imagine vocis ; 
Hue coeamus, ait: nullique libentius unquam 
Responsura sono, Coeamus rettulit Echo. 
Et verbis fa vet ipsa suis; egressaque sylvis 
Ibat, ut injiceret sperato brachia collo. 
Ille fugit; fugiensque, Manus complexibus aufer: 
Ante, ait, emoriar, quam sit tibi copia nostri : 
Rettulit ilia nihil, nisi, Sit tibi copia nostri. 
Spreta latet sylvis ; pudibundaque frondibus ora 
Protegit; et solis ex illo vivit in antris. 
Sed tamen haeret amor; crescitque dolore repulsae. 
Attenuant vigiles corpus miserabile curse : 
Adducitque cutem macies ; et in aera succus 
Corporis omnis abit. Vox tantum, atque ossa supersunt, 
Vox manet : ossa ferunt lapidis traxisse figuram. 60 



45 



50 



55 



51. Ille fugit, fugi- 
ensque ait ; aufer ma- 
nus complexibus, 
emoriar antequam <?it 
tibi copia nostri. 



NOT.E. 



sists her inclination. Nature formed wo- 
man to be wooed, not to woo ; and this 
causes her to be retiring in her manners. 
Besides this innate modesty and reserve, 
there was a personal inability in the case 
of Echo to court her lover. She could not 
speak any thing of herself, but merely re- 
peat the last words that she heard. 
40. Puer. Narcissus. 

42. Aciem divisit : directed his sight ; 
cast his eye. 

43. Vocat vocantem. Echo cries, Veni! 

45. Recepit: received ; heard again. 

46. Imagine: with the echo. This re- 
flection ofsound may be figuratively called 
its imtrge, for it corresponds in sound to the 
reflection in sight, of an object from a mir- 
ror ; both reflections being more weak and 
faint than the original which produced them. 

Simul et jocosa 
Redderet laudes vaticani 

Montis imago.— Horat. lib. i. ode 20. 



Recinet jocosa nomen imago. 

Horat. lib. i. ode 12. 
Saxa sonant, vocisque offensa resultat imago. 
Vikgil, Georgic iv. 50. 

49. Verbis favet: she favors her words. 
She goes to join Narcissus. 

54. Spreta: despised. Such is the con- 
stitution of man's nature, that he is gene- 
rally pleased with the coyness of a maiden, 
rather than her forwardness. 

55. Solis in antris: in lonely caverns. 
The cavities of these are particularly cal- 
culated to produce the echo. 

56. Dolore repulsce: with the pain of re- 
pulse ; with the pain of rejection by Nar- 
cissus. 

58. Adducit cutem: shrivels up the skin. 

60. Vox manet: her voice only remains. 

60. Ossa ferunt. Her bones were 
changed into stone. This is said, because 
the repercussion ofsound from rocks is the 
most forcible and clear. 



QU.ESTIONES. 



Who was Echo ? 

What did Juno do to her? Why? 
Who was Tiresias ? Who Narcissus ? 
Why was he fabled to be the son of the 
river Cephisos ? 

With whom did Echo fall in love? 

Was her passion reciprocated ? 

What effect had the repulse of Narcissus ? 



Where did she hide afterwards ? 
What became of her eventually ? 
How must we interpret this Fable ? 



Why is Echo fabled to pine away ? 
the 
words ? 



Why does she repeat only the last 



Why are her bones said to be changed 
into stone ? 

u 



FABULA VI. 

NARCISSUS SE DEPERIT : MUTATUR IN FLOREM. 

Narcissus had slighted, many of the nymphs, until one of them, suffering from 
his cruelty, entreated the goddess Nemesis to 'punish his pride by permitting 
him to indulge, in like manner, a hopeless passion. The goddess answered 
her prayer, and Narcissus, violently inflamed with the love of his own per- 
son, which he beheld in a fountain, pined away, and was at length changed 
into a flower of the same name. 

EXPLICATIO. 

The following account, from Pausanias, would seem to give an air of 
historical probability to the story of Narcissus : " There is a place near 
Thespise which is called Danacus. In this is the fountain of Narcissus, 
in which, they say, he beheld his own likeness, and not conceiving that 
it was his shadow, or how he was beloved by himself, pined away and 
died by the brink of the fountain. But how absurd it is to believe that 
any should be so distracted or besotted with affection, as not to distinguish 
a shadow from a substance? Yet something like this is recorded, not 
vulgarly known. Narcissus had a sister born at the same birth, so ex- 
ceedingly like as to be hardly distinguishable ; alike also their hair in 
color and trim, and alike their habits ; who, accustomed to hunt and exer- 
cise together, loved each other ardently; and when she died, he repaired 
oft to this fountain, much satisfying his affection in gazing therein, as not 
beholding his own shadow, but the image of his dead sister." 

But Pausanias misconceived the story, which was merely an allegory, 
and in attempting to explain it by a seeming historical account, which he 
had received, actually employs a second allegory, without being conscious 
of the fact. 

The flower called Narcissus is wont to grow by the side of streams, 
and hence was said to be the son of the river Cephisus. This flower 
was abundant in Thespise, as related by modern travellers, and hence the 
fabulous transformation. Being one of the first flowers that decorate the 
earth, he would thus be fabled to be an especial favorite of the nymphs. 
The ancients had sufficient acquaintance with botany, to notice the sexual 
characteristics of flowers, and as the Narcissus belongs to Class VI., 
Hexandria, Order 1, Monogynia, thus having the characteristics of both 
sexes, he might be fabled to be loved by both males and females. Fur- 
thermore, having thus stamens and a pistil on each individual flower, he 
may be said, in the language of Pausanias, to be in love with his sister, 
or in the language of Ovid, to fall in loice with himself: " He alike ex- 
cites and bears the flame of love." 

Now, the Narcissus does not stand straight, but is inclined to one side, 
and generally towards the water, whence the fiction of its gazing in the 
fountain. As Spring is a season of the year corresponding to youth in 
the life of man, and as this flower blooms in the early spring, hence 
Narcissus is said to pine away in youth. 
230 





j^IC hanc, sic alias, undis aut montibus ortas, 
Luserat hie nymphas ; sic coetus ante viriles. 
Inde manus aliquis despectus ad aethera tollens, 
Sic amet iste licet, sic non potiatur amato. 
Dixerat. Assensit precibus Rhamnusia justis. 5 

Fons erat illirais, nitidis argenteus undis, 

NOT.E. 

1. Sic luserat hanc: thus he had deceived her. So Pomona: 

E'en now when silent scorn is all they gain, 

A thousand court you, though they court in vain: 

A thousand sylvans, demigods, and gods, 

That haunt our mountains, and our Alban woods.— Metamorph. xiv. 

4. Sic amet: thus may he love. May he cherish an unfortunate 
passion for one that does not return his love. 

4. Sic non potiatur. The pangs of unrequited love are most diffi- 
cult to bear. Hence Anacreon : 

XaA£7rdi> to fir] <pi\?jaai, 
XaXfiTdc 6i Ka\ (/uA/jo-at, 
~X.a\crt<A)TU-TOv 6i iriivTUiv, 
A.noTvyxafCiv 0iAt?j/ru. 

which the Persians had brought with which 
to erect a trophy for the victory which 
they confidently expected over the Athen- 
ians. Hence Ausonius : 
Me lapidem quondam Persae advexere tro- 

phaeum 
Ut fierem bello: nunc ego sum Nemesis. 

6. Fons erat. The poet now introduces 
the story of the infatuation of Narcissus, 
by describing the fountain in which he saw 
9.31 



Of all pains, the greatest pain 
Is to love, but love in vain.— Cowley. 
Miserable most to be unloved.— Siiakspeare. 
5. Rhamnusia. Nemesis, the avenger 
of pride and wickedness. She was the 
daughter of Jupiter and Necessity, and 
was called Rhamnusia, because she had a 
temple at Rhamnus, in Attica. Her sta- 
tue at Rhamnus, so celebrated by Varro, 
was made by Phidias, of the very marble 



232 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber III. 



10 



15 



Quern neque pastores, neque pasta? monte capellae 

Contigerant, aliudve pecus ; quern nulla volucris, 

Nee fera turbarat, nee lapsus ab arbore ramus. 

Gramen erat circa, quod proximus humor alebat; 

Sylvaque, sole lacum passura tepescere nullo. 

Hie puer, et studio venandi Jassus et ssstu, 

Procubuit; faciemque loci, fontemque secutus. 

Dumque sitim sedare cupit; sitis altera crevit. 

Dumque bibit, visa? correptus imagine formse, 

Rem sine corpore amat ; corpus putat esse, quod umbra est. 

Adstupet ipse sibi; vultuque immotus eodem 

Hasret, ut e Pario formatum marmore signum. 

Spectat humi positus geminum, sua lumina, sidus, 

Et dignos Baccho, dignos et Apolline crines ; 20 

Impubesque genas, et eburnea colla, decusque 

Oris, et in niveo mistum candore ruborem ; 

Cunctaque miratur, quibus est mirabilis ipse. 

Se cupit imprudens: et, qui probat, ipse probatur : 

Dumque petit, petitur; pariterque incendit, et ardet. 25 

Irrita fallaci quoties dedit oscula fonti ! 

In mediis, quoties visum captantia collum, 

Brachia mersit aquis ; nee se deprendit in illis ! 

Quid videat, nescit ; sed, quod videt, uritur illo : 



12. Puer lassus et 
studio venandi. et ass- 
tu, procubuit hlc, se- 
cutus faciemque loci, 
fontemque. 



19. Positus hurm, 
spectat sua lumina, 
geminum sidus, et 
crines dignos Baccho, 
dignos et Apolline. 



NOT.E 



his image. It was in a quiet and seques- 
tered spot, and had never been troubled 
before. 

Through the wild and devious solitude 

He threaded the maze, alone, 
To a lake, that fringed with underwood, 

Like the eye of the forest shone. 
He parted the branches waving o'er 

The glassy water's brink, 
Ne'er parted, save by the fawn, before, 

As it glided through, to drink. 

Antique Cameos. 

6. Argenteus: silvery; bright as silver. 
Ovid, in his Epistles, has another beautiful 
description of a fountain : 

A fount there is, whose silver waters show, 
Clear as a glass, the shining sands below ; 
A flowery lotus spreads its arms above, 
Shades all the banks, and seems itself a grove : 
Eternal greens the mossy margin grace, 
Watched by the sylvan genius of the place. 

Sappho to Phaon. 

12. Studio venandi: with the engage- 
ments of hunting. 

13. Faciem loci secutus: having followed 
with his eyes the appearance of the place ; 
being charmed with the appearance of the 
place. 

14. Sitim sedare: to slake his thirst. So 
Lucretius : 

Et sedare sitim prius est, quam pocula natam. 

14. Sitis altera: a different thirst, viz. 
the love of himself. 

16. Rem sine corpore: a thing without a 



body ; a thing without substance, viz. the 

shadow of himself. 

18. Pario marmore. The best and whitest 

marble was obtained from Paros, an island 

in the iEgean. 

18. Hceret: he remains fixed. 
And leaves the semblance of a lover, fixed 
In melancholy site, with head declined, 
And love-dejected eyes. — Thomson. 

18. Signum: a figure ; a statue. 

19. Humi positus : thrown upon the 
ground. 

Strays, in heart-thrilling meditation lost, 
Indulging all to love : or on the bank 
Thrown, amid drooping lilies, swells the breeze 
With sighs unceasing, and the brook with tears. 

Thomson. 

20. Dignos Baccho. His hair would have 
graced Bacchus or Apollo. The poets de- 
light to dwell upon the beauty of the hair 
of these deities. 

Solis asterna est Phoebo Baechoque juvenla; 
Et decet intonsus crinis utrumque deum. 

Tibvllus. 

21. Impubes ge?ias: beardless cheeks. 

24. Probat. As the lover and the be- 
loved are one and the same person, the 
poet has, with address, represented the 
circumstance, by employing the same verb 
in different voices ; the active voice being 
beautifully expressive of the male charac- 
ter, while the passive voice corresponds 
in its nature to the female. 

25. Accendit et ardtt: inflames, and is 
inflamed. 



Fabula VI. 



METAMORPHOSE ON. 



233 



Atque oculos idem, qui decipit, incitat, error. 30 

Credule, quid frustra simulacra fugacia captas? 
Quod petis, est nusquam: quod amas, avertere, perdes. 
Ista repercussae, quam cernis, ima^inis umbra est. 
Nil habet ista sui. Tecum venitque, manetque ; 
Tecum discedet; si tu discedere possis. 35 

Non ilium Cereris, non ilium cura quietis, 
Abstrahere mde potest. Sed, opaca fusus in herba, 
Spectat inexpleto mendacem lumine formam: 
Perque oculos perit ipse suos. Paulumque levatus, 
Ad circumstantes tendens sua brachia sylvas : 40 

Ecquis, l'o sylvae, crudelius, inquit, amavit? 
Scitis enim, et multis latebra opportuna fuistis. 
Ecquem, ciim vestras tot agantur sascula vitas, 
Qui sic tabuerit, longo meministis in sevo ? 
Et placet, et video ; sed quod videoque, placetque, 45 
Non tamen invenio : tantus tenet error amantem. 
Q,uoque magis doleam ; nee nos mare separat ingens, 
Nee via, nee montes, nee clausis moenia portis ; 



30. Atque idem er 
ror qui decipit oculos, 
incitat eon. 



36. Non cura Cere- 
ris ilium, non cura 
quietis potest abstra- 
here ilium inde. 



43. Cum tot saecula 
vestrse vitse agantur, 
meministis ecquem in 
longo aevo qui tabuerit 
sic? 



NOT.E. 



31. Simulacra fugacia: fleeting images. 

32. Avertere: be turned away. The verb 
is in the imperative mood, passive voice. 

33. Repercussce imaginis: of your re- 
flected image. 

34. Nil habet sui: has nothing of itself; 
has no reality. Milton, in describing Eve 
at the fountain, has imitated this passage 
of our poet : 

That day loft remember, when from sleep 
I first awaked, and found myself reposed 
Under a shade on flowers ; much wondering 

where. 
And what I was— whence thither brought, and 

how. 
Not distant far from thence a murmuring sound 
Of waters issued from a cave, and spread 
Into a liquid plain, then stood unmoved, 
Pure as the expanse of heaven : I thither went 
With unexperienced thought, and laid me down 
On the green bank, to look into the clear 
Smooth lake, that to me seemed another sky. 
As I bent down to look, just opposite 
A shape within the watery gleam appeared, 
Bending to look on me : I started back, 
[t started back; but pleased I soon returned. 
Pleased it returned as soon, with answering 

looks 
Df sympathy and love : there I had fixed 
Wine eyes till now, and pined with vain desire, 
Had not a voice thus warned me : '-What thou 

seesl, 
What there thou seest, fair creature, is thyself; 
With thee it came and goes ; but follow me, 
And I will bring thee where no shadow stays 
Thy coming, and thy soft embraces, he 
Whose image thou art; him thou shalt enjoy 
Inseparably thine, to him shalt bear 
Multitudes like thyself, and thence be called 
Mother of human race. What could I do, 
But follow straight, invisibly thus led. 
Till I espied thee, fair indeed, and tall. 
Under a plantain? yet, methought. less fair, 
Less winning soft, less amiably mild, 
Than that smooth watery ima?e : back I turned ; 
Thou following, criedst aloud ; Return, fair Eve ! 

30 



Whom fliest thou ? whom thou fliest, of him 

thou art, 
His flesh, his bone ; to give thee being I lent 
Out of my side to thee, nearest my heart, 
Substantial life, to have thee by my side 
Henceforth an individual solace dear. 

Paradise Lost. 

36. Cura Cereris : a regard for food. 
Ceres, the goddess of corn, is here put, by 
metonymy, for food made of corn. Ceres 
was the daughter of Saturn and Vesta. 
She had a beautiful daughter by Jupiter, 
named Proserpine, who was carried away 
by Pluto, as she was gathering flowers at 
Enna^ in Sicily. Disconsolate at her loss, 
she lit two torches, and travelled over the 
whole world in search of her daughter. 
Having learned the fate of Proserpine, she 
went up to heaven in a chariot drawn by 
two dragons, and besought Jupiter to cause 
her restoration; with which request he 
complied, on condition that she had not 
eaten any thing in the infernal regions. 
She had, however, tasted some pome- 
granates, which rendered her constant stay 
on earth contrary to the fates. Jupiter 
then ordered Proserpine to remain six 
months of the year with Pluto, and the 
rest of the year with her mother, upon 
earth. She was the same as the Egyptian 
Isis. 

37. Fusus : thrown carelessly. This 
word expresses a perfect abandonment of 
person. 

38. In exple'o lumine: with unsatisfied eye. 
42. Latebra opportuna: a convenient re- 
treat. Many had come thither to nourish, 
amid its shades, an unfortunate passion. 

Sudden he starts, 
Shook from his tender trance, and restless runs 
To glimmering shades and sympathetic glooms. 

Thomson. 

u2 



234 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber III. 



Exigua prohibemur aqua. Cupit ipse teneri: 

Nam quoties liquidis porreximus oscula lymphis; 50 

Hie toties ad me resupino nititur ore. 

Posse putes tangi: minimum est quod amantibus obstat. 

Quisquis es, hue exi. Quid me, puer unice, fallis; 

Q,uove petitus abis ? Certe nee forma, nee astas 

Estmea,quamfugias: etamaruntmequoquenymphee. 55 

Spem mini, nescio quam, vultu promittis amico: 

Cumque ego porrexi tibi brachia, porrigis ultro; 

Cum risi, arrides. Lacrymas quoque ssepe notavi, 

Me lacrymante, tuas. Nutu quoque signa remittis: 

Et, quantum motu formosi suspicor oris, 60 

Verba refers aures non pervenientia nostras. 

In te ego sum, sensi: nee me mea fallit imago. 

Uror amore mei : flammas moveoque feroque. 

Quid faciam ? Roger, anne rogem ? quid deinde rogabo ? 

Quod cupio, mecum est; inopem me copia fecit. 65 

O utinam nostro secedere corpore possem ! 

Votum in amante novum ; vellem, quod amamus, abesset. 

Jamque dolor vires adimit ; nee tempora vitas 

Longa mese superant ; primoque extinguor in aevo. 

Nee mini mors gravis est posituro morte dolores. 70 

Hie, qui diligitur, vellem diuturnior esset. 

Nunc duo Concordes anima moriemur in una. 

Dixit, et ad faciem rediit male sanus eandem; 
Et lacrymis turbavit aquas : obscuraque moto 

NOTjE. 

49. Prohibemur: we are kept asunder ; 
we are separated. 

49. Teneri: to be taken ; to be embraced. 

51. Resupino ore: with mouth turned up- 
ward. 

53. Puer unice: O matchless boy. - 

54. Certe nee forma. Corydon, in like 
manner, is described by Virgil as praising 
his form to Alexis, after contemplating his 
image in the water : 

Nee sum adeo informis : nnper me in litore vidi, 
Cum placidum ventis staret mare ; non ego 

Daphnim, 
Judice te, metuam, si nunquam fallat imago. 

Eclog. ii. 

55. Nymphce. Echo and other nymphs of 
the mountains and streams. 

60. Molu oris. He suspects, by the mo- 
tion of his lips, that the youth in the foun- 
tain is talking to him. 

61. Aures non pervenientia. Supply ad. 

62. Nee me mea. He discovers that it is 
his shadow which interests him. 

63. Flammas moveo tt fero: I excite and 
bear the flame. 

64. Roger, anne rogem ? The use of the 
verb here is like that of probat and probatur, 
petit and petitur, lines 25 and 26. 

65. Copia. Too much plenty had made 
him poor. 

Si cuperes alium, posses, Narcisse, potiri. 
Nunc tibi amoris adest copia : fructas abest. 

Ausonius. 



60. Et quantum sus- 
picor motu formosi 
oris, refers verba non 
pervenientia ad nos- 
tras aures. 



72. Nunc duo Con- 
cordes moriemur in 
una anima. 



67. Votum novum. Lovers like to be 
near those whom they love; Narcissus 
would be absent. 

69. Primoque extinguor: I am carried 
off in my early age ; I am extinguished in 
the bloom of youth. 

He cometh forth like a flower, and is cut 
down : he fleeth also as a shadow, and conti- 
nueth not. — Job xiv. 2. 

71. Vellem diuturnior. Horace, in like 
manner, expresses for Chloe a love so ar- 
dent that he would even die for her : 

Me Chloe now possesses whole, 
Her voice and lyre commands my soul ; 
For whom I'll gladly die, to save 
Her dearer beauties from the grave. 

Od. ix. Lib. i. 

72. Concordes in anima una: united in 
one life. The two, in this case, had but 
one life or soul. Affection unites lovers 
and friends so intimately, that it is said 
they have but one soul. 

Nam ego sensi animam meam et animam 
illius unam fuisse animam in duobus corporibus. 
S. Augustin. Confess. Lib. iv. 
Et serves animoe dimidium mea?. — Horace. 

73. Male sanus : hardly sane. Con- 
scious of his own infatuation, he yet could 
not break the spell. So Terence : 
Et illam scelestarn esse, et me miserum sentio : 
Et taedet; et amore ardeo ; et prudens, sciens, 
Vivus, vidensque pereo: nee quid agarn, scio. 

Eunuch., Act. i. So. 1. 



Fabula VI. 



METAMORPHOSEON, 



235 



Reddita forma lacu est ; quam cum videsset abire ; 75 
Quo fugis ? Oro mane ; nee me, crudelis, amantem 
Desere, clamavit. Liceat, quod tangere non est, 
Aspicere, et misero praebere alimenta furori. 

Dumque dolet, summa vestem deduxit ab ora, 
Nudaque marmoreis percussit pectora palmis. 80 

Pectora traxerunt tenuem percussa ruborem ; 
Non aliter, quam poma solent; quae Candida parte, 
Parte rubent : aut ut variis sclet uva racemis 
Ducere purpureum, nondum matnra, colorem. 
Quae simul aspexit Jiquefacta rursus in unda ; 85 

Non tulit ulterius: sed, ut intabescere flavae 
Igne levi cerae, matutinaeve pruinae 
Sole tepente solent, sic attenuatus amore 
Liquitur; et caeco paulatim carpitur igni. 

Et neque jam color est misto candore rubori ; 90 

Nee vigor, et vires, et quae modo visa placebant, 
Nee corpus remanet, quondam quod amaverat Echo. 
Quae tamen, ut vidit, quamvis irata memorque 
Indoluit: quotiesque puer miserabilis, Eheu ! 
Dixerat; haec resonis iterabat vocibus, Eheu ! 95 

Cumque suos manibus percusserat ille lacertos, 
Haec quoque reddebat sonitum plangoris eundem. 
Ultima vox solitam fuit haec spectantis in undam, 
Heu frustra dilecte puer ! Totidemque remisit 
Verba locus : dictoque Vale, Vale inquit et Echo. 100 



S3. Sed ut flav3B ce- 
rre solent intabescere 
levi igne, matutinaeve 
pruinse tepente sole, 
sic attenuatus amore 
liquitur ; et carpitur 
paulatim cseco igni. 



78. Alimenta furori: fuel to my unhappy 
passion. 

80. Marmoreis palmis: with his marble 
palms ; with his hands white as marble. 

87. Igne levi cerce: like wax by a slow 
fire. So Virgil : 

Ha?o ut cera liquescit 
Uno eodemque igni : sic nostro Daphnis amore. 
Eclogue viii. 

89. Carpitur: is consumed. So Virgil : 
Vulnus alit venis, et cseco carpitur igni. 

jEneid, iv. 

90. Candore. The white and rosy color 
for which he was remarkable, is lost. 

Candida candorem roseo suffusa rubore 
Antti fuit. — Ovid, Amor. iii. Eclog. 3. 

92. Nee corpus. The comeliness, vigor, 
and grace which had charmed Echo, are 
all fled. So Terence : 

Quid hoc morbi est! adebne, homines immu- 

tarier 
Ex amore, ut non cognoscas eundem esse ? 

Eunuch., Act. ii. Sc. 1. 

93. Qvamvis irata. It is a beautiful pic- 
ture of the unchangeableness of love, that 
even the spirit of the slighted Echo, after 
death, mourns for him. A modern poet 
expresses this in much vigor of language : 



Planets may 
trolled, 



whirl through Chaos uncon- 



Stars from their courses sullenly retire ; 
Systems may play the rebel, as of old 
A single star did, and assail their sire. 
When the great death-bell of the Sun hath 
tolled, 
Consumed upon his own funereal pyre, 
The heavens may shrink and shrivel as a 

scroll. 
But love, triumphant love, shall overlive the 
whole. — T. C. Atkinson. 

True love never dies ; where it does not ex- 
ist, it never has existed. — E. L. Bulwer. 

98. Ultima vox: the last speech ; the last 
words. 

100. Locus: the place ; viz. the. echo of 
the place. 

100. Dicto vale. The verb vale, which 
is in the imperative mood, is used here as 
a noun substantive. The English verb 
farewell, is often used in the same man- 
ner. 

100. Vale inquit Echo. Echo repeats the 
last word of the dying Narcissus. There 
is a truthfulness to nature in this descrip- 
tion, for love treasures up in memory, and 
loves to repeat the last words of the de- 
parted. 

Commoritur, Narcisse, tibi resonabilis Echo, 
Vocis ad extremos exanimata modos 

Et pereuntis adhuc geraitum resecuta querelis, 
Ultima nunc etiam verba loquentis amat. 

Ausonius, Epigram xcvii. 



236 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



LlBEH III. 



Ille caput viridi fessum submissit in herba: 

Lumina nox cJaudit domini mirantia formam. 

Turn quoque se, postquam est inferna sede receptus, 

In Stygia spectabat aqua, Planxere sorores 

Naides ; et sectos fratri posuere capillos. 105 

Planxere et Dryades, plangentibus assonat Echo. 

Jamque rogum, quassasque faces, feretrumque parabant: 

Nusquam corpus erat : croceum pro corpore florem 

Inveniunt, foliis medium cingentibus albis. 



103. Turn quoque, 
postquam receptus 
est, inferna sede, 
spectabat se in Stygia 
aqua. 



NOT.E. 



102. Nox claudit: darkness closes his 
eyes. Figuratively, nox is often used for 
death, as lux is for life. 
Nobis, cum semel occidit brevis lux 
Nox est perpetua una dormienda. 

Catullus, v. 5. 
Swift roll the years, and rise the expected morn, 
O spring to light, auspicious babe be born ! 

Pope. 
Sed omnes una manet nox. 

Horace, Lib. i. Od. xxviii. 
She closed her eyes in everlasting night. 

Dryden. 

104. In Stygia. We hear of the ruling 
passion being strong in death, but in this 
instance it is continued after death. This 
was in accordance with the philosophy of 
the ancients. Hence Virgil : 

Curse non ipsa in morte relinquunt. — .jEneid, vi. 

105. Naides. The daughters of the river 
Cephisus, and sisters of Narcissus. 

105. Posuere capillos. The cutting of 
the hair was a sign of great grief among 
the ancients. Thus Homer describes the 
custom at the funeral of Patroclus: 
There lay the hero's corse with curls o'erspread 
Late shorn from every mourning prince's head. 
Iliad, xxiii. 
Their curls are shorn : one breaks his bow ; 

another 
His arrows and the quiver. 

Bion's Lament for Adonis. 



106. Dryades. The Dryads were nymphs 
that presided over woods. Their name is 
derived from <5pj, an oak. 

107. Quassas faces : split torches. 
Torches were carried before the dead at 
funerals, and were used to set fire to the 
funeral pyre. They were pointed, and 
sometimes shattered at the point, to make 
them ignite more readily. 

108. Croceum florem: a saffron flower. 
This flower grows, for the most part, near 
the water, which has contributed much to 
the fiction. Hence an ancient poet says : 

Hie est ille suis nimium qui credidit undis 
Narcissus, vero dignus amore puer. 
Cernis ab irriguo repetentem gramine ripam 
Utper quas periet crescere possit aquas. 

SABiEUS. 

And again, Thomson : 

Narcissus fair, 
As o'er the fabled fountain hanging still. 

Seasons. 

109. Cingentibus albis : with white 
leaves enfolding the centre. The blood of 
Adonis was changed into the anemone, in 
a similar manner. 

By this the boy that by her side lay killed 
Was melted like a vapor from her sisrht : 
And in his blood, that on the ground lay spilled, 
A purple flower sprung up, chequered with 
white . — Sh akspeare. 



QU^STIONES. 



Who was Narcissus ? 

How did he treat the nymphs ? 

Who was Nemesis ? 

What prayer did she grant ? 

What infatuation possessed Narcissus in 
consequence ? 

Had he power to control this strange 
passion ? 



What became of him finally ? 

What metamorphosis did his body un- 
dergo ? 

What does Pausanias say in relation to 
the story of Narcissus ? 

How does Pausanias explain the story ? 

Is this explanation a veritable account, 
or merely an allegory ? 



Fabula VI. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



237 



What is the true explanation ? 

How may the Narcissus be said to be 
the son of the river Cephisus ? 

Did these flowers actually abound in 
Thespiae ? 

How might Narcissus be fabled to be 
greatly loved by the nymphs ? 

To what botanical class does the Nar- 
cissus belong ? 

How then may he be said to fall in love 



with his sister, or according to others, with 
himself? 

Why is he said to gaze in the fountain ? 

Why is he said to die in youth ? 

Who mourned his death ? 

What modern writer has imitated the 
description of Narcissus at the fountain ? 

What useful moral does the story of 
Narcissus teach ? 



FABULA VII. 

ADVENTUS BACCHI: IMPIETAS PENTHEI. 

Pentheus, the son of Echion and Agave ; endeavors to prevent the Thsbans 
from paying respect to Bacchus, He orders his servants to seize the pre- 
tended deity, and bring him before him. They cannot find Bacchus, but re- 
turn with Acstes. his chief priest ; whom they have captured. 

EXPLICATIO. 

The orgies of Bacchus were the same as the mysterious rites of Osiris, 
with such alterations and additions as suited the corrupt tastes of those 
among whom they were introduced ; for we are expressly told by Diodorus 
Siculus, that " Osiris is the same person that the Greeks call Dionysus ;" 
and again, " the rites of Osiris and Bacchus are the same." Now in the 
processions of Osiris, found sculptured on the monuments of Egypt, evi- 
dent reference is made to Noah. First, a boat is carried by priests, 
superintended by the pontiff clad in a leopard skin, after which are two 
hieraphori with a staff, then a man with a tambourine, behind whom is 
a pomegranate, with the stalk bound with ivy, followed hy two hieraphori 
bearing a staff with a jackall, then others with ivy-bound flowers. The 
processions of Bacchus are similar to the above, with some additions; for 
Ave find in them the tambourine, the ivy-bound thrysus, the leopard skin, 
the sacred basket, and sometimes the ark, containing fruit with serpents 
enclosed in the same. Besides these, were carried the mysterious phalli, 
in honor of the deity. 

Having before shown, that in their Bacchus, the Greeks had a con- 
fused blending of the history of Adam and Noah, and that their cere- 
monies were designed to commemorate early history, it is plain that the 
rites of Bacchus were a representation of the Fall of Man. The Bac- 
chanals rushing wildly along, half-clothed and covered with skins, were 
no inappropriate representation of our first parents, as they left Eden, 
clothed with the skins which God had provided them, and forced now to 
till the soil for a sustenance. They uttered wild and piercing cries as 
they ran, and in the most sacred part of the ceremony, as they lifted the 
fruit from the mystic basket, or a serpent discovered itself from among 
the fruit, they shout Eva? ! Evoe ! in commemoration of the Tempter who 
had thus rendered agriculture and the tillage of the vine necessary. The 
mystic pomegranate, too, was probably said to be the fruit of temptation, 
as it was fair to the sight, and its name, £oJa [Rhea), became the name 
of the productive earth, the goddess Rhea, because by eating of it the 
earth came to be cultivated. The fig-leaves, and the serpents in Hippa's 
hair, also have their antetypes in Eden. The phallus, too, which was 
borne in the orgies of Bacchus, was not only a sign of the fructifying 
principle of the earth, but had especial reference to the Fall of Man ; 
for it was not till after the Fall, that " Adam knew his wife." 

Such was the intention of the rites of Bacchus, but corruptions had 
probably been introduced, and licentiousness, which induced Pentheus to 
resist their introduction into Thebes. 
238 





OGNITA res meritam vati per Achaidas urbes 
Attulerat famam; nomenque erat auguris ingens. 
Spernit Echionides tamen hunc, ex omnibus unus 
^ Contemptor Superum Pentheus : prsesagaque ridet 

Verba senis ; tenebrasque et cladem lucis ademptae 5 

Objicit. Ille movens albentia tempora canis, 
Q.uam felix esses, si tu quoque luminis hujus 
Orbus, ait, fieres; ne Bacchia sacra videres ! 

not.e. 

2. Auguris: of the prophet. This word properly belongs to a 
soothsayer who makes his predictions from the flight of birds. 

No more the augur stands in snowy shroud, 

To watch each Hitting wing and rolling cloud. — History of the Church. 

3. Echionides. Pentheus, the son of Echion and Agave. 

"What rage, what rage doth Pentheus' bosom fire ? 

He from the dragon-brood, 
That started from the ground, derives his blood. 
Earth-born Echion was of old his sire.— Baccu.e of Euripides. 



4. Contemptor superum: a contemner of 
the gods. The poet inculcates a good 
moral, by making impiety to the gods the 
cause of his punishment. A distinction 
should be made, however, between true 
religion and superstition. 

He with profane coniempt against me wars, 
Drives me from the libations, in his vows 
Deems me not worthy mention: for which 

cause. 
To him and all the Thebans, will I show 
Myself a god.— Euripides. 



5. Tenebras: his. darkness; his blind- 
ness. 

6. Movens aUentia: shaking his temples, 
white with hoary hair. 

Jam mea cycneas imitantur tempora plurnas. 

Ovid, Trist. iv. Eleg. 13. 

8. Ne Bacchia sacra. The mysteries of 
the heathen world were commemorations 
of the early history of man, preserved by 
tradition, but corrupted in many cases by 
the lapse of time. Thus the ceremonies 
239 



240 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber III. 



Jamque dies aderit, jamque haud procul auguror esse ; 
Q.ua novus hue veniat, proles Semelei'a, Liber; 10 

Quern nisi templorum fueris dignatus honore ; 
Mille lacer sparge re locis : et sanguine sylvas 
Foedabis, matremque tuam, matrisque sorores. 
Evenient: neque enim dignabere numen honore; 
Meque sub his tenebris nimium vidisse quereris. 15 

Talia dicentem proturbat Echione natus : 
Dicta fides sequitur; responsaque vatis aguntur. 
Liber adest : festisque fremunt ululatibus agri : 
Turba ruunt ; mistasque viris matresque, nurusque, 
Vulgusque, proceresque, ignota ad sacra feruntur. 20 
Q,uis furor, anguigense, proles Mavortia, vestras 
Attonuit mentes 1 Pentheus ait ; serane tantum 
iEre repulsa valent ? et adunco tibia cornu ? 
Et magicse fraudes ? ut quos non belliger ensis, 
Non tuba terruerint, non strictis agmina telis ; 25 

Fcsminess voces, et mota insania vino, 



16. Natus Echione 
proturbat vatem di- 
centem talia : fides se- 
quitur dicta, respon- 
saque vatis aguntur. 



24. Ut fceminese vo- 
ces, et insania mota 
vino, gregesque ob- 
seceni, et inania tym- 
pana, vincant eos quos 
non belliger ensis, non 



NOT^l. 



connected with the Syrian goddess, and 
the appointments of her temple, are in- 
tended to preserve the history of the Flood, 
and are thought by Lucian to be the work 
of Bacchus, whom we have shown to be 
Noah. The mysterious phalli, there, bore 
the inscription of Bacchus. 

This ceremony, they say, Deucalion himself 
ordained to be observed in the temple, as an 
everlasting commemoration, no less of the uni- 
versal calamity (the Flood), than of the won- 
derful means by which the earth again became 
dry. — Luctan de Syria Dea. 

They exhibited the first orgies (of Bacchus) 
around a mystic ark, and with these, the Aonian 
women secretly began the mysteries.— Cyne- 

GETICS OF OPPIAN. 

After the oath to the mystcz, we commemorated 

the sad necessity that reduced the earth to its 

chaotic state ; also Saturn (Jehovah), who, after 

the darkness, restored earth to a serene sky. 

Argonautics of Orpheus. 

The orgies of the just man (Noah), and of 
the Arkite Minerva, by night. — Idem. 

Minerva, or the divine prudence, is said 
to have built the Argo or Ark. This is 
perfectly correspondent with God's warn- 
ing Noah to build the ark. The follow- 
ing have direct reference to the serpent 
Tempter, and to the depositing of the Ark 
of the Covenant in the Tabernacle which 
was covered with skins : 

Hippa, placing a testaceous vessel on her 
head, and encircling the Jig-leaves that bind her 
temples with a serpent, receives Bacchus. 

Proclus in TiMiEUM, Lib. ii. 

They placed the divine offspring (Bacchus) in 
an ark of fir, and covered it with skins. 

Cynegetics of Oppian. 

The following, from the Greek of Phi- 
lostratus, relates to the serpent of Paradise, 
which was erect before the curse, " On 
thy belly thou shalt crawl." 

The ivy creeps, and the serpents that were 
erect, and the thyrsi, and the trees dropping ho- 



ney : yon would say as to those uttering wild la- 
mentation, there was, in like manner, to them the 
Bacchic (of Eve) panting. — Icon. Lib. i. c. 18. 

10. Novus Liber: the new Bacchus. The 
epithet Liber is an imitation of the name 
of Noah (rest). See note on Liber, p. 248. 

10. Proles Semele'ia: Noah, after his 
egress from the Ark, may be figuratively 
styled the son of the Rainbow. Hence Bac- 
chus, who is Noah, can with great beauty be 
called the son of Semele, which is Sema-el, 
the token of God. The Chinese say the 
mother of Fohi (Noah), conceived on the 
bank of a lake, surrounded with a rainbow. 
Homer, in his hymn to Selene, in speaking 
of the iris, uses the very term, token: 
TsKiioyp 6e /?/)wro(£ Kal o-rjua rirvKrai. 

I do set my bow in the cloud, and it shall be 
for a token of a covenant between me and the 
earth. — Genesis ix. 13. 

See note on Iris, page 72. 

16. Dicentem proturbat: spurns him as he 
utters such things. 

17. Fides sequitur: confirmation follows. 
17. Aguntur: are accomplished ; come 

to pass. 

22. Pentheus ait. The speech of Pen- 
theus is full of generous ardor and patriot- 
ism. 

22. JErane are repulsa: brass resounding 
with brass, viz. brazen vessels beaten with 
brazen sticks. ' 

Pulsabunt seribus asra. — Lucretius. 

23. Adunco cornu: the winding horn. 

Saeva tene cum Berecynthio 

Cornu tympana.— Horat. Lib. i. Od. 18. 

25. Strictis agmina telis: squadrons with 
brandished weapons. 

26. Fceminece voces: shrieks of women. 

Ye female troop, 
Whom from barbaric coasts I led with me 



Fabtjla VII. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



241 



Obscasnique greges, et inania tympana vincant? 
Vosne, senes, mirer ; qui longa per sequora vecti 
Hac Tyron, hac profugos posuistis sede Penates ; 
Nunc sinitis sine Marte capi? Vosne, acrior setas, 
O juvenes, propiorque mere ; quos anna tenere, 
Non thyrsos; galeaque tegi, non fronde decebat? 
Este, precor, memores, qua sitis stirpe creati: 
Illiusque animos, qui multos perdidit unus, 
Sumite serpentis. Pro fontibus ille lacuque 
Interiit : at vos pro fama vincite vestra. 
Ille dedit leto fortes : vos pellite molies, 
Et patrium revocate decus. Si fata vetabant 
Stare diu Thebas; utinam tormenta virique 
Moenia diruerent : ferrumque, ignisque sonarent ! 
Essemus miseri sine crimine ; sorsque querenda, 
Non celanda foret ; lacrymaeque pudore carerent. 
At nunc a puero Thebee capientur inermi ; 
Gluem neque bella juvant, nee tela, nee usus equorum; 
Sed madidus myrrha crinis, mollesque corona?, 45 

Purpuraque, et pictis intextum vestibus aurum. 



tuba, non agmina 
strictis telis terrue- 
rint? 



30 



35. Ille interiit pro 
qj. fontibus lacuque: at 
OD vos vincite pro vestra 
fama. 



40 



NOTJE. 



Associates, and attendants on my march, 
Resume your Phrygian timbrels framed by me 
And mother Rhea; round the royal house 
Of Pentheus let their hoarse notes roar, that 

Thebes 
May see you. — Baccele of Euripides. 

27. Inania tympana: hollow drums. 
Tympana tenta sonant palmis et cymbala circum 
Concava. — Lucretius, ii. 636. 

28. Vosne senes. Pentheus makes a 
strong appeal to the aged men who had 
come from Tyre, and had helped to found 
the city of Thebes. He is described by 
Euripides as making a similar harangue to 
his grandfather Cadmus : 

And Cadmus, too, 
My mother's father, shake his Bacchic wand, 
Sight ludicrous ; nor, sire, can I approve 
To see your age of reason so devoid. 
Will thou not shake the ivy from thy head ? 
Wilt thou not throw the thyrsus from thy hand ? 

BACCH.E. 

29. Tyron. Pentheus calls Thebes their 
second Tyre. So Teucer, when about to 
leave Salamis, his native city, for a foreign 
country : 

Certus enim promisit Apollo, 
Ambiguam tellure nova Salamina futuram. 

Horat. Lib. i. Od. vii. 

So ^Eneas is described by Virgil : 
Ilium in Italiam portans victosque Penates." 

jEneid, i. 68. 

30. Sine Marte: without battle, by me- 
tonymy. 

32. Thyrsos. The thyrsus was a pole or 
spear, enveloped with vine or ivy leaves, 
and was carried by Bacchus, the Satyrs, 
Maenades, and others who were engaged in 
the Bacchic rites. It was often terminated 
by the apple of the pine or pomegranate, 
as that tree was dedicated to Bacchus, or 
31 



Noah, probably, because it was considered 
the forbidden fruit. 
Pampineis agitat velatam frondibus hastam. 
Metamorph. Lib. iii. Fab. 8 
His light spear wreathed with ivy-twine. 

Euripides. 
32. Fronde. The mysta wore myrtle, 
except in times of procession, when they 
wore ivy or vine leaves. 
Ipse racemiferis frontem circumdatusuvis. 

Metamorph. Lib. iii. Fab. 8. 

35. Pro fontibus. The serpent from 
which they were sprung, died in defence of 
his fountain, as related in the first Fable 
of Book III. 

37. Leto fortes. There is a hearty ap- 
peal to the manly courage of the Thebans, 
which is heightened by the antithesis here 
employed. 

38. Si fata. If it be fated that Thebes 
must fall. 

39. Tormenta: engines, such as batter- 
ing-rams, for demolition ; and balistae, and 
catapults, for throwing stones and beams of 
wood. 

41. Miseri sine crimine: wretched with- 
out a crime. Having made an honorable 
resistance, they would not fall ingloriously. 
Thus Lucius, in the Roman senate : 

What men could do, 
Ts done already : heaven and earth will witness, 
If Rome must fall, that we are innocent. 

Addison's Cato. 

45. Corona, purpuraque: garlands, and 
purple. The garlands with which persons 
were crowned, when drinking, were formed 
of the leaves and flowers of ivy, the rose, 
violet, lily, myrtle, and narcissus, to all of 
which peculiar properties were assigned. 
Hence Plutarch : 

X 



242 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber III. 



Quern quidem ego actutum, modo vos absistite cogam 
Assumptumque patrem, commentaque sacra fateri. 
An satis Acrisio est animi, contemnere vanum 
Numen, et Argolicas venienti claudere portas ; 50 

Penthea terrebit cum totis ad vena Thebis ? 
Ite citi, famulis hoc imperat, ite, ducemque 
Attrahite hue vinctum : jussis mora segnis abesto. 

Hunc avus, hunc Athamas, hunc caetera turba suorum 
Corripiunt dictis; frustraque inhibere laborant. 55 

Acrior admonitu est ; irritaturque retenta 
Et crescit rabies ; remoraminaque ipsa nocebant. 
Sic ego torrentem, qua nil obstabat eunti, 
Lenius, et modico strepitu decurrere vidi : 
At, quacunque trabes obstructaque saxa tenebant, 60 
Spumeus, et fervens, et ab objice ssevior ibat. 
Ecce ! cruentati redeunt : et, Bacchus ubi esset, 



58. Sic ego vidi tor- 
rentem, qua nil ob- 
stabat eunti, decur- 
rere lenius et modico 
strepitu. 



NOT^E. 



Hedera crapulam restingui .... amethysto 
herb^ sicut et gemma vinolentiam retundi . . . 
vinum siquando caput tentaverit. florum auram 
auxiliafi, et munire adversus crapulam; e6 
quod flores calidi leniter spiramenta laxantes 
spiraculum vino praestant : frigidi verb modice 
stringendo repellunt inhibentque evaporationes : 
ceu viola et corona ex rosis, &c. — SYMP0S.Lib.iii. 
Te decet vernis comam floribus cingi, 
Te caput Tyria cohibere mitra ; 
Hederam mollem baccifera 
Religare frontem.— Senec. (Edipus. 

47. Assumptumque patrem: his father 
assumed ; his father feigned. 

48. Commenta: false ; counterfeit. 

49. Acrisio. Acrisius was the son of 
Abas, and king of Argos. 

52. Ducem. He orders his servants to 
seize the leader in these new rites, the 
pretended Bacchus. So Pentheus, in Eu- 
ripides : 

Go you, retrace the haunts 
Of this lascivious female-figured stranger, 
That 'mong our women spreads a new disease, 
And with pollution stains the nuptial bed. 
If you can take him, bring him hither bound, 
That he may die, crushed with o'erwhelming 
stones. — Bacchus. 

54. Avus. Cadmus, the grandfather of 
Pentheus, and father of Agave. Euripides 
represents him as counselling Pentheus : 

Cao. Well hath Tiresias counselled thee,my son: 
Abide with us, no outrage to the laws, 
For now thou fliest from us, 'mid thy boast 
Of wisdom most unwise. — Bacch^. 

54. Athamas. He was the son-in-law 
of Cadmus, and uncle of Pentheus. 

57. Eemoramina ipsa: their very re- 
straints did harm. They only served to 
excite him more. 

58. Sic ego torrentem: thus I have seen 
a torrent. The comparison instituted here 
is very beautiful, and has been happily 
imitated by Shakspeare. 

The more thou dam'st it up, the more it burns ; 
The current, that with gentle murmur glides, 
Thou know'st, being stopped, impatiently doth 



But, when his fair course is not hindered, 

He makes sweet music with the enamelled 

stones, 
Giving a gentle kiss to every sedge 
He overtaketh in his pilgrimage. 

Two Gentlemen of Verona. 

64. Dixere. The servants reported that 
they had not seen Bacchus, but had taken 
one of the Bacchanals, viz. the Tyrian 
Acsetes. The captive taken in the play 
of Euripides, is Bacchus himself, in dis- 
guise : 

Thy presence, Pentheus, we approach, returned 
Not unsuccessful from the chase by thee 
Enjoined : no savage we pursued, but tame 
He fled not, nor unwilling gave his hands; 
Nor from his warm cheek changed the roseate 

bloom, 
Through fear, but smiling, yielded to be bound, 
And hither led, obedient to thy will. — Baccbls. 

66. Secutum: that had followed. Keats, 
who was deeply imbued with the ancient 
classic spirit, gives an animated account 
of the march of Bacchus, as related by one 
of the Bacchanals. The whole description, 
however, is characterized rather by the 
gentleness and innocence of the amiable 
poet, than the actual fierceness of the Bac- 
chic rites. 

And as I sat, over the light-blue hills 
There came a noise of revellers : the rills 
Into the wide stream came of purple hue — 

'Twas Bacchus and his crew! 
The earnest trumpet spake, and silver thrills 
From kissing cymbals made a merry din — 

'Twas Bacchus and his kin! 
Like to a moving vintage down ihey came, 
Crowned with green leaves, and faces all on 

flame ; 
All madly dancing through the pleasant valley, 

To scare thee, Melancholy ! 
O then, O then, thou wast a simple name ! 
And I forgot thee, as the berried holly 
By shepherds is forgotten, when in June, 
Tall chestnuts keep away the sun and moon :— 

I rushed into the folly ! 
"Within his car, aloft, young Bacchus stood, 
Trifling his ivy-dart, in dancing mood, 

With sidelong laughing; 



Fabula VII. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



243 



Quaerenti domino, Bacchum vidisse neg-arunt. **■ Dixere tamen, 

TT t a. . r i ° cepimus nunc comi- 

Hunc, dixere, tamen comitem, lamulumque sacrorum tem famuiumque sa- 
Cepimus: et tradunt manibus post terga Hgatis, 65 cimSTswJJdtigeme 

Sacra dei quondam Tyrrhena gente secutum. Tyrrnena : et tradunt 

turn manibus ligatis. 

NOT-ffi. 

Onward the tiger and the leopard pants, 

With Asian elephants : 
Onward these myriads — with song and dance, 
With zebras striped, and sleek Arabians' 



And little rills of crimson wine imbrued 
His plump white arms, and shoulders, enough 
white 

For Venus' pearly bite ; 
And near him rode Silenus on his ass, 
Pelted with flowers as he on did pass 

Tipsily quaffing. 

Whence came ye, merry Damsels ! whence 

came ye, 
So many, and so many, and such glee ? 
Why have ye left your bowers desolate, 

Your lutes, and gentler fate ? 
" We follow Bacchus ! Bacchus on the wing, 

A conquering ! 
Bacchus, young Bacchus ! good or ill betide, 
We dance before him thorough kingdoms wide : 
Come hither, lady fair, and joined be 

To our wild minstrelsy !" 
Whence came ye, jolly Satyrs ! whence 

came ye, 
So many, and so many, and such glee ? 
Why have you left your forest haunts, why left 

Your nuts in oak-tree cleft ? — 
a For wine, for wine, we left our kernel-tree : 
For wine we left our heath, and yellow brooms, 

And cold mushrooms ; 
For wine we follow Bacchus through the earth; 
Great god of breathless cups and chirping 

mirth ! — 
Come hither, lady fair, and joined be 

To our mad minstrelsy !" 
Over wide streams and mountains great we 

went, 
And, save when Bacchus kept his ivy tent, 



prance, 
Web-footed alligators, crocodiles, 
Bearing upon their scaly backs, in files, 
Plump infant laughters mimicking the coil 
Of seamen, and stout galley-rowers' toil : 
With toying oars and silken sails they glide, 

Nor care for wind and tide. 
Mounted on panthers' furs and lions' manes, 
From rear to van they scour about the plains J 
A three days' journey in a moment done ; 
And always, at the rising of the sun, 
About the wilds they hunt with spear and horn,. 

On spleenful unicorn. 
I saw Osirian Egypt kneel adown 

Before the vine-wreath crown. 
I saw parched Abyssinia rouse and sing 

To the silver cymbals' ring ! 
I saw the whelming vintage hotly pierce 

Old Tartary the fierce ! 
The kings of Ind their jewel-sceptres vail, 
And from their treasures scatter pearled hail ; 
Great Brahma from his mystic heaven groans, 

And all his priesthood moans, 
Before young Bacchus' eye-wink turning pale. 
Into these regions came I, following him, 
Sick-hearled, weary — so I took a whim 
To stray away into these forests drear, 

Alone, without a peer : 
And I have told thee all thou mayest hear. 

Endymiok. 



QU^ESTIONES. 



Did the verification of the predictions of 
Tiresias lead Pentheus to respect him ? 

What did Tiresias denounce against him 
when reviled for his blindness ? 

Did Bacchus and his train come to 
Thebes? 

Did Pentheus endeavor to prevent the 
Thebans from honoring him ? 

What address did he make ? 

Why did he address the old men ? 

Did he reproach the young men also? 

What was the thyrsus ? 

With what were the Bacchanals crowned 
in procession ? 



Whom did he exhort them to imitate ? 

Who was Acrisius ? 

What opposition did he make to the 
rites of Bacchus ? 

What order did he issue to the servants ? 

Who endeavoured to restrain him ? 

Whom did the servants of Pentheus 
capture? 

What were the mysteries of the hea- 
then? 

Of what were the rites of Bacchus com- 
memorative ? 

State the different things in them that 
have reference to the Fall. 



FABULA VIII. 

TYRRHENI NAUTjE IN DELPHINOS MUTATI. 

Baccnus while asleep on the isle of Naxos, is found by some sailors, and 
carried on board a ship. Awaking from sleep, the god desires to be carried to 
Naxos ; but, after promising to take him thither, the treacherous sailors steer 
in a contrary direction. Perceiving this, the god causes a sudden prodigy to 
happen ; the vine and ivy overspread the sails, and impede the oars, and ter- 
rible forms of wild beasts appear in different parts of the ship, which affright 
the sailors. They throw themselves into the sea, and become dolphins. 

EXPLICATIO. 

Miracles were necessary to give some character to the claims of the 
new deity, and hence arose the accounts of the Tyrrhene sailors, of the 
transformation of the daughters of Minyas into bats, and other deeds of 
power by Bacchus. The story of the transformation of the Tyrrhenian 
sailors was copied by Ovid from Homer, who gives a very spirited 
description of it. Homer assigns as a reason for their carrying off the 
youthful god, that they mistook him for the son of some king, and ex- 
pected to obtain a large amount of money for him, by way of ransom. 
"The story, as told by Ovid, is quite interesting. The youth, the beauty, 
and feminine tenderness of the child; his surprise on awaking; his 
yearning for home, and his tears at the discovery of the treachery of the 
■sailors, are in striking contrast with the bold, reckless and murderous 
character of the wild and savage crew around him, leagued against one 
whose helpless age and innocence appealed to every generous sentiment. 

The fable rests most probably on some historical basis which the poets 
have woven into an agreeable fiction. Some Tyrrhene pirates may have 
made a descent upon the island of Naxos, which was famous for the cele- 
bration of the orgies of Bacchus, and having offered some insult to the 
ceremonies, or made an attack upon the Bacchanals, may have been pur- 
sued to their ship, and been destroyed or thrown overboard by the Bac- 
chantes, before they could get their vessel under weigh. And as the 
dolphins are accustomed to play around ships when at sea, and seem not 
to be afraid of mankind, hence it may have been fabled that they were at 
one time human beings. These dolphins were properly porpoises. 

The fable is also susceptible of another interpretation. The Tyrrhene 
sailors, while unacquainted with the properties of wine, may have seized 
some casks of it, and carried it away with them, and on discovering the 
pleasantness of its taste, may have indulged in drinking until they have 
lost the control of the ship, and running upon a rock, may have been 
wrecked and drowned, with the exception of Acoetes, whose reverence 
for the deity, in other words, his continence and consequent sobriety, may 
have enabled him to reach land. It is a beautiful moral sentiment, that 
the pure in heart, and honest in intention, though poor in fortune, are the 
especial objects of the regards of the deity. Thus the poor fisherman 
Acoetes is made the high-priest of Bacchus; and thus the simple-hearted 
fishermen of Galilee were made the companions of a manifested God, 
and the apostles and priests of a more sublime faith, and a purer practice. 
244 





SPICIT hunc oculis Pentheus, quos ira tremendos 
Fecerat ; et, quanquam pcenas vix tempora differt, 
O periture ; tuaque aliis documenta dature 
Morte, ait ; ede tuum nomen, nomenque parentum, 
Et patriam; morisque novi cur sacra frequentes. 5 

NOTjE. 
1. Aspicit Pentheus. The king is only enraged the more when he 
sees the leader of the sacrifices before him. Some have imagined, 
because, in Euripides, the priest that is taken, is Bacchus in disguise, 
that we are to consider Accetes in the same light ; but on a due exam- 
ination of the story, as told by the two poets, it is evident that Ovid 
intends to represent Acoetes as the priest of Bacchus, and nothing 
more. 

3. Documenta: an example ; a warning. 

4. Ede tuum nomen. In Euripides, where Bacchus in disguise is 
taken by the attendants of Pentheus, the dialogue is well calculated 
to exasperate the furious prince. 

Pen. But speak, inform me first whence is thy race. 
Bac. Without proud prelude plainly will I tell thee. 

Of flowery Timolus thou perchance hast heard. 
Pen. Its heights, I know, wind round the walls of Sardis. 
Bac. From thence I come, and Lydia is my country. 



Pen. Whence hast thou brought these mys- 
tic rites to Greece? 
Bac. Bacchus instructed us, the son of Jove. 
Have you a Jove there who begets new 



Pen. 

gods? 

Bac. 
mele. 

Pen. 
day? 

Bac 
orgies. 

Pen. 



No : but the Jove that here loved Se- 
Taught he his mystic lore by night or 
Seeing and seen, and gave his sacred 
have these 



What ceremonious rites 
among you ? 



Bac. These to the unhallowed may not be 
revealed. 

Pen. What profit to their votaries do they 
bring? 

Bac. Thou mayst not hear, though worthy to 
be known. 

Pen. Well hast thou waived what is my wish 
to hear. 

Bac The orgies of the god abhor the impious. 

Pen. The god was seen by thee: what was 
his form ? 

Bac Even such as pleased him: this I or- 
i dered not. 

X 2 245 



246 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber III. 



Ille metu vacuus, Nomen mihi, dixit, Acoetes ; 
Patria Moeonia est ; humili de plebe parentes. 
Non mihi, quae duri colerent pater arva juvenci, 
Lanigerosve greges, non ulla armenta reliquit. 
Pauper et ipse fuit ; linoque solebat et hamis 10 

Decipere, et calamo salientes ducere pisces. 
Ars illi sua census erat. Cum traderet artem; 
Accipe, quas habeo, studii successor et haBres, 
Dixit, opes ; moriensque mihi nihil ille reliquit, 

Praster aquas : unum hoc possum appellare paternum. 15 operquasTabeoTmo 
Mox ego, ne scopulis haererem semper in isdem, Ki sqU mihi le 'prsetTr 

Addidici regimen, dextra moderante, carinae aquas. 

Flectere : et Oleniae sidus pluviale capellae, 
Taygetenque, Hyadasque oculis Arctonque notavi, 
Ventorumque domos, et portus puppibus aptos. 20 



12. Cum traderet ar- 
tem dixit : accipe suc- 
cessor et haeres studii, 



NOTiE. 



Pen This too thy art hath waived, and told 
me nought. 

Bac. To instruct the wise in wisdom argues 
weakness. 

Pen. Camest thou here first to introduce the 
god? 

Bac. These orgies each barbaric region holds. 

Pen. Less wise than the enlightened sons of 
Greece? 

Bac. In this more wise, though differing in 
their laws. 

Pen. Hold you these rites by night, or in the 
day? 

Bac. Chiefly by night ; darkness creates an 
awe. 

Pen. This tempts and poisons female chastity. 

Bac. Even in the day foul deeds are often 
found. 

Pen. Thou must be punished for thy sophistry. 

Bac Thou for thy folly, impious 'gainst the 
god. BacchjE. 

5. Cur frequevtes: why thou celebratest. 

6. Acoetes. Homer, in describing the 
same story of Bacchus and the pirates, 
gives Mededes as the name of the pilot. 

7. Maonia. A part of Lydia was for- 
merly called Maeonia. Tyrrhenus, the son 
of Atys, led a colony into Tuscany; hence 
Acoetes was a Maeonian by birth, and a 
Tyrrhenian or Tuscan by habitation. 

10. Lino: with the line, or the net. Li- 
num, flax, the material, is put for the thing 
made, by metonymy. 

11. Calamo: with the reed; with the 
fishing-rod. 

11. Ducere: to draw out; to draw to 
land. 

11. Salientes pisces: the leaping fishes. 

12. Ars illi. census: his art was his in- 
come ; his art was his estate. 



Privatus illis census erat brevis. 

Horat. Lib. ii. Od. 



15. 



13. Studii successor : the successor of my 
employment ; my profession. 

15. Unum hoc paternum: this alone pa- 
ternal. The waters were his only patrimony. , 



16. Scopulis isdem: upon the same rocks, 
viz. the rocks where his father had fished, 
before him. 

18. Olenice capella: of the Olenian kid. 
The goat Amalthea, which nourished Ju- 
piter, was called Olenia, because it was 
kept in the town of that name, or because, 
when translated to heaven, it was placed 
in the shoulder (dj\euag)of Auriga. Storms 
of rain are common at its rising, and hence 
it is called sidus pluviale, by Pliny and 
others. Virgil mentions the importance 
of the observation of this sign by husband- 
men and mariners : 

Praeterea tam sunt Arcturi sidera nobis, 
Hcedorumque dies servandi, et lucid us anguis ; 
Quam quibus in patriam ventosa per aequora 

vectis 
Pontus et ostriferi fauces tentantur Abydi. 

Georgic i. 204. 
Post insania Caprae sidera. 

Horat Lib. iii. Od. 7. 

19. Taygeten. One of the Pleiades, a 
constellation situated in the neck of the 
sign Taurus. 

19. Hyadas. The daughters of Atlas 
and iEthra, who lamented their brother 
Hyas with great violence, and were 
changed by Jupiter into a constellation, 
situated in the forehead of Taurus. 

19. Arcton. He particularly mentions 
Arctos, or the Bear, because of their im- 
portance to mariners. The poet here uses 
Arctos in the singular number. This is 
done either by virtue of synecdoche, or be- 
cause the ancient Greek poets, Homer and 
others, appear to have known only the 
Greater Bear. The Greeks steered by 
Helice, in that constellation, while the 
Sidonians steered by the Cynosura, or 
Little Bear. Hence Ovid : 

Esse duas Arctos, quorum Cynosura petatur 
Sidoniis, Helicen Graia carina notet. 

Fast. iii. 107. 



Fabula VIII. 



METAMORPHOSE ON. 



247 



Forte petens Delon, Diae telluris ad oras 
Applicor, et dextris adducor littora remis: 
Doque leves saltus; udasque immittor arenae. 
Nox ubi consumpta est ; Aurora rubescere primum 
Coeperat; exsurgo, laticesque inferre recentes 25 

Admoneo; monstroque viam quae ducat ad undas. 
Ipse, quid aura mihi tumulo promittat ab alto, 
Prospicio; comitesque voco, repetoque carinam. 
Adsumus, en ! inquit sociorum primus Opheltes: 
Utque putat, praedam deserto nactus in agro, 30 

Virginea puerum ducit per littora forma. 
Ille, mero somnoque gravis, titubare videtur; 
Vixque sequi: specto cultum, faciemque gradumque: 
Nil ibi, quod posset credi mortale, videbam. 
Et sensi, et dixi sociis, Quod numen in isto 35 

Corpore sit, dubito; sed corpore numen in isto est. 
Q,uisquis es, O ! faveas, nostrisque laborious adsis, 
His quoque des veniam. Pro nobis mitte precari, 
Dictys ait ; quo non alius conscendere summas 
Ocyor antennas, prensoque rudente relabi 40 

Hoc Libys, hoc flavus proras tutela Melanthus, 
Hoc probat Alcimedon; et, qui requiemque modumque 
Voce dabat remis, animorum hortator Epopeus : 
Hoc omnes alii : praedas tarn caeca cupido est. 
Non tamen hanc sacro violari pondere pinum 45 

Perpetiar, dixi ; pars h!c mihi maxima juris. 



27. Ipse prospicio ab 
alto tumulo quid aura 
promittat mihi. 



41. Libys hoc, fla- 
vus Melanthus tutela 
proroe hoc, Alcimedon 
probat hoc. 



NOT.E. 



20. Ventorum domos. The different 
quarters of the winds are spoken of as their 
regions or habitations. In Fable I., Book 
I., Ovid gives an account of the different 
regions of the winds. So Virgil : 

Eurique Zephyrique tonat domus. 

Geoegic i. 371. 

21. Delon. Delos was an island in Mare 
iEgaeum, or Archipelago, one of the Cy- 
clases, where Apollo and Diana were born. 

21. Dice. Dia was an ancient name of 
the island of Naxos. 

25. Latices inferre. To take in fresh 
water for the use of the voyage. 

27. Quid aura promittat: what the wind 
may promise. Virgil, in like manner, de- 
scribes Palinurus, the pilot of JEneas, as 
anxious to forecast the weather : 
Haud segnis strato surgit Palinurus, et omnes 
Explorat ventos, atque auribus agra captat. 

Mk-ejb, iii. 513. 

31. Virginea forma: of virgin-like form. 
This is the appearance always attributed to 
the Theban Bacchus : 

Pen. Yet not ungraceful, stranger, is thy form, 
Charming the women, and for this thou comest 
To Thebes : thy length of hair, palaestric toils 
Denoting not, flows loosely round thy cheek, 
Awakening soft desires; and that fair skin 
Of cherished whiteness never felt the touch 



Of the sun's beams ; but, nursed in sheltering 

shades. 
Aims with its beauty to enkindle love. — Bacch^e. 

Qualis iratam metuens novercam 

Creveras falsos, imitatus artus. 

Crine flavenii simulata virgo 

Luteam vestem retinente zona. — Senec. OEdip. 

33. Gradum. As Bacchus comes stum- 
bling along, videtur tittibare, Acoetes re- 
cognises in his gait a deity. With our 
modern views of the virtue of temperance, 
on seeing him reeling, we would have been 
more likely to have recognised a beast. 
But from subsequent statements of the 
poet, we are led to infer that Bacchus as- 
sumed this appearance of intoxication, 
that the sailors might carry out their own 
wicked intentions, and thus draw down up- 
on their heads merited punishment. 

35. Quod numen. Homer, in his Hymn 
to Bacchus, relates the same story. The 
captain of the vessel takes the deity to be 
Jupiter, Apollo, or Neptune. 

40. Rudente relabi: to glide down a rope. 

41. Prorce tutela: the guard of the prow. 
He stood there on the lookout, or for the 
purpose of sounding the depths. 

42. Qui requiem. There was an officer, 
who, by his voice, or by the stroke of a 



248 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber III. 



Inque aditu obsisto. Furit audacissimus omni 

De numero Lycabas; qui Thusca pulsus ab urbe, 

Exilium, dira paenam pro caede, luebat. 

Is mihi, dum resto, juvenili guttura pugn|i 50 

Rupit : et excussum misisset in aequora ; si non 

HsBsissem, quamvis aniens, in fane retentus. 

Impia turba probat factum. Turn denique Bacchus, 
Bacchus enim fuerat, veluti clamore solutus 
Sit sopor ; eque mero redeant in pectora sensus ; 
Quid facitis? quis clamor, ait? qua, dicite, nautae, 
Hue ope perveni? quo me deferre paratis? 
Pone metum, Proreus, et quos contingere portus 
Ede velis, dixit: terra sistere petita. 
Naxon, ait Liber, cursus advertite vestros ; 
Ilia mihi domus est : vobis erit hospita tellus. 
Per mare, fallaces, perque omnia numina, jurant, 
Sic fore : meque jubent pictse dare vela carinae. 
Dextra Naxos erat : dextra mihi lintea danti 
Quid facis, o demens : quis te furor, inquit, Acoete, 
Pro se quisque, tenet ? lsevam pete. Maxima nutu 
Pars mihi significat ; pars, quid velit, aure susurrat. 
Obstupui ; capiatque alius moderamina, dixi : 
Meque ministerio scelerisque artisque removi. 
Increpor a cunctis ; totumque immurmurat agmen. 
E quibus iEthalion, Te scilicet omnis in uno 



55 



58. Proreus dixit 
pone metum, et ede 
quos portus velis con- 
fer* tingere, sistere terra 
uu petita. 



65 



70 



71. E quibus jEtha- 
lion ait : scilicet nos- 



NOT^E. 



mace, kept time for the rowers, who struck 
with the precision of music. 

45. Pinum. The ship, by metonymy. 

46. Pars maxima juris : the principal 
right ; the chief command. 

51. Si non hcesissem: if I had not held 
on. 

52. Quamvis amens: though senseless; 
though stunned by the blow. 

52. Retentus in fune: holding on by a 
rope. 

54. Veluti. Here again we are led to 
believe that the sleep of Bacchus was 
merely feigned. 

59. Sistere: you shall be set; you shall 
be landed. 

60. Naxon. Naxos is the largest of the 
Cyclades, a number of small islands lying 
in a circle, whence their name, in the Mare 
iEgaeum, the Archipelago. It was cele- 
brated for its fertility, its wines, its mar- 
ble, and for the agreeable diversity of 
scenery. It was celebrated also for the pre- 
valence of the worship of Bacchus. Hence 
Virgil : 

Bacchatamque jugis Naxon, viridemque Do- 
nysam.— ^Eneid, Lib. iii. 125. 
60. Liber. Bacchus, according to Seneca, 
was called Liber, not on account of free- 
dom of speech, but because he frees the 
mind from cares, and renders it more con- 
fident and daring. But as Bacchus was 



the same as Noah, which signifies " rest" 
or " comfort," it is better to consider the 
epithet of Liber, (in Greek, Avaw;), applied 
to Bacchus, as intending the same thing. 
The propriety of this will appear from the 
following extracts : 

And he called his name Noah, saying, This 
same shall comfort us concerning our work, and 
toil of our hands.— Genesis v. 29. 
YlavaiTTOvos Sur/roTai (bavets, aicos, Upov a"i/$os, 
ULapua ffporois <pt\a\vtrov. 

Orph. Hymn to Bacchus, xlix. 5. 
A rest from toil to mortals you appear, 
Blest flower, relief, pain-freeing charm to men. 
Avats, Svpaonapr), (3p6m\ cvts, iraaiv ev<ppu>v. 

Idem. 
O Lysian, thyrsus-raging, comforting to all. 
Tata <pVTT)KOfietiv v-rrd Xvaindveo Aiovvao). 

Opp. Cyneget. 
Earth to rear vines for toil-releasing Bacchus. 
Avaeis Ik rt Tt6v(t>v x a ^ E7r <^ v > *«t dviipovo; 

oicrrpov. — Orph. Hymn, apud Olympiodor. 
You free from grievous toils and endless care. 
Tavpoysvfis Atdvvaos exx}>poovi>r)v irdpe -3-i/ijror?. 

Orphic. Frag. 
The ox-born Bacchus comfort brought to men. 

65. Quis te. Supply tenet, vexat, or 
some such word. 

68. Alius moderamina: let another take 
the helm. 

69. Ministerio sceleris artisque: from 
the execution of their wickedness, and of 
my office. 



Fabula VIII. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



Nostra salus posita est? ait. Et subit ipse: meumque 
Explet opus ; Naxoque petit diversa relicta. 

Turn deus illudens, tanquam modo denique fraudem 
Senserit, e puppi pontum prospectat adunca. 75 

Et flenti similis, Non hsec mihi littora, nautse, 
Promisistis, ait: non ha3C mihi terra rogata est. 
Quo merui paenam facto? quae gloria vestra est; 
Si puerum juvenes, si multi fallitis unum? 
Jamdudum nebam. Lacrymas manus impia nostras 80 
Ridet ; et impejlit properantibus sequora remis. 
Per tibi nunc ipsum, nee enim praesentior illo 
Est deus, adjuro, tarn me tibi vera referre, 
Q,uam veri majora fide. Stetit aequore puppis 
Haud aliter, quam si siccum navale teneret. 85 

Illi admirantes remorum in verbere perstant; 
Velaque deducunt; geminaque ope currere tentant. 
Impediunt hederae-remos, nexuque recurvo 
Serpunt ; et gravidis distringunt vela corymbis. 
Ipse, racemiferis frontem circumdatus uvis, 90 

Pampineis agitat velatam frondibus hastam. 
Q,uem circa tigres, simulacraque inania lyncum, 



249 

tra omnis salu3 est 
posita in te uno? et 
ipse subit, expletque 
meum opus. 



82. Adjuro nunc ti- 
bi per ipsum (nee 
enim deus ullns est 
praesentior illo) me 
tarn referre vera tibi ; 
quam majore fide 
veri. 



90. Ipse circumda- 
tus quoad frontem ra- 
cemiferis avis, agitat 
hastam velatum pam- 
pineis frondibus. 



NOTiE. 



79. Si puerum juvenes. The double an- 
tithesis, in this sentence, the more keenly 
points the rebuke of the cowardice of their 
conduct, in which men circumvent a boy, 
a multitude an individual. It recalls to 
mind a similar sentence in Virgil, in which 
Juno upbraids Venus, because she and her 
son, two deities, had plotted the ruin of one 
woman : 

Ta'.ibus aggreditur Venerem Saturnia dictis : 
Egregiam verb laudem, et spolia ampla refertis 
Tuque puerque tuus, magnum et memorabile 

nomen, 
Una dolo Divurn si fcernina victa duorum est. 
jEneid, iv. 92. 

80. Jamdudum flebam. Though inno- 
cent, Accetes wept for the guilt of his com- 
panions. The pious are often more con- 
cerned for the ungodly than they are for 
themselves. 

82. Praesentior: more present ; more pro- 
pitious; of more immediate power, either 
to reward virtue or punish crime. So 
Virgil : 

Nee tam praesentes alibi cognoscere divos. 

Eclog. i. 42. 

85. Siccum navale: a dry dock. The 
ships of the ancients, when not in use, 
were drawn up on the land. Hence Homer : 
NCf 8' aye, vr\a ntkaivav epvoooiiev eii a\a 8Tav. 

Iliad, A. 141. 
Trahuntque siccas machinae carinas. 

Horat. Lib. i. Od. 4. 

86. Remorum in verbere: in the stroke of 
the oars ; in rowing. 

87. Gemina ope. They endeavor to run 
by means of the sails and oars. 



88. HedercB. Bacchus and his followers 
were crowned with ivy. Seneca describes 
the same, but extends the description far 
beyond proper limits. 

Te, Tyrrhena puer rapuit manus, 
Et tumidum Nereus posuit mare, 
Caerula cum pratis mutat prata. 
Hinc verno platanus folio viret. 
Et Phasbo laurus charum nemus; 
Garrula per ramos avis obstrepit: 
Vivaces hederas ramus tenet, 
Summa ligat vitis carchesia. — CEdipus. 

89. Gravidis corymbis: with heavy clus- 
ters of ivy-berries. Homer describes the 
same occurrence : 

Now wandering o'er the bellying sail o'erhead, 
With pendent clusters, the lush vines were 

spread ; 
The verdant ivy up the tall mast rolled 
With fruits and flowers of purple and of gold ; 
And living garlands o'er the benches wound 
In winding mazes, and the oar-locks crowned. 
Hymn to Bacchus. 

92. Tigres. Tigers, lynxes, and pan- 
thers were sacred to Bacchus, because 
wine, if used without restraint, fosters a 
cruel and savage disposition. 
Idaeus prora fremuit leo 
Tigris puppe sedet Gangetica 
Turn pirata freto pavidus natat; 
Et sequitur curvus fugientia carbasa delphin. 
Senec. (Edip. 

92. Simulacra inania: empty images; 
vain apparitions. So Homer : 

Grim o'er the prow his crest a lion reared, 
Guarding the centre, a huge bear appeared. 
With threatening aspect and appalling sound. 
Hymn to Bacchus. 



250 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber III. 



Pictarumque jacent fera corpora pantherarum. 
Exiluere viri : sive hoc insania fecit, 
Sive timor: primusque Medon nigrescere pinnis, 95 
Corpore depresso, et spina? curvamine flecti 
Incipit. Huic Ly cabas : In quae miracula, dixit, 
Verteris ? et lati rictus, et panda loquenti 
Naris erat, squamamque cutis durata trahebat. 
At Libys, obstantes dum vult obvertere remos, 100 

In spatium resilire manus breve vidit; et ilJas 
Jam non esse manus ; jam pinnas posse vocari. 
Alter ad intortos cupiens dare brachia funes, 
Brachia non habuit; truncoque repandus in undas 
Corpore desiluit. Falcata novissima cauda est, 105 
Qiialia dividual sinuantur cornua Lunae. 
Undique dant saltus; multaque aspergine rorant; 
Emerguntque iterum; redeuntque sub aequora rursus; 
Inque chori ludunt speciem; lascivaque jactant 
Corpora ; et acceptum patulis mare naribus efflant. 1 10 
De modo viginti, tot enim ratis ilia ferebat, 
Restabam solus. Pavidum gelidumque trementi 
Corpore, vixque meum firmat deus, Excute, dicens, 
Corde metum, Diamque tene. Delatus in illam 
Accensis aris Baccheia sacra frequento. 115 

PraBbuimus longis, Pentheus, ambagibus aures, 
Inquit ; ut ira mora vires absumere posset. 
Praecipitem famuli rapite hunc ; cruciataque diris 
Corpora tormentis Stygias dimittite nocti. 



114. Delatus in illam 
insulam frequento 
Baccheia sacra ac- 
censis aris. 



NOTiE. 



94. Viri exiluere: the men leaped over- 
board. Affrighted at the terrible appari- 
tions, they jumped into the sea. Homer, 
in his Hymn to Bacchus, says that a lion 
seized the commander of the ship, where- 
upon the sailors threw themselves into the 
sea. 

The awe-struck crew the pilot gathered round, 
Until the lion, with terrific roar 
Sprung forward, and their faithless leader tore ; 
Then urged by fear, they sought the sea divine, 
And changed to dolphins, tossed the foaming 
brine. — Hymn to Bacchus. 

96. Corpore depresso : with flattened 
body. 

97. In quae miracula: into what a pro- 
digy ; into what a monster. 

101. Resilire: to start back; to shrink, 

104. Trunco corpore : with mutilated 
body ; with body deprived of arms and legs. 

105. Novissima cauda: the extreme part 
of the tail. 

106. DividucB Iuikb: of the half-moon. 
109. In speciem chori: after the manner 

of a chorus of dancers. This sportive mo- 
tion of the dolphin is noticed by Virgil : 
Haud aliter Teucrum nati vestigia cursu 
Impediunt, texuntque fugas, et praelia ludo, 



Delphinum similes, qui per maria humida 

nando, 
Carpathium Libycumque secant, luduntque per 

undas. — ^Eneid, v. 592. 

110. Naribus efflant: spout from their 
nostrils. 

111. De viginti. Ovid describes the crew 
as consisting of twenty persons ; Hyginus 
says there were but twelve. Accetes was 
the only one that was saved. The inno- 
cent are often punished with the guilty. 
Hence iEschylus : 

"H yap Ivveio&as tt\oiov zvotSris dvfip, 
Navrqeri SepftoTs iv KaKovpyia rivt, 
"O\co\ev dvSpwv ovv ^eorrrvaro) yivti. 

Septem ad Thebas. 

113. Excute metum: banish fear. 

117. Ut ira posset. Pentheus tells 
Acoates that he had been relating a long 
story, in order that his anger might be 
mitigated by delay. 

121. Clauditur: is shut up. So Euripides : 

Tn iron chains 
The leader of our choir his pride detains, 

Hid in some dreary place 
Where night, with all its horrors darkens 
round.— Baccblsj. 



Fabula VIII. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



Protirms abstractus solidis Tyrrhenus Acoetes 
Clauditur in tectis ; et, dum crudelia jussse 
Instrumenta necis, ferrumque ignisque parantur; 
Sponte sua patuisse fores, lapsasque Jacertis 
Sponte sua fama est, nullo solvente, catenas. 



120 



251 



123. Fama est fo.es 
patuisse sua sponte : 
catenasque fuisse lap- 
sas lacertis sua 
sponte, nullo solvente 
eas. 



NOTtE. 



124. Sponte sua: of their own accord ; 
spontaneously. This appears to have been 
imitated from Euripides, who describes a 
like occurrence with the Thyades : 

The dames, O king, 
Seized by thee, and confined, with chains of iron 
Bound in the common prison, are escaped 
Far from thy sight, and to the hallowed groves 
"Win their free way : spontaneous from their feet 
The chains fell off, and of their own accord 
Back rolled the opening gates, by mortal hands 
Untouched.— Bacchji. 



In sublimity, how infinitely is this ficti- 
tious release of the high-priest of a fabu- 
lous deity, beneath a similar, but veritable 
divine interposition in favor of the apostles 
of the true God : 

And at midnight. Paul and Silas prayed, and 
sung praises unto God ; and the prisoners heard 
them. And suddenly there was a great earth- 
quake, so that the foundations of the prison 
were shaken; and immediately all the doors 
were opened, and every one's bonds were 
loosed. — Acts xvi. 25, 26. 



QU^STIONES. 



What account does the leader of the 
rites of Bacchus give of himself? 

If Acoetes was of Maeonia, how is he 
said to be of the Tyrrhene nation ? 

What was the former occupation of 
Acoetes ? 

For what did he exchange it ? 

What is Taygete ? The Hyades ? 
Arctos ? 

By what star did the Greeks steer ? 

By what star the Sidonians ? 

Upon what island did Acoetes and his 
companions land ? 

Whom did Opheltes, the pilot, capture ? 

Whom did he suppose him to be ? 

Whom did Acoetes recognise him to be ? 

Did he try to prevent the carrying off the 
god? 

Where is the island of Naxos ? 

For what was Naxos famous ? 



Did the sailors promise to carry Bacchus 
thither ? 

Did they steer for Naxos or not ? 

What prodigy happened ? 

What impeded the oars, and overspread 
the sails ? 

What forms of animals appeared ? 

Into what were the sailors changed ? 

How many were in the ship ? 

How many were spared from transfor- 
mation ? 

After relating the foregoing story, what 
was done to Acoetes by Pentheus ? 

What miraculous interposition was made 
in his favor ? 

Of what interpretation is this fable sus- 
ceptible ? 

What incident at Naxos may have given 
rise to it ? 

What other explanation can be given ? 



FABULA IX. 

PENTHEUS A BACCHIS DISCERPTUS. 

Pentheus, unmoved by the miraculous release of Accstes, priest of Bacchus, 
and burning with increased rage, goes to Mount Cithssron for the purpose of 
restraining the celebration of the orgies : while thus looking on the mysteries 
with profane eyes, he is seen by his mother, Agave, who, under Bacchic 
furor, mistakes him for a wild boar. She wounds him with her thyrsus ; 
the other Bacchantes join in the pursuit, and tear the unfortunate prince to 
pieces. 

EXPLICATIO. 

In this Fable, the poet intends to exhibit the justice of Heaven in the 
punishment of a cruel and implacable tyrant, who had no reverence for 
piety and age, nor any veneration for the gods. Pentheus had dis- 
honored Tiresias, a hoary-headed prophet of approved oracular power, 
and refused to admit the claims of Bacchus, a deity manifested by 
miracles. Unaffected by the admonitions of the aged seer, and the power 
of the youthful god, he is hurried on by reckless impiety, and madly 
rushes upon his own destruction. Under a blind impulse, he attempts to 
witness the Bacchic rites, but is discovered and attacked by the Baccha- 
nals. He discovers his error when too late, acknowledges his fault, and 
implores in vain the forgiveness of his impiety. According to the pre- 
dictions of Tiresias, he denies with his blood his mother and sisters, and 
in his miserable end affords an example to others : 

Discite justitiam moniti et non contemnere divos. — Virgil. 

The real character of Pentheus was that of a prince zealous for the 
public interest, but carried by violence beyond a prudent opposition to the 
rites of Bacchus, which, in their origin religious, and commemorative of 
the Flood and Fall of Man, became afterwards scenes of corruption and 
debauchery, as will appear from the following extract from Livy : 

" These mysterious rites were at first imparted to a few, but afterward 
communicated to great numbers, both men and women. To their reli- 
gious performances were added the pleasures of wine and feasting, to 
allure the greater number of proselytes. When wine, friendly discourse, 
night, and the mingling of sexes, had extinguished every sentiment of 
modesty, then debaucheries of every kind began to be practised, as every 
person found at hand that sort of enjoyment to which he was disposed by 
the passion most prevalent in his nature. Nor were they confined to one 
species of vice, the promiscuous meetings of freeborn men and women ; 
but from this storehouse of villany proceeded false witnesses, counterfeit 
seals, false evidences, and pretended discoveries. In the same place, too, 
were perpetrated secret murders ; so that, in some cases, even the bodies 
could not be found for burial. Many of their audacious deeds were 
brought about by treachery, but most of them by force ; and this force 
was concealed by loud shouting, and the noise of drums and cymbals, so 
that none of the cries uttered by the persons suffering outrage or murder 
could be heard abroad." — Book xxxix. 
252 




ERST AT Echionides ; nee jam jubet ire, sed ipse 
Vadit, ubi electus facienda ad sacra Cithaeron, 
Cantibus et clara Bacchantum voce sonabat. 
Ut fremit acer equus, cum bellicus cere canoro 
Signa dedit tubicen, pugnseque assumit amorem : 5 

Penthea sic ictus longis ululatibus aether 
Movit ; et audito clangore recanduit ira. 

Monte fere medio est, cingentibus ultima sylvis, 

NOT^. 

1. Perstat. Pentheus persists in his impiety, in rejecting the new 
deity, though he had witnessed his miraculous interposition in favor 
of his leader Accetes. 

2. CitJueron. A mountain of Bceotia, where Actaeon and Pentheus 
were torn in pieces. It was sacred to Bacchus, and from its wild and 
precipitous character, was well suited for the rites of Bacchus, and 
the fearful scenes connected with them. 

4. Ut fremit eqvus. The excitement of the spirited charger, when 
he hears' the trumpet, has been described by many writers, but by 
none more forcibly than by Job : 

Hast thou given the horse strength; hast thou 
clothed his neck with thunder? — Canst thou 
make him afraid as a grasshopper ? The glory 
of his nostrils is terrible. He pawetli in the 
valley, and rejoiceth in his strength— he goeth 
on to meet the armed men. He mocketh at fear, 
and is not affrighted; neither turneth he back 
from the sword. The quiver rattleth against 
him ; the glittering spear and the shield. He 
swalloweth the ground with fierceness and 
rage; neither believeih he that it is the sound of 
the trumpet. He saith among the trumpets. Ha! 
ha ! and he smelleth the battle afar off, the thun- 




der of the captains and the shouting. — Chap. 
xxxix. 19—25. 

No fear alarms him. nor vain shouts molest; 
But at the clash of arms, his ear afar 
Drinks the deep sound, and vibrates to the war : 
Flames from each nostril roll in gathered 

stream. 
His quivering limbs with restless motion gleam, 
And o'er his shoulder, floating full and fair, 
Sweeps his thick mane, and spreads its pomp 

of hair.— Georgic tii. 

6. Penthea sic ictus. A modern poet h? k « 
Y 253 



254 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber III. 



Purus ab arboribus, spectabilis undique campus. 
Hie oculis ilium cernentem sacra profanis 
Prima videt, prima est insano concita motu, / 
Prima suum misso viola vit Penthea thyrso 
Mater : Io geminae, clamavit, adeste sorores. 
IlJe aper, in nostris errat qui maximus agris, 
Ille mihi feriendus aper. Ruit omnis in unum 
Turba furens : cunctae coeunt, cunctseque sequuntur, 
Jam trepidum, jam verba minus violenta loquentem, 



10 



15 



14. Ille aper qui er- 
rat maximus in nostris 
agris; ille aper est 
feriendus mihi. 



NOT.E. 



also compared the roused energies of man 

to an excited war-steed : 

Over the mountains, and far down the valleys, 

Their voices cheer me like a bugle, now, 
And my worn spirit, like a war-horse, rallies, 

And my first day-dreams flash upon my brow. 
F. W. Thomas. 

7. Hecanduit ira : his anger glowed 
again. This is a strong and beautiful 
metaphor. 

i>. Purus ab arboribus: free from trees. 

».0. Oculis profanis: with unhallowed 
eyes. 

Bac. Thou who wouldst see what to thy 
curious eye 
Is not permitted ; thou who wouldst attempt 
Things not to be attempted, Pentheus, ho ! 
To thee I call ; come forth; appear in sight, 
In female vestments, like the Maenades : 
Accoutred, on thy mother and her train 
To be a spy, thy graceful figure show : 
A daughter sure of Cadmus meets our eye. 

Bacchje. 

11. Prima videt. The mother of Pen- 
theus was the first one that beheld Pen- 
theus profaning the rites of the deity. So 
Euripides : 

Him from Cifhasron's rocky head, 

Or some enclosure's rising mound, 
His mother first shall view in ambush laid, 

Then shouting call the Maenades around : — 

" These heights, these heights, ye Bacchae, 
who 
Ascends, our mountain-ranging train to view? 

Whence is his lineage traced ? 

His birth he to no woman owes; 
But from some tigress in the howling waste, 

Or Libyan Gorgon rose." 
Vengeance, in all thy terrors clad, appear ; 

High thy thundering falchion rear; 
Stain it in his unrighteous, impious gore, 
And ruin on this earth-born tyrant pour. 

BACCH.E. 

12. Prima violavit. Agave was also the 
first to wound her son, Pentheus. Thus 
Euripides : 

Agave, as the priestess of the rites, 
Began the murderous work, and rushes on him : 
The mitre from his hair he rent, that, known, 
His mother might not kill him ; on her cheek 
He placed his soothing hand, and suppliant said, 
' 'Tis Pentheus, O my mother ! 'tis thy son, 
Thine and Echion's son, who sues to thee : 
Have pity on me, mother ; do not kill 
Thy son for his offence/' She foamed with rage, 
Rolling her eyes askance, nor harbored thoughts 
She ought to harbor, frantic with the god, 



Nor listened to his prayers ; but his left hand 
She seized, and pressing on his side, tore off 
His shoulder, with a force not hers, the deed 
Made easy by the god. On the other side 
Ino assisted in the dreadful work, 
Rending his flesh : Autonoe hung upon him, 
And all the Bacchae : every voice was raised 
At once ; his dying breath was spent in groans. 

Bacch-e. 

13. Adeste sorores. Agave calls on her 
sisters Ino and Autonoe to come and as- 
sist her. 

14. Aper. Inspired by fury, Agave mis- 
takes Pentheus for a wild boar, and pur- 
sues him. Euripides says she mistook him 
for a lion ; Valerius Flaccus, a bull ; Mar- 
tial and others, a calf. Thus Euripides : 

Agav. I caught him withouttoils, with atroop 

Of hunters, this young lion : thou mayest see him. 

Cho. In what lone wild f 



Agav. 
Cho. 
What? 
Agav. 
Cho. 
Agav. 
Cho. 
Agav. 



Cithaeron. 



Of Cithaeron 



Killed him. 

But whose hand first wounded him ? 
'Tis mine, it is my prize. 
Happy Agave ! 
My name amid the Bacchic train is 
famed : 
What other dame from Cadmus — 
Cho. What of Cadmus ! 

Agav. Who sprung from Cadmus, save my- 
self, myself, 
Once touched this savage ? 
Cho. Happy in thy prize ! 

Agav. Share then the feast. 
Cho. Alas ! what should I share ? 
Agav. 'Tis but a whelp : beneath his shaggy 
head 
The hair yet soft begins to clothe his cheeks : 
This brinded mane is the rough grace that marks 
The mountain savage. Bacchus to this chase, 
The hunter Bacchus, roused the Maenades, 
Showing his skill. — Bacchjb. 
Et raptum vitulo caput ablatura superbo 
Bassaris. — Perstus, Sat. i. 100. 

17. Jam trepidum. There is a regular 
gradation in the change of sentiment here, 
concisely and beautifully expressed. What 
is here affirmed of one who was infidel in 
the case of the Bacchic rites, may be well 
predicated of modern infidels. When 
trouble comes upon them, but especially 
when death is approaching, they generally 
evince cowardice, abate their impiety, con- 
demn their course of wickedness, and re- 
cant their infidelity. Altamont, Spira, and 



Fabula IX. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



255 



Jam se damnantem, jam se peccasse fatentem. 
Saucius ille tamen, Fer opem, matertera, dixit, 
Autonoe : moveant animos Actaeonis umbras. 
Ilia quid Actason nescit ; dextramque precanti 
Abstulit ; Inco lacerata est altera raptu. 
Non habet infelix quae matri brachia tendat: 
Trunca sed ostendens disjectis corpora membris ; 
Adspice, mater, ait. Visis ululavit Agave ; 
Collaque jactavit, movitque per aera crinem. 
Avulsumque caput digitis complexa cruentis 
Clamat, 16 comites, opus haec victoria nostrum est. 
Non citius frondes autumno frigore tactas, 
Jamque male haarentes alta rapit arbore ventus ; 
Q,uam sunt membra viri manibus direpta nefandis. 



20 



25 



29. Non ventus rapit 
cilius ab alta arbore, 
30 frondes tactas au- 
tumno frigore, jamque 
haerentes male, quam 



NOT.E. 



Voltaire are illustrious examples of the 
kind. 

20. Actasonis umbra. He conjures his 
aunt, Autonoe, by the remembrance of 
the awful death of her son, Actaeon, to 
rescue him from the fury of the Maenades. 

21. Dextram. While he extends his 
hands to her in entreaty, she tears his right 
hand from his body. 

22. Altera: the other, viz. the left hand. 
This arm, according to Euripides, was torn 
off by the mother of Actason. See note 
on prima violavit, line 12. 

27. Caput. His mother, Agave, tore off 
his head, and "held it up in her bloody 
hands. Euripides enhances the horror of 
the scene by the circumstances : 

The miserable head 
His mother, as she caught it in her hands, 
Fixed on her thyrsus ; o'er Cithaeron bears 
High lifted, as some mountain lion's spoils. 
Leaving her sisters with the Maenades, 
And proud of her ill-fated prize, her steps 
She this way bends, on Bacchus calling loud, 
The partner of the chase and of the prize, 
The glorious conqueror, who this conquest 

gained 
Of tears to her. — Bacch^:. 

28. Victoria. It is an aggravation of 
this horrid catastrophe, that the mother, 
as she clutches the head of her murdered 
son in her blood-stained hands, is all un- 
conscious of her crime, and rejoices in it 
as a victory : 

Do Heaven's rich stores, does Wisdom know 
A meed more glorious, than with conquering 
hand 
To grasp the proud head of a foe? 
Raptures still rise where Glory takes her stand. 

Bacch^e. 

30. Male hcerentes: ill adhering. 

31. Direpta sunt: were torn in pieces. 
They shouled wild : one snatched an arm, and 

ome 
A sandalled foot: dismembered by their force 
Lay the bare trunk ; in their ensanguined hands 
Each hurled the flesh of Pentheus to and fro; 
His limbs were scattered ; on the craggy rocks 
Some, on the close-entwined thickets some, 
No easy search.— Baccuvb. 



32. Sacra. To commemorate the history 
of the Flood, rites were established, in 
which reference is made to Noah, the 
abyss, the ark, the dove, the rainbow, &c, 
traces of which were to be found among 
all ancient people, even the most rude. 
Some of these rites, according to Lucian, 
in his treatise De Syria Dea, were esta- 
blished by Deucalion (Noah) himself. 
Now, the ark which God ordered Noah to 
make, was called run, Theba; and as 
Thebes, in Egypt, was a prominent seat 
of the Arkite worship, there is no doubt 
that it took its name from Theba, the ark 
in which Noah and his family were pre- 
served. In fact, Nonnus, in his Diony- 
siacs, expressly says, that Thebes, on the 
southern part of the Nile, was named after 
the original Theba, or ark : 

vorico itapa NefXw 
GHBHS 'ApxvyovoTo (pepuvvnos Itt'Ssto O^0n- 

The Arkite worship was introduced into 
Bceotia and the adjacent regions, and 
names were given to the places around, 
corresponding to the things commemorated. 
Arcadia signifies the land of the ark. Deu- 
calion's (Noah's) ark was said to have 
rested on Parnassus, anciently Larnassus, 
so called from \apva^, an ark. Pelion, 
is named of ireXeia, a dove. Nysa, at the 
foot of Parnassus, is the city of Nus 
(Nwus), the husbandman (Noah). Thebes 
is called of Theba, the ark; and Bceotia it- 
self signifies, alike, the land of the ark, and 
the land of the ox, or heifer ; for we are 
expressly told by the Scholiast on Lyco- 
phron, that with the Syrians (from whom 
the Arkite worship came), the ark is the 
same as heifer or bull : Qfi(3a yap f] (iovq Kara 
"Zvpovg. Now, as Qfifia, an ark, and Bo%, or 
Tavpo 5 , a bull, are synonymous, the epithet 
Tavpoyevfis, ox-born, applied to Bacchus, is 
the same as Qr t (iaiytvfis, ark~bom; but this 
latter may be rendered also born at Thebes, 
and from this may have arisen the mistake 
that Bacchus (Noah, who was born of the 



256 



P. OVIDII NASONIS METAMORPHOSEON. Liber III. 



Talibus exemplis monitae nova sacra frequentant, membra viri sunt di- 

mi , x i t • i repta manibus nefan- 

1 nuraque dant, sanctasque colunt Ismenides aras. dis. 



NOTJE. 



ark) was born at Thebes. The following 
Orphic fragment of a Hymn to Bacchus, 
according to the above interpretations, re- 
fers to Noah, as born of the ark : 

Tavpoyevfig Aiowaos ev<i>po(Jvvr)v nope SvtitoTs. 
The ox-born Bacchus comfort brought to men. 

In Syriac, as we have remarked before, 
NV">N signifies both a bull, and an ark or 
ship. 

But again, since the heathens had an in- 
distinct tradition of the Cherubim which 
was set up at the garden of Eden, and in- 
troduced it in many of their emblems, as I 
have shown in the note upon Delubra dece, 
p. 83, the above line from Orpheus may 
adumbrate Adam, as well as Noah, by 
considering Bacchus as born of the mys- 
terious Cherubim, of which the form of the 
ox made a conspicuous part. In one place 
in the Scriptures, cherubim is used for ox. 
See Explicatio of Fab. XIII. Lib. I. 

Under circumstances plainly referring 
to the Flood, Bacchus is also described as 
born of an egg, which is an apt figure of 
the Ark, fraught as it was with animal 
life : 

Uporoy6vov KaAew Stcpvrj, peyav ai§£p6ir\ayKrov, 
Sloyevfj, x(> vo ~£ aialv o\yaW6)i£vov nrepvyecrtriv, 
Tavpofioav, yeveaiv naicapwv Svriruv r' avSpcb- 

iruii.— Orpheus, Hymn v. 

I invoke Protogonus, two-fold, the great wan- 
derer-under-heaven, born-of-an-egg, gloriously- 
represented with golden wings, bull-roarer, 
source of the gods and mortal men. 

The adornment of golden wings refers 
to the Dove, encircled, probably, by the 
rays of the rainbow. How he is born of 
an egg, and is the source of gods and men, 
will appear from what follows. We have 
before said, that Noah, Bacchus, and Osi- 
ris are the same : 
"Oj Nwt, Kal AiCvvaos, ical"0<ripig Ka^eirat. 

TZETZES. 

Now, the Baris or ark of the Egyptians, 



was represented by an egg, and the egg- 
like buildings in the Grecian Hippodrome 
are called by the name of Baris, in Vitru- 
vius. The sacred Baris is often seen con- 
taining the eight gods of the Egyptians, 
who, no doubt, were the eight persons 
comprising Noah and his family, and who 
were probably regarded by their posterity 
as divine personages. The nocturnal con- 
secration of the egg was, therefore, of 
great account in the mysteries of Bacchus, 
remarking upon which, Porphyry says, it 
represented the world. 
'Eppfiveveiv Se to ojov top koo-^ov. 

Apud Euseb. Prep. Ev. 

That world was Noah and his family, 
comprising all of human and of bestial 
life. In like manner, too, Arnobius de- 
scribes the Syrian gods as sprung from 
eggs: 

Titanes, et Bocores Mauri, et ovorum proge- 
nies, Dii Syri. — Lib. i. 

Atargatis (Dercetis), which signifies a 
sea-monster, and was an emblem of the 
Ark, represented half man and half fish, 
is described by Simplicius, in his comment 
upon Aristotle, as a receptacle of the gods : 

Ti]v Hvpiav 'Arapyanv tottov Seojv KoKiovai. 
Simplicius in Aristot. 

Macrobius also makes Atargatis the mo- 
ther of the gods, giving her the same 
character as is given to Rhea or Cybele ; 
and the Genius of the Ark, under the 
character of Rhea and Cybele, is styled 
by Lucretius : 

Magna deiim mater, materque ferarum. 

Lib. ii. 593. 

The pomegranate itself, Tow (Rhea), 
from which the goddess Rhea is named, is 
a fit representation of the Ark, for its 
shape is egg-like, and it contains abundant 
seeds disposed within it. 

33. Ismenides. The Theban women, so 
called from Ismenus, a river of Bceotia. 



QU^ESTIONES. 



What does Pentheus resolve to do ? 
Whither does he go ? 
Where was Cithaeron ? 
What was the character of its scenery ? 
Does Pentheus attempt to discover what 
was done in the mysteries ? 
Who first sees him ? 
What does she do to him ? 
What animal did Agave take him to be ? 



Whom did she call to her aid ? 

What moving appeal did Pentheus make 
to his aunt, Autonoe ? 

What did Autonoe do to him ? 

What was the fate of Actaeon ? 

Who tore off the head of Pentheus ? 

What did she do with it ? 

What effect had this destruction of Pen- 
theus upon the Thebans ? 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 
METAMORPHOSEON 



LIBER IV. 

ARGUMENTUM. 

Notwithstanding the example afforded by the fate of Pentheus y 
Alcithoe and her sisters will not admit the divinity of Bacchus. When 
ell the other Theban women lay aside their engagements, to join in the 
festival of the god, they continue their spinning and weaving, while they 
lighten their labors by the recital of various stories. The principal of 
these was the story of Pyramus and Thisbe, upon whose tragical death, 
the fruit of the mulberry tree, under which they lay, was changed from 
white to black. At the conclusion of their stories, strange noises are 
heard, apparitions and lights are seen in the house, and the sisters are 
changed into bats. Still cherishing implacable hatred against the house 
cf Cadmus, Juno visits the Infernal regions, and employs Tisiphone, one 
of the Furies, to affect with madness, Ino, the daughter of Cadmus, and 
Athamas, her husband. Under this influence, Athamas slays Learchus r 
while Ino, with Melicerta in her arms, leaps into the sea, of which they 
become deities. The attendants who had followed Ino are changed into 
rocks and birds. Overcome with the accumulated miseries of their 
descendants, Cadmus and Hermione abandon Thebes, and going into 
Illyria, are changed into serpents. Their principal solace is the thought 
that the powerful deity, Bacchus, is descended from them. Acrisius of 
Argos is now the only one that denies the divine character of the god. 
He refuses to believe that Bacchus is the son of Jupiter, and in like man- 
ner does not credit that his own grandson, Perseus, is born of Jupiter,by 
Danae. The valorous deeds of the latter are a proof of his descent. 
After the slaughter of the Gorgon, he now stopped to claim the hospi- 
tality of Atlas, and on being repulsed by him, changes him into a moun- 
tain. Afterwards, in his passage through the air, Perseus beholds An- 
dromeda chained to a rock, and slays the monster who is advancing from 
the sea to devour her. Perseus marries Andromeda, and at the bridal 
feast relates the manner in which he had slain the Gorgon, and cut off 
her head. Many serpents spring up from the drops of blood that fell; 

the winged horse, Pegasus, also, and his brother Chrysacwj. 

33 y2 257 



FABULA I. 

The Theban dames receive Bacchus at his festival, except Alcithoe and her 
sisters, the daughters of Minyas, who remain at home, carding and spinning. 
To divert the time, one of them proposes to tell each a story in her turn. She 
hesitates whether she will tell the story of Dercetis changed into a fish, or 
the story of Semiramis changed into a dove, or that of Naias, or of the Tree 
whose fruit, formerly white, was changed into the color of blood. This last 
was preferred, as the story was not common. 

EXPLICATIO. 

In the account of the daughters of Minyas, some reference appears to 
be had to the Flood, for Minyas is described as a son of Neptune ; and 
Nicolaus Damascenus says, that Baris (Ararat), where the Ark rested, 
is above the country of the Minyse. Two of their names, as given by 
Antoninus, were compounded in part of hippa, which is regarded as a 
priestess of the hippos, or Ark. They probably adhered to the former 
rites of Bacchus, and resisted the corruptions that were introduced. In 
the first part of this Fable, the names and titles of Bacchus are given, 
and a brief, but lively description of the pageant of the procession. There 
is also a lengthy apostrophe to Bacchus, which may be regarded in the 
light of a hymn to that deity. Dercetis, to whose story reference is 
briefly made by one of the sisters, is doubtless an hieroglyphic or emblem 
intended to represent the Ark. It will be shown by the notes, that it 
was the receptacle of the gods, in other words, Noah and his family, who 
were regarded by their remote descendants with a reverence that after- 
wards became worship ; just as the Baris of Osiris contained the Ogdoad, 
•or eight gods of the Egyptians. Semiramis too, it will be seen, was a 
mythological, and not an historical personage, and was no other than an 
emblem of the Dove which signified to Noah the end of the Deluge. 
The Ark, the Dove, and the Rainbow, were commemorated in many of 
the rites of the heathens, and traces of the Arkite story are to be found 
among every people of the earth, showing the universality of the tradi- 
tion. The Naiad referred to in the Fable, according to Arrian, lived in 
Nosala, an island of the Erythrean sea, and after corrupting all the men 
that came to the island, changed them into fishes. The Ichthyophagi 
descended from them, after they were restored to the human form. 

The story of Pyramus and Thisbe, of Babylon, which forms the 
second Fable, is a continuation of the account of the Minyeides, who 
are changed into bats, after the relation of the sad fate of the Babylonian 
lovers. 



258 





T non Alcithoe' Minyeias Orgia censet 
Accipienda dei : sed ad hue temeraria, Bacchum 
Progeniem negat esse Jo-vis : sociasque sorores 
Impietatis habet. Festum celebrare sacerdos, 
Immunesque operum dominas famulasque suorum, 5 

Pectora pelle tegi, crinales solvere vittas, 
Serta comis, manibus frondentes sumere thyrsos, 
Jusserat : et saevam lsesi fore numinis iram, 

NOTjE. 

1. At. By the use of this particle, the poet artfully connects this 
fable with the last one of the preceding book. Although Pentheus 
had been punished for his impiety, Alcithoe is unwilling to own the 
deity. 

1. Orgia. Regarding Bacchus as a blending of the Scriptural Noah 
and Adam, and the rites of Bacchus as a commemoration of the Fall 
of Man, and of the Flood, it is possible that opyia is derived from ipyfi, 
wrath, inasmuch as the anger of God was manifested at the expulsion 
from Paradise, when man was forced to till the earth, and at the Flood, 
when a guilty world was submerged for its impiety. 

times. Foxes were slain because they hurt 
the vines. 

6. Crinales solvere. In these sacrifices, 

women were accustomed to let the hair 

flow dishevelled, in token of the distress 

of our general mother when rushing wildly 

forth from Eden, a wanderer over the earth. 

8. Lassi numinis: of the insulted deity. 

If they should refuse to attend his rites. 

10. Calalhos. Baskets in which they 

259 



3. Sorores. Antoninus names the sis- 
ters Alcithoe, Arsippa, and Leusippa. 

4. Sarerdos. The priest was most pro- 
bably Tiresias, or Acajtes. 

6. Pelle te«i. To be clothed with 
skins. This was in commemoration of 
God's clothing our first parents, when man 
was ordered to till the ground. The skins 
of fawns and foxes were employed. The 
latter was probably an addition of later 



260 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber IV. 



Vaticinatus erat. Parent matresque, nurusque ; 

Telasque calathosque, infectaque pensa reponunt : 10 

Thuraque dant ; Bacchumque vocant, Bromiumque, Lyseumque, 

Ignigenamque, satumque iterum, sofumque bimatrem. 

Additur his Nyseus, indetonsusque Thyoneus, 13- Nyseus additur 

•r-,^ T J • i« •, his, Thyoneusque in- 

Et cum Lenseo genialis consitor uvse, detonsus, et consitor 

Nycteliusque Eleleusque parens, et Iacchus, et Evan : 1 5 genialis 
Et quae praeterea per Graias plurima gentes 



uvae cura 



NOTjE. 



were accustomed to put the distaff, wool, 
and balls of thread. 

10. Infecta pensa. They received Bac- 
chus with readiness, not even taking time 
to finish their tasks. 

11. Thuraque dant: give frankincense, 
viz. offer incense to him, in sacrifice. 
Frankincense is a gum resin which distils 
from the Boswellia thurifera, a tree inha- 
biting Arabia and India. When burnt it 
exhales a strong aromatic odor, on which 
account it was much used by the heathens 
in the worship of their gods. 

11. Bromiumque. A surname of Bac- 
chus, from Ppfnu, to groan, in allusion to 
the frantic cries of the Bacchanals. 
Fair-haired Euion, Bromian, joyful god 
Lysian, insanely raging with the leafy rod. 
To these our rites, benignant power, incline, 
When favoring men, or when on gods you shine. 
Orpheus, Hymn 1. 

11. Lyceum. This name is from XtSo>, to 
free; it is the same as the Latin Liber, 
and is given to Bacchus in imitation of the 
name of Noah {rest). See note on Liber, 
page 248. Bacchus was also called Lysius, 
which is also derived from \vu, and has the 
same signification as Lyceus and Liber. 
Hear me, Jove's son, blest Bacchus, god of wine, 
Born of two mothers, honored and divine ; 
Lysian Euion Bacchus, various-named, 

Of gods the offspring, secret, holy, famed; 
Fertile and nourishing, whose liberal care 
Augments the fruit that banishes despair. 

Orpheus, Hymn 1. 

12. Ignigenam. The epithet fire-born is 
applied to Bacchus, from the circumstance 
of his being taken from Semele when 
stricken with thunder. Hence Orpheus : 
Thee, Semele, I call, of beauteous mien ; 
Deep-bosomed, lovely, flowing locks are thine, 
Mother of Bacchus, joyful and divine, 

The mighty offspring, whom Jove's thunder 

bright 
Forced immature, and frightened into light. 

Hymn xliv. 

12. Saturn iterum. Bacchus, according 
to a physical interpretation, was born first 
of Semele, and again of Jupiter, that is, 
of the earth and of the ether ; or, histori- 
cally, considered as Noah, once of his mo- 
ther, and again of the Ark. Nonnus, in 
his Dionysiacs, calls him ' Apx^yovfis , ark- 
born. 

13. Nyseus. This surname was in con- 
sequence of his residence at Nysa. 



Bacchus, phrenetic, much named, blest divine, 
Bull-horned, Lenaean, bearer of the vine : 
From fire-descended, raging, Nysian king, 
From whom initial ceremonies spring. 

Orpheus, Hymn lii. 

13. Thyoneus. Bacchus, considered as 
Adam, may have been called Thyoneus, 
from Svw, to sacrifice, because sacrifice was 
first instituted by God himself, when he 
offered the beasts, with the skins of which 
he afterwards clothed Adam and Eve. It 
may be derived from Thyone, a title of 
Semele. But considering Bacchus as Noah, 
and the son of Semele, (which is Sema-el, 
the token of God, i. e., the Rainbow), the 
title of Thyone, as applied to Semele, may 
allude to the sacrifice offered to Deity at 
the close of the Deluge, when the Rainbow 
of peace spanned the earth. Similar to the 
above mythological birth of Bacchus is the 
Chinese account of the birth of Fohi 
(Noah) : his mother, while walking on the 
bank of a lake, conceived, being sur- 
rounded with a rainbow. 

14. Lenaso. A surname of Bacchus, 
from \r)v6s, a wine-press. 

Sounding, magnanimous, Lenaean power, 
O various formed, medicinal, holy flower; 
Mortals in thee repose from labor find, 
Delightful charm, desired by all mankind. 

Orpheus, Hymn I. 

15. Nycteleus. The name of Nycteleus 
(vvkt6 s ), is applied to Bacchus, in conse- 
quence of his orgies being celebrated by 
night. 

Come, rouse to sacred joy thy pupil king. 
And Brumal nymphs with rites Lenaean bring ; 
Our orgies shining through the night inspire, 
And bless, triumphant power, the sacred choir. 
Orpheus, Hymn liv. 

15. Eleleus. The Bacchanals often re- 
peated e\e\ev, as a cry of animation. It was 
used in war in like manner, and also in 
singing Paaans. 

15. iacchus. A name derived from tactf, 
a brawling. 

15. Evan. Evan (cvav), was a title applied 
to Bacchus, the meaning of which is not 
known. Considering the Bacchic rites a9 in 
part a scenic representation of the Fall, 
Evan, like evce, would seem to have reference 
to Eve, by whose temptation, agriculture, 
the rearing of the vine, and human society, 
were established. 

16. Plurima ?iomi?ta. The ancients im- 



Fabtjla I. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



Nomina, Liber, habes. Tibi enim iticonsumpta juventas; 
Tu puer seternus, tu formosissimus a]to 
Conspiceris coelo : tibi, cum sine cornibus adstas, 
Virgineum caput est : Oriens tibi victus, ad usque 20 
Decolor extremo qua cingitur, India Gange. 
Penthea tu, venerande, bipenniferumque Lycurgum 
Sacrilegos mactas: Tyrrhenaque mittis in sequor 
Corpora. Tu bijugum pictis insignia fraenis 
Colla premis lyncum : Bacchse, Satyrique sequuntur, 25 



261 



22. Tu, venerande, 
mactas Penthea, bi- 
penniferumque Ly- 
curgum sacrilegos. 



noi\e. 



agined that it was agreeable to the deities 
to invoke them under a multitude of names. 
17. Tibi enim. The poet appears to in- 
troduce here a hymn to Bacchus, in which 
he records his exploits. 

17. Iticonsumpta juventas : unfading 
youth. 

18. Tu formosissimus. Osiris, Bacchus, 
and Noah were the same. When in Egypt 
the allegorical spirit began to displace his- 
torical tradition, it is probable that Osiris 
was considered as the Sun. Hence, in an 
inscription on a pillar erected to him at 
Memphis, are the words, " I am related to 
the god of day." In Egypt, Osiris was 
considered as the Sun, and Isis as the 
Moon ; and in Greece, the correspondent 
deities, Bacchus and Ceres, were also con- 
sidered as the Sun and Moon. Hence 
Virgil: 

Vos o clarissima mundi 
Lumina, labentem ccelo quae ducitis annum, 
Liber et alma Ceres. — Georgic i. 5. 

19. Cornibus. As horns are weapons 
both of offence and defence, they are used 
to signify strength, confidence, daring, and 
violence. Thus : 

But my horn shalt thou exalt as the horn of an 
unicorn.— Psalm xcii. 10. 

Horns may be attributed to Bacchus, 
then, since wine gives confidence, and be- 
cause immoderate drinkers are accustomed 
to strike whomsoever they meet. 
Viresque ; et addis cornua pauperi. 

Hor. Lib. iii. Od. 21. 

Tunc pauper cornua sumit. — Ovid. Art. Am. 

Plutarch says horns were given to Bac- 
chus, because he first taught ploughing and 
sowing. But properly, Bacchus is repre- 
sented as wearing horns, because, in Syriac, 
WpnM signifies both a bull, and an ark or 
ship. And hence Bacchus is alike called 
Brijjaiycvfis, born of the Ark, or bom at 
Thebes, and Bovyevijs, born of a bull. He is 
therefore described by Orpheus as having 
the face of a bull : 

EAS2, //d/cap Ai6vv<rc, irvpiairope, Tavpoftcrcjire. 
Hymn xliv. 
A bull thou seem'st to lead us, on thy head 
Thou bearest horns. — Baccii^e of Euripides. 

Some have imagined that horns were as- 
signed to Bacchus because they were an- 



ciently used as drinking cups. The modem 
phrase of " taking a horn," it will be per- 
ceived, is purely classical, however it may 
savor of slang. 

By the words, sine cornibus, in this 
place, we are to understand Bacchus in a 
pleasant, mirthful mood, before excited to 
madness and fury by wine. 

20. Virgineum caput. A head gentle 
and virgin-like. 

Hue averte favens virgineum. caput, 

Vultu sidereo discute nubila 

Et tristes Erebi minas. 

Avidumque fatum. — Senec. CEdtp. 

20. Oriens. Bacchus is said first to have 
subdued India, and to have erected pillars 
in commemoration of the achievement. 

Haec et Thebani Dionysi terra columnas 
Monstrat ad Oceanum, atque extremi littora 

ponti 
Montibus Indorum, qua vasto gurgite Ganges 
In mare se volvit, Nyssaeamque impulit undam. 

DlON'SSlUS. 

20. Adusque. An anastrophe for usque 
ad. Supply earn partem. 

21. India. India was an extensive and 
rich country of Asia, the boundaries of 
which differed at different times. It took 
its name from Indus, its principal river. 

21. Gange. The Ganges is a large river 
of India, the sources of which are un- 
known. It is generally believed to rise in 
the mountains of Thibet. After receiving 
many tributaries, it forms a delta twice as 
large as that of the Nile, and empties into 
the Bay of Bengal. 

22. Lycurgum. A king of Thrace, and 
a violent opposer of Bacchus. He took 
an axe, and commenced cutting down the 
vineyards, when, inspired by madness, he 
cut off his own legs. 

Tectaque Penthei 
Disjecta non levi ruina, 
Thracis et exitium Lycurgi. 

Hor. Lib. ii. Od. 10. 

25. Satyri. Rural deities of a licentious 
nature, having the horns, ears, legs, and 
feet of goats, and the rest of their body 
human. As licentiousness is the effect of 
drinking, the Satyrs are suitable compa- 
nions of Bacchus. See note on page 62. 
Lucian gives a most ludicrous account of 
the advance of Bacchus and his trial, and 
of the conquest of India : 



262 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



LlBEK IV. 



Q,uique senex ferula titubantes ebrius artus 
Sustinet ; et pando non fortiter hseret asello. 
Q,uacunque ingrederis, clamor juvenilis, et una 
Foeminese voces, impulsaque tympana palmis, 



NOT.E. 



When Bacchus, with his strange army, in- 
vaded India, the natives at the first formed such 
a contemptuous idea of him, that they turned 
both himself and his enterprise into ridicule, or 
rather pitied him for his presumption, whom 
they, if he in good earnest meant to attack them, 
saw by anticipation already with his whole 
ivoop trod under foot by their elephants. In 
truth, according to the intelligence they received 
from their spies, they could entertain no great 
opinion of a conqueror who was marching 
against them with so ridiculous an army. 

The flower of his troops, it is said, consisted 
of a few regiments of half-naked mad women, 
and these women had, instead of armor and 
weapons, ivy-wreaths about their brows, aprons 
of doe-skin round their waist, short spears 
twined with ivy, unarmed with iron, in their 
hands, and light round shields on their arms, 
which, on being struck, gave a dull sound ; for 
they held, as you see, the thyrsus of the Mae- 
nades for javelins, and their tabrets for a sort 
of shield. They had likewise with them, they 
say, a parcel of stark-naked rustics, with tails 
to their backs, and budding horns, as they sprout 
from kids, on their foreheads, making the most 
ludicrous caperings and gesticulations. The 
general of this spruce band (Bacchus) had so 
little beard, that not the slighest trace of down 
was discoverable on his cheeks; but to make 
amends for it, he had ram's horns, a circlet of 
vine leaves and grapes around his temples, and 
the hair platted in tresses like a woman's coif- 
fure ; wore a loose purple robe and gilt buskins, 
and rode in a car, drawn by leopards. Under 
him were two other commanders, (Silenus and 
Pan), one a short, thick, old, shrivelled fellow, 
with a pendulous paunch, a flat, apish nose, and 
long, pointed ears, wore a yellow, womanish 
gown, supported himself, when walking, on a 
staff, but when riding, as he could not keep long 
together on his legs, mounted generally on an 
ass; the other a most grotesque figure, his lower 
half resembling a goat, with shaggy-haired 
thighs, a long goat's beard, just the same horns, 
and of a very warm temperament. In one hand 
lie held a pipe of reeds, in the other a crooked 
stick ; and so he hopped, and frisked, and skip- 
ped about in great leaps among the whole troop, 
and frightened the women, who, at the sight of 
him, ran up and down with dishevelled hair, cry- 
ing Evce, Evce, which I Suppose was the name 
of their commander-in-chief. Moreover, these 
frantic wenches had committed great ravages 
among the flocks ; they without ceremony tore 
a live sheep to pieces, and devoured the flesh, I 
believe, quite raw. 

How could the Indians and their king do any 
thing but laugh at such intelligence ? They na- 
turally thought it not worth while to march a 
regular army against such a rabble; should 
they come up, said they, our women will soon 
despatch them: for that they should go in per- 
son to deliver battle to such mad trulls, with a 
general in a woman's cap at their head, and en- 
counter the little drunken old mongrel, and the 
middle being between man and goat, and his 
naked dancers, was quite out of the question: 
even victory itself over such a ridiculous ad- 
jersary, would be disgraceful. But hearing 



afterwards what devastation the god had al- 
ready committed in the country ; how he had 
laid whole cities in ashes, with all their inha- 
bitants; had set on tire one forest after another, 
and that in a short time, if he was suffered to 
proceed, all India would be in flames : they now 
saw that the affair was of a more serious nature 
than they had imagined. All immediately ran 
to arms, the elephants were caparisoned, and 
were drawn up, with castles upon their backs, 
against the enemy, whom they still despised, 
yet, fired with indignation at the mischiefs they 
had wrought, could not run fast enough to 
charge the beardless general with his frantic 
troops. 

The two armies stood facing each other. The 
Indians formed themselves in close ranks be- 
hind the elephants, which were led on in the 
van. Bacchus was likewise busied in ranging 
his troops in battle array: he himself com- 
manded in the centre, Silenus brought up the 
right wing, Pan the left; the satyrs were posted 
as the officers : Evce was the word. 

Now the tabrets were beat, the cymbal3 
sounded, one of the satyrs performed the office 
of trumpeter, blowing with full cheeks his horn, 
and even the ass of Silenus brayed as martially 
as he could, to bear his part in scaring the foe 
The Maenades, in the mean time, girt with 
snakes which bared the iron points of their 
thyrsus from under the ivy, and with tremen- 
dous yells, rushed among the enemy. The poor 
Indians had not the courage to endure the shock ; 
they and their elephants fell immediately into 
disorder, faced about, and sought their safety in 
a disgraceful flisrht ; in short, they were van- 
quished and taken prisoners, by the very ad- 
versaries whom they had before derided : and 
thus, from their own experience, learned that 
uncommon warriors should not be scorned upon 
hearsay. — Bacchus. 

26. Quique senex. Silenus, who was the 
nurse, preceptor, and attendant of Bacchus. 
He was represented as old, bald, and fiat- 
nosed, riding on an ass, and carrying his 
can. 

Te senior turpi sequitur Silenus asello. 

Turgida pampineis redimif us tempora sertis. 
Senec. (Edip. 
Great muse of Bacchus, to my prayer incline, 
Silenus, honored by the powers divine ; 
And by mankind, at the triennial feast. 
Illustrious daemon, reverenced as the best: 
Holy, august, the source of lawful rites, 
Phrenetic power, whom vigilance delights ; 
Surrounded by thy muses young and fair. 
Naiads and Bacchic nymphs who ivy bear, 
With all thy satyrs on our incense shine, 
Daemons wild-formed, and bless the rites divine. 
Orphkus, Hymn liv. 

26. Ferula. Silenus is represented as 
bearing the ferula, the stalk of a certain 
weed, that as drunkards are apt to strike, 
it may be in mirth, and with no dangerous 
consequences. 

27. Non fortiter: not firmly ; insecurely. 



Fabula I. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



263 



Concavaque sera sonant, longoque foramine buxus. 
Pacatus mitisque, rogant Ismenides, adsis : 
Jussaque sacra colunt. Solas Minyeides intus, 
Intempestiva turbantes festa Minerva, 
Aut ducunt lanas, aut stamina poilice versant, 
Aut hagrent telas, famulasque laboribus urgent. 
E quibus una, levi deducens poilice filum : 
Dum cessant alia?, commentaque sacra frequentant, 
Nos quoque, quas Pallas melior Dea detinet, inquit, 
Utile opus manuum vario sermone levemus : 
Perque vices aliquid, quod tempora longa videri 
Non sinat, in medium vacuas referamus ad aures. 
Dicta probant, primamque jubent narrare sorores. 
Ilia, quid e multis referat (nam plurima norat), 
Cogitat : et dubia est, de te, Babylonia, narret, 
Derceti, quam versa squamis veiantibus artus 



30 



31. Ismenides ro- 
gant ut adsis mitis pa- 
catusque ; coluntque* 
jussa sacra. 



35 



40 



45 



40. Perque vices re- 
feramus in medium ad 
vacuas aures aliquid, 
quod non sinat tem- 
pora videri longa. 



NOT^E. 



30. Buxus. The box is here put, by- 
metonymy, for the flute made of box. 

31. Pacatus mitisque. The Theban wo- 
men entreat that he may be gentle and 
merciful to them. 

32. Intus: within their house. 

Is there who comes along the way? 

Are there who in their houses stay ? 

Hence, begone, whoe'er you are ! 

To hallowed sounds let each his voice prepare, 

The song to Bacchus will I raise. 

Hymning, in order meet, his praise. 

Bacchus of Euripides. 

33. Intempestiva Minerva: by their un- 
timely Minerva ; by their unseasonable 
labors. Minerva is here put, by metonymy, 
for the arts which she taught, viz. carding, 
spinning, and weaving. 

33. Turbantes festa: interrupting the 
festival. 

38. Melior dea: a goddess better than 
Bacchus. 

45. Derceti. A goddess of the Assyrians, 
said to be a daughter of Venus, who hav- 
ing suffered violation, slew her lover, and 
threw herself into the lake near Ascalon, 
where she became a fish. There is no 
doubt that Dercetis was a hieroglyphical 
personage, to designate the Ark. This 
will appear more readily, on reading Lu- 
cian's treatise on the Syrian goddess, and 
noting the ceremonies which he says were 
instituted by Deucalion (Noah), in com- 
memoration of the Flood, which we have 
quoted in notes on pages 84 and 256. 

A fish is held sacred at Hierapolis, and is 
never eaten ; but they eat all sorts of edible 
fowl, the dove alone excepted, which with them 
is sacred. These usages seem now, to the fol- 
lowers of that opinion, to have been introduced 
in honor of Dercetis and Serniramis, the former 
because one-half of her bears the form of a fish, 
the latter because Serniramis was at last meta- 
morphosed into a dove. I, for my part, am will- 
ing to b« Ueve that S( miramis was the foundress 



of this temple, but not that it is dedicated to 

Dercetis, at least not from the reasons adduced. 

Lucian. De Syria Dea. 

Hyginus speaks of the Ark under the 
figure of an egg, from which Venus (re- 
presenting, probably, the renovated earth 
and the race of mankind), was born : 

There fell from heaven an egg of extraordi- 
nary magnitude, into the Euphrates ; the fishes 
rolled it ashore ; the doves hatched it; and thus 
came Venus out of the shell, who in the sequel 
was named the Syrian goddess. At the prayer 
of this goddess, Jupiter, in honor of their virtues, 
transplanted the fishes among the stars. On this 
account the Syrians reckon the fishes and the 
doves among the gods, and do not eat them. 

Fabul. cxcvii. 

Now Strabo calls this goddess Atargatis: 

Ti/iw<7t tt)v TLvpiav Seov, rnv 'Ardpyariv. 

But Eratosthenes says she was Dercetis. 
Athenagoras makes Serniramis the Sy- 
rian goddess, and the daughter of Der- 
cetis or Derceto : 
'H Svyarrip rrjs AepKerovs 'Zep.lpap.ts 1 5o\e Svpta 

Hence it appears that Dercetis and Atar- 
gatis were the same, and that the Syrian 
goddess was an imaginary deity, in whose 
honor there was a blended worship of two 
emblems of the Flood, the Ark and the 
Dove. Atargatis is the same as Atargatus, 
which is compounded of Atar or Athar, 
and gatus or catus (wtos), which signifies 
a sea-monster, like a whale, no inappro- 
priate representation of the Ark. We may 
then consider the name Atargatis as equi- 
valent to the god Cetus. Or, as Osiris 
(Noah) entered the Ark on the seventeenth 
of the month Athor, we may refer the for- 
mer part of the compound to that. By 
dropping the first letter of Atargatis, and 
changing the letters t and g into their cog- 
nates d and k, we would have the name 
Dercetis : or, by the Chaldaic particle da 



264 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber IV. 



Stagna Palsestini credunt celebrasse figura : 

An magis, ut sumptis ilJius filia pennis, 

Extremos altis in turribus egerit annos : 

Nais an ut cantu, nimiumque potentibus herbis 

Verterit in tacitos juvenilia corpora pisces : 

Donee idem passa est. An, quag poma alba ferebat, 

Ut nunc nigra ferat contactu sanguinis arbor. 

Hasc placet : hanc, quoniam vulgaris fabula non est, 

Talibus orsa modis, lana sua fila sequente. 



50 



51. An ut arbor qua 
ferebat alba poma, 
nunc ferat nigra con- 
tactu sanguinis. 



not^:. 



(de), which signifies the, and the word cetus 
(cetis), with the assumption of r for eupho- 
ny, we will have the word Dercetis, signi- 
fying the sea-monster, Hesiod, in his The- 
ogony, speaking of what the Sea gave rise 
to, evidently alludes to Noah, under the 
character of Nereus — to the central waters 
of the earth, or " fountains of the great 
deep" that were broken up, under the 
character of Thaumas (Dinn, Thaum, the 
abyss), and to the Ark, under the personi- 
fication of Ceto: 

The Sea gave Nereus life, unerring seer, 
And true ; most ancient of his race, whom all 
Hail as the sage, for mild and blameless he : 
Remembering still the right; still merciful 
As just in counsels. Then embracing Earth, 
He fashioned the great Thaumas, Phorcys 

strong, 
And blooming Ceto. — Theogony, 233. 

See note on Sacra, page 255, in which 
Dercetis is plainly shown to be the Ark. 

46. Palcestini. The inhabitants of Pa- 
lestine, a province of Syria, and now a part 
of Asiatic Turkey. 

47. Filia. Semiramis, the wife of Ninus, 
who built Nineveh. After her husband's 
death, she enlarged the empire by con- 
quest, and is said by some to have built 
Babylon. There is much diversity of 
opinion relative to her character and era. 
Many consider her altogether fabulous. 
She was doubtless an emblem of the Flood, 
and worshipped as such, at Hierapolis ; 
hence the sanctity with which doves were 
regarded. On Mount Eryx, in Sicily, was 
a temple to the Marine Venus, where sa- 
cred doves were kept, with which two 
festivals were connected, the one called 
'Avayuyia, when they were let out, and flew 
over sea: and the Karayuyia, when they re- 
turned to the shrine of the goddess. On 
the occasion of the latter, were great re- 
joicings. This no doubt commemorated 
the joy on the return of the Noachic dove. 
The doves of Eryx were carrier doves, it 
is to be presumed. Nonnus, in his Diony- 
siacs, plainly refers to the return of the 
Dove to the Ark : . 

She first unbarred 
Her friendly window to the auspicious Dove, 
Returning from the sea. 



Clemens Alexandrinus says that the Syro- 
Phenicians reverence doves and fish as the 
people of Elis do Jupiter: 

Oi piv ras irepiorepas bi 6i rovs t'x^vj, ovru 
ctftovai rrepiTTcii, wj 'HXfiioi rdv &ia. — Cohort 

Xenophon speaks of the same worship : 

'IX§vo)v ovs ol "Evpoi Qeovs iv6pi$ov, kcu dSiKeit 
ovk e'icjv, ovSi rag irepiarep&s. — Anabasis. 

Hyginus mentions the same worship : 

Syri pisces et columbas ex Deorum numero 
habent; non edunt. — Fab. exevii. 

Diodorus mentions the worship of the 
Dove: 

Aid kcu tovs Aacvpiovg Tt\v irepioTEpav ripau 
a>$ Seav. 

We will now show that Semiramis was 
not a real personage, but an emblem of the 
Dove of Noah. Hesychius says that Sem- 
iramis, when rendered in Greek, signifies 
the mountain dove : 

~2.enipap.is, -nzpiaripa opeioc 'EWriviari. 

It is evident this refers to the Dove which 
brought the olive leaf from a high moun- 
tain, while the rest of the world was still 
submerged. But in the Syriac original, it 
more plainly points to the Noachic Dove, 
which was the token of God's reconcilia- 
tion, when it brought the olive branch ; 
for it is compounded of Sama or Sema, a 
token, and Ramas or Ramis, the most High. 
Hesychius says : 

'Fdpas b "YipKTTOs Ocog. 

48. Altis in turribus: in hoary towers. 
Semiramis, it is said by some, had usurped 
the government, on the death of her hus- 
band, and when her son grew up, she was 
confined in a castellated building, and as 
the doves make their cotes in ancient 
houses, she was said to have been changed 
into a dove. 

49. Nats. The Naiads were nymphs 
who presided over springs and fountains. 

49. Cantu: by incantation. 

52. Arbor. The mulberry tree, which 
bore white berries, that were changed to 
black, when sprinkled with the blood of 
Pyramus and Thisbe. 

54. Lana sequente: as the wool followed 
the thread, viz. as she was spinning. 



Fabula I. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



265 



QU^STIONES. 



Was the punishment of Pentheus a 
warning to all the Thebans ? 

Who were still unwilling to receive the 
god? 

What is the meaning of Bromius ? 

Why is Bacchus called Lyaeus ? 

Why Ignigena? Why Nysaeus? 

Why Thyoneus ? Why Lenaeus ? 

Why is he called Nycteleus ? Why 
Eleleus ? 

Why Iacchus ? Why Evan ? 

Wherefore is Bacchus said to be the 
most beautiful in heaven ? 

Why is he represented with horns ? 

What did Bacchus do after conquering 
the East ? 

What happened to Lycurgus ? 

Why are the Satyrs said to follow Bac- 
chus ? 

Who was Silenus ? 

Who gives a humorous account of the 
procession of Bacchus ? 



Did the Minyeides join in the festivals 
of Bacchus ? 

How did they employ their time ? 

By what figure is Minerva put for the 
arts which that goddess taught ? 

While engaged in their employments, 
what does one of the sisters propose ? 

What is the mythological story of Der- 
cetis ? 

How is this to be interpreted ? 

Are Atargatis and Dercetis the same ? 

Are there abundant evidences of Arkite 
traditions through the nations ? 

What is the mythological account of 
Semiramis ? 

Was she a real or a fabulous character ? 

What is the meaning of the word when 
rendered in Greek ? 

Why would she be known as the moun- 
tain dove ? 

What is the meaning in Syriac ? 

How is Semiramis the token of God ? 



34 



Z 



FABULA II. 

MORS PYRAMI ET THISBES : MINYEIDES IN VESPERTILIONES. 

Pyramus and Thisbe, two Babylonian lovers, whose parents are hostile, slay 
themselves under a mulberry-tree j upon which the mulberries, formerly 
white, become of the color of blood. After the relation of their stories, the 
Minyeides are changed to bats. 

EXPLICATIO. 

Love stories, in the olden time, as at present, were subjects of attrac- 
tion to gentle dames, and therefore the sisters preferred the fable of Py- 
ramus and Thisbe, and especially as it was not a common one. The 
tragical story of these unhappy lovers was founded, possibly, on some 
historical occurrence that anciently took place at Babylon. 

The story of their woes is told in simple, yet affecting language, and 
appeals the more strongly to the heart, that the poet lets unaffected nature 
speak in her own simplicity, rather than clothe his thoughts in the pomp 
of expression. Debarred all intercourse, their only language, for a time, 
is eloquent looks, and signs and tokens of love, until fortune discloses a 
cleft in the wall that divided their dwellings. Here they could sit and 
converse, and feel upon each other's cheek the warm breath as it came, 
and inhale it with a transport of love. How simple, and yet how natural, 
the momentary chiding of the envious wall, for parting them, and again the 
grateful recognition of what they owed to it ! Here sitting, they passed the 
time, and after they had said farewell, with the simplicity of love, which 
is always childlike, each gave a kiss to the wall, intended for the other. 

They arrange a meeting, and the timid Thisbe dares the darkness and 
the forest, to meet her lover ; " Love made her bold." Escaping from 
the lioness, she enters a cave with the loss of her veil, and returns to her 
appointment, to find her lover, through affection for her, slain by his own 
hand — unconscious — with the shades of death settling o'er his eyes, that 
open at the name of Thisbe, look upon her face, and then close for ever. 
Love, that had led her to dare the chances of death, now nerves her arm 
for death itself, and the same sword that had drunk his vital blood, is now 
driven to the heart of his unhappy mistress. She desires that the tree 
beneath which they are weltering, may record the story of their woes, and 
that the parents who opposed their union in life, may yet permit their 
dust to mingle after death. 

Of the mulberry there are three kinds, originally from three countries 
to which their colors are appropriate ; the white mulberry of Asia ; the 
red of America, and the black of Africa. Each variety of color is also 
distinguished by a different kind of bark and leaf. At Annapolis, in 
Maryland, there is a mulberry tree which has black fruit, although its 
leaves and bark evidently show it is of the white kind. A circumstance 
like this may have given rise to the Babylonian fiction. This Fable con- 
tains a good moral, as it shows the evil consequences of clandestine 
attachments on the part of children, as well as the impropriety of arbi- 
trary control on the part of parents 
266 




YRAMUS et Thisbe, juvenum pulcherrmius alter, 
Altera, quas Oriens habuit, praelata puellis, 
Ccntiguas tenuere domos, ubi dicitur altam 
Coctilibus muris cinxisse Semiramis urbem. 
Notitiam primosque gradus vicinia fecit: 5 

Tempore crevit amor : taedse qucque jure coissent; 
Sed vetuere patres. Quod non potuere vetare ; 

NOTJE. 

4. Coctilibus muris: with walls of brick. The walls 
of Babylon were considered one of the Seven Wonders 
of the world. According to Pliny, they were 60.000 
paces in circumference, 200 feet high, and 50 feet thick. 
They formed a square, each side of which was about 15 
miles long, and contained 25 gates, all of solid brass. 

4. Altam urbem. Babylon. This city is believed to 
have been planned by Belus. He built a portion of it, 
which was continued by Nebuchadnezzar. It was never 
finished. It was celebrated for its hanging gardens, pa- 
laces, canals, and immense walls. 

5. Primos grains: the first steps ; the first advances. 

6. TcsdcB jure: by the ceremony of the torch. In an- 
cient marriages, after the oath of fire and water, five 
torches were carried before the bride by as many boys, 
whose parents were still living. 

7. Sed vetvere patres: but their fathers forbade. There 
is much in the story of these ill-fated lovers that reminds 
us of Romeo and Juliet : 

Two households, both alike in dignity, 

In fair Verona, where we lay our scene, 
From ancient grudge break to new mutiny, 

Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean. 
From forth the fatal loins of these two foes 

A pair of star-crossed lovers have their life; 
"Whose misadvemured, piteous overthrows 

Do, with their death, bury their parents' strife. 

Fkologue to Romeo and Juliet. 




:68 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Ex aequo captis ardebant mentibus ambo. 
Conscius omnis abest: nutu signisque loquuntur. 
Q,uoque magis tegitur, tanto magis sestuat ignis. 10 

Fissus erat tenui rima, quam duxerat olim, 
Cum fieret, paries domui communis utrique. 
Id vitium, nulli per secula longa notatum, 
Quid non sentit amor ? primi sensistis amantes, 
Et voci fecistis iter ; tutseque per illud 15 

Murmure blanditiae minimo transire solebant. 
Saepe ut constiterant, hinc Thisbe, Pyramus illinc ; 
Inque vicem fuerat captatus anhelitus oris ; 
Invide, dicebant, paries, quid amantibus obstas ? 
Quantum erat, ut sineres nos toto corpore jungi! 20 
Aut, hoc si nimium, vel ad oscula danda pateres ! 
Nee simus ingrati : tibi nos debere fatemur, 
Quod datus est verbis ad arnicas transitus aures. 
Talia diversa nequicquam sede locuti, 
Sub noctem dixere Vale : partique dedere 25 

Oscula quisque suae, non pervenientia contra. 

Postera nocturnos Aurora removerat ignes, 
Solque pruinosas radiis siccaverat herbas : 
Ad solitum coiere locum. Turn murmure parvo 
Multa prius questi, statuunt, ut nocte silenti 30 

Fallere custodes, foribusque excedere tentent : 
Cumque domo exierint, urbis quoque claustra relinquant : 
Neve sit errandum lato spatiantibus arvo ; 
Conveniant ad busta Nini ; lateantque sub umbra 
Arboris. Arbor ibi, niveis uberrima pomis, 35 

Ardua morus, erat, gelido contermina fonti. 
Pacta placent : et lux, tarde discedere visa, 



Liber IV. 

7. Quod non potuere 
vetare, ambo arde- 
bant mentibus ex 
aequo captis. 



21. Aut si hoc esset 
nimium, pateres vel 
ad danda oscula ! nee 
simus ingrati. 



33. Neve sic erran- 
dum Mis spatiantibus 
lato arvo, ut conve- 
niant ad busta Nini. 



NOTjE. 



8. Captis mentibus : with captivated 
minds. 

20. Quantum. This is spoken ironically 
— in the sense of minimum. 

21. Ad oscula pateres : you might open 
so that we could kiss one another ! 

24. Diversa sede. Pyramus sitting on one 
side of the wall, and Thisbe on the other. 

27. Nocturnos ignes. The stars which 
grew dim, and disappeared before the light 
of the sun. The following description of 
morning by a modern poet far transcends 
the ancient : 

The dawn was stealing up into the sky- 
On its gray feet, the stars grew dim apace, 
And faded, till the Morning Star alone, 
Soft as a molten diamond's liquid fire, 
Burned in the heavens. The morn grew freshlier; 
The upper clouds were faintly touched with gold; 
The fan-palms rustled in the early air; 
Daylight spread cool and broadly to the hills; 
And still the star was visible, and still 
The young Bedouin with a straining eye 
Drank its departing light into his soul. 
It faded— melted— and the fiery rim 
Of the clear sun came up.— N. P. Willis. 

30. Multa questi. Having complained 



of many things, viz. their unkind parents, 
their unhappy fate, &c. 

34. Conveniant. Unable to meet else- 
where, they make an appointment at the 
tomb of Ninus. 
Being held a foe, he may not have access 

To breathe such vows as lovers use to swear ; 
And she so much in Jove, her means much less 

To meet her new-beloved anywhere : 
But passion lends them power, time means to 

meet, 
Tempering extremities with extreme sweet. 

Romeo and Jtjltet. 

34. Busta Nini. Ninus was the son of 
Belus. He was the builder of Nineveh, 
and the founder of the Assyrian monarchy. 
After hisdeath, he had a magnificent tomb 
erected to his memory. 

36. Morus. The trysting-place was un- 
der a mulberry, near the tomb of Ninus. 

37. Tarde discedere. Time always ap- 
pears slow to the expectant lover. So Juliet : 
Gallop apace, you fiery-footed steeds, 
Towards Phoebus' mansion ; such a wagoner 
As Phaethon would whip you to the west, 
And bring in cloudy night immediately. 

Romeo and Juliet. 



Fabula II. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



269 



Praecipitatur aquis ; et aquis nox surgit ab isdem. 

Caliida per tenebras, versato cardine, Thisbe 

Egreditur, fallitque suos: adopertaque vultum 40 

Pervenit ad tumulum ; dictaque sub arbore sedit. 

Audacem faciebat amor. Venit ecce recenti 

Caede leaena bourn spumantes oblita rictus, 

Depositura sitim vicini fontis in unda. 

Q,uam procul ad Lunae radios Babylonia Thisbe 45 

Vidit ; et obscurum timido pede fugit in antrum : 

Dumque fugit, tergo velamina lapsa relinquit. 

Ut lea sosva sitim multa compescuit unda, 

Dum redit in sylvas, inventos forte sine ipsa 

Ore cruentato tenues laniavit amictus. 50 

Serius egressus vestigia vidit in alto 
Pulvere certa ferse, totoque expalluit ore 
Pyramus : ut verb vestem quoque sanguine tinctam 
Repperit ; Una duos nox, inquit, perdet amantes, 
E quibus ilia fuit longa dignissima vita : 55 

Nostra nocens anima est. Ego te, miseranda, peremi 
In loca plena metus qui jussi nocte venires: 
Nee prior hue veni. Nostrum divellite corpus, 
Et scelerata fero consumite viscera morsu, 
O quicunque sub hac habitatis rupe, leones ! 60 

Sed timidi est optare necem. Velamina Thisbes 
Tollit, et ad pactae secum fert arboris umbram. 
Utque dedit notse lacrymas, dedit oscula, vesti : 
Accipe nunc, inquit, nostri quoque sanguinis haustus, 



50. Laniavit cruen- 
tato ore tenues amic- 
tus. inventos forte sine 
ipsa Thisbe. 



56. Ego peremi te 
miseranda, qui jussi 
ut venires nocte in 
loca plena metus, nee 
veni hue prius. 



NOTjE. 



38. PrcBcipitatur aquis. The poets feigned 
that the Sun descended at night into the 
sea. 

38. Nox exit. The poet describes the 
Day as precipitated into the Ocean, as the 
Night rises from the same. Hesiod beau- 
tifully describes them as alternately gliding 
across the threshold of darkness : 

There Night 
And Day, near passing, mutual greeting still 
Exchange, alternate as they glide athwart 
The brazen threshold vast. This enters, that 
Forth issues; nor the two can one abode 
At once contain. This passes forth, and roams 
The round of earth ; that in the mansion waits 
Till the due season of her travel come. 

Theogony. 

39. Versato cardine : the hinge being 
turned ; the door being opened. 

45. Ad lunai radios: by the light of the 
moon. 

50. Amictus. The thin veil which Thisbe 
had dropped. 

53. Vestem sanguine tinctam : her gar- 
ment stained with blood, viz. her veil. 

54. Una nox: one night; one death. 
Sed omnes una manet nox. — Hob. 

55. Longa dignissima : most worthy of 
a long life. So Pliny to Marcellinds, on 
the death of an amiable lady : 



Never was there a young person more wor- 
thy of a long — I had almost said — an immortal 
life.— Pliny's Epistles. 

60. Leones. He calls upon the lions 
which he supposes to have destroyed 
Thisbe, to tear him also to pieces. 

61. Est timidi. He exclaims, it is the 
part of a coward to wish for death, since 
there is little difficulty in finding it by one's 
own hand. Stoicism taught the ancients 
to seek relief from the sorrows of life by 
self-destruction. Christianity, on the con- 
trary, teaches that it is ignoble to abandon 
the post which Heaven has assigned us, 
and directs us to fortify our breasts by the 
consolations of religion, and the hopes of 
another and a better world. Thus a Chris- 
tian poet : 

Hope, with uplifted foot set free from earth, 

Pants for the place of her ethereal birth, 

On steady wings sails through th' immense 

abyss, 
Plucks amaranthine joys from bowers of bliss, 
And crowns the soul, while yet a mourner here, 
With wreaths like those triumphant spirits wear. 
Hope, as an anchor firm and sure, holds fast 
The Christian vessel, and defies the blast. 

Cowper. 
64. Accipe haustus: receive the draughts 
of my blood. Virgil, in like manner, de- 
scribes Dido as calling on the clothes oi 
z2 



270 



T. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber IV. 



Quoque erat accinctus, dimittit in ilia fernim : 65 

Nee mora ; ferventi moriens e vulnere traxit. 
Ut jacuit resupinus humi ; cruor emicat alte, 
Non aliter, quam cum vitiato fistula plumbo, 
Scinditur, et tenues stridente foramine longe 
Ejaculatur aquas ; atque ictibus aera rumpit. 70 

Arborei foetus aspergine csedis in atram 
Vertuntur faciem : madefactaque sanguine radix 
Puniceo ting-it pendentia mora colore. 

Ecce metu nondum posito, ne fallat amatnem, 
Ilia redit: juvenemque oculis, animoque requirit: 75 
Q,uantaque vitarit narrare pericula gestit. 
Utque locum et versam cognovit in arbore formam ; 
(Sic facit incertam pomi color) hseret, an haec sit. 
Dum dubitat, tremebunda videt pulsare eruentum 
Membra solum; retroque pedem tulit: oraque buxo 80 
Pallidiora gerens, exhorruit asquoris instar, 
Quod fremit, exigua cum summum stringitur aura. 
Sed postquam retnorata suos cognovit amores, 
Percutit indignos claro plangore lacertos ; 
Et laniata comas, amplexaque corpus amatum, 85 

Vulnera supplevit lacrymis ; fletumque cruori 
Miscuit : et gelidis in vultibus oscula figens, 
Pyrame, clamavit, quis te mihi casus ademit? 
Pyrame, responde : tua te, charissime, Thisbe 
Nominat: exaudi; vultusque attolle jacentes. 90 

Ad nomen Thisbes oculos jam morte gravatos 
Pyiamus erexit, visaque recondidit ilia. 
Quae postquam vestemque suam cognovit, et ense 
Vidit ebur vacuum ; Tua te manus, inquit, amorque • 



74. Ecce ilia, metu 
nondum posito, redit, 
ne fallat amantem ; 
requiritque juvenem 
oculis animoque. 



Tua manus. 



NOTtE. 



■Eneas, her late lover, to receive the offer- 
ing of her life : 

Dulees exuviag, dum fata deusque sinebant, 
Accipite hanc animam. — JEneid, Lib. iv. 651. 

68. Vitiato plumbo: the lead being de- 
fective. Conduit pipes, made of pottery, 
and of lead, were in use at a very early 
period. 

71. Cadis: of the blood. The cause is 
here put for the effect. 

83. Suos amores: her loves; her lover. 
The concrete is here used for the abstract 
amator. 

89. Tua te. Thy own Thisbe calls thee, 
dearest. How short, but yet how affec- 
tionate and affecting the address ! 

91. Nomen Thisbes. Those only who 
have loved, can tell the full power which 
the name of one beloved exercises over 
the heart. Campbell beautifully expresses 
this : 

Who hath not owned, with rapture-smitten 

frame, 
The power of grace, the magic of a name. 

Pleasures of Hope. 



91. Morte gravatos: now weighed down 
with death. Dido, in like manner, roused 
by the voice and affectionate address of 
her sister, raises her dying eyes : 

Ilia, graves oculos conata attollere, rursus 
Deficit: infixum stridet sub pectore vulnus. 

^Eneid, iv. 688. 

92. Recondidit: closed them again. The 
poet does not make the dying lover speak; 
he has left all to the imagination of the 
reader. When the failing energies of na- 
ture were lor a moment roused at the name 
of Thisbe, what must have been the elo- 
quence of those dying eyes, as he lifted 
them, weighed down with the dews of 
death, and gazed for an instant upon the 
face of his mistress ! 

94. Ebur vacuum : the empty scabbard. 
Ebur, ivory, is here put for the scabbard, 
which was made of that material. The 
empty scabbard and the sword tell the tale 
of his self-destruction. Juliet, in like man- 
ner, judges of the manner of Romeo's 
death by the fatal cup in his hand, and 
stabs herself with his dagger : 



Fabtjla II. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



271 



Perdidit, infelix. Est et mihi fortis in unum 95 

Hoc manus : est et amor : dabit hie in vulnera vires. 

Persequar exstinctum : letique miserrima dicar 

Causa comesque tui. Gluique a me morte revelli 

Heu sola poteras, poteris nee morte revelli. 

Hoc tamen amborum verbis estote rogati, 100 

O multiim miseri mei illiusque parentes, 

Ut, quos certus amor, quos hora novissima junxit, 

Componi tumulo non invideatis eodem. 

At tu, quae ramis arbor miserabile corpus 

Nunc tegis unius, mox es tectura duorum; 105 

Signa tene casdis : pullcsque, et luctibus aptos, 

Semper habe fostus, gemini menumenta cruoris. 

Dixit: et aptato pectus mucrone sub imum 

Incubuit ferro; quod adhuc a csede tepebat. 

Vota tamen tetigere deos, tetigere parentes: 110 

Nam color in porno est, ubi permaturuit, ater ; 

Quodque rogis superest, una requiescit in urna. 

Finis erat dictis : et adhuc Minyei'a proles 
Urget opus, spernitque deum, festumque profanat : 
Tympana cum subito non apparentia raucis 115 

Obstrepuere sonis ; et adunco tibia cornu, 
Tinnuiaque asre sonant ; redolent myrrhseque, crocique : 
Resque fide major, ccepere virescere telse, 
Inque hederse faciem pendens frondescere vestis. 
Pars abit in vites : et quae modo fila fuerunt, 120 



amorque 
infelix. 



perdidit te 



102. Ut non invide- 
atis eos quos certus 
amor, quos hora no- 
vissima junxit, com- 
poni eodem turnulo. 



NOT.E. 



Jul. Go, get thee hence, for I will not away. 
"What's here ? a cup, closed in my true-love's 

hand? 
Poison. I see, hath been his timeless end ; — 
O churl ! drink all ? and leave no friendly drop 
To help me after ? — I will kiss thy lips ; 
Haply, some poison yet doth hang on them, 
To make me die with a restorative. 
Thy lips are warm. 
Watch. Lead, boy. Which way? 
Jul. Yea. noise ? then I'll be brief. O happy 
dagger ! 
This is thy sheath : there rust, and let me die. 
Shakspeark. 

95. In unum hoc: for this one thing ; for 
death. 

96. Dabit hie: this will give, viz. love 
will give. 

98. Morte revelli: be separated by death 
alone. 

100. Estote rogati: be entreated. 

103. Componi tumulo: to be laid together 
in the tomb. 

112. Quod superest : what remains; their 
remains, viz. the ashes and bones which 
would remain after they were burnt upon 
the funeral pile. 

112. Urna. The vessel in which the 
ashes of the dead were deposited. 

113. Finis. There is an end here to the 
story of Pyramus and Thisbe. The poet 



now returns to the account of the Min- 
ye'ides. 

114. Urget opus. They continue their 
labors of carding, spinning, and weaving, 
disregarding the rites of Bacchus. 

114. Festumque profanat : profanes the 
festival. The profanation of the holy day 
of the Lord was visited with the most 
severe punishment, both divine and hu- 
man, under the old Jewish law ; and in all 
the Christian codes, the violation of the 
Sabbath is forbidden. 

What evil thing is ihis th.it ye do, and profane 
the Sabbaihday? Did not your fathers thus, 
and did not our God bring all this evil upon us, 
and upon this city? yet ye bring more wrath 
upon Israel by profaning the Sabbath. 

Nehemiah xiii. 17, 18. 

115. Tympana non apparentia. Invisible 
drums were heard through the house. 

Plangebant alii proceris tympana palmis, 
Aut tereti lenu.es tinnitus ajre ciebant : 
IMulii rancisonis elhaham cornua bombis, 
Barbaraque horribili stridebat tibia cantu. 

Catull. Cit. ii. 61. 

117. Virescere. Their webs began to 
grow green with ivy. 

119. In hederer faciem. The sails of the 
ship in which the Tyrrhene pirates were 
carried, put forth ivy in the same manner. 



272 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber IV. 



Palmite mutantur: de stamine pampinus exit: 
Purpura fulgorem pictis accommodat uvis. 
Jamque dies exactus erat, tempusque subibat, 
Quod tu nee tenebras, nee posses dicere lucem ; 
Sed cum luce tamen dubiae confmia noctis. 125 

Tecta repente quati, pinguesque ardere videntur 
Lampades, et rutilis collucere ignibus aedes ; 
Falsaque saevarum simulacra ululare ferarum. 
Fumida jamdudum latitant per tecta sorores ; 
Diversasque locis ignes ac lumina vitant. 130 

Dumque petunt latebras ; parvos membrana per artus 
Porrigitur, tenuique inducit brachia penna. 
Nee, qua perdiderint veterem ratione figuram, 
Scire sinunt tenebrae. Non illas pluma levavit: 
Sustinuere tamen se perlucentibus alis. 135 

Conataeque loqui, minimam pro corpore vocem 
Emittunt ; peraguntque leves stridore querelas ; 
Tectaque, non sylvas, celebrant ; lucemque perosae 
Nocte volant : seroque trahunt a vespere nomen. 



129. Sorores jamdu- 
dum latitant per fumi- 
da tecta, diversoeque 
locis, vitant ignes et 
lumina. 



NOTjE. 



122. Purpura. The purple of the cloth 
gives its brightness to the red grapes that 
make their appearance in the webs. 

128. Falsa simulacra: false forms. Bac- 
chus caused vain apparitions of wild beasts 
to move through the house. 

128. Ferarum. Tigers, lynxes, panthers, 
&c. Oppian, in his Cynegetics, says that 
the panthers were formerly Bacchae, and 
retaining their ancient fondness for wine, 
are the most readily taken by placing it 
where they can drink until they are in- 
toxicated. 

129. Latitant sorores. The sisters con- 
ceal themselves through terror. 

131. Membrana. A thin skin which en- 
tirely covers the body of the bat. 

134. Non pluma levavit. Feathers did 
not bear them up into the air, but cartila- 
ginous wings. 

136. Pro corpore: when compared with 
the body. 



138. Tecta celebrant. Bats frequent barns 
and houses. 

138. Lucemque perosm: hating the light. 
The moral application of the metamorpho- 
sis of the Minyeides is excellent. The 
profane and irreligious who fly from the 
light of truth, and love the darkness of 
error, are appropriately represented as 
changed into bats, animals that come out 
at night. So the Evangelist : 

Light is come into the world, and men loved 
darkness rather than light, because their deeds 
were evil. For every one that doeth evil, hateth 
the light, neither cometh to the light, lest his deeds 
should be reproved.— St. John iii. 19, 20. 

139. Vespere. Bats are called vesperti- 
liones, from vesper, evening, because they 
fly in the twilight and night. From the 
similarity to tela, a web, which the latter 
part of vespertilio exhibits, may have 
arisen the idea of their being weavers who 
were changed to bats. 



QU^STIONES. 



Who were Pyramus and Thisbe ? 

Where did they live ? Was Babylon a 
remarkable city ? 

By whom was Babylon built ? 

What impediment was there to the union 
of Pyramus and Thisbe ? 

How were they accustomed to converse ? 

What appointment did they make ? 

Who came first to the place of meeting ? 



What happened to her as she came ? 

What induced Pyramus to suppose 
Thisbe was killed ? 

What did he do in consequence ? 

Did Thisbe arrive before he expired ? 

When she perceived the cause of his 
death, what did she do ? 

What petition did she make before her 
death ? 



Fabula II. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



273 



Did her parents grant her request ? 

What change took place in the tree be- 
neath which they lay ? 

How many kinds of mulberry-trees are 
there ? 

Do white mulberry-trees ever bear black 
fruit ? 

Might this have given rise to the fiction ? 

After the Minye'ides had ended their 
relation, what took place ? 



What sounds were heard ? 

What took place in the webs that they 
were engaged upon ? 

What apparitions were seen ? 

What change took place in the Min- 
yeides ? 

Why were they said to be changed into 
bats? 

What is the derivation of Vespertilio ? 

At what time do bats come out ? 



35 



FABULA III. 

VIA AD INFEROS: JUNO TISIPHONEM EDUCIT. 

Juno, still incensed against the house of Cadmus on account of Semele, 
resolves upon the ruin of Ino, one of the daughters of Cadmus. For this 
purpose she descends to the infernal regions, and employs one of the 
Furies to avenge her on Ino and her husband Athamas. who were ene- 
mies of her deity. 

EXPLICATIO. 

Some erroneously say the account of Athamas and Ino is historical. 
They tell us that Athamas was the son of iEolus, the god of the winds, 
and the grandson of Deucalion ; and that on the death of Themisto, his 
first wife, he married Ino, the daughter of Cadmus. He divorced Ino 
for Nephele, by whom he had Phryxus and Helle. Divorcing Nephele 
in her turn, he took back again Ino, and had by her Learchus and Meli- 
certa. Ino, wishing to destroy the children of Nephele, in order to make 
room for her own children, bribed the oracle of Apollo to declare, that the 
children of Nephele must be sacrificed to appease the anger of the gods ; 
w r hereupon Athamas in a rage killed Learchus, and would have slain 
Ino also, had she not taken up Melicerta in her arms, and jumped with 
him into the sea. 

Now it is evident, from the etymology of the names employed here, 
that a confused account of the diluvial history is given. Ino, by meta- 
thesis, Ion, is Iona (the dove), and as she was the nurse of Bacchus (Noah), 
is the Dove of the Deluge. She was the sister of Semele (sema-ei, the 
token of God), viz. the Rainbow. Athamas (a themis, without justice), 
was the race of ungodly antediluvians. He is said to be King of Thebes 
(theba, the ark), and was the son of iEolus, the god of winds, which we 
may suppose prevailed at the Deluge. His first wife was Themisto 
(Themis, justice), referring to the godliness of the early race of men. 
His next wife was Nephele (nephelim, giants), referring to the daugh- 
ters of Cain, from intermarriages with whom the " giants in those days" 
arose. The oracle that declares the children of Nephele (the Nephelim) 
must be sacrificed to the anger of the gods, is the prophetic voice pro- 
claiming, through Noah, the destruction of the wicked by the flood. This 
explanation will be pursued in the next Fable, with which this is con- 
nected. By Juno's descent into the infernal regions, which the ancients 
believed to be in the centre of the earth, for the purpose of procuring a 
Fury to work the destruction of Ino (Iona, the dove), we may understand 
the evoking of the vengeance of God for the destruction of man, when 
the bursting forth of the waters of the central abyss engulphed the world, 
at the breaking up of the " fountains of the great deep." The purifica- 
tion of Juno by Iris, refers to the Rainbow that succeeded. 

274 





DM verb totis Bacchi memorabile Thebis 
Numen erat: magnasque novi matertera vires 
|?- Narrat ubique Dei : de totque sororibus expers 
Una doloris erat, nisi quern fecere sorores. 
Aspicit hanc natis, thalamoque Athamantis habentem 5 
Sublimes animos, et alumno numine, Juno. 
Nee tulit : et secum, Potuit de pellice natus 
Vertere Maeonios, pelagoque immergere, nautas, 
Et laceranda suae nati dare viscera matri, 
Et triplices operire novis Minyeidas alis ? 10 

Nil poterit Juno, nisi inultos flere dolores ? 
Idque mihi satis est ? Haec una potentia nostra est ? 
Ipse docet quid agam ? Fas est et ab hoste doceri. 
Quidque furor valeat, Penthea caede satisque 



NOTiE. 



Turn verd. After the punish- 
ment of the Minye'ides. 
2- Matertera. Ino, the sister of Semele. 

4. Expers doloris : free from sorrow. Ino 
was the only one of the sisters that had not 
met with some signal calamity. Autonoe 
had seen her son Actaeon torn in pieces by 
dogs, after his transformation ; Semele was 
destroyed by lightning ; and Agave had 
torn her son Pentheus in pieces. 

5. Natis. Her sons Learchus and Me- 
licerta. 



6. Alumno numine. Bacchus had been 
the foster-child of Ino. 

7. Pellice natus. Bacchus, the son of 
Semele. 

9. Laceranda matri. She alludes to Pen- 
theus, who was torn in pieces by his mo- 
ther. 

13. Ipse. Bacchus himself had given 
Juno an example of what she ought to do. 
He had inspired Agave and others with 
madness, that had caused them unspeak- 
able sorrow. 

275 



276 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber IV. 



Ac super ostendit. Cur non stimuletur, eatque 15 

Per cognata suis exempla furoribus Ino ? 

Est via declivis funesta nubila taxo : 
Ducit ad infernas per muta silentia sedes. 
Styx nebulas exhaiat iners : umbraeque recentes 
Descendunt iliac, simulacraque functa sepulcris. 20 
Pallor, Hyemsque tenent late loca senta : novique 
Qua fit iter, manes, Stygiam quod ducit ad urbem, 
Ignorant : ubi sit nigri fera regia Ditis. 
Mille capax aditus, et apertas undique portas 
Urbs habet : utque fretum de tota flumina terra, 25 

Sic omnes animas locus accipit iile ; nee ulli 
Exiguus populo est, turbamve accedere sentit. 
Errant exsangues sine corpore et ossibus umbras : 
Parsque forum celebrant, pars ima tecta tyranni ; 
Pars alias artes, antiquas imitamina vitae 30 

Exercent : aliam partem sua poena coercet. 
Sustinet ire illuc ccelesti sede relicta, 
(Tantum odiis iraeque dabat), Saturnia Juno. 
Glud simil intravit, sacroque a corpore pressum 



33. Saturnia Juno 
sede coelesti relicta^ 
sustinet ire illuc. 



NOTjE. 



17. Est via. The construction of this 
line is very similar to that of Lib. L, Fab. 
VII., line 6. 

Est via sublimis, ccelo manifesta sereno. 

17. Taxo. The ancients believed that 
the juice of the yew-tree was poisonous, 
and that it would cause death to slumber 
under it. Hence it is represented as sha- 
ding the path to the infernal regions. Vir- 
gil describes the descent to the Shades as 
steep, and shaded with gloomy trees : 

These rites performed, the prince, without delay. 
Hastes, to the nether world, his destined way. 
Deep was the cave ; and, downward as it went 
From the wide mouth, a rocky rough descent ; 
And here th' access a gloomy grove defends. 

^Eneid vi. 236. 

20. Functa sepulcris : having enjoyed 
sepulcral rites ; having been buried. The 
unhappy souls that had not received the 
rites of burial, were forced to wander a 
hundred years on the banks of the Styx. 
Hence, Virgil: 

The ghosts rejected are th' unhappy crew 

Deprived of sepulcres and funeral due: 

The boatman, Charon : those, the buried host, 

He ferries over to the farther coast ; 

Nor dares his transport vessel cross the waves 

With such whose bones are not composed in 

graves. 
A hundred years they wander on the shore ; 
At length, their penance done, are wafted o'er. 
JEkew vi. 325. 

21. Pallor, Hyems. Paleness, coldness, 
silence, torpidity, and the like symptoms 
of death, are happily represented as dwell- 
ing here. Virgil gives a more extended 
description of the inhabitants, which are 



personifications of human passions, affec- 
tions, and vices : 

Just in the gate, and in* the jaws of hell, 
Revengeful Cares and sullen Sorrows dwell, 
And pale Diseases, and repining Age, 
Want, Fear, and Famine's unresisted rage ; 
Here Toils, and Death, and Death's half-brother, 

Sleep, 
Forms terrible to view, their sentry keep ; 
With anxious pleasures of a guilty mind, 
Deep Frauds before, and open Force behind ; 
The Furies' iron beds ; and Strife, that shakes 
Her hissing tresses, and unfolds her snakes. 

JEneid vi. 273. 

23. Ignorant. The ghosts are described 
as wandering about, unacquainted with the 
way. So Virgil : 
Obscure they went through dreary shades that 

led 
Along the waste dominions of the dead : 
Thus wander travellers in woods by night, 
By the moon's doubtful and malignant light. 

jEneid vi. 263. 

25. Utque fretum. This is a beautiful 
resemblance. 

26. TRli populo: to any people, viz. to 
any multitude of people. 

29. Forum celebrant: frequent the forum. 
The ghosts are represented as still delight- 
ing in what had interested them in life. 

31. Sua pcena: their proper punishment. 

34. Ingemuit limen. The threshold 
groaned with the weight of the goddess. 
It had been accustomed to feel the weight 
of ghosts only. So Virgil, in describing 
the effect of the body of jEneas on the 
boat of Charon : 

He clears the deck, receives the mighty freight ; 
The leaky vessel groans beneath the weight. 
• jEneid vi. 413 



Fabula III. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



277 



Ingemuit limen ; tria Cerberus extulit ora ; 35 

Et tres latratus simul edidit. Ilia sorores 
Nocte vocat genitas, grave et implacabile numen, 
Carceris ante fores clausas adamante sedebant ; 
Deque suis atros pectebant crinibus angues. 
Q,uam simul agnorunt inter caliginis umbras, 40 

Surrexere Deae. Sedes Scelerata vocatur. 
Viscera prasbebat Tityos lanianda ; novemque 
Jugeribus distentus erat. Tibi, Tantale, nullse 
Deprenduntur aquae ; quasque imminet, effugit arbor : 
Aut petis, aut urges ruiturum, Sisyphe, saxum. 45 



43. Belidesque ausas 
moliri letum suis pa- 
truelibus assiduse re- 
petunt undas quas per- 
dunt. 



NOTiE. 



35. Cerberus. Cerberus was the guar- 
dian of Hell, a dog with three heads, one 
of a lion, another of a wolf, and the third 
of a dog. Horace describes him as having 
a hundred heads : 

Demittit atras bellua centiceps 

Aures.— Lib. ii. Ob. xiii. 34. 

Hesiod describes Cerberus as 
fifty heads : 
And next a monstrous birth, the dog of Hell : 
Blood- fed and brazen-voiced, and bold, and 



having 



strong, 
The fifty-headed Cerberus, 



-Theogony. 



36. Tres latratus. Cerberus uttered 
three different barkings from as many dif- 
ferent heads. So Virgil : 

Cerberus haec ingens latratu regna trifauci 
Personat. — JEneid vi. 41?. 

37. Nocte genitas. The Furies Alecto, 
Megaera, and Tisiphone, were said to be 
the daughters of Acheron and Nox. 

38. Fores adamante. The doors are said 
to be of adamant, as tnat is of the most 
solid character. Milton, in his description 
of Hell, far exceeds our poet : 

At last appear 
Hell-bounds, high reaching to the horrid roof; 
And thrice threefold the gates : three folds were 

brass, 
Three iron, three of adamantine rock, 
Impenetrable, impaled with circling fire, 
Yet unconsumed. — Paradise Lost. 

38. Sedebant : were sitting. Virgil, in 
like manner describes the Fury, Tisiphone, 
as keeping guard at the gates of Hell : 

Wide is the fronting gate, and, raised on high 
With adamantine columns, threat the sky. 
Vain is the force of man, and heaven's as vain, 
To crush the pillars which the pile sustain. 
Sublime on these a tower of steel is reared ; 
And dire T oiphone there keeps the ward. 

JEneid vi. 552. 

41. Sunexere Dece. The Furies arose. 
41. Sedes Scelerata: the habitation of the 
wicked. So Virgil : 

Tis here in different paths, the way divides: 
The right to Pluto's golden palace guides, 
The left to that unhappy region tends 
Which to the depth of Tartarus extends — 
The seat of night profound, and punished fiends. 
.<E>-eid vi. 540. 



42. Tityos. Tityus was the son of 
Terra, a giant of prodigious size, whose 
body covered nine acres of land. He of- 
fered insult to Latona, for which he was 
confined in the Infernal Regions, with a 
vulture preying upon his bowels as they 
grew. The fiction probably has reference 
to some volcano. Homer gives a descrip- 
tion of this monster, which is again imi- 
tated by Virgil : 

There Tityus. large and long, in fetters bound, 
O'erspread nine acres of infernal ground; 
Two ravenous vultures, furious for their food, 
Scream o'er the fiend, and riot in his blood, 
Incessant gore the liver in his breast, 
The immortal liver grows and gives the immor- 
tal feast. — Odyssey xi. 
There Tityus was to see, who took hjs birth 
From heaven, his nursing from the foodful earth 
Here his gigantic limbs, with large embrace, 
Infold nine acres of infernal space. 
A ravenous vulture in his opened side, 
Her crooked beak and cruel talons tried ; 
Sate for the growing liver, digged his breast: 
The growing liver still supplied the feast. 

vEneid vi. 595. 

43. Tantale. Tantalus was the son of 
Jupiter, and a king of Phrygia. Admitted 
to the table of the gods, he betrayed their 
secrets. For this crime, or, according to 
some, for killing his son, and serving him 
up to the gods, he was condemned in the 
Infernal Regions to suffer perpetual thirst, 
though immersed in water up to the chin. 
He was doomed to perpetual hunger- also, 
though food was temptingly spread before 
him, which always fled his touch. Homer 
gives a vigorous description of this : 

There Tantalus along the Stygian bounds 
Pours out deep groans: with groans all Hell 

resounds; 
E'en in the circling floods refreshment craves, 
And pines with thirst amidst a sea of waves : 
When to the water he his lip applies, 
Back from his lip the treacherous water flies. 
Above, beneath, around his hapless head. 
Trees of all kinds delicious fruitage spread; 
There figs, sky-dyed, a purple hue disclose, 
Green looks the olive, the pomegranate glows, 
There dangling pears exalted scents unfold, 
And yellow apples ripen into gold ; 
The fruit he strives to seize, but blasts arise, 
Toss it on high, and whirl it to the skies. 

Odyssey xi. 

2 A 



278 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber IV. 



Volvitur Ixion ; et se sequiturque, fugitque, 
Molirique suis letum patruelibus ausse, 
Assiduae repetunt, quas perdant, Belides, undas. 
Gluos omnes acie postquam Saturnia torva 
Vidit, et ante omnes Ixiona : rursus ab illo 50 

Sisyphon aspiciens ; cur hie e fratribus, inquit, 
Perpetuas patitur poenas ; Athamanta superbum 
Regia dives habet ; qui me cum conjuge semper 
Sprevit ? et exponit caussas odiique viaeque ; 
Q,uidque velit. Gluod vellet, erat, ne regia Cadmi 55 
Staret ; et in facinus traherent Athamanta sorores. 
Imperium, promissa, preces, confundit in unum, 
Sollicitatque deas. Sic haec Junone locuta, 
Tisiphone canos, ut erat turbata, capillos 
Movit ; et obstantes rejecit ab ore colubras. 60 

Atque ita, Non longis opus est ambagibus, infit, 
Facta puta, quaecunque jubes : inamabile regnum 
Defere ; teque refer coeli melioris ad auras. 

NOT.E. 



55. Quod vellet, erat, 
ne regia Cadmi staret. 



Mento summam aquam attingens siti enectus 
Tantalus. — Cicero, Tusc. 

45. Sisyphe. Sisyphus was a son of 
iEolus and Enaretta. He was a noted 
robber, and for his crimes was condemned 
in the Infernal Regions to roll a huge stone 
to the top of a mountain, which no sooner 
came neaj the summit, than it rolled back 
with accelerated rapidity. Hence, his pun- 
ishment was eternal. His labors are well 
described by Homer : 

I turned my eye, and as I turned surveyed 
A mournful vision, the Sisyphian shade ! 
With many a weary step, and many a groan, 
Up the high hill he heaves a huge round stone ; 
The huge round stone, resulting with a bound, 
Thunders impetuous down, and smokes along 

the ground. — Odyssey xi. 

Nixantem trudere monte 
Saxum, quod tamen a summo jam vertice 

rursum 
Volvitur. — Lucret. Lib. iii. 1013. 

46. Ixion. He was the son of Phlegyas, 
and a king of Thessaly. Abhorred by all 
for the treacherous murder of his father-in- 
law, Jupiter took him up to heaven, where 
he sought to dishonor Juno. For this, Ju- 
piter struck him to Tartarus with light- 
ning, and had him bound to a wheel, which 
revolved continually. 

Illic Junonem tentare Ixionis ausi 
Versantur celeri noxia membra rota. 

Tibull. Lib. i. Eleg. iii. 73. 

48. Belides. The fifty daughters of Da- 
naus, son of Belus, who all, with the ex- 
ception of Hypermnestra, on their wedding 
night killed their husbands, who were the 
sons of their uncle iEgyptus. For this 
crime they were condemned in the Infer- 
nal Regions to fill with water a cask which 
was perforated in the bottom. Hence, 
their labor was endless. 



— laticem pertusum congerere in vas, 
Quod tamen expleri nulla ratione potest. 

Lucret. Lib. iii. 1021. 
Et Dania proles, Veneris quae numina lsesit, 
In cava Lethseas dolia portat aquas. 

Tibull. Lib. i. Eleg. iii. 79. 

50. Ante omnes. Juno is described as 
looking with aversion on Ixion, because of 
the insult which he had offered to her. 

51. Cur hie. Juno maliciously inquires, 
Why is Sisyphus punished in the Infernal 
Regions, while his brother Athamas reigns 
in a palace ? 

57. Imperium, promissa, preces. There 
is a gradation here that forcibly expresses 
the violence of the hatred of Juno, and of 
the degradation which it involves. First, 
with royal dignity, she commands ; she 
then attempts to bribe a compliance ; and, 
lastly, like a suppliant, has recourse to 
humble entreaty. 

62. Facia puta: consider done. It is the 
duty of a servant to obey a ruler promptly. 
A French courtier, in expressing his zeal 
in the service of his prince, once said, "If 
the thing is possible, consider it already 
done ; if impossible, still expect that it will 
be done." 

64. Roratis aquis : with sprinkled wa- 
ter. As the Iris is produced from vapors, 
or small drops of rain, the term roratis (like 
dew) is used. 

65. Lustravit. Iris purified Juno from 
the pollution which she had contracted by 
visiting the Shades below. The Romans 
were accustomed to purify themselves with 
water after they returned from a house in 
which a dead body lay, or from a funeral. 

65. Thaumantias. There is evident re- 
ference here to the Rainbow of the Flood. 
That the ancients had preserved the tradi- 
tion of the Bow being made a sign of the 



Fabula III. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



279 



Laeta redit Juno : quam caelum intrare parantem 
Roratis lustravit aquis Thaumantias Iris. 



65 



NOT.E. 



covenant between God and man, is evi- 
dent from frequent passages in the poets. 
Iris, or the Rainbow, is mythologically 
said to be the daughter of Thaumas. Now 
Thaum-as is a compound word (t£>N-Dinn), 
and signifies the abyss and fire. It is well 
known, that the rainbow is formed by the 
rays of the sun falling on minute drops of 
rain : the Rainbow seen by Noah was pro- 
bably produced by the sun's rays falling 
on the drops of rain which were exhaled 
from the waters of the retiring abyss ; and, 
hence, the propriety of the allegory. An 
allegory, by Ptolemy Hephestion, in which 
Arke (the ark) is spoken of as the daughter 
of Thaumas, and sister of Iris, refers to the 
same Noachic history : 

*H Sh 'ApKri Qav/iavTOS yv Svyarrip, »j$ f) d6e*K<t>i\ 
r lpiS- — Nov. Hist. Lib. iii. 

65. Iris. The tradition of the Rainbow 
appears to have been widely diffused 
among the nations. It is designated by 
God himself as a sign, or token, of his 
Covenant, or Oath. Hesiod calls it the 
Great Oath of the gods ; and various other 
authors call it a sign, or token. 

And God said, This is the token of the cove- 
nant which I make between me and you, and 



every living creature that is with you, for per- 
petual generations. I do set my bow in the 
cloud — and I will remember my covenant, 
which is between me and you, and every liv- 
ing creature of all flesh : and the waters shall 
no more become a flood to destroy all flesh. — 
Genesis ix. 12, 15. 

Swift-footed Iris, nymph of Thaumas born, 
Takes with no frequent embassy her way 
O'er the broad main's expanse, when haply 

strife 
Has risen, and controversy 'midst the gods, 
If there be one 'midst those who dwell in heaven 
That utters falsehood, Jove sends Iris down 
To bring from far. in golden ewer, the wave 
Of mullitudinous name, the mighty oath, 
That from a high rock inaccessible 
Glides cold. — Theogoxy. 

"Ipiooiv coiicores, as re Kpoviuv 
'Ej> vtfyei <rrfipi%£, TEPA2 fxepoirwv avSpcjiroiv. 

Iliad xi. 27. 
Like to the bow, which Jove amid the clouds 
Set as a token to desponding man. 

'Hire irop(f)vpeT)v' r Ipiv SvrjroTcn ravvaar) 
Zetij e£ ovpavoSev, repas kunevai. 

Iliad xvii. 547. 

Just as when Jove amid the heavens displays 
His bow mysterious, for a lasting sign. 

TeKfiup Si fiporoTs koX afjpa rirvKrai. 

Homer's Hymn to Selene. 
An intimation and a sign to men. 



QU^ESTIONES. 



What effect had the punishment of the 
Minyeides ? 

Which one of the daughters of Cadmus 
had not met with some signal calamity ? 

What does Juno resolve to do to her 1 

For this purpose whither does Juno go ? 

What guards the entrance of Tartarus ? 

Who sit before the gates of Tartarus ? 

Who was Tityus ? What his punish- 
ment? 

Who was Tantalus ? What was his 
punishment ? 

Who was Sisyphus ? How was he pun- 
ished ? 

Who was Ixion ? To what punishment 
was he condemned ? 

Who were the Belides ? What was their 
punishment ? 

Whom does Juno address ? 

Who were the Furies ? 



What request does she make of them ? 

Which one of the Furies promises her 
assistance to Juno ? 

Who was Iris ? Was she a real or alle- 
gorical personage ? 

To what Biblical occurrence does the 
story of Iris evidently refer ? 

Why was Iris called Thaumantias ? 

What is the derivation of Thaumas ? 

Was the Ark of Noah also made an 
allegorical personage ? 

What allegorical personage was Ino, by 
metathesis Ion ? 

Who was Athamas ? Give the etymo- 
logy of the name, and state its mytholo- 
gical connection? 

How may we interpret the descent of 
Juno into the Infernal Regions ? 

Where did the ancients locate Tar- 
tarus? 



FABULA IV. 

INO ET MELICERTA IN DEOS MARINOS. 

Obeying the commands of Juno, Tisiphone left the court of Pluto, and came 
to the house of Athamas, where she affected him and his wife Ino with 
madness. Athamas now seizes Learchus, his son, and kills him ; whereupon 
Ino, to avoid his fury, throws herself into the sea together with her son Me- 
licerta. By the entreaty of Venus, they are changed into sea-gods. The 
companions of Ino, about to cast themselves into the sea through despair, are 
changed into rocks and birds. 

EXPLICATIO. 

Tisiphone, whose name signifies desire of revenge, clothed with her 
bloody robe, girt with a serpent girdle, her head bristling with snakes, 
bearing her flaming torch, and a fearful poison, and accompanied by Sor- 
row, Terror, Fear, and Frenzy, comes forth to execute the vengeance of 
the offended Juno. The door-posts tremble beneath her tread, the doors 
grow pale, and the very sun shrinks back from her presence. No won- 
der that Athamas is affrighted, and feels the awful power of the dread 
deity before him. 

Having abundantly proved before, that Bacchus was the Noah of Scrip- 
ture, it is easy to recognise in the nurse of Bacchus, Ino, by metathesis, 
Ion, the lona, or Dove, which is connected with the story of Noah, and 
which, on ancient coins — especially those of Apamea — is sometimes found 
brooding over an ark ; and is an allegorical representation of the Spirit 
of God watching over the human family when enclosed in that receptacle 
which divine wisdom had provided. As Venus and the Dove are 
always found associated, and as Venus is fabled to arise from the sea, de- 
noting, probably, the new creation as coming forth from the sea, after the 
Deluge, we may regard Ino as the same as Venus ; for, in her name Leu- 
cothoe, or Leucothea, as it is more commonly written, we have the white' 
goddess, corresponding exactly to Venus Aphrodite, the goddess of the 
foam. 

Palaemon on ancient coins and medals is often found upon the back of 
a Cetus, which is a huge fish that is evidently a type of the Ark. Some- 
times the Ark itself is represented, and above it a Cetus with Palasmon 
on its back. It is most proper to regard Palaemon as a type of the Ark of 
Noah. Mythologically the Ark may be said to be the son of the Dove. 
Its etymology will show it a type of the Ark, for Palaemon is Palae — Man, 
or Maon, the ancient moon. Now the moon has always been a type of 
the Baris of Osiris, which is represented in the shape of a lunette. 
Hence, Osiris is said to have " entered the moon ;" and, hence, in allusion 
to the Ark as the mother of the renovated world, the moon was worshipped 
anciently as " the mother of the whole world." It has been shown be- 
fore that Osiris and Noah were the same, and that the Baris of the former 
was the Ark of the latter. 
280 





EC mora; Tisiphone madefactam sanguine ^sumit 
Importuna facem: fluidoque cruore rubentem 
lnduitur pallam; tortoque incingitur angue: 
Egrediturque domo. Luctus comitantur euntem, 
Et Pavor, et Terror, trepidoque Insania vultn. 
Limine ccnstiterat ; postes tremuisse feruntur 
iEolii ; pallorque fores infecit acernas ; 
Solque locum fugit. Monstris exterrita conjux, 
Territus est Athamas ; tectoque exire parabant. 
Obstitit infelix, aditumque obsedit Erinnys : 



10 



NOTVE. 



Virgil describes Tisiphone 



2. Cruore rubentem: red with blood, 
as clad in the same habiliments : 

Sublime on these a tower of steel is reared, 

And dire Tisiphone there keeps the ward, 

Girt in her sanguine gown, by night and day. — i£>*EiD vi. 554. 

And o'er her shoulders was a garment thrown 

Dabbled in human blood ; and in her look 

Wa? horror! and a deep funereal cry 

Broke from her lips. — Hesiod's Shield of Hercules. 

3. Torto angue. A snake bound around \ troop forms the train of the Fury. Seneca 



her waist formed a girdle. 

Two grisly snakes 
Hung from their girdles, and with forked tongues 
Licked their infected jaws, and violent gnashed 
Their fangs fell glaring. 

Hesiod's Shield of Hercules 



Lucius comitantur. 

36 



What a fearful 



describes Mars as accompanied by a train, 
oi similar terror : 

Lctum. Luesque, Mors, Labor, Tabes, Dolor, 

Comitatus illo, dignus.— (Edipus, Act. iii. 

8. Conjux. Ino, the wife of Athamas. 

10. Infelix: unhappy; that causes un- 
happiness ; pernicious. 

2 A 2 281 



282 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber IV. 



Nexaque vipereis distendens brachia nod is, 
Caesariem excussit. Motae sonuere colubrae ; 
Parsque jacens humeris; pars circum tempora lapsae 
Sibila dant, saniemque vomunt, linguasque coruscant* 

Inde duos mediis abrumpit crinibus angues; 15 

Pestiferaque manu raptos immisit. At illi 
Inoosque sinus, Athamanteosque pererrant; 
Inspirantque graves animas ; nee vulnera membris 
Ulla ferunt: mens est, quae diros sentiat ictus. 
Attulerat secum liquidi quoque monstra veneni, 20 

Oris Cerberei spumas, et virus Echidnas ; 
Erroresque vagos, caecseque oblivia mentis, 

Et scelus, et lacrymas, rabiemque, et casdis amorem; 2 4. Quse mista re- 

Omnia trita simul: quae sanguine mista recenti centi sanguine coxe- 

^ • •!• ■ i. - j jj* oe rat cavo aere versata 

Coxerat aere cavo, vindi versata cicuta. 25 v i r idi oicma. 



NOTiE. 



11. Vipereis nodis : with knots of vi- 
pers ; with knotted vipers. 

Caeruleos implexee crinibus angues 
Eumenides. — Virgil. Georgic. iv. 482. 

14. Linguas coruscant : make their 
tongues quiver ; brandish their tongues. 

15. Abrumpit cri?iibus : tears from her 
lhair. Virgii describes the Fury Alecto in 
like manner taking a serpent from her hair 
to wound Amata: 

SFrom her black bloody locks the Fury shakes 
Her darling plague, the favorite of her snakes: 
With her full force she threw the poisonous 

dart, 
And fixed it deep within Amata's heart, 
That, thus envenomed, she might kindle rage, 
And sacrifice to strife her house and husband's 

age. — iENEiu vii. 

18. Inspirant graves animas : inspire 
their baneliil breath. So Virgil : 
Unseen, unfelt, the fiery serpent skims 
Between her linen and her naked limbs, 

His baneful breath inspiring as he glides. 
Now like a chain around her neck he rides; 
Now like a fillet to her head repairs, 
And with his circling volumes folds her hairs. 
At first the silent venom slid with ease, 
And seized her cooler senses by degrees ; 
Then, ere th' infected mass was fired too far, 
In plaintive accents she began the war. 

iENEID vii. 

19. Mens. Just in proportion as mind 
is superior to matter, so is the spirit capa- 
ble of more intense suffering than the body. 

The spirit of a man will bear his infirmity, 
but a wounded spirit who can bear? — Pro- 
verbs xviii. 14. 

20. Attulerat. Tisiphone had brought. 

20. Monstra veneni : a monster of poi- 
son ; a monstrous poison. 

21. Echidnce. Echidna was a monster 
fabled to be sprung from Chrysaor and 
Callirhoe, and represented as a beautiful 
woman above the waist, and a serpent be- 
low it. The word is also used to signify 
the Hydra, or other huge venomous ser- 
pent. Hesiod thus describes her : 



Another monster dread she bare anon 
In the deep-hollowed cavern of a rock ; 
Stupendous, nor in shape resembling aught 
Of human, or of heavenly: monstrous, fierce, 
Echidna : half a nymph, with eyes of jet 
And beauty-blooming cheeks : and half, again, 
A speckled serpent, terrible and vast, 
Gorged with blood-banquets, trailing her huge 

folds 
Deep in the hollows of the blessed earth. 

Theogont. 

22. Errores. As restlessness and wan- 
dering about are often characteristics of 
madness, they are here said to be a part 
of the compound. 

24. Omnia trita simul: all bruised to- 
gether. 

25. JErecavo: in a brazen cauldron. The 
cauldron is said to be brazen, because brass 
is poisonous. Shakspeare gives a vivid 
account of rites practised by witches while 
mixing their terrible compounds in a pot. 

1 Witch. Thrice the brinded cat hath mewed. 

2 Witch. Thrice ; and once the hedge-pig 

whined. 

3 Witch. Harper cries, 'tis time ! 'tis time ! 

1 Witch. Round about the cauldron go ; 
In the poisoned entrails throw.—' 

Toad, that under coldest stone, 
Days and nights hath thirty one 
Sweltered venom sleeping got, 
Boil them first in the charmed pot ! 

All. Double, double toil and trouble ; 
Fire, burn; and, cauldron, bubble! 

2 Witch. Fillet of a fenny snake 
In the cauldron boil and bake : 
Eye of newt, and toe of frog, 
Wool of bat, and tongue, of dog, 
Adder's fork, and blind-worm's sting, 
Lizard's leg, and owlet's wing, 

For a charm of powerful trouble 
Like a hell-broth boil and bubble ! 

All. Double, double toil and trouble ; 
Fire, burn; and, cauldron, bubble ! 

3 Witch. Scale of dragon, tooth of wolf; 
Witches' mummy, maw, and gulf, 

Of the ravined salt-sea shark ; 
Root of hemlock, digged i' the dark; 
Liver of blaspheming Jew, 
Gall of goat, and slips of yew, 
Slivered in the moon's eclipse J 



Fabtjla IV. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



283 



Dumque pa vent illi, vertit furiale venerium 

Pectus in amborum ; praecordiaque intima movit. 

Turn face jactata per eundem saepius orbem, 

Consequitur metos velociter ignibus ignes. 

Sic victrix, jussique potens, ad inania magni 30 

Regna redit Ditis : sumptumque recingitur anguem. 

Protinus iEolides media furibundus in aula 
Clamat, 13 comites, his retia pandite sylvis : 
Hie modo cum gemina visa est mihi prole leaena. 
Utque ferae, sequitur vestigia conjugis, amens : 35 

Deque sinu matris ridentem et parva Learchum 
Brachia tendentem rapit, et bis terque per auras 
More rotat fundae : rigidoque infantia saxo 
Discutit ossa ferox. Turn denique concita mater, 
(Seu dolor fecit, seu sparsi causa veneni); 40 

Exululat ; passisque fugit male sana capillis. 
Teque ferens parvum nudis, Me]icerta, lacertis, 
Evohe, Bacche, sonat. Bacchi sub nomine Juno 
Risit: et, Hos usus prsestet tibi, dixit, alumnus. 

Imminet eequoribus scopulus ; pars ima cavatur 45 
Fluctibus, et tectas defendit ab imbribus undas: 
Summa riget, fontemque in apertum porrigit sequor. 
Occupat hunc (vires insania fecerat), Ino: 
Seque super pontum, nullo tardata timore, 
Mittit, onusque suum : percussa recanduit unda. 50 
At Venus immeritae neptis miserata labores, 



26. "Dumque illi pa- 
vent ; vertit furiale 
venenum in pectus 
amborum. 



48. Ino occupat 
hunc, (enim insania 
fecerat vires.) tarda- 
taque nullo timore 
mittit se. 



NOTjE. 



Nose of Turk, and Tartar's lips ; 
Finger of a birth-strangled babe, 
Ditch-delivered by a drab, 
Make the gruel thick and slab, 
Add thereto a tiger's chaudron 
For Ihe ingredients of our cauldron. 

All. Double, double toil and trouble ; 
Fire, burn; and, cauldron, bubble ! 

Macbeth, Act iv. Sc. 1. 

25. Versata cicuta : stirred with hem- 
lock. The hemlock was a deadly poison, 
and, hence, employed in this place. It is 
said to be viridis, because the poison is in 
the juice, and, consequently, more abun- 
dant when it is green. 

26. Furiale venenum: the poison that ex- 
cites to madness. 

29. Consequiter ignibus. The Fury 
whirls her torch so as to form a circle of 
flame, and thus confuse the eyes of the be- 
holder. 

30. Inania regna : the empty realms ; 
the shadowy realms. 

32. JEolid.es. Athamas, the son of iEo- 
lus. 

34. Gemina -prole : with her twin off- 
spring. 

34. Leana. It was a common error 
for persons under the Bacchic influence 
to mistake others for wild-beasts. Thus 
Agave and Autonoe took Pentheus to be 



a wild-boar. In modern times, on the con- 
trary, we are accustomed to regard as the 
beast the person who is under the Bacchic 
impulse. 

36. Ridentem Learchum. Learchus, the 
son of Athamas and Ino, slain by his fa- 
ther. It increases the horror of the cir- 
cumstances, that the innocent child, all 
unconscious of its fate, smiles upon its 
inhuman murderer. 

42. Melicerta. Another son of Atha- 
mas and Ino. 

43. Juno risit. Juno laughed to hear 
Ino call on the name of Bacchus, her fos- 
ter-child, who had been the cause of her 
calamities. 

44. Hos usus: these advantages ; these 
fruits. This is spoken in irony. 

45. Imminet aquoribus : o'erhangs the 
sea. 

The dreadful summit of the cliff 
That beetles o'er his base into the sea. 

Shakspeare. 

50. Onus suum: her burden, viz. Meli- 
certa, whom she was carrying. 

50. Recanduit : became white again ; 
was white with foam. 

51. Neptis : her grand-daughter. Ino 
was the daughter of Harmonia, who was 
born of Venus by Mars. 



284 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber IV. 



Sic patruo blandita suo est: O numen aquarum, 
Proxima cui coelo cessit, Neptune, potestas ; 
Magna quidem posco : sed tu miserere meorum, 
Jactari quos cernis in Ionio immenso : 55 

Et dis adde tuis. Aliqua et mihi gratia ponto est; 
Si tamen in dio quondam concreta profundo 
Spuma fui, Graiumque manet mihi nomen ab ilia. 
Annuit oranti Neptunus ; et abstulit illis 
Quod mortale fuit; majestatemque verendam 60 

Imposuit ; nomenque simul, faciemque novavit : 
Leucothoeque, deum, cum matre Palaemona dixit. 

Sidoniae comites, quantum valuere, secutse 
Signa pedum, primo videre novissima saxo : 
Nee dubium de morte rata?, Cadmeida palmis 65 

Deplanxere domum, scissae cum veste capillos. 
Utque parum justae, nimiumque in pellice saevae, 
Invidiam fecere deae. Convicia Juno 
Non tulit : et, Faciam vos ipsas maxima, dixit, 
Saevitiae monumenta meae. Res dicta secuta est. 70 
Nam quae praecipue fuerat pia, Persequar, inquit, 
In freta reginam ; saltumque datura, moveri 
Haud usquam potuit; scopuloque affixa cohaesit. 
Altera, dum solito tentat plangore ferire 



69. Faciam vos ip- 
sas maxima monu- 
menta mese saevitise. 



not^e. 



52. Patruo: her uncle. Venus was the 
daughter of Jupiter, who was the brother 
of Neptune. 

55. Ionio . The Ionian Sea was that 
part of the Mediterranean Sea which 
washed the western coast of Greece, and 
extended to the Mare Hadriaticum. 

57. Concreta spuma. Venus was said 
to have sprung from the foam of the sea, 
and, hence, was called Aphrodite, from 
d<pp6 s , foam. Thus Hesiod : 
Till now, swift-circling, a white foam arose 
From that immortal substance, and a maid 
Was nourished in the midst. The wafting waves 
First bore her to Cythera's heaven-blessed 

coast ; 
Then reached she Cyprus, girt with flowing 

seas, 
And forth emerged a goddess, beautiful 
In modesty. Green herbage sprung around 
Beneath her slender feet. Her gods and men 
Name Aphrodite, goddess of the foam, 
Since in the sea-foam nourished, and again 
Wreathed Cytherea, for that first she touched 
Cythera's coast ; and Cypris, for she rose 
On Cyprus, 'midst the multitude of waves. 

Theogony. 

61. Nomen novavit: changed the name. 
Ino was called Leucothoe, or Leucothea, 
by the Greeks, and Matuta by the Ro- 
mans. Thus Cicero: 

Ino, the daughter of Cadmus, is she not called 
Leucothea by the Greeks, and Matuta by us? 

Tuscul. Disp". Lib. i. 
I call Leucothea, of great Cadmus born, 
Add Bacchus' nurse, whom ivy leaves adorn. 



Hear, powerful goddess, in the mighty deep 

Vast-bosomed, destined thy domain to keep : 

In waves rejoicing, guardian of mankind; 

For ships from thee alone deliverance find, 

Amidst the fury of th' unstable main, 

When art no more avails, and strength is vain. 

When rushing billows with tempestuous ire 

O'erwhelm the mariner in ruin dire, 

Thou hear'st, with pity touched, his suppliant 

prayer, 
Resolved his life to succor and to spare. 

Orpheus's Hymn to Leucothea. 

Her name and attributes are the same as 
those of Venus Aphrodite. 

62. Palosmona. Melicerta was called 
Palaemon. 

Ponti regna tenet nitidi matertera Bacchi, 
Nereidumque choris Cadmeia cingitur Ino. 
Jus habet in fluctus magni puer advena ponti 
Cognatus Bacchi, numen non vile Palaemon. 

Senec. CEdip. 
Oh nursed with Dionysius, doomed to keep 
Thy dwelling in the widely-swelling deep ; 
With joyful aspect to my prayer incline, 
Propitious come, and bless the rites divine ; 
Thy mystics through the earth and sea attend, 
And from old Ocean's stormy waves defend: 
For ships their safety ever owe to thee, 
Who wanderest with them through the raging 

sea. 
Come, guardian power, whom mortal tribes de- 
sire, 
And far avert the deep's destructive ire. 

Orpheus's Hymn to Pal^mon. 

63. Sidonicp. The Theban women are 
here called Sidonian, because they were 
originally from Sidon. 



Fabtjla IV. 



METAMORPHOSE ON. 



285 



Pectora, tentatos sentit riguisse lacertos. 75 

Ilia, maims ut forte tetenderat in maris undas, 
Saxea facta, manus in easdem porrigit undas. 
Hujus, ut arreptum laniabat vertice crinem, 
Duratos subito digitos in crine videres. 
Quo quasque in gestu deprenditur, hassit in illo. 80 

Pars volucres facta?, quae nunc quoque gurgite in illo 
iEquora distringunt sumptis Ismenides atis. 

NOT.E. 



65. Cadmerida. Ino, the daughter of 
Cadmus. 

67. In pellice: in the case of the harlot, 
viz. Semele, for whom Juno had cherished 



implacable hatred against the house of 
Cadmus. 

82. Ismenides. Thebans, so called from 
the river Ismenus. 



QU.ESTIONES. 



Whither does Tisiphone go ? 

Who are her companions ? 

What was the effect of the appearance 
of Tisiphone upon Athamas ? 

What does the Fury do to him and Ino ? 

Do the serpents wound their bodies ? 

What injury do the serpents do to them ? 

What poison had Tisiphone brought with 
her? 

Who was Echidna? 

Where does the Fury throw the poison ? 

How is Athamas effected ? 

What does he take Ino and her two sons 
to be? 

What does he do to Learchus ? 

How is Ino affected ? 

What does he do with Melicerta ? 



Who intercedes with Neptune for Ino 
and Melicerta ? 

Why was Venus called Aphrodite ? 

What did Ino become ? Under what 
name ? 

What did Melicerta become? What 
was his name ? 

What part of Noachic history does Ino, 
by metathesis Ion, appear to adumbrate ? 

How could the Dove be said to be the 
nurse of Bacchus ? 

Whom does Ino in her new name and 
character of Leucothoe, or Leucothea, ap- 
pear to be ? 

Of whom is Palaemon a type ? 

What is the etymology of PalaBmon? 

How does the Moon typify the Ark? 



FABULA V. 

CADMUS ET HERMIONE IN DRACONES. 

Cadmus and Hermione, affected by the calamities that had happened to their 
family, abandon Thebes and go into Illyricum. Here he suspects that his 
afflictions have been in consequence of the dragon which he slew being 
sacred to some god ; after which he and his wife are changed to serpents. 

EXPLICATIO. 

As some learned men contend that Cadmus was a real personage, in 
accordance with that view, and for the sake of heroic interest, we regarded 
him as an historical character, in our explanations of Fables I. and II. 
Book III. But the achievements of Cadmus could not have been the 
work of an individual, for he is said to have led colonies into Phenicia, 
Cyprus, Rhodes, Thera, Thasus, Anape, and Samothracia ; to have dis- 
covered and have wrought mines of gold and copper in Cyprus and else- 
where ; to have founded settlements, and one hundred cities in Africa ? 
to have established colonies in Attica, Euboea, Boeotia, and Illyria; to have 
reigned in Armenia, and, after reigning at Thebes for sixty-two years, to 
have reigned in Illyria. Besides this, he is said to have been the in- 
ventor of letters. 

Now, all these things may be referred to a tribe, but could not have 
been the work of an individual. We will, therefore, regard Cadmus, 
(anciently written Kad>t«v,) not as a real character, but a personification 
of the Cadmonites, a race spoken of in the Bible, who lived near Baal 
Hermon, in Syria. On this account, and probably because a body of 
Hermonians accompanied the Cadmonites to Boeotia, Hermione is alle- 
gorically the wife of Cadmus. The people around Baal Hermon were 
given to serpent-worship, and in consequence were called Hivites, from 
Hivia, a serpent. Ancient authors say, that in Hermon and Mount Libanus 
were many BcutvUa (Beth-el, house of God) ; these were the upright 
stones that formed the serpent-temples. Hence, Cadmus, who is de- 
scribed as identical with the Taut* of the Phenicians, the Thouth of the 
Egyptians, and the Hermes of the Greeks, is said to have taught the 
worship! of the serpent, and at last to have been changed into a serpent. 
As the temples used by the worshippers of the serpent were built of up- 
right stones, disposed in the form of that reptile, it is a myth of easy ap- 
plication to say that Cadmus was changed into a serpent. As Semele 
(Sema-el, the token of God, i. e. the Rainbow), and Ino (lone, the dove), 
are daughters of Cadmus ; and Bacchus (Noah) his grandson, it is readily 
perceived, that Cadmus (the Cadmonites) brought the traditions of the 
Deluge into Greece ; as also the tradition of the serpent of Paradise, 
which, at first regarded as oracular, became a symbol — a talisman — and 
at length a god through the nations. 

* Taut is the first that invented letters — whom the Egyptians called Thouth, the Alexandrians 
Thoth, but the Greeks rendered Hermes.— Philo apud Eusebium. 

Cadmus, not only a royal epithet, but an epithet of Hermes. — Vktus auctor apud Phavorintjm. 

Cadmus, who is the same as Hermes. — Scholiast on Lycophron. 

t Taut consecrated the form of the dragon and of serpents; and the Phenicians and Egyptians 
after him did the same.— Eusebius, Pr.ep. Evang., Lib. i., Cap. 10. 

The Greeks received the worship of the serpent from Cadmus.— Vossrtis. 
286 











ESCIT Agenorides natam parvumque nepotem 
iEquoris esse deos. Luctu serieque malorum 
Victus, et ostentis, quae plurima viderat, exit 
Conditor urbe sua ; tanquam fortuna locorum 
Non sua se premeret : longisque erratibus actus 
Contigit Illyricos profuga cum conjuge fines. 
Jamque malis annisque graves, dum prima retractant 
Fata domus, releguntque suos sermone labores; 
Num sacer ille mea trajectus cuspide serpens, 
Cadmus ait, fuerit ; turn, cum Sidone profectus 
Vipereos sparsi per humum, nova semina, dentes? 
Q,uem si cura deum tarn certa vindicat ira, 
Ipse precor serpens in longam porrigar alvum. 
Dixit; et, ut serpens, in longam tenditur alvum: 
Duratseque cuti squamas increscere sentit, 



10 



15 



NOT.E. 



Cadmus, the son of 



From Thebes, which he 



1. Agenorides. 
Agenor. 
4. Urbe sua 
had founded. 

6. Illyricos. Illyricum, now Upper Al- 
bania, was a country of Greece, the precise 
limits of which are not known. It was 
bounded on the east by a range of moun- 
tains that separates it from 1 hessaly ; on 
the south by Epirus, now Lower Albania; 
and on the west by Mare Hadriaticum. 

7. Malis annisque graves : weighed 
down with misfortunes and with years. 

When age and want, O ill-matched pair, 
Show man was made to mourn.— Burns. 



9. Ille serpens. The serpent which he 
had slain, as related in Lib. III., Fab. I. 

12. Vindicat. Cadmus is led to suppose 
that the misfortunes which he has suffered, 
have been inflicted by some deity, to whom 
the serpent which he slew was sacred. 

13. Ipse serpens porrigar: may I myself 
be extended, a serpent. The ophite 
hierogram is found wherever the serpent- 
worship prevailed. It appears on coins, 
medals, temples, and pillars, under various 
modifications, as shown in Figures 1 to 7. 
The serpent of Paradise was the original 
of the whole. See note on Serpentis t 
page 92. 

287 



288 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber IV. 



Nigraque casruleis variari corpora guttis : 

In pectusque cadit pronus: commissaque in urmm 

Paulatim tereti sinuantar acumine crura. 

Brachia jam restant : quae restant brachia tendit 

Et lacrymis per adhuc humana fluentibus ora, 20 

Accede, 6 conjux, accede, miserrima, dixit; 

Dumque aliquid superest do me, me tange; manumque 

Accipe, dum manus est ; dum non totum occupat anguis. 

Ille quidem vult plura loqui : sed lingua repente 

In partes est fissa duas. Nee verba volenti 25 

Sufficiunt: quotiesque aliquos parat edere questus, 

Sibiiat : hanc illi vocem natura relinquit. 

Nuda manu feriens exclamat pectora conjux, 

Cadme, mane : teque his, infelix, exue monstris. 

Cadme, quid hoc ? ubi pes ? ubi sunt humerique, manusque ? 30 

Et color, et facies, et, dum loquor omnia? Cur non 

Me quoque, coelestes, in eundem vertitis anguem ? 

Dixerat : ille suae lambebat conjugis ora ; 

Inque sinus caros, veluti cognosceret, ibat : 

Et dabat amplexus ; assuetaque colla petebat. 35 

Gluisquis adest (aderant comites), terretur : at ilia 

Lubrica permulcet cristati colla draconis, 

Et subito duo sunt; junctoque volumine serpunt; 

Donee in oppositi nemoris subiere latebras. 



13. Precor ut ipse 
porrigar serpens in 
lo 



ongam alvum. 



31. Cur ccelestes, 
non vertitis me quo- 
que in eundem angu- 
em? 



NOT.E. 



to be marked; to be 



16. Variari: 
streaked. 

And those fearful snakes were streaked 
O'er their cerulean backs with streaks of jet, 
And their jaws blackened with a jetty dye. 

Hesiod's Shield of Hercules. 

16. CcBruleis guttis: with green spots. 

17. In pectus cadit pronus : falls prone 
upon his breast. 

On thy belly shalt thou crawl, and dust shalt 
Ihou eat all the days of thy life. — Genesis, iii. 14. 

23. Non totum occupat: does not possess 
me entire. 

25. In partes dttas. On account of its 
great volubility, the tongue of the serpent 
appears to be divided. 

27. Sibiiat. When he attempts to speak, 
he hisses. Thus Milton, in speaking of 
the fallen angels : 

He would have spoke, 
But hiss for hiss returned with forked tongue 
To forked tongue. — Paradise Lost. 

29. Teque exue: free yourself. 

36. Ilia permulcet : she strokes ; she ca- 
resses. 

38. Duo sunt. Hermione is now also 
changed into a serpent. 

38. Juncto volumine: with joined spires. 
In the phrase juncto volumine, we have the 
identical original ophite hierogram pre- 
-6ented to us, under the mistaken figure, 
.however, of two serpents. As Sabaeism, 
or worship of the heavenly host, was con- 



nected with serpent-worship, the globe, 
with the serpent passing through it, was 
intended to represent the sun's disk, and 
the serpent's way, the sun's path among 
the stars. As the Cadmonites and Hermo- 
nians built serpent-temples of this kind in 
Illyria, Cadmus and Hermione were fabled 
to be changed into serpents in that coun- 
try ; Hence Scylax Caryandensis, speak- 
ing of Enchelia in Illyria, says : 

The stones and the temple sacred to Cadmus 
and Hermione are there. — Geog. Vet. 

The correctness of this will appear from 
the plate (Fig. 8) and description of an 
ancient serpent-temple in England. 

From a circle of upright stones (without im- 
posts), erected at equal distances, proceeded 
two avenues, in a wavy course, in opposite di- 
rections. These were the fore and hinder parts 
of the serpent's body, passing from west to east. 
Within this great circle were four others, con- 
siderably smaller, two and two, described about 
two centres, but neither of them coincident with 
the centre of the gTeat circle. They lay in the 
line drawn from the north-west to the south- 
east points, passing through the centre of the 
great circle. The head of the serpent was 
formed of two concentric ovals, and rested on 
an eminence — which is the southern promontory 
of the Hakpen (Serpent's head) hills.— Worship 
of the Serpent, p. 330. 

The etymology of Hakpen is Hak, a ser- 
pent, and Pen, the head. The remains of 
a similar temple are evidently alluded to 
by Pausanias : 



Fabula V. 



METAMORPHOSE ON. 



289 



Nunc quoque nee fugiunt hominem, nee vulnere lsedunt : 
Gluidque prius fuerint, placidi meminere dracones. 41 



NOTiE. 



On proceeding in a straight line from Thebes 
to Glisas, you will see a place surrounded with 
rough stones, which the Thebans call the Ser- 
pent's head. — Description of Greece, Lib. ix. 
Cap. xix. 

The following refers to a serpent -temple 
of Cadmus ; for, as shown in the interpre- 
tatio, Cadmus and Hermes are the same : 

In Pharae, likewise, there is a fountain sacred 
to Hermes. The name of the fountain is Hama 
(Ham), worshipped as the sun. Very near this. 



there are thirty quadrangular stones. These 
the Pharenses venerate, calling each by the 
name of some particular god. Indeed, it was 
formerly the custom with all the Greeks to re- 
verence rude stones in the place of statues of 
the gods. — Description of Greece, Lib. vii. Cap. 
xxii. 

As the Bairvha severally represented a 
god, from this may have arisen the myth, 
that all the gods attended the marriage of 
Cadmus and Hermione. 



QU^ESTIONES. 



How was Cadmus affected by the mis- ! 
fortunes that pursued his family ? 

Whither did he go ? Where is Illyria ? j 

What does he imagine was the cause of | 
tne misfortunes that befell his house ? 

What request does he make ? 

Was he immediately changed into a ser- 
pent ? 

Is the tongue of the serpent forked ? 

Has he the vicious nature of the serpent ? 

Who accompanied him in his exile from 
Thebes ? 



Does she witness his transformation ? 

What change takes place in her ? 

Was Cadmus a real character, or the 
personification of a tribe ? 

To what worship were the Cadmonites 
addicted? 

How, then, are we to interpret the 
transformation of Cadmus and his wife ? 

In what form were the serpent-temples 
built ? 

In what country has one been found in 
good preservation? 



Fig. 8. 




FABULA VI. 

ATLAS IN MONTEM MUTATUR. 

Perseus having cut off the head of Medusa, on his return to the court of Poly- 
dectes, begs the hospitality of Atlas. Being refused by Atlas, and treated 
with indignity, Perseus turns upon him the head of Medusa, and transforms 
him to a mountain. 

EXPLICATIO. 

The explanation of this Fable will necessarily differ, according to the 
view taken of Perseus. Some consider him as a real personage, some 
as the personification of a tribe, and others again, as an emblem of the 
Mithriac worship. Those regarding his birth historically, suppose that 
Proetus, by corrupting the fidelity of the guards of Danae with money, 
gained access to her ; and, that by making Jupiter the fictitious father 
of Perseus, the usual scandal was avoided. Mythically considered, 
others regard Jupiter descending in a shower of gold, as Mithras, or the 
golden Sun, fertilizing Danae, the dry and arid earth, from whom Perseus 
is produced. Considering Perseus as the personification of a tribe, we 
may regard him as a maritime expedition going out, which is said, there- 
fore, to be the son of Danae, from vavs, a ship. This appears the more 
probable, as, again, he and his mother are said to be enclosed in an ark 
and thrown into the sea. 

The Gorgons, whom Perseus visits for the purpose of obtaining the 
head of Medusa, appear to be forces of the sea, or savage nations infest- 
ing the sea, who, on account of the fear which they excited, were said 
to transform beholders to stone. We will devote more particular atten- 
tion to them hereafter, in another Fable. 

Diodorus Siculus tells us, that Atlas was an ancient astronomer, and 
the inventor of the sphere. Tzetzes also states, that he was an astrono- 
mer of Libya, devoted ardently to investigations of the heavens, and, that 
having ascended a lofty mountain for the purpose of observation, he fell 
into the sea, whence both the sea and the mountain were named after 
him. This would appear the more reasonable, as he is said to be the 
father of the Pleiades and Hyades. The golden apples, and the serpent 
by which they were guarded, it will be evident from the notes, were tra- 
ditions of the events that took place in Paradise. Some, however, 
regard the golden apples as rich flocks of sheep, since firj-ka signifies 
sheep as well as apples ; while some regard them as gold mines in the 
vicinity of the mountain. If Atlas used the summits of Atlas as an ob- 
servatory, it would be sufficient to connect his name with the range after 
death, and cause the myth of his transformation. 

290 



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ED tamen ambobus versa? solatia forma? 
Magna nepos fuerat, quem debellata colebat 
India, quem positis celebrabat Achai'a templis. 
Solus, Abantiades, ab origine cretus eadem, 
Acrisius superest, qui mcenibus arceat urbis 5 

Argolicae ; contraque deum ferat arma ; genusque 
Non putet esse Jovis. Neque enim Jovis esse putabat 
Persea, quem pluvio Danae conceperat auro. 

NOT.E. 

2. Nepos. Bacchus, the son of Semele. 

3. Acha'ia. Acha'fa, a part of Greece, is here used to signify the 
whole of Greece. 

4. Abantiades. Acrisius, the son of Abas. 

4. Ab origine eodem: of the same origin. Jupiter, the father of 
Bacchus, was also the father of Belus, who was the father of Atlas, 
and grandfather of Acrisius. 



Persea. Perseus was the son 
f of Jupiter by Danae, the daughter 
iH= of Acrisius. An oracle had told 
Acrisius that he would perish by the hands 
of his grandson, wherefore he enclosed 
Danae in a brazen tower. But Jupiter is 
said to have entered the chamber of Da- 
nae, in a shower of gold, and Perseus was 
the result of their union. After his birth, 
he and his mother were exposed in an ark 
which was carried by the winds to the 
island of Seriphos. The ark was found 



by fishermen, who carried Danae and Per- 
seus to Polydectes, king of the island. 
Conceiving at length a passion for Danae, 
and contemplating her dishonor, Poly- 
dectes sought to engage Perseus in an 
enterprise which would ensure his de- 
struction. Perseus promised to bring him 
the head of Medusa, the only one of the 
Gorgons which was mortal, and by the aid 
of Pluto's helmet, which rendered him in- 
visible, Minerva's buckler, and Mercury's 
wings and talaria, and a short dagger of 
291 



292 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber IV. 



Mox tamen Acrisium, tanta est prsesentia veri, 

Tam violasse deum, quam non agnosse nepotem 10 

Poenitet : impositus jam ccelo est alter ; at alter, 

Viperei referens spolium memorabile monstri, 

Aera carpebat tenerum stridentibus alis. 

Cumque super Libycas victor penderet arenas ; 

Gorgonei capitis guttae cecidere cruentae : 15 

Gluas humus exceptas varios animavit in angues ; 

Unde frequens ilia est infestaque terra colubris. 

Inde per immensum ventis discordibus actus, 

Nunc hue, nunc illuc, exemplo nubis aquosae 

Fertur : et ex alto seductas aethere longe 20 

Despectat terras ; totumque supervolat orbenu 

Ter gelidas Arctos, ter Cancri brachia vidit : 

Saepe sub occasus, saepe est ablatus in ortus. 

Jamque cadente die, veritus se credere nocti, 

Constitit Hesperio regnis Atlantis in orbe ; . 25 

Exiguamque petit requiem, dum Lucifer ignes 

Evocet Aurorae : currus Aurora, diurnos. 

Hie hominum cunctos ingenti corpore praestans 

Iapetionides Atlas fuit. Ultima tellus 

Rege sub hoc, et pontus erat, qui Solis anhelis 30 

JEquora subdit equis, et fessos excipit axes. 

Mille greges illi, totidemque armenta per herbas 



26. Dum Lucifer 
evocet ignes Auroras, 
et Aurora currus di- 
urnos. 



NOTjE. 



diamonds, he killed Medusa, and cut off 
her head. After this he slew a sea-mon- 
ster, which was about to devour Andro- 
meda, and married that beautiful princess. 
After several other exploits, he engaged in 
the public games at Larissa, and unwit- 
tingly slew his grandfather with a quoit. 

8. Danae. The daughter of Acrisius, 
and mother of Perseus. 

8. Pluvio auro: in showery gold; in a 
shower of gold. 

9. Acrisium. Acrisius was the son of 
Abas, king of Argos. He was the twin 
brother of Proetus, with whom he disputed 
the right of succession to the throne of 
Argos. After a pitched battle, in which 
neither had the advantage, they made a 
treaty, which secured the crown of Argos 
to Acrisius, and that of Tirynthus to Proe- 
tus. Having learned from an oracle, that 
his grandson would cause his death, he 
confined his daughter Danae in a tower, to 
prevent her having offspring. Perseus, 
however, was born of Danae, and after 
many wonderful exploits, accidentally kill- 
ed an old man with a quoit, at Larissa, 
who proved to be his grandfather Acrisius. 

11. Alter: the one, viz. Bacchus. 

11. Alter: the other, viz. Perseus. 

12. Spolium monstri. The head of Me- 
dusa, one of the Gorgons, whose hair con- 
sisted of serpents. 



13. Alis : with wings, viz. the talaria, 
which he had borrowed from Mercury. 

16. Animavit. This fiction arises from 
the abundance of serpents in these regions, 
and is copied from Apollonius Rhodius : 
For when brave Perseus, (this her godlike son 
His mother oftener named Eurymedon,) 
O'er Libya flew, the Gorgon's head to bring. 
Fresh-slain and dripping, to th' expecting king, 
From every drop, that dyed the soil with blood, 
A serpent sprung, and thus increased the brood. 
Argonautics, Lib. iv. 

22. Arctos. The Bears, a northern con- 
stellation. See note on page 134. 

22. Cancri. Cancer, the Crab is the 
fourth sign of the zodiac. The Tropic of 
Cancer, the boundary of the sun's declina- 
tion towards the north, is 23°, 28', or 1630 
miles, from the Equator. See note on 
page 131. 

24. Cadente die : day declining ; at the 
close of day. 

27. Ignes evocet Aurora: calls forth the 
fires of Aurora. 

29. Iapetionides. Atlas, the son of Ia- 
petus, and the king of Mauritania. 
Iapetus the ocean damsel led 
Light-footed Clymene, and shared her couch. 
She bare to him a son, magnanimous 
Atlas. — Hestod's Theogony. 

29. Atlas. Atlas was a king of Mauri- 
tania, who had a great many flocks of 
sheep, and also the beautiful gardens which 



Fabula VI. 



METAMORPHOSE ON. 



293 



Errabant ; et huraum vicinia nulla premebant. 

Arboreae frondes, auro radiante nitentes, 

Ex auro ramos, ex auro poma tegebant. 35 

Hospes, ait Perseus illi, seu gloria tangit 
Te generis magni ; generis mihi Jupiter auctor : 
Sive es mirator rerum ; mirabere nostras. 
Hospitiurn requiemque peto. Memor ille vetustse 
Sortis erat : Themis hanc dederat Parnassia sortem, 40 
Tempus, Atla, veniet, tua quo spoliabitur auro 
Arbor : et hunc praedse titulum Jove natus habebit. 
Id metuens, solidis pomaria clauserat Atlas . , 43 - AtIa * n"*uens 

mM ., , r i i i id, clauserat pomaria 

Moembus, et vasto dederat servanda draconi ; solidis mcenibus, et 



NOTiE. 



contained the golden apples. These gar- 
dens were guarded by a watchful dragon 
that never slept. Informed by an oracle 
that he would be dethroned by a son of 
Jupiter, he refused hospitality to Perseus, 
and was changed into a mountain. 

35. Ex auro poma: apples of gold. 
Ambrosial trees their buds and fruits unfold 
In silver flowers and vegetable gold. 

History of the Church. 

38. Rerum : of exploits. Perseus sets 
forth his claims to consideration, and 
boasts not only royal and celestial descent, 
but royal deeds. 

40. Themis Parnassia. The Scholiast 
on Lycophron, v. 129, describes Themis 
as the daughter of the sun. She is the 
same as Themas, or Thaumas, the rain- 
bow of the Deluge, and is called Parnassia, 
because the ark is fabled to have rested on 
Parnassus, which, according to a very an- 
cient writer, was at first called Lamassus, 
from Larnax, the ark of Deucalion (Noah): 
Tlappaffaog' ckoXcTto 6l irporepov Aapvaooos dta to 
rfjv &£vica\icjvos X&pvaxa avroSi itpoa£vex^ vai - 
Stef/h. Byzant. As Thaumas, or The- 
mis, the rainbow, was a sign of the end 
of the Deluge, it became oracular under 
the name of the goddess Themis. The 
dove, in like manner, became oracular. At 
Dodona, doves, which Euripides says 
came from Thebai {the ark), were fabled to 
give oracles. The Argo (Ark) is also de- 
scribed as giving oracles : 

The Argo was the first ship that ever was 
built: it was moreover built in the most early 
times, or at the very beginning; and was an ora- 
cular vessel.— Eratosthenes, Catast. C. xixv. 
Prima deum magnis canimus freta pervia 

nautis, 
Fatidicamque ratem. — Valerius Flaccus, Lib. i. 

42. Jove natus : a son of Jupiter. He 
refers to Hercules, who slew the serpent, 
as related by Apollonius Rhodius : 

Hither some lawless plunderer came of late, 
Who will reverse the color of your fate. 
Yon beast he slew, for whom we sorrow now, 
And tore the golden apples from their bough. 
But yesterday the desperate giant came; 
From his black eyebrows flashed the livid flame: 



A lion's shaggy skin, besmeared with gore, 
Wide o'er his shoulders spread the monster 

wore. 
On his stout staff his fearlpss step relied, 
And by his deadly dart the serpent died. 

Argonautics, Lib. iv. 

44. Vasto draconi : by a great dragon. 
This fiction, doubtless, owes its origin to 
the history of the serpent that tempted 
Eve. 

Nor wandered they in vain ; but soon explored 
The sacred spot with golden apples stored, 
In Atlas' realm : the serpent's wakeful eyes 
Watched till but yesterday, the golden prize ; 
The fair Hesperides with kind survey 
Tended the serpent, as they tuned their lay. 

Argonautics of Apoll. Rhod. 
The dreadful snake, that, couched 
In the dark earth's abyss, his wide domain, 
Holds o'er the golden apples wakeful guard. 

Hesiod's Theogony. 

Eratosthenes, in speaking of the con- 
stellation of the Serpent, evidently refers 
to the Garden of Eden, to Eve, the temp- 
tation by the serpent, and the crushing of 
the serpent's head by the Saviour, for Her- 
cules is expressly said by Philostratus 
(Vita Apoll. Tyan. Lib. viii. c. 9) to be 
ourfipios rois dvSpamots, the Saviour of men : 

According to Pherecydes, when all the gods 
offered presents to Juno upon her nuptials with 
Jupiter, the Earth also brought golden apples. 
Juno, admiring their beauty, commanded them 
to be planted in the garden of the gods; and find- 
ing that they were continually plucked by the 
daughters of Atlas, she appointed a vast ser- 
pent to guard them. Hercules overcame and 
slew the monster. Accordingly, in this con- 
stellation the serpent is depicted rearing aloft 
its head, while Hercules, placed above it with 
one knee bent, tramples with his foot upon its 
head, and brandishes his club in his right hand. 
Catast. Cap. iii. and iv. 

But none of the ancients so evidently 
describes the Serpent of Paradise as Lu- 
cretius, as if God would establish his truth 
out of the mouth of atheism itself. The 
very attitude of the serpent, as usually de- 
picted, is given with minuteness : 

Aureaque Hesperidum servans fulgentia mala 
Asper, acerba tuens, immani corpore serpens, 
Arboris amolexus stirpem. 

De Natt/ra Reb. Lib. v. 33. 

2b2 



294 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber IV. 



Arcebatque suis extemos finibus omnes. 45 

Huic quoque, Vade procul, ne longe gloria rerum, 
Q,uas mentiris, ait, longe tibi Jupiter absit. 
Vimque minis addit ; foribusque expellere tentat 
Cunctantem, et placidis miscentem fortia dictis. 
Viribus inferior, Gluis enim par esset Atlanti 50 

Viribus ? At quoniam parvi tibi gratia nostra est ; 
Accipe munus, ait : laevaque a parte Medusae 
Ipse retroversus squallentia prodidit ora. 
Quantus erat, mons factus AtJas : jam barba, comaeque 
In sflvas abeunt ; juga sunt humerique manusque ; 55 
Q,uod caput ante fuit, summo est in monte cacumen. 
Ossa lapis fiunt : turn partes auctus in omnes 
Crevit in immensum, sic di statu istis ; et omne 
Cum tot sideribus caelum requievit in illo. 



dederat ea servanda 
vasto draconi: arce- 
batque omnes exter- 
nos suis finibus. 



not^:. 



On the huge dragon, terror of the world, 
That round the Hesperian tree enormous curled ; 
"With eye electric, watching man and brute, 
Guarded with jealous care the golden fruit. 

47. Longe Jupiter absit: lest Jupiter be 
far from protecting you. 

53. Ipse retroversus. Perseus turned his 
face away that he might not himself be 
turned to stone. 

57. Lapis fiunt : become stone. A 
Christian poet has described with much 
vigor the transformation of a giant to stone, 
by a power superior to the Gorgon's, — that 
of Omnipotence : 

" For he is God"— at that most awful name,' 
A spasm of horror withered up his frame, 
Even as he stood and looked; — he looks, he 

stands 
With heaven-defying front, and clenched hands, 
And lips half-opened, eager from his breast 
To bolt the blasphemy, by force represt ; 
For not in feigned abstraction, as before, 
He practised foul deceit by damned lore ; 
A frost was on his nerves, and in his veins 
A fire, consuming with infernal pains ; 



Conscious, though motionless, his limbs were 

grown, 
Alive to suffering, but alive in stone. 

Montgomery's Woeld before the Flood. 

59. Cum tot sideribus : with so many 
stars. 
59. Caelum: heaven ; the celestial sphere. 

— Thy brother's fate, the unhappy Atlas, 
Afflicts me : on thy western shore he stands 
Supporting on his shoulders the vast pillar 
Of Heaven and Earth. — iEscHYLUs's Prome- 
theus Chained. 

59. Requievit in illo: rested upon him. 
Atlas, enforced by stern necessity, 
Props the broad heaven ; on earth's far borders^ 

where 
Full opposite th' Hesperian virgins sing 
With shrill sweet voice, he rears his head and 

hands 
Aye unfatigable.— Hesiod's Theogony. 

Titanian Atlas I beheld ; 

His giant strength condemned to bear 

The solid, vast, and ponderous sphere. 

jEschylus's Prometheus Chained. 



QU^SSTIONES. 



Who now alone rejects Bacchus ? 

Who was Acrisius ? 

Who was Perseus ? 

Who was Danae ? Why was she con- 
fined by Acrisius ? 

In what form did Jupiter obtain access 
to her ? 

Who was Polydectes ? 

Why did he wish to engage Perseus in 



an enterprise that would endanger his 
life? 

What did Perseus promise to obtain 
for him ? 

How was he equipped by the gods for 
the enterprise ? 

Did he succeed in his attempt ? 

On his return, whose kingdom did he 
pass by ? 



Fabtjla VI. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



295 



What gardens had Atlas? How were 
they guarded ? 

What probably gave rise to the story of 
the garden with the golden apples ? 

O? what is the dragon a tradition ? 

To what circumstances of the Tempta- 
tion, Fall of Man, and promise of a Sa- 
viour, does Eratosthenes evidently allude ? 

What does Lucretius describe ? 



What request does Perseus make of 
Atlas? 
Does Atlas grant his request ? 
Why did Atlas refuse him ? 
Who was Themis ? 
What does Perseus do to him ? 
How are we to regard Perseus ? 
What is the explanation of Atlas ? 
Why is he said to support the heavens ? 



FABULA VII. 

ANDROMEDA A PERSEO LIBERATA: VIRGiE IN CORAL1A. 

Perseus, passing through Ethiopia, sees Andromeda bound to a rock, and ex- 
posed to a sea-monster, on account of her mother's pride. Captivated with 
her beauty, and stipulating that she shall be the reward of the victory, he 
slays the monster. While he washes his hands, he lays the head- of Medusa 
on twigs, which become coral. 

EXPLICATIO. 

There was probably some historical basis for this Fable. The beauty 
and richness of the kingdom of Cepheus the Ethiopian prince, may have 
presented strong temptations for piratical emprize, and possibly the car- 
rying off some maidens of the country. Hence, it would be easy, in the 
language of metaphor to say, that the pride of Cassiope, in preferring 
herself to the Nereides, had caused a monster to be sent by Neptune to 
ravage the coast. The piratical expedition itself, its leader, or the ship 
which bore the buccaneers, may, then, be appropriately regarded as a 
sea-monster. A piratical ship may be adumbrated in the very compari- 
son of the form and advance of the monster to the size and force of a ship : 

Ecce velut navis praefixo concita rostro 

Sulcat aquas, juvenum sudantibus acta lacertis : 

Sic fera dimotis impulsu pectoris undis. 

Andromeda may be considered as a personification of the virgins of the 
country, or may have been the daughter of the prince of the country, and 
have been promised in marriage to appease the cupidity of the pirate 
leader. Others have regarded the account of the exposure and of the 
monster in a sense purely literal, and we are accordingly told by Pliny 
and Mela, that the occurrence took place at Joppa, in Palestine. Pliny 
(Lib. ix. Cap. v.) gravely tells us, that M. Scaurus, in his edileship, 
brought the identical bones of this monster to Rome, which were more 
than forty feet long, the ribs larger than an elephant's, and the backbone 
a foot and a half thick. 

In the sea-weeds turned into coral, allusion is made to the nature of that 
zoophyte which becomes hardened by exposure to the air. Coral abounds 
in the sea near the place where the Gorgons were said to reside. There 
are several good morals contained in this Fable. In the exposure of An- 
dromeda, we see that the" errors of princes fall upon their subjects. In 
the ready compliance of Cepheus with the demands of the oracle, we see 
that a cheerful obedience to the will of heaven, as in the case of Abra- 
ham, has its reward from heaven, and exemption from punishment. In 
the rescue of Andromeda by Perseus, we learn that heaven will provide 
a way of escape to the innocent. 
296 





LAUSERAT Hippotades aeterno carcere ventos : 
Admonitorque operum coelo clarissimus alto 
Lucifer ortus erat. Pennis ligat ille resumptis 
Parte ab utraque pedes ; teloque accingitur unco ; 
Et liquidum motis talaribus aera findit. 5 

Gentibus innumeris circumque infraque relictis, 
iEthiopum popuios, Cephei'a conspicit arva. 

NOTjE. 

1. Clauserat. He had shut up the winds ; it was calm and still. 
1. Hippotades. iEolus, the god of the winds. He was the son ^>f 
Jupiter by Arcesta, and the grandson of Hippotas. 

And sage Hippotades their answer brings, 

That not a blast was from his dungeon strayed ; 

The air was calm, and on the level brine 

Sleek Panope with all her sisters played. — Milton's Lycidas. ■ 

1. Mterno carcere : in their eternal prison. It was firm and strong, 
and could not^decay with time, nor be broken by force. The prison 
of the winds is described by Virgil as formed of huge rocks : 

Swift e'en as thought he flew ; the visage grim 
Of monstrous Gorgon all his back o'erspread, 
And wrought in silver, wondrous to behold, 
A veil was drawn around it, whence in gold 
Hung glittering fringes ; and the dreadful helm 
Of Pluto clasped ihe temples of the prince, 
Shedding a night of darkness. 

Shield of Hercules. 

4. Telo unco: with his crooked weapon, 
viz. the faulchion, called Harpe, which was 
formed of diamonds, and given to him by- 
Mercury. 

7. Cepheta: of Cepheus, the son of Phe- 
nix, and father of Andromeda. 

297 



—tenet ille immania saxa, 
Vestras. Eure, domos : ilia se jactet in aula 
JSolus, et clauso ventorum carcere regnet. 

JEheid. Lib. i. 139. 

3. Pennis ligat pedes: he binds his feet 
with wings. SoHesiod: 
There was the horseman, fair-haired Danae's son 
Perseus : nor yet the buckler with his feet 
Touched, nor yet distant hovered : strange to 
think! 

***** 
Bound to his feet were sandals winged ; a sword 
Of brass, with hilt of sable ebony, 
Hung round him from the shoulders by a thong: 

38 



298 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber IV. 



Illic immeritam maternas pendere linguae 
Andromedam poenas injustus jusserat Ammon. 
Q,uam simul ad duras religatam brachia cautes 
Vidit Abantiades ; nisi quod levis aura capillos 
Moverat, et trepido manabant lumina fletu ; 
Marmoreum ratus esset opus. Trahit inscius ignes ; 
Et stupet ; et, visae correptus imagine formse, 
Pene suas quatere est oblitus in aere pennas. 

Ut stetit, O, dixit, non istis digna catenis, 
Sed quibus inter se cupidi junguntur amantes : 
Pande requirenti nomen terraeque tuumque ; 
Et cur vincla geras. Primd silet ilia, nee audet 
Adspectare virum virgo ; manibusque modestos 
Celasset vultus, si non religata fuisset. 
Lumina, quod potuit, lacrymis implevit obortis. 
Saepius instanti, sua ne delicta fateri 
Nolle videretur, nomen terrasque suumque, 
Gluantaque maternae fuerit fiducia forma?, 
Indicat ; et, nondum memoratis omnibus, unda 



10 



15 



18. Pande mihi re- 
quirenti nomenque 
tuura, terraeque, et 
OQ cur geras vincla 



25 



NOTjE. 



8. Maternat lingua',. Cassiope, the mo- 
ther of Andromeda, had boasted that she 
was fairer than the Nereids ; wherefore, 
they sent a sea-monster to ravage the coast 
of Ethiopia. 

9. Ammon. A name of Jupiter, who was 
worshipped in Libya under this appellation, 
which signifies sandy. While traversing 
these sandy deserts, Bacchus and his army 
suffered much from thirst, when Jupiter 
appeared in the form of a ram, and showed 
them a fountain of water. Hence, Bac- 
chus built a temple in the place to his fa- 
ther, whom he designated Jupiter Ammon, 
and placed in the temple the image of that 
god with the head of a ram. The ruins of 
the temple are still seen in the Oasis of 
Siwah. 

No more the Augur stands in snowy shroud, 
To watch each flitting wing and rolling cloud ; 
Nor superstition in dim twilight weaves 
Her wizard song among Dodona's leaves ; 
Phoebus is dumb ; and votaries crowd no 

more 
The Delphian mountain and the Delian shore; 
And lone, and still, the Libyan Ammon stands, 
His utterance stifled by the desert sands. 

N. C. Brooks. 

10. Quam vidit. Perseus saw Androm- 
eda bound to a rock. 

He saw upon the golden sand 
Of the sea-shore, a maiden stand, 

Before whose feet the expiring waves 
Flung their last tribute with a sigh — 

As, in the East, exhausted slaves 
Lay down the far-brought gift, and die. — 

Moore. 
With agonizing air, 
In all the desolation of despair, 
She stood ; her hands to heaven uplift and claspt. 
Montgomery. 



13. Marmoreum opus : a work* of mar- 
ble ; a statue. 

18. Nomen terra: : the name of your 
country. 

20. Adspectare. I have substituted this 
word for appellare, which is properly the 
reading ; for appellare signifies to accost ; 
whereas, if the virgin spoke, it would have 
been in reply. Besides, we are" just told 
she is silent, silet. What an interest is 
given by the poet. She is not only silent, 
but through modesty cannot even look 
upon Perseus. Lucian specially refers to 
the modesty of Andromeda, as represent- 
ed in a picture which he saw : 

On the right hand, as you enter the hall, a 
transaction is represented, to which the Grecian 
and Ethiopian histories lay equal claims. — Per- 
seus, when returning from his flight against the 
Gorgons, kills the sea-monster by the way, sets 
Andromeda free, and soon after marries and 
takes her along with him to Argos. Remark 
how much the artist has here exhibited in small 
space. Shame and fear are beautifully ex- 
pressed in the attitude of the virgin, as she looks 
down from the rock to observe the youthful hero 
engaged in fight for love of her, and how diffi- 
cult it proves to him to subdue the monster, 
making up to him with his impenetrable scales, 
prickly points, and wide gaping jaws. Perseus 
with his left hand holds before him the head of 
Medusa, while he makes a powerful stroke at 
him with the sword in his right; already the 
monster is turned into stone on the side that he 
had turned towards the Gorgon, whilst the other 
yet shows signs of life by the blood that gushes 
from the wound it had received from the cimetar 
of the hero.— Encomium on a Magnificent Hall. 

23. Sua ne delicta. Lest Perseus may 
think she is confined there on account of 
her own crimes, she gives him the relation 
of her mother's presumption, and the pe- 
nalty which was inflicted. 



Fabula VII. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



Insonuit ; veniensque immenso bellua ponto 
Eminet; et latum sub pectore possidet asquor. 
Conclamat virgo : genitor lugubris, et amens 
Mater adest ; ambo miserj, sed justius ilia ; 30 

Nee secum auxilium, sed dignos tempore fletus, 
Plangoremque ferunt ; vinctoque in corpore adhaerent. 
Cum sic hospes ait : Lacrymarum longa manere 
Tempora ves poterunt ; ad opem brevis hora ferendam est. 
Hanc ego si peterem, Perseus Jove natus et ilia, 35 
Gtuam clausam implevit foecundo Jupiter auro, 
Gorgonis auguicomse Perseus superator, et atis 
iEthereas ausus jactatis ire per auras : 
Praeferrer cunctis certe gener. Addere tantis 
Dotibus et meritum, faveant modo numina, tento : 40 
Ut mea sit, servata mea virtute, paciscor. 
Accipiunt legem, quis enim dubitaret? et orant, 
Promittuntque super regnum dotale, parentes. 

Ecce ! velut navis, praefixo concita rostro, 
Sulcat aquas, juvenum sudantibus acta Jacertis : 45 

Sic fera, dimotis impulsu pectoris undis, 
Tantum aberat scopulis, quantum Balearica torto 
Funda potest plumbo medii transmittere coeli : 
Cum subito, juvenis, pedibus tellure repulsa, 
Arduus in nubes abiit : ut in aequore summo 50 

Umbra viri visa est, visam fera saevit in umbram. 



299 



31. Nee ferunt aux- 
ilium secum, sed plan- 
gorem, fletusque dig- 
nos tempore; adhaj- 
rentque in vincto cor- 
pore. 



44. Ecce velut na- 
vis concita, acta so- 
dantibus Iacertis ju- 
venum, sulcat aquas 
praefixo rostro. 



NOTiE. 



30. Justius ilia. The mother is said to 
be more deservedly miserable, because she 
had been the occasion of the exposure of 
her daughter to the monster. 

34. Brevis hora: the time is short. As 
the monster is fast advancing, on account 
of the shortness of the time and the urgen- 
cy of the occasion, Perseus briefly recounts 
his origin and exploits. 

35. Hanc si peterem : if I ask her in 
marriage. 

35. Ilia. Danae, the daughter of Acri- 
sius. 



36. Quam clausam 
Hence Horace : 



whom shut up. 



Inclusam Danagn turris ahenea; 
Robustaeque fores, et vigilum canum 
Tristes excubiae. munierant satis 
Nocturnis ab adulteris. — Lib. iii. Od. xvi. 

36. Foecundo auro : with fecundating 
gold. So Horace : 

Custodem pavidum Jupiter et Venus 

Risissent : fore enim tutum iter et patens 

Couverso in pretium deo. — Lib. iii. Od. xvi. 

41. Paciscor: I stipulate. 

44. Velut navis. This simile is lively 
and expressive. It presents a clear idea 
of the size and force of the monster. 

47. Torto plumbo: with leaden ball 
whirled round. 

50. Arduus in nubes abiit : mounts up 
iito the air. This appears to have been 



copied by Spenser, in the fight with the 
dragon : 

Then with his waving wings displayed wide, 
Himself upright he lifted from the ground, 
And with strong flight did forcibly divide 
The yielding air, which nigh too feeble found 
Her flitting parts and elements unsound, 
To bear so great a weight. — Faerie Queen e. 

51. Viri. Of Perseus. We give a de- 
scription of the destruction of the monster 
by Perseus, which we wrote as a school 
exercise. As it was inspired by the text, 
it may not be altogether inappropriate, 
though a juvenile production: 

Entranced in wo, fair Cassiope's child, 
The victim of a mother's wanton boast, 

Beheld the rugged crags that reared their wild 
And threateningheads above the stormy coast: 

And as she gazed upon the sea before, 
In mockery through her bosom stole a host 

Of pleasant memories, while with angry roar 

The death-denouncing waves broke on the rocky 
shore. 

The ample treasure of her raven locks 

In darksome beauty streaming on the wind, 
Upon a pedestal of blackened rocks 

Like Parian statue stood the maid, confined 

By chains which marred the tender wrists they 

bound : 

The thoughts of home came thronging on her 

mind, — 

Her bosom heaved, her eyes in tears wera 

drowned, 
And grief burst from her lips in sorrow's pla:i.- 
tivc sound. 



300 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber IV. 



Utque Jovis prsspes, vacuo cum vidit in arvo 
Prsebentem Phoebo liventia terga draconem, 
Occupat aversum : neu saeva retorqueat ora, 
Squamigeris avidos fig-it cervicibus ungues : 55 

Sic celeri fissum praepes per inane volatu 
Terga ferae pressit ; dextroque frementis in armo 
Inachides ferrum curvo tenus abdidit hamo. 
Vulnere laesa gravi, modo se sublimis in auras 
Attollit : modo subdit aquis : modo more ferocis 60 

Versat apri, quern turba canum circumsona terret. 
Ule avidos morsus velocibus effugit alis : 
Q,u aque patent, nunc terga cavis super obsita conchis, 
Nunc laterum costas, nunc qua. tenuissima cauda 
Desinit in piscem, falcato vulnerat ense. 65 

Bellua puniceo mistos cum sanguine fluctus 
Ore vomit : maduere graves aspergine pennae. 
Nee bibulis ultra Perseus talaribus ausus 
Credere ; conspexit scopulum, qui vertice summo 
Stantibus exstat aquis ; operitur ab aequore moto. 70 
Nixus eo, rupisque tenens juga prima sinistra, 
Ter quater exegit repetita per ilia ferrum. 
Littora cum plausu clamor superasque deorum 
Implevere domos. Gaudent, generumque salutant, 
Auxiliumque domus servatoremque fatentur 75 

Cassiope, Cepheusque pater. Resoluta catenis 
Incedit virgo, pretiumque et caussa laboris. 



63. Nee Perseus au- 
sus credere ultra bi- 
bulis talaribus, con- 
spexit scopulum qui 
exit stantibus aquis 
summo vertice. 



NOTjE. 



She thought of early childhood's summer hours, 

Of sportive glee beneath the myrtle shade, 
Of garlands wreathed for youthful friends in 
bowers 
Of myrrhine sweets, through which her feet 
had strayed — 
Thought of her father's halls — the dance — the lay 

Of minstrel, and the mellow lute of maid- 
Then of her doom; and saw with dread dismay 
The monster of the deep roll on, prepared to slay. 
One piercing shriek of anguish wildly rose 

Above the moaning ocean — fear represt 
The hapless cry of agony, and froze 

The fount of life within her virgin breast; 
While from each starting orb, the tear-drops, 
o'er 
Her snowy bosom showering pearls, con- 
fessed " 
Her lorn despair, as rushing towards the shore 
The ravenous monster seemed her beauty to 

explore. 
She trembled like an aspen; and the blood 

Was curdling in her veins, as mute she gazed 
Upon his bulk, now stretched upon the flood, 
Now rolled in spires, as o'er the waves he 
raised 
His towering crest, high gleaming in the air; 
And marked his eyes, which like two meteors 
blazed 
Upon his burnished front, with their red glare, 
Portending darksome death, destruction and 

despair. 
Still onward rolled the portent, till his breath 
Came warm upon her, and his nostrils shed 
The dewy brine ; and armed with pointed death 
Appeared the jagged teeth within his dread 



And terrible jaws, expanded to devour; 

When from the upper air flashed on her head 
A sudden light, and in that fearful hour, 
An unseen arm was raised that broke the mon- 
ster's power. 
E'en as his giant body smote the sand, 

Swift rushing from the foam-engirdled tide, 
With nostrils spread but breathless on the sand 

He lay immense, — with jaws expanded wide — 
And sinews bent — but rigid as the pile 

Of endless crags, that, reared on either side 
With everlasting adamant did tile 
The rocky ramparts of the sea-defying isle. 
And as the maiden slowly raised her eyes, 

A form of matchless beauty and of light, 
With waving pinions of a thousand dyes, 

And looks of love, burst on her raptured sight. 
Again life's fear-chilled current freely gushed. 

Her eyes that tears had dimmed, again grew 
bright; 
And like the rosy morning, sweetly blushed 
The blanched and pallid cheek by love's deep 
hectic flushed. — N. C. Brooks. 

52. Prcepes Jovis: the bird of Jove, viz., 
the eagle. 

58. Tenus hamo: up to the hilt. 

61. Turba canum: the pack of dogs. 

67. Aspergine : with the sprinkling ; 
with the spray. 

67. Plumce. The wings of Perseus. 

70. Stantibus aquis: the waters during 
a calm. 

77. Pretium et causa: the reward, and 
the cause. 



Fabtjla VII. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



301 



Ipse manus hausta victrices abluit unda: 
Anguiferumque caput nuda ne laedat arena, 
Moflit humum foliis : natasque sub aequore virgas 
Sternit, et imponit Phorcynidos ora Medusae. 
Virga recens, bibulaque etiamnum viva medulla, 
Vim rapuit monstri, tactuque induruit hujus, 
Percepitque novum ramis et fronde rigorem. 
At pelagi Nymphse factum mirabile tentant 
Pluribus in virgis, et idem contingere gaudent ; 
Seminaque ex illis iterant jactata per undas. 
Nunc quoque coraliis eadem natura remansit, 
Duritiem tacto capiant ut ab aere ; quodque 
Yimen in sequore erat, fiat super aequora saxum. 



80 



85 



90 



82. Virga recen«, 
etiamnumque viva, 
rapuit vim monstri 
bibula medulla, indu 
ruitque tactu hujus. 



NOTjE. 



79. Anguiferum caput: the snaky head, 
viz. the head of Medusa. 

80. Natas sub cequore virgas: the twigs 
formed in the sea, viz. the coral. 

Where the waters murmur tranquilly 
Through the bending twigs of the coral grove. 
J. G. Percival. 

81. Phorcynidos. Of Medusa, the daugh- 
ter of Phorcys. 



83. Vim rapuit monstri: contracted the 
power of the monster, viz. Medusa. 

87. Semina ex illis: slips from them, 
viz. the branches of coral. 

88. Coraliis. A marine zoophyte that 
often grows in branches like a tree. On 
removal from the water, it becomes as hard 
as a stone. It is used for ornaments. 



QU^ESTIONES. 



Who was Cepheus? 

Who was Andromeda ? 

To what was she exposed ? Why ? 

Who discovered her thus exposed ? 

What proposal did he make to her pa- 
rents ? 

Did they accede to his proposal ? 

Did he slay the monster ? 

What happened to the twigs that he 
placed under the head of Medusa ? 

What probably gave rise to this Fa- 
ble? 



How will you interpret the crime of Cas- 
siope ? 

How will you explain the monster ? 

In what two ways can we explain the 
exposure of Andromeda ? 

What description in the Fable would 
induce the belief that a piratical ship was 
the monster ? 

How do Pliny and Mela regard the 
monster ? 

Whom does Pliny say brought the bones 
to Rome ? 



2C 



FABULA VIII. 

CRINES MEDUSAE IN SERPENTES MUTANTUR. 

Perseus, having killed the sea-monster, marries Andromeda. At the feast he 
is desired to relate the manner in which he slew the G-orgon. After this re- 
lation, he describes to them the prior transformation of Medusa's hair into 
serpents. 

EXPLICATIO. 

Great diversity of opinion exists in relation to the Gorgons. Diodorus 
says they were female warriors that inhabited Libya, who inspired their 
enemies with great terror, but were at last conquered by Perseus, and 
their queen, Medusa, slain. Pausanias says, that after the death of 
Phorcys, his daughter Medusa reigned over the people that inhabited 
near lake Tritonis, and caused great terror by her incursions, that her 
flying camp was destroyed by Perseus, and the queen herself killed 
among the throng. Others have regarded them as princesses possessing 
great wealth and a golden statue of Minerva called Gorgon. The one 
eye of the Graias, their guard, they consider a minister of theirs, whom 
Perseus forced to disclose the secret of their wealth. Two of the sisters 
consented to surrender this, but Medusa, refusing, was slain, when he 
obtained- the Gorgon or golden statue. Pegasus and Chrysaor may then 
be considered ships which they had, for Artemidorus tells us, that by 
" the horses of Neptune - are meant ships, for the analogy is strict between 
a horse on land, and a ship in the sea." 

The Graiae and the Gorgons are personifications of the terrors of the 
sea ; which are thus said to transform beholders to stone : the former are 
the white crested waves that dash against the coast ; the latter the strong 
billows of the wide ocean. The Graias were the half-sisters of the Gor- 
gons, and are themselves called Gorgons by some. Their one eye is the 
disk of the moon, which influences the tides, for the moon was anciently 
called yopyoviov. By the stealing of this eye, we are to understand that 
Perseus learned the nature of the tides. The Gorgons were Stheno, the 
powerful, meaning the force of the waves ; Euryale, wide-rolling, their 
fluctuation ; and the Medusa, directness, their course as altered or affect- 
ed by winds, or the seasons of the year. The force and fluctuation of the 
waves remain the same, hence then Stheno and Euryale are said to be 
immortal ; while Medusa, denoting change in the course of the billows, 
is said to be mortal. Since a serpent moving in a wary manner denoted 
water, the serpents of Medusa's head, disposed as they are, represent the 
undulations of the ocean. See note on Serpentis, p. 92, and the plate 
which acoompanies it. By learning to command wind and tide, and thus 
direct his vessel at will in the ocean, Perseus is said to have cut off the 
head of Medusa. Probably he is regarded, or the expedition which he 
represents, as making the first voyage in the open ocean. Pegasus and 
Chrysaor are ships, which were built in consequence of having overcome 
the terrors of navigation. 
302 





IS tribus ille focos totidem de cespite ponit ; 
Laevum Mercurio ; dextrum tibi, bellica virgo ; 
Ara Jo vis media est : mactatur vacca Minerae ; 
Alipedi vitulus; taurus tibi, summe deorum. 
Protinus Andromedan et tanti paemia facti 5 

Indotata rapit : taedas HymenaBus Amorque 

NOTiE. 

1. Bis tribus. Three gods had assisted him, and he erects in con- 
sequence an altar to each. Help from heaven should always be grate- 
fully recognised. Thus Samuel acknowledged the assistance of God 
in conquering the Philistines, by setting up a pillar for sacrifice : 

Then Samuel took a stone, and set it between Mizpeh and Shen, and called 
the name of it Eben-ezer, saying, Hitherto hath the Lord helped us. 

1 Samuel, vii. 12. 

2. Bellica virgo. Minerva, the goddess of war. Minerva had given 
him a shield, which, like a polished mirror, reflected every thing. He 
looked on the head of Medusa as reflected in this shield. Minerva 
also guided his hand as he struck the Gorgon. By this shield we are 
to understand that prudent circumspection and counsel which are 
so necessary in war. 

Though Cepheus had offered his kingdom. 

the brave deliverer loved her for herself 

alone. 

Dos est magna parentium 
Virtus.— Hokat. Lib. iii. Od. 24. 

6. Tcedas preecutiunt : shake their 

torches. The torches of Hymen were 

those that were anciently carried before 

the bride, as she was led to the house of 

303 



4. Alipedi. Mercury, so called because 
he has wings to his feet. Mercury fur- 
nished him with his winged shoes, and the 
faulchion (harpe). By the winged shoes we 
are to understand swiftness of execution in 
general. Here, most probably, it means 
a ship. 

6. Indotata : dowcrless. Her only 
dower was her beauty and her innocence. 



304 



P. OVIDII NASONIS 



Liber IV. 



Praecutiunt : largis satiantur odoribus ignes : 
Sertaque dependent tectis : lotique lyraeque 
Tibiaque, et cantus, animi felicia lseti 
Argumenta, sonant. Reseratis aurea valvis 
Atria tota patent, pulchroque instructa paratu ; 
Cepheni proceres ineunt convivia regis. 
Postquam epulis functi, generosi munere Bacchi 
Diffudere animos : cultusque habitusque locorum 
Q,userit Abantiades. Quaerenti protinus unus 
Narrat Lyncides, moresque, habitusque virorum 
Q,uas simul edocuit, Nunc, 6 fortissime, dixit, 
Fare precor, Perseu, quanta virtute, quibusque 
Artibus abstuieris crinita draconibus ora. 

Narrat Abantiades gelido sub Atlante jacentem 
Esse locum, solidae tutum munimine molis ; 
Cujus in introitu geminas habitasse sorores 
Phorcydas, unius partitas luminis usum : 
Id se solerti, furtim dum traditur astu, 
Supposita cepisse manu : perque abdita longe, 
Deviaque, et sylvis horrentia saxa fragosis 
Grorgoneas tetigisse domos : passimque per agros, 
Perque vias vidisse hominum simulacra ferarumque 
In silieem ex ipsis visa conversa Medusa : 
Se tamen horrendae clypei quod laeva gerebat, 30 

JEre repercusso, formam aspexisse Medusae : 
Dumque gravis somnus colubrasque ipsamque tenebat, 
Eripuisse caput collo : pennisque fugacem 
Pegason et fratrem matris de sanguine natos ; 



10 



15 



20 



25 25. Per loea long* 
abdita, deviaque, et 
saxa horrentia frago- 
sis silvis. 



NOTJE. 



lier husband. The torch of Love is the 
allegorical one that inflames the heart. 
Here Love his golden shafts employs, here lights 
His constant lamp, and waves his purple wings. 

Milton. 
•Concutit taedas geminus cupido.— Senec. CEd. 

7. Largis odoribus : with copious per- 
fumes. 

8. Loti. By metonymy for instruments 
made of the lote tree. 

11. Patent : are thrown open. 

19. Crinita draconibus : having dragons 
for hair ; haired with dragons. 

23. Phorcydas. The Phorcydes, called 
also Graiae, were the daughters of Phorcys 
and Ceto. They were hoary-haired from 
their birth, whence they were called Graiae. 
They had but one eye, which was in com- 
mon. This was stolen by Perseus. They 
were the guardians of the Gorgons. Their 
names were Pephredo (Horrifief), Enyo 
(Shaker), and Deino (Terrifier). 

23. Unius luminis. The Graiae had but 
a single eye among them. 
Till thou shalt come to the Gorgonian plains 
Of Cisthene, where dwell the swan-like forms 
Of Phorcys' daughters, bent and white with age ; 
One common eye have these, one common tooth, 



And never does the sun with cheerful ray- 
Visit them darkling, nor the moon's pale orb 
That silvers o'er the night. 

iEscHYLUs's Prometheus Chained. 

27. Gorgoneas domos : the habitations 
of the Gorgons ; where the three Gorgons, 
Medusa, Euryale, and Stheno lived. Me- 
dusa alone was mortal. 

The Gorgons nigh, 
Their sisters there, spread their broad wings 

and wreathe 
Their horrid hair with serpents, fiends abhorred, 
Whom never mortal could behold, and live. 

iEscHYLUs's Prometheus Chained. 
And Gorgons dwelling on the brink of night 
Beyond the sounding main; where, silver- 
voiced, 
Th' Hesperian maidens in their watches sing ; 
Euryale, and Stheno, and Medusa. 
Sad is her lot, since mortal ; but the two 
Immortal and of undecaying youth. 
Yet her alone the blue-haired god of waves 
Enfolded, on the tender meadow-grass, 
And bedded flowers of spring. 

Hesiod's Theogont. 

34. Pegason. A winged horse, which, 
like his brother Chrysaor, sprang from the 
blood of Medusa, at the time Perseus 
severed her head from her body when 
asleep. On seeing the light, he immedi 



Fabula VIII. 



METAMORPHOSEON. 



305 



Addidit et longi non falsa pericula cursus : 
Qua? freta, quas terras sub se vidisset ab alto ; 
£t quae jactatis tetigisset sidera pennis. 

Ante expectatum tacuit tamen, excipit unus 
Ex numero procerum, quaerens, cur sola sororum 
Gesserit alternis immistos crinibus angues. 
Hospes ait, quoniam scitaris digna relatu, 
Accipe qusesiti causam. Clarissima forma, 
Multorumque fuit spes invidiosa procorum 
Ilia, nee in tota conspectior ulla capillis 
Pars fuit ; inveni, qui se vidisse referrent. 
Hanc pelagi rector templo vitiasse Minervae 
Dicitur : aversa est, et castos aegide vultus 
Nata Jovis texit. Neve hoc impune fuisset ; 
Gorgoneum turpes crinem mutavit in hydros. 
Nunc quoque ut attonitos formidine terreat hostes, 
Pectore in adverso, quos fecit, sustinet angues. 



35 



40 



43. Ula fuit clarissi- 
ma forma, spesque in- 
vidiosa multorum pro • 
^jjr corum; nee ulla pars 
in ea tota, fuit con- 
spectior capillis. 



50 



NOT^E. 



ately fled to Mount Helicon, on which, by 
a stroke of his foot, he produced the foun- 
tain Hippocrene, which was sacred to the 
Muses. 

When Perseus smote 
Her neck, and snatched the severed bleeding 

head, 
The great Chrysaor then leaped into life, 
And Pegasus the steed, who, born beside 
Old Nilus' fountains, thence derived a name. 

For a thrilling description of a spectral 
horse, I would refer the reader to " The 
Buccaneer," a powerful poem, by Richard 
H. Dana, Esq., of Cambridge, Mass. 



35. Non falsa pericula : the real dan- 
gers. Stheno and Euryale pursued him 
after he had cut off the head of Medusa. 

38. Ante expectatum: before he was ex- 
pected to stop. This is the charm of all 
relating of stories, to stop before the audi- 
ence is weary. 

39. Sola sororum. Why Medusa alone 
of the sisters? 

51. Sustinet angues. Minerva bears the 
Gorgon's head on her shield. It is some- 
times found in the lorica that encases her 
breast. 



QUiESTIONES. 



What did Perseus do after his conquest 
of the monster ? 

To which of the gods did he assign the 
principal altar? 

What took place after this ? 

At the feast, what request was made of 
Perseus ? 

Where did he say the Graiae resided? 

What was there peculiar about them ? 

Who were the guards of the Gorgons? 

Where did the Gorgons reside, according 
to Ovid ? 

Where does Hesiod say they resided ? 

How did Perseus look on Medusa with- 
out being changed to stone ? 



What sprung from the blood of Medusa ? 

Why was the hair of Medusa turned 
into serpents ? 

By the Graiae, whom are we to under 
stand ? 

How are they said to have one eye ? 

How did Perseus steal it? 

By the Gorgons, what are we to under- 
stand? 

Give the names of the three, and their 
explanation ? 

How may Perseus be said to cut off the 
head of Medusa? 

How will we interpret the springing of 
Pegasus and Chrysaor from her blood ? 



2c2 



PERORATIO. 




AMQJJE opus exegi, quod nee Jovis ira, 

nee ignis, 
Nee poterit ferrum, nee edax abolere ve- 

tustas. 
Cum volet ilia dies, quae nil nisi corporis 

hujus 
Jus habet, incerti spatium mihi finiat aevi ; 
Parte tamen meliore mei super alta pe- 

rennis 5 

Astra ferar ; nomenque erit indelebile nos- 
trum. 
Gluaque patet domitis Romana potentia 

terris, 
Ore legar populi; perque omnia ssecuia 

fama, 
Si quid habent veri vatum prsesagia, vi- 

vam. 



NOTiE. 



1. Jamque opus txegi. It was custo- 
mary, especially with the ancient poets, to 
make some reference to themselves at the 
close of their poems, and this was done, in 
many cases, in no measured tones of self- 
laudation. This Peroratio of Ovid is un- 
worthy of the poet, and the reason is, that 
in writing it, he abandoned his own origi- 
nal genius, to be the copyist of another. 
The above is an imitation of a poem by 
Horace on a similar occasion. With a few 
remarks on the first lines, I will permit 
the reader to institute the comparison be- 
tween them, and make his own conclu- 
sions. Horace says, "I have finished a 
monument more enduring than brass, and 
more lofty than the royal site of the pyra- 
mids." Here is a beautiful metaphor; 
like the Pharaohs of old, the poet, during 
his lifetime, had been building his own 
monument. It was not only more lofty 
than the pyramids, but more enduring, — 
though lofty, neither the rain, nor the 
storm, nor the flight of time, could destroy 
it by force, nor waste it by decay. Ovid 
says, " I have finished a work, which nei- 
ther the anger of Jove, nor fire, nor steel, 
nor consuming time can destroy." How 
spiritless and prosaic is the word opus, 
when compared with monument um ; and 
how little of forceful and poetic application 
306 



have the "storm," and the " lightning," 
and "corroding time," when applied to a 
work, in comparison with what they have, 
when connected with a monument, lofty 
and cloud-capt, exposed to the rushing 
hurricane, the driving rain, and the riving 
bolt. Thus Horace : 
Exegi monumentum sere perennius, 
Regalique situ pyramidum altius ; 
Quod non imber edax, non Aquilo impotens 
Possit diruere, aut innumerabilis 
Annorum series, et fuga temporum. 
Nonomnis moriar ; multaque pars mei 
Vitabit Libitinam. Usque ego postera 
Crescam laude recens, dum Capitolium 
Scandet cum tacita virgine pontifex. 
Dicar, qua violens obstrepit Aufidus, 
Et qua pauper aquae Daunia agrestium 
Regnavit populorum, ex humili potens 
Princeps iEolium carmen ad Italos 
Deduxisse modos. Sume superbiam 
QucBsitam meritis, et mihi Delphica 
Lauro cinge volens, Melpomene, comam. 

The Peroratio of Virgil, at the close of 
the Georgics, is more modest : 

While thus I sing of trees, and flocks, and fields, 
Great Caesar, thundering, war o'er Euphrat 

wields, 
Victor, o'er willing realms his law extends, 
And -from the world to opening heaven ascends. 
I, Virgil, then, 'mid Naples' syren bowers, 
In ease inglorious nursed my studious hours, 
I, whose bold youth the pastoral strain essayed, 
And sung thee, Tityrus, in the beechen shade. 



PERORATIO. 



307 



We will give three concluding addresses 
by modern poets. The first is by Herrick, 
an English poet, born in 1591. It was 
evidently suggested by the poem of Ho- 
race, and is ingeniously constructed, so as 
to resemble a real column, with entablature 
and pedestal : 

THE PILLAR OF FAME. 

Fame's pillar here at last we set, 
Out-during marble, brass, or jet ; 
Charmed and enchanted so, 
As to withstand the blow 
Of overthrow : 
Nor shall the seas, 
Or outrages 
Of storms, o'erbear 
What we uprear : 
Tho' kingdoms fall; 
This pillar never shall 
Decline, or waste at all ; 
But stand forever by his own 
Firm and well-fixed foundation. 

The second is by Sir Walter Scott : 
Yet. once again, farewell, thou Minstrel harp ! 

Yet, once again, forgive my feeble sway, 
And little reck I of the censure sharp 

May idly cavil at an idle lay. 
Much have I owed thy strains on life's long way, 

Through secret woes the world has never 
known, 
When on the weary night dawned wearier day, 

And bitterer was the grief devoured alone. 
That I o'erlive such woes, Enchantress, is thine 

own. 
Hark ! as my lingering footsteps slow retire, 

Some Spirit of the Air has waked thy string! 
'Tis now a seraph bold, with touch of fire, 

'Tis now the brush of Folly's frolic wing. 
Receding now, the dying numbers Ting 

Fainter and fainter down the rugged dell, 
And now the mountain breezes scarcely bring 

A wandering witch-note of the distant spell — 
And now, 'tis silent all! Enchantress, fare thee 
well! 



The following, by the late E. C. Pink- 
ney, of Baltimore, is distinguished for its 
poetic merit, and the tender melancholy 
that pervades it. 

The firstlings of my simple song 

Were offered to thy name ; 
Again the altar, idle long. 

In worship rears its flame. 
My sacrifice of sullen years, 
My many hecatombs of tears, 

No happier hours recall — 
Yet may thy wandering thoughts restore 
To one who ever loved thee more 

Than fickle Fortune's all. 

How I have lived imports not now ; 

I am about to die, 
Else I might chide thee that my life 

Has been a stifled sigh ; 
Yes life; for time, beyond the line 
Our parting traced, appears not mine, 

Or of a world gone by ; 
And often almost would evince, 
My soul had transmigrated since. 

Pass, wasted flowers ! alike the grave, 

To which I fast go down, 
Will give the joy of nothingness 

To me, and to renown : 
Unto its careless tenants, fame 
Is idle as that gilded name, 

Of vanity the crown, 
Helvetian hands inscribe upon 
The forehead of a skeleton. 

List the last cadence of a lay, 

That closing as begun, 
Is governed by a note of pain, 

Oh, lost and worshipped one ! 
None shall attend a sadder strain, 
Till Memnon's statue stand again 

To mourn the setting sun, — 
Nor sweeter, if my numbers seem 
To share the nature of their theme. 



CLAYIS OYIDIANA. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



a active. 

abl ablative. 

ace accusative. 

adj adjective. 

adv -adverb. 

c common gender. 

conj conjunction. 

comp comparative. 

d doubtful gender. 

dot dative. 

def defective. 

dem demonstrative. 

dep deponent. 

dim ..•»••••*« •diminutive. 



/• -feminine. 

Jig figuratively. 

freq frequentative. 

gen genitive. 

Gr Greek. 

imp impersonal. 

ind indicative. 

inf infinitive. 

int interjection. 

intr intransitive. 

in irregular. 

in masculine. 

n neuter. 

num. numeral. 



obs obsolete. 

part participle. 

pass passive. 

pi plural. 

prep preposition. 

pro • • -pronoun. 

pr.n proper »->un. 

scil scilicet. 

sing singular. 

subj subjunctive 

subs substantive. 

sup superlative. 

tr transitive. 






CLAVIS OVIDIANA. 



"A, used before a consonant — "Ab, mostly 
before vowels — "Abs, before t and q, 
prep, with abl. from; after, at; in respect 
of, on account of; by; on, at, in, among. 
In composition, signifying generally pri- 
vation ; sometimes separation. 

"Abactus, a, um, part, of Abigo, ere, egi, 
which see ; driven off. 

"Abantiades, as, m. patronymic, son, grand- 
son, or descendant of Abas, an Argive 
king. 

Abditus, a, um, part, of Abdo, hidden, re- 
mote, private. 

Abdo, ere, didi, ditum, a. (ab and do, i. e. 
to put or place away), to hide, conceal; 
remove, put away. 

Abduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (ab and duco), 
to take away, remove, take off, lead off, 
carry away. 

"Abeo, ire, Ivi and ii, ltum, n. (ab and eo), 
to go away, depart, go, pass away, stray 
away, banish ; to be changed into, turn to. 

"Abies, etis, f. a fir-tree: by metonymy, a 
vessel; or any thing made of the tree. 

"AbTgo, ere, egi, actum, a. (ab and ago), to 
drive away, drive, drive off. 

Ablatus, a, um, part, of Aufero, erre, 
abstulij ablatum, taken away, removed, 
borne away, carried off. 

Abluo, ere, ui, ultum, and iitum, a. (ab and 
luo, to wash), to wash off, wash, make 
clean, purify; wash away; to expiate. 

Abrumpo, ere, upi, upturn, a. (ab and 
rumpo), to break off, break away, break 
asunder, sever, burst, tear off. 

Abruptus, a, um, part, from Abrumpo, 
broken asunder, broken to pieces. 

Abscedo, ere, essi, essum, n. (abs and cedo) 
to depart, withdraw, retire, go away from. 

Abscindo, ere, Tdi, issum, a. (ab and scin- 
do), to cut off, cut away, tear off, rend, 
sever, divide. 

Absens, tis, (abs and ens, unused particip. 
of Sum), absent, away, not in sight, 
gone away; remote. 

Absisto, ere, stiti, stltum, n. (ab and sisto, 
fr. sto), to stand, stand aloof, go from : 
to retire from, relinquish, desist. 

Abstractus, a, um, part, of Abstraho, 
hurried off, dragged away. 

Abstraho, ere, axi, actum, a. (abs and traho, 
to draw), to draw off, pull away, tear off, 
drag away, take by force, separate. 

Abstuli, perf. used in conjugating Aufero, 
erre, to carry away, bear off, remove, tear 
away ; properly perfect of an old verb 
tulo. 



Absum, esse, fui, irreg. n. (ab and sum), 
to be absent, to be away, be distant, be re- 
moved from, be wanting ; to stand aloof; 
to fail. Fig. to be far from, be disin- 
clined to. 

Absumo, ere, mpsi, mptum, a. (ab and su- 
mo), to take away, to consume, use up, 
destroy, waste, spend. 

Abundo, are, avi, atum, n. (ab and undo, 
to be full), to abound, overflow ; to be 
wealthy ; to be full with. 

"Ac, copul. conj. and; after adverbs aeque, 
contra, juxta and those of a similar kind, 
as, than. 

Accedo, ere, essi, essum, n. (ad and cedo), 
to draw nigh, come near, approach, come 
to, reach ; to accost ; to adjoin ; be added 
to, be annexed. 

Accendo, ere, ndi, nsum, a. (ad and cando, 
obsol. vb. to make shine), to set on fire, 
kindle, light up, set fire to ; to burn ; 
make bright ; excite, inflame. 

Accensus, a, um, part, of Accendo. 

Acceptus, a, um, part, of Accipio, as adj., 
received, accepted ; grateful, pleasing ; 
acceptable, beloved, welcome. 

Accinctus, a, um, part. fr. Accingo, girt, 
begirt, equipped, accoutred. 

Accingo, ere, nxi, nctum, a. (ad and cingo), 
to gird up, gird on, begird, to equip, ac- 
coutre. 

Accipio, ere, epi, eptum, a. (ad and capio), 
to take, to accept, to receive; to entertain; 
to hear, comprehend ; to obtain, acquire ; 
to admit ; to undertake ; accept of. 

Acclivus, a, um, and Acclivis, is, e, adj. 
(ad and clivus, a hill), steep, sloping up, 
ascending, up-hill. 

"Acer and Acris, is, e, adj. (<**>?, a point) 
sharp, sour, pungent, acrid ; fig. brisk, 
active, quick, vehement, vigorous, cruel, 
furious, impetuous, spirited, brave, bold, 
strenuous, &c. 

"Acerbus, a, um, adj. (acer), unripe, sour, 
tart, harsh ; premature, imperfect ; in- 
imical, unfriendly, bitter ; troublesome ; 
morose, austere. 

"Acernus. a, um, adj. (acer, a maple-tree), 
of maple- wood, maple. 

"Acervus, i, m. a heap, hoard, pile, mass ; 
crowd, multitude. 

"Achaia, a, f. Achaia, properly the northern 
province of the Peloponnesus along the 
Corinthian gulf : under the Romans, the 
province of Achaia comprehended the 
Peloponnesus and the rest of Greece 
as far north as Thessaly and Epirus. 

"Achals, Tdis, f. adj. Achaian, belonging to 
Achaia. 

311 



ACIES. 



ADSUM. 



w Acies, ei, f. (<**('?, a point), sharp edge, 
sharp point: the organ of sight, the ken, 
the eye: a line of soldiers, squadron, bat- 
talion ; an army, line of battle ; a battle; 
prowess, influence. 

"Aconltum,i, n. {olkovitov), a poisonous plant, 
supposed to be akonite, monkshood, wolfs- 
bane. 

"Acrisius, ii, m. Acrisius, king of the Ar- 
gives, son of Abas, and father of Danae. 

Actaeus, a, um, (A/crf/, a beach, hence pr. n. 
Attica), of Attica, Attic, Athenian. 

Actaeon, onis, m. Action, son of Aristaeus 
and Autonoe, the daughter of Cadmus, 
changed by Diana into a stag, and torn 
asunder by his own dogs. 

Actorides, ae, m. patronym. descendant of 
Actor. 

Actus, a, um, part. fr. Ago, conducted, 
led, driven ; pursued ; directed, moved ; 
done, performed ; spent, &c. 

Actutum, adv. (ago)', forthwith, instantly, 
anon, presently, immediately. 

"Acumen, inis, n. (acuo, to sharpen), the 
sharp point, extremity of any thing : 
sharpness, pungency of taste : acuteness, 
sagacity, acumen. 

"Aciitus, a, um, adj. (acuo, to sharpen), 
sharp-edged, sharp-pointed, sharp ; pun- 
gent ; shrill, penetrating ; ingenious, 
acute, quick, subtle. 

J Ad, prep, with ace, to, unto ; at, near, 
among, by, even to, as far as, towards ; 
for, on account of, according to ; after, 
with ; against. With numerals, it sig- 
nifies to the number of, about. 

Addico, ere, ixi, ctum, a. (ad and dico), to 
give up, make over, assign, surrender, 
adjudge ; to alienate ; to resign ; to de- 
vote, doom, condemn ; to impute, as- 
cribe. 

Addisco, ere, -didici, a. (ad and disco), to 
learn ; to find out, be apprised of, hear. 

Addo, ere, didi, dltum, a. (ad and do), to 
add ; to throw in, mingle ; appoint, as- 
sign ; to place upon, put on. 

Adduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (ad and duco), 
to conduct to, bring, fetch: to draw, pull; 
draw together, contract ; to reduce ; to 
induce, persuade. 

"'Ademptus, a, um, part, of Adimo, taken 
away. 

"Adeo, ire, ivi, andii, ltum, n. (ad and eo), 
to go to ; come to, approach, come near ; 
arrive at ; to approach hostilely, attack. 

Adfatus. See Afxatus. 

Adfero. See Affero. 

"Adhaereo, ere, aesum, n. (ad and haereo), 
to stick to, adhere, grow to, grow near ; 
to be near, adjacent ; to cling to, hang 
upon, hang about. 

"AdhTbeo, ere, ui, ltum, a. (ad and habeo), 
to adopt, use, employ ; to take, receive, 
admit ; to apply, to lay on ; to bring, 
offer, pay ; to add, join ; to treat, use. 

"Adhuc, adv. (ad and hue), hitherto, thus 
far, as yet : even yet, still. 

Adjfcio, ere, eci, ectum. a. (ad and jacio), 

312 



to throw towards, cast against, apply to : 

to place near, annex, add; to apply, devote. 

^Adimo, ere, emi, emptum, a. (ad and emo). 

to take away, remove, deprive of, carry 

AdTtus, us, m. (adeo), a going to, approach, 
access, entry ; a passage for entrance, a 
pass ; liberty of access, opportunity. 

Adjuro, are, avi, atum, a. (ad and juro, to 
swear), to swear, solemnly swear ; swear 
by ; to conjure, adjure. 

Adjiitus, a, um, part. fr. Adjuvo, assisted, 
aided, befriended. 

Adjuvo, are, juvi, jiitum, a. (ad and juvo), 
to help, assist, aid, succour, befriend. 

Admirabilis, is, e, adj. (admiror), admira- 
ble, worthy of admiration, wonderful, un- 
usual. 

Admlrans, antis, part. pres. of Admiror. 

Admiror, ari, atus, dep. (ad and miror), to 
wonder at greatly, to marvel ; to admire, 
regard with admiration, esteem, or love. 

Admissiis, a, um, part, (admitto), admit- 
ted; let loose, hurried on, swift, i. 532, 
committed. Admissum, i, n. (from part.), 
crime, fault. 

Admitto, ere, misi, missum, act. (ad and 
mitto), to send forward, send to ; to give 
a loose to, push forward ; to admit, let 
in; hurry on, gallop. 

Admoneo, ere, ui, ltum, act. to put in mind, 
admonish, warn. 

Admomtus, us, m. putting in mind; 
counsel; admonition, reproof. 

Admonitor, oris, m. (admoneo), a monitor, 
he who reminds, or admonishes ; one who 
incites, or instigates. 

Admotiis, a, um, part, (admoveo), applied 
to, laid or put on. 

Admoveo, ere, movi, motum, act. to move 
to, convey to, carry near, hold to, lodge nigh. 

"Adoleo, ere, ui, and evi, ultum, neut. and 
act. (ad and oleo), n. to smell; a. to burn, 
consume by fire. 

"Adulesco, ere, evi, ultum, neut. (ad and 
olesco), to grow up, to grow, increase; 
fig. to grow greater. 

"Adopertus, a, um, part, (adoperio), co- 
vered, covered over, veiled; closed. 

w Adoro, are, avi, atum, (ad and oro), to 
adore, worship, revere; to pray to. 

"Adspicio and Aspicio, ere, exi, ectum, 
act. (ad and specio), to behold, look upon, 
or at, see; to look favorably upon; to look 
up to, esteem. 

"Adsterno and "Asterno, ere, stravi, act. to 
strew at, or about; pass, to be cast or lie 
prostrate. 

"Adst5 and "Asto, are, Tti, ltum, neut. (ad 
and sto), to stand, stand at, stand near; 
to be at hand; astare in latus obliquum, 
to stand on one side, to stand sideways. 

"Adstrictiis and Astrictus,(adstringo), bound 
up, faztly bound. 

"Adsum, adesse, adfui, fiiturus, neut. to be 
present, to be here; to be at hand, be near; 
to come to, near, or among; to assist, aid, 
attend, stand by. 



ADULTER. 



AFFIXUS. 



"Adulter, i, (ad and alter, or adulor), m. 
an adulterer, paramour, seducer. 

"Adultera, ae, f. an adultress, paramour. 

"Adulter Turn, i, n. adultery, intrigue. 

"Aduncus, a, um, adj. (ad and uncus), 
curved, hooked, crooked. » 

"Adusque (usque ad), prep, even to, unto, 
as far as, unto where. A poetical word, 
,Eneid xi. 262. 

"Advena, ae, com. gen. (ad and venio), a 
stranger, a foreigner, a new-comer. 

"AdvenFus, us, m. (verb), a coming, an ar- 
rival, approach. 

"Adversus, a, um, part, and adj. (ad verto), 
in the way, over against, opposite ; ad- 
verse, hostile ; a. limine, the front of it, 
opposite to you as you advance ; in ad- 
versum, against; pectore in adverso, in 
front. 

"Adverto, ere, ti, sum, act. (ad and verto), 
to turn to, or towards, to aim, or steer for. 

^Eas, antis, m. pr. n., also "Aous, i, m. 
name of a river emptying into the Ionian 
sea. 

JEdes and iEdis, is, f. a house, habitation, 
dwelling ; a temple ; properly, any build- 
ing, but in this sense usually in pi. 

.^Egaeon, onis, m. pr. n. (Aiya.wy). In Ho- 
mer, a giant, same as Briareus, having 
a hundred hands ; but, in Ovid, a sea- 
god, son of Neptune. 

iEger, gra, grum, adj. weak, infirm, faint, 
sick ; sorrowful, sad, unhappy, despond- 
ing ; sickening, disheartening , dismal. 

jEgls, Tdis, f. (oiyi's), a goat's skin ; the 
shield of Jupiter (Virg. JE. viii. 354) and 
of Minerva : in the latter case bearing 
on it the head of Medusa ; generally, 
breast-plate, coat of mail ; but, particu- 
larly, the aegis, or shield of Minerva. 

Aello, us, f. (afXXa), Storm; Whirlwind, 
the name of a dog. 

Simula, ae, f. (prop. fern, of adj. aemulus), 
an emulalress, imitatr ess, female rival. 

iEneus, a, um, also aeneiis and aheneus, 
with the poets, adj. (aes), made of copper, 
brass, or bronze ; of the color of copper, 
brass, or bronze: fig. firm, lasting, &c. 

JEulides, ae, m. the son of JEolus, viz. Atha- 
mas, Ovid iv. 

iEolius, a, um, adj. Pertaining to iEolus, 
god of the winds. Ovid iv. 487, belong- 
ing to Athamas, son of iEolus : JEolian, 
belonging to the JEolian islands; JEolian. 

^Equahs, is, e, adj. (aequus), equal, like to, 
similar; equable, consistent, uniform; 
even, smooth, level, plain. 

JEquo, are, avi, atum, a. (aequus), to level, 
make smooth ; to equal ; to make equal. 

JEquur, oris, n. (aequus), any level or smooth 
surface, a plain, a flat, as aequore campi, 
Virg., aequor speculorum, Lucret.; more 
usually, the level surface of the sea, the 
sea; also, waters, generally, especially 
when flowing gently ; aequora ponti, the 
unbroken water beyond the surf, the deep, 
the open sea. 

iEquiis, a, um, adj. level, smooth, plain; 

40 



equal, like ; just, equitable ; also, in this 
sense as a subs., justice, equity ; reason- 
able, right, fair, moderate ; honest, up- 
j right, favorable, friendly, propitious ; 
calm, composed, unruffled ; ex aequo, 
equally. 

"Aer, aSris, m. (ir,p) the air, atmosphere ; 
blast, gaseous exhalation, (ii. 397), sky, 
heavens, weather. 

"Aerms and eus, a, um, adj. aerial, belong- 
ing to the air, lifted high in air ; airy, 
lofty : fig. vain, empty, airy. 

JEs, aeris, n. ore, copper-ore, bronze. Arti- 
cles made of ore, copper, and bronze, as 
tables for the inscription of laws, cymbals, 
trumpets, helmets, &c. 

^Estas, atis, f. (aestus), the hot part of the 
year — summer — commencing, according 
to Varro and Columella, on the 9th of 
May ; according to Ovid, on the 14th of 
May ; ending, according to Yarro, on the 
7th August ; according to Pliny and Co- 
lumella, August 12. 

iEstuo, are, avi, atum, v. n. (aestus), to be 
very hot, boil with heat ; to flash tip, 
stream up, roar, as fire ; to bum, to glow, 
as with love or desire ; to boil, as the sea, 
estuate, fret. 

iEstiis, us, m. (ai'Su), violent, boiling; heat, 
fierce and glowing heat ; summer, or hot 
weather ; also, ebbing and flowing of the 
tide, the tide. 

jEtas, atis, f. (contr. fr. aevitas), the time of 
a man's life, age, or period of life ; gene- 
ration of men, era, age. 

jEternus, a, um, (contr. fr. aeviternus), eter- 
nal, endless, perpetual, immortal ; dura- 
ble, permanent. 

iEthalion, onis, m. JEihalion, one of the 
Tuscan sailors that attempted to carry 
off Bacchus. 

iEther, eris, or eros, m. (aftfip), the upper, 
finer air, ether; the sky, heaven, firma- 
ment ; the air. 

iEthereus (and Tus), a, um, (alSipios), be- 
longing to ether, ethereal, heavenly. 

^Ethiops, opis, m. an Ethiopian, adj. Ethi- 
opian, (aWcj and &ip). 

iEthon, onis, m. (ai'Sw), Burning; JEthon, 
the name of one of the four horses of the 
sun. 

jEtne, es, (poet, for iEtna), f. pr. n. JEtna. 
A mountain in Sicily, the workshop of 
Vulcan and of Cyclops. 

^Eviim, i, n. (aiwv), length of time, duration, 
eternity; mostly poetical, for aetas, the 
time of a mail's life, lifetime, age ; a ge- 
neration or age ; time. 

Affatus, a, um, part, from affor. 

Affecto, (adf), are, avi, atum, v. frequ. 
(afficio), to strive after, to long after, seek 
to attain, affect. 

AfFero, erre, attuli, allatum, and adfero, 
act. (ad and fero), to bring to ; to take, 
bring, carry ; to impart, assign ; to pro- 
duce, cause. 

Affixus, a, um, firmly fixed, fastened, cling- 
ing to, adhering. 

2D 313 



AFFLATUS. 



ALVUS. 



Afflatus, a, um, part, from afflo. 

Afflatus, us, (adf.), m. a blowing on, breath- 
ing on, breath, blast, panting. 

Afflo, (adf.), are, avi, atum, v. a. and n. to 
breathe on, blow on, to inhale, to blast. 

Affor, (adf.), ari, atus, v. dep. a. to sj)eak to, 
address, accost ; commune with. 

AffCre, from Adsum, affui, (adf), adesse, 
v. n. f. inf. of Adsum, which see. 

"Agave, es, f. pr. n. Agave, daughter of 
Cadmus and Harmonia, mother of Pen- 
theus. Hor. s. 2, 3, 303. 

"Agenor, oris, m. pr. n. Agenor, king in 
Phoenicia, father of Cadmus and Europa. 

"Agenureus, or ms, a, um, belonging to 
Agenor, Agenor ian. 

"Agenorides, ae, m. patronym. male de- 
scendant of Agenor, Agenoride. Cad- 
mus iii. 8, Perseus. 

"Ager, agri, m. a portion of land, acre; a 
field, a farm ; ground, land; a country, 
tract, territory. 

"AgTlTs, e, movable, light, swift, agile. 

"AgTtabTlTs, e, light, movable, easily moved, 
volatile. 

"AgTto, are, avi, atum, v. int. a. and n. 
(ago), strongly, violently to set in motion, 
move ; to hunt, chase, to conduct, drive ; 
shake, agitate, drive to and fro ; to de- 
bate, discuss. 

Agmen, inis, n. (ago), an army ; detach- 
ment on march ; company, troop, crew, 
body ; pack of dogs or other animals ; 
also, march, motion, course. 

Agna, ae, {.female lamb ; ewe lamb. 

Agnosco, ere, ovi, itum, act. (ad and nosco), 
to acknowledge, recognise, to know. 

"Ago. ere, egi, actum, act. (<*yco), to con- 
duct, to lead, to drive; to pursue; to 
force, direct, move; to do, perform, exe- 
cute; require; live; spend time ; tobje; 
often translated by giving the noun : it 
qualifies a verbal form, as agere gratias, 
to thank; a. rimas, to gape, (as chasms.) 

"Agraulus, i, f. pr. n. Agraulos, daughter 
of Cecrops, changed by Mercury to a 
stone. 

"Agre, es, f. name of a dog (dypevoS), Catcher, 
Hunter. 

Agriodos, ou, m. {aypos and 6<5dj ; or aypiog 
and b<)ov;), Field-path; Fierce-tooth, the 
name of a dog. 

"Ah, interj. (&?), ah! alas ! 

"Aheneus, a, um, for iEheus, which see. 

Aio, ais, ait, aiunt, def. v. (</>uw), to affirm, 
say, respond. 

"Ala, ae, r. (axilla), the wing, pinion, fea- 
thers ; also, the armpit : the wings of 
the Roman army — alae. 

Albens, entis, part, (albeo), whitish, 
hoary. 

AlbTdiis, a, um. adj. (albeo), whitish, ra- 
ther white. 

Albus, a, um, adj. white ; properly, a pale 
white, as candidus, a shining white. 

Alee, es, f. pr. n. (strength), Strong, Elk (?) 
the name of a dog. Of. Plin. 8, 15, 16, 
taken from Gen. de Venat. 

314 



AlcTmSdon, ontis, m. Alcimedon, one of the 
Tuscan sailors that attempted to carry 
off Bacchus. / 

Alcithue, es, f. pr. n. daughter of Minyas, 
in Thebes. IV. 1, sq. 

"Ales, ids, adj. (ala), winged, flying; 
Deus ales, Mercury ; swift, fleet, light ; 
subst. com. gend., a bird ; gener. a large 
bird, a fowl. 

"Alieniis, a, um, adj. (alius), belonging to 
another, from another source, of another, 
foreign, alien ; unmeet, strange, foreign 
to the nature of the object ; unseasonable, 
inconsistent, incoherent ; unfavorable, 
disadvantageous. 

"Aliment iim, i, n. verb (alo), nourishment, 
food, aliment ; fig. fuel, rain (?) any thing 
which nourishes. 

"AlTpes, edis, c. g. (ala and pes), wing- 
footed, swift; the wing-footed, epithet 
of Mercury. 

"AlTquando, adv. of time, past and future; 
at some time ; sometimes, occasionally ; 
at length ; hereafter, henceforth. 

"AlTquTs, aliqua, aliquod, or quid, (alius 
and quis), some, some one, something, one. 

"AlTter, adv. (alis for alius), otherwise, in 
different directions, in another manner. 

"Alius, a, ud, gen. alius, dat. alii, (a\\os), 
another, one of many, some other ; the 
other ; the rest, else. 

Alllgo, are, act. (ad and ligo), to bind to, 
tie to ; bind, or wrap up, entangle, seize. 

Alludo, ere, si, sum, neut. (ad and ludo), 
to play and sport with one, to play around, 
frisk. 

Almus, a, um, adj. (alo for alimus), cherish- 
ing, nourishing; genial, gracious; sa- 
cred, beautiful ; kindly, mild. 

"Alo, ere, ui, itum, and altum, act. to in- 
crease or support by feeding ; to nourish, 
feed, cause to grow, strengthen. 

Alpes, ium, (sometime in sing. Alpis, is), 
f. (Albus, because of its snows), the Alps, 
mountains between Italy and France 
and in Switzerland. 

Alpheos, or Alpheus, i, m. pr. n. Alpheus, 
a river in Arcadia and Elis. 

Alte, adv. ius, comp. issime, sup. (altus), 
on high, aloft. 

Alter, era, erum, adj. gen. alterius, dat. 
alteri, one of two, the other, the second ; 
another, different ; the one, the other, 
when alter is repeated. 

Alterniis, a, um, adj. (alter), one after an- 
other, alternate, interchangeable, mu- 
tual. 

Altus, a, um, adj. ior, issimus, (alo), high, 
lofty, on high, stately, tall ; deep, pro- 
found, deep rooted ; noble, exalted, grand. 

"Alumna, ae, f. (alo), a foster-child, nurs- 
ling, j 

"Alumnus, i, m. (alo), a foster-child, nurs- 
ling, pupil. 

Alveus, ei, m. cavity, the channel of a 
river. 

Alvus, i, m. and f. (alluo), the belly, the 
womb. 



AMANS. 



ANTIQUUS. 



"Amans, tis, part, (amo), loving, used subst. 
in poet., a lover, a mistress, and adj. 
loving, fond, ior, issimus. 

"Amarus, a, um, adj. or comp. (from Chal- 
dee), bitter, biting, pungent ; disagreea- 
ble ; harsh, sad, grievous. 

Ambages, pi. f. (am and ago), windings, 
"yarns," tedious stories, long-winded 
discourses, subterfuges : of the sing, only 
the abl. ambage is found. 

ArnbTgiius, a, um, adj. (ambigo), ambigu- 
ous, doubtful, equivocal; assuming va- 
rious forms, uncertain in shape or sex, 
changeable ; in ambiguo, in doubf. 

Amblo, ire, Tvi, and ii, Ttum, act. (am and 
eo), to go about; encompass, surround ; 
to canvass. 

Ambitus, a, um, part, (ambio), surrounded, 
encompassed, girdled, enclosed. 

Ambo, bae, bo, adj. pi. 0VM> both : ambo, 
both taken together ; uterque, both taken j 
singly. ■ 

Ambrosia, ae, f. (Gr.), Ambrosia, the food 
of the gods, and of the horses of the sun, 
IV. 215, the consecrated oil of the gods. 

Ambustus, a, um, part, (amburo), half- 
burnt, scorched; burnt, blasted. 

"Afnens, tis, adj. (a priv. and mens), out of 
one's mind; silly, foolish ; confounded; 
distracted; senseless, devoid of se?isa- 
tion, mad, furious, raving. 

"Amictus, us, m. clothing, vestment, appa- 
rel, a veil, (from amicio, to cover, and so, 
properly, an outer garment.) 

'Amicus, a iim, adj. ior comp. issimus, 
(amo), friendly, kind, cordial, benevolent. 
Subs, a friend, a companion. 

"Amissus, a ; um, part, (amitto), sent away, 
dismissed, let go ; lost, thrown away. 

Ammon, onis, m. Ammon, title of Jupiter, 
worshipped in Africa under the form of 
a ram. 

AmnTs, is, m. and f. (am and nare, or from 
ambio), a river; strongly flowing, stream- 
ing water ; stream ; falling, or wild 
stream, torrent. 

"Amo, are, avi, atum, act. to love, as dis- 
tinguished from liking, to be in love, to be 
fond of. 

"Amor, oris, m. (amo), love, fondness, great 
desire ; by euph. for sexual desire; Cu- 
pid, the god of love: Love, i. e. the person 
beloved. 

Amphitrite, es, f. pr. n. Amphitrite, a sea- 
goddess, consort of Neptune ; appella- 
tive for the sea, I. 14. by metonomy. 

Amphrvsos and us, i. m. pr. n. a river in 
Phthiotis. 

Amplector, i, xus, (am and plecto), dep. to 
cling about, embrace, lay hold of, seize, 
surround, encircle. 

Amplexiis, a, um, part, (amplector), cling- 
ing about, embracing, &c. 

Amplexiis, us, m. (amplector), an embrace, 
fold, circuit, engirdling, hugging, clasp- 
ing. ^ 

Amplius, adv. comp. more, longer, farther. 
Amymone, es, f. pr. n. daughter of Dana- 



us, king of the Argives, changed to a 
fountain at Argos. M. II. 240. 

"An, adv. and conj. is not usually trans- 
lated in direct questions ; in indirect 
questions, whether : is used in the se- 
cond part of a question, or expression of 
doubt, whether? if, or, or else. 

Anchora, (and ancora), 38, f. {iiyKvpa), an 
anchor. 

Andromeda, as, and -e, es, f. pr. n. wife of 
Perseus. 

AnguTcomus, a, um, (four syll), adj. poet, 
epithet of Medusa, snake-haired, having 
snaky locks, (anguis and comas). 

AnguTter, era, erum, (three syll.) (anguis, 
fero), snake-bearing, having snakes or 
serpents. 

Anguigena, ae, (anguis and gigno), snake- 
born, engendered of a serpent or snake. 
Epithet given to the Thebans, iii. 531. 

AnguTpes, edis, (anguis, pes), snake-footed. 
Swift-moving, poet, epithet of the Giants. 
M. i. 184. 

Anguis, is, (abl. comm. angue ; angui, 
Hor.), m. and f. a snake, serpent ; used 
as an image of terror (IV. 803) and rage, 
(IV. 483). 

"AnhelTtus, iis, m. (anhelo), panting, gasp- 
ing ; breath, respiration; vapour, exha- 
lation. 

"Anheliis, a, um, adj. panting, gasping, 
breathing hard. 

"AnilTs, e, adj. (anus), pertaining to an old 
woman; old-womanish, old, anile; doat- 
ing, silly. 

"AnTma, ae, f. (aw, a^t), breath, air, a breeze 
of wind ; life-breath, life; soul, spirit, 
mind ; principle of animal life ; graves 
animae, dreadful sentiments, ox feelings. 

"Animal, alis, n. (anima), a living being, 
an animal, whether man or beast. 

"AnTmans, antis, Hebr. n. (animo), living 
being, animal. 

"AnTmo, are, avi, atum, act. (animus), to 
fill with air or breath ; to infuse life into, 
animate. 

"AnTm5sus, a, um, (animus), full of wind, 
violently blowing; full of courage, courage- 
ous, bold, hot, proud, violent, passionate. 

"Animus, i, m. (aw, armi, or avtfio s ), and so, 
properly, wind, breath ; sometimes- for 
anima, life, but, usually, the thoughts, 
intentions, inclination, disposition ; the 
spiritual principle of life, the spirit, the 
soul, the mind ; courage, instinct. 

Annuo ere, ui, act. and n. to nod, intimate by 
a nod; affirm, assent; designate, promise. 

Annus, i. m. a year, (either from Am, con- 
traction of dn<pi, around, or from ewo St a 
year.) 

Anser, eris, m. a goose. 

Ante, (avra, before), adv. before, formerly, 
heretofore, previously : prep, with ace. 
before, prior to, in preference to. 

Antenna, ae, f. sail-yard. 

AntTcTpatus, a, um, (antlc'ipo), pre-occupied, 
anticipated. 

Antiquus, a, um, adj. (ante), old, ancient, 

315 



ANTRUM. 



ARCTOS. 



of former times, antique; past, goneby, 
former ; honest, loyal, old -fashioned, 
venerable. 

Antrum, i, n. {avrpov), a hollow, a grot, or 
cave, used only in poetry. 

"Anus, us, (and uis, Ter.), f. an old woman, 
or wife, (of the Sibyl, Hor.), adj. old, in 
years. 

Anxiiis, a, um, (ango), careful, anxious, 
disturbed, restless; apprehensive, solici- 
tous ; causing anxiety, disquieting. 

"Aonis, Tdis, f. Aonian, poet, for Bceotian, 
(female), in pi. des, the Mitses, as dwell- 
ers on Helicon. 

"Aoriiiis, a, um, poet. Boeotian : A. vir, 
Hercules, born at Thebes ; A. juvenis, 
Hippomenes ; A. deus, Bacchus : also, 
pertaining to the Muses. 

"Apennlnus, (Apennin), the mountain chain j 
which traverses the length of Italy, the j 
Apennines. 

v Aper, pri, m. (Kdnpos), boar, a wild hog ; 
brawn. 

"Aperlo, ire, ui, turn, act. (ab, pario), to 
open ; uncover, lay bare ; make visible, 
display, show, make accessible, unveil, 
reveal, explain. 

"Apertus, a, um, part, (aperio), adj. open; 
free from trees or woods ; wide, unbound- 
ed ; uncovered, bare ; unclouded ; clear, 
plain ; honest. 

Apidanus, i, m. Apidanus, a river of 
Achaia, that joins the Enipeus near 
Pharsalus, and flows with it into the 
Peneus. 

"Apollineus, a, um. Apollinean, belong- 
ing to Apollo ; A. urbs, Delos ; A. vates, 
Orpheus ; A. ars, prophetic art and me- 
dicine. 

"Apollo, inis, m. Apollo, son of Jupiter 
and Latona, god of the Sun, of prophecy, 
medicine, poetry, and music. 

Appareo, (adp.), ere, ui, ltum, neut. to come 
to light, appear, show one's self, or itself; 
be evident, clear. 

Appello, are, avi, atum, act. to call, name, 
term, designate; to address, speak to; 
call on, invoke ; to appeal. 

ApplTco, (adp.), are, ui and avi, ltum and 
atum, act. to lay on, apply, bring, or put 
near, approach ; drive, direct, steer. 

Apporrectus, a, um, (ad, porrigo), stretched 
along, near by, stretched out, extended 
near. 

Appusitus, a, um, part, (appono), lying on, 
or near, contiguous, adjacent; well adapt- 
ed; bent upon. 

"Apricus, a, um, adj. (apericus), set out in 
the sun, exposed to the su7i ; sunny, 
loving the sunshine ; warm. 

Aptatiis, a, um, part, aptor), fitted to, 
adapted, adjusted to ; prepared. 

Apte, adv. ius, comp. issime, sup. (aptus), 
tightly, closely, compactly; but, more 
usually, fitly, aptly, properly, becom- 
ingly. 

Aptus, a, um, part, and adj. (apo or apio), 
fastened, dependent, connected; fitted, 

316 



adapted; apt, apposite, suitable, conve- 
nient. 

"Apiid, prep, with accus. at, close by, next 
to, near, with, by, in, among ; before, in 
presence of. 

"Aqua, ae, f. (from Celtic, ach), water; A. 
perennis, running water ; waters, the sea, 
&c, rain. 

"Aquaticiis, a, um, adj. (aqua), of the water, 
aquatic, water, watery, moist, rainy. 

"Aquila, ae, (gen. ai, Cic), f. an Eagle, a 
name given to one of the constellations ; 
also the Roman standard. 

"Aquilo, onis, m. (aquila), north wind; 
same as Greek Boreas ; and, properly, 
a wind from N. N. East. In mythol., 
husband of Orithyia, and father of Ca- 
lais and Zetes. 

"Aquosiis, a, um, or comp. ssimus, sup. 
watery; rainy, bringing rain: mater a. 
Thetis. 

"Ara, ae, (<*«?&>), f. orig. any elevation of 
earth, stone, &c, an altar ; the Altar, a 
constellation. 

w Aranea, ae, (tipaxvri), a spider; spider's web, 
cobweb ; weblike down of the willow. 
Pliny. 

"Aratrum, i. n. (aro), a plough. 

"Arbiter, tri, m. (ar or ad and beto), to 
walk, to go ; a witness, an eye, or ear 
witness; arbitrator, judge, overseer, mas- 
ter, lord, arbiter. 

ArbTtrium, li, n. (arbiter), the being present 
at ; judgment or sentence of an arbitra- 
tor ; a determination, decision ; will, 
choice, disposition, privilege. 

"Arbor or "Arbos, oris, f. a tree ; Pelias a. 
the ship Argos ; generally, any thing 
made of wood, as a mast, an oar, &c. 

Arboreus, a, um, (arbor), of, or belonging 
to a tree, tree ; treelike. 

Arbustum, i, n. (arbos), a tree-planting ; 
plantation, thicket, orchard of trees for 
vines to trail on, vineyard ; shrubbery. 

Arbiiteus, a, um, adj. (arbutus), of the ar- 
bute, or strawberry tree. 

Arcadia, ae, f. pr. n. Arcadia, a mountain- 
ous country in the centre of Peloponnesus, 
whose inhabitants were noted for sim- 
plicity and innocence of life and manners. 

Arcanus, a, um, adj. (arceo), secret, hid- 
den, mysterious, mystic, arcane; actively, 
concealing. 

Areas, adis, m. a descendant of Areas, an 
Arcadian ; also, as an adj. A. tyrannus, 
Lycaon ; A. bipennifer, Ancaus. 

Areas, adis, im pr. n. Areas, son of Jupi- 
ter and Callisto, and ancestor of the Ar- 
cadians. 

Arceo, cere, cui, ctum, or turn, act. (apricS), 
to keep, or ward off, keep at a distance, 
drive off, prevent ; restrain, hold, con- 
tain ; save, protect. 

Arcitenens, (also arquitenens), entis (arcus, 
teneo), the bow-holding: epith. of Apollo. 

Arctos, or Arctus, («p*ro?), i, f. the double 
constellation of the greater and less Bear; 
the north-pole, north. 



ARCTUS. 

Arctus, ior, adj. (arceo), narrow, small, 
confined ; difficult, afflictive. 

Arcus, and, anciently, Arquus, us, and i, 
m. and f. a low ; the rainbow ; an arch, 
vault, semicircle, arc of a circle ; any 
thing curved or arched ; arcus Haemo- 
nius, the sign of the zodiac, Sagitta- 
rius. 

Ardens, tis, part, and adj. (ardeo), burning, 
glowing, hot, fiery, bright, ardent, violent, 
strongly desirous. 

Ardeo, ere, si, sum, neut. and act. to be in 
flames, blaze, take fire, to burn ; glow, 
glitter, flash, sparkle, shine ; inflame ; 
love, desire, burn with love, be enamored, 
be eager. 

Ardesco, ere, neut. incept, to begin to burn, 
to begin to glow. 

Ardiius, a, um, adj. high, steep, deep; hard, 
difficult, arduous; erect, stately, tall; of- 
ten used in the sense of raising oree's 
self, rising. 

v Arena, ae, f. (area), sand, grit, gravel ; 
sandy place ; soil, earth ; sea-coast, 
shore ; the place of contest in the amphi- 
theatre ; place of contest, arena. 

"Arenosus, a, um, adj. full of sand, sandy. 

"Areo, ere, ui, neut. to be dry, withered, 
dried up, parched ; to be dry with thirst, 
to be thirsty, to thirst. 

Argenteus, a, um, adj. silvery, of silver ; 
adorned with silver; silver-colored, bright 
as silver. 

Argentiim, i, n. (dpyneis), silver ; articles of 
silver, plate, silver-money, money. 

ArgolTeus, a, um, belonging to Argolis, 
Argolic; Grecian. 

Argos, pi. Argi, 5rum, m. pr. n. Argos, 
principal city of Argolis, in Pelopon- 
nesus, sacred to Juno. 

"Argumentum, i, n. argument, reason, 
proof ; sign, token, evidence. 

Argus, i, ra. pr. n. the hundred-eyed watch- 
er of Io, Argus. 

"Aridus, a, um, adj. (areo), dry, dried up, 
vnthered, parched, arid, thirsty, shrivelled, 
meagre. Aridum, i, dry land. 

"Arista, ae, f. the beard of grain; an ear 
of grain, grain; summer. Nardi a., 
spikenard- ears. 

"Aristorides, ae, m. patronym. descendant 
of Aristor, applied to Argus, his son. 

Arma, orum, pi. n. (from armi, the shoul- 
ders, or from upw, to fit), any thing that 
encloses or fits another; defensive ar- 
mor; then offensive and defensive armor, 
arms ; war, warfare ; battle, action ; 
deeds of arms; all means of offence and 
defence; equipments, implements. 

Armatus, a, um, part, (armo), and adj. 
armed, equipped, accoutred; furnished, 
fitted, provided, fortified. 

Armentum, i, n. (aramentum aro), plough- 
cattle, large cattle, oxen ; horses, deer ; 
head; head of cattle; herd. 

ArmTger, era, Srum, (arma gero), adj. bear- 
ing armor, armed; subst. armor-bearer. 

Armus, i, m. (%<o,-, fr. upw, fitting together), 



ASTR^A. 

the shoulder, mostly of brutes ; shoulder- 
blade, fore-quarter, shoulder, arm, side. 

"Aro, are, avi, atum, a. and n. (dpocj), to 
plough; to till, cultivate : arare littus, to 
labor in vain. 

Arreptus, a, um, (adr.) part, (arripio), 
seized, &c. 

Arrideo, ere, si sum, a. and n. (ad, rideo), 
to smile, to smile upon ; to approve. 

Arripio, (adr.) Ipui, eptum, to snatch, seize 
upon, take away, pluck, catch; to attack, 
invade, take forcible possession of; to 
drag to court, arrest. 

Ars, tis, (apoj, dprvu), or dpeTrf), f. an art, 
faculty, quality ; means, method, way ; 
contrivance, skill, ability, dexterity ; 
science, profession, occupation; strata- 
gem. 

Arsiirus, a, um, part, (ardeo), about to 
burn, &c. 

Artus, us, m. and pi. uum, (apSpov), the 
joints; limbs, members; the body. 

"Arundo, (har.),dlnis, f. a reed, cane; shaft, 
arrow, pipe. 

Arvum, i, n. a field, ploughed but not sown; 
a fallow field; arable land, glebe; afield, 
a plain; a region, country; the world. 

Arx. arcis, p. (arceo), any high place, 
heighth; a citadel, temple, palace; Heaven. 
Arx may also be derived from wpa, the 
summit, such being always fixed on for 
the citadel of a place. 

Asbolus, i, m. (do!36\r), soot), Soot; Soot- 
black, the name of a dog of Aetaeon. 

Asellus, i, m. a little ass. 

Asper, a, um, adj. rough, rugged, harsh; 
sour, tart ; savage, cruel; troublesome ; 
dangerous, formidable; arduous, hard to 
travel. 

Aspergo, inis, f. a besprinkling; spray. 

AspTcio, ere, exi, ctum, act. (ad, specio), 
look to or upon, behold; look favorably up- 
on; look up to, esteem, admire; view, 
examine. 

Aspiro and Adspiro, are, avi, atum, a and 
n., (adspiro), to breathe upon; favor, pro- 
mote ; inspire, infuse; aspire to. 

Assensus, us, m. (assentio), assent, ap- 
proval, mark of agreement. 

Assentio, ire, si, sum, act. (ad, sentio), to 
assent, approve, agree, yield assent,- sub- 
scribe. 

Assero, ere, ui, turn, act. (ad. sero), to claim, 
assert, lay claim to; vindicate, maintain, 
defend. 

AssTduus, a, um, adj. (assideo), settled; 
constantly present, or in attendance ; dili- 
gent, assiduous; constant, incessant, fre- 
quent. 

Assono, are, ui, neut., (ad, sono), to return 
sound for sound, reverberate, re-echo; 
respond. 

Assuetus, a, um, part, and adj. accus- 
tomed, habituated, inured. 

Assumo, Pre, psi, turn, act. (ad, sumo), to 
take to, take,assume, choose, adopt; claim. 

Assumptus, a, um, part, taken, assumed. 

"Astraea, ae, f. pr. n. Astraa, the goddess 

2d 2 317 



ASTRUM. 



AVENS. 



of Justice, daughter of Jupiter and 
Themis, (Gr. 'Aarpaia, wh. f. darpalos, star- 
ry, bright.) 

Astrum, i, n. (aaTpov), a constellation ; a star, 
equivalent to aarrip. 

Astus, us, m. rarely used except in abla- 
tive, guile, craft, subtlety, knavery. 

At, conj. adv. (drap), but, yet; at least, but 
yet; clad in black; foul, loathsome; sad, 
mournful. 

Atque, (at, que), conj. and, as, than, but; 
after contra, aliter, secus, magis, alius, 
&c, than : after aeque, juxta, similis, 
par, &c, as. 

"Ater, tra, trum, adj. black, sable, dusky. 

Athamantis, idis, f. the daughter of Atha- 
mas, Helle. 

"Athamas, antis, m. Athamas, king of 
Thessaly, son of JEolus, husband of Ino. 

"Athos, or 6, gen., dat. and abl. o, ace. oor 
on, m. a mountain of Macedonia, now 
Monte Santo. 

Atlantiades, as, m. a male descendant of 
Atlas; Mercury. 

Atlantides, um, f. pi. the daughter of Atlas, 
sing. Atlantis. 

Atlas, antis, m. a mountain of Africa, fa- 
bled to bear up the heavens ; name of a 
king of Mauritania, father of the Pleiades 
and Hyades ; name of a giant. 

"Atrium, i, n. (atrum, en fumo), a court, 
the inner hall of a Roman house, sur- 
rounded by covered galleries, and being 
the common sitting and eating room of 
the family. 

Attenuatus, a, um, part, thinned, lessened; 
thin, slender. 

Attenuo, are, avi, atum, act. (ad, tenuo), to 
thin, diminish, attenuate; to enfeeble. 

Attingo, ere, tigi, tactum, act. (ad, tango), 
to touch, touch on, approach, reach; to 
border on. 

Attollo, ere, attuli, act. (ad, tollo), tolift or 
raise up: elevate. 

Attonitus, a, um, part, (attono), thunder- 
struck, amazed, astounded; rapt, divinely 
inspired; affrighted. 

Attono, are, ui, Ytum, act. (ad, tono), to 
thunder -strike; to amaze, stupify; hurry 
away, astound. 

Attraho, ere, xi, ctum, act. (ad, traho), to 
draw, draw towards,, attract : to drag. 

Attritus, a, um, part, (attero), worn; wasted 
away ; abraded. 

Auctor, oris, (augeo), an increaser; author, 
creator, maker; founder, head; informant, 
instructor; adviser, instigator; owner. 

Auctus, a, um, (augeor), part, and adj. in- 
creased, enlarged; advanced, promoted. 

Audacia, ae, f. (audax), bravery, courage, 
boldness; audacity, presumption. 

Audax, acis, adj. bold, confident, resolute; 
audacious, desperate, presumptuous. 

Audens, tis, part, and adj. bold, daring, 
adventurous, intrepid. 

Audeo, ere, sus sum, act. though often 
used absolutely, to dare. 

Audio, Ire, Ivi, Ttum, act. (avfo), to hear, to 

318 



listen to; to perceive, heed, understand; 

to obey. 
Auditus, a, um, part, (audior), heard. 
Aufero, erre, abstuli,ablatum, act.(ab,fero), 

to carry or take away, to bear off, remove, 

draw away, tear off. 
Augeo, ere, xi, ctum, act. (au£w), to increase, 

enlarge, exalt; to provide, adorn, dignify; 

to enrich, promote; to extol; neut. to grow. 
Augur, iiris, m. and f. a doomer, soothsayer, 

augur: a Roman priest who foretold 

events by observation of birds. 
Augurium, i, n. (augur), a divining, fore- 
telling, augury; surmise; presentiment ; 

the art of augury; the interpretation of an 



Augiiror, ari, dep. to foretell; conjecture, 
forebode. 

Augustus, i. m. the imperial title of Octa- 
vius Caesar and his successors; adj. 
Augustan. 

Aula, 83, f. (av\rj), a court, hall; palace. 

Aulaeum, i, n. embroidered hangings, tapes- 
try, a curtain: frequently in plur. aulaea. 

Aura, ae, f. (ao, avpa), a breath of air; a 
gentle breeze, gale, wind, the air; a vapor. 

Auratus, a, um, (auro), part, golden, of 
gold; gilded; decked with gold; gold- 
colored. 

Aureus, a, um, adj. golden, of gold; golden- 
colored; beautiful, resplendent ; excellent. 

Auriga, a3, m. and f. charioteer, director: 
fig. a pilot of a ship, (fr. obsolete au- 
rea, a bridle, and ago.) 

Auris, is, f. an ear. 

Aurora, ae, f. the morning, the dawn; the 
east: (aurea hora? or a-jpws wpa). In fa- 
ble, Aurora, the daughter of Hyperion, 
wife of Tithonus, and mother of Memnon. 

Aurum, i, n. gold; anything made of gold; 
lustre, splendor; gold-color. 

Auster, tn, m. the south wind; the south. 

Australis, e, adj. southern. 

Ausum, i, n. a daring, or adventuring, en- 
terprise. 

Ausus, a, um, part, (audeo), having dared; 
undertaken, attempted. 

Aut, conj. or; or else; either. 

Autem, cox\]. but, yet, however; also, more- 
over. 

Autonoeius, a, um, belonging to Autonoe. 
A. heros, i. e. Actaeon. 

Autonoe, es, f. pr. n. daughter of Cadmus, 
mother of Actaeon. 

Autumnus, a, um. adj. autumnal: subs, us, 
i, m. autumn. 

Auxiliaris, e, adj. contributing aid; aux- 
iliary. 

Auxilium, i, n. (augeo), aid, assistance; 
a remedy, resource. 

"Avarus, a um, adj. avaricious, covetous, 
greedy ; sordid. 

"Avello, ere, li and vulsi, act. to pull away, 
tear off. 

"A vena, ae, f. a strata; a species of bearded 
grass, oats; a reed used for a pipe. 

"Avens, entis, part, (aveo), desiring, ear- 
nestly wishing. 



AVERSATUS. 

Aversatus, a, urn, part, (aversor), having 

shunned, refused, abhorred. 
Aversus, a, um, part, (averto), and adj. 

turned away; averse. 
Averto, ere, i, sum, act. to turn away, 

avert, withdraw ; to remove; change, turn; 

to alienate, estrange; to put to flight. 
AvTdus, a, um, (aveo), adj. eager, desir- 
ous; greedy, hungry, voracious; covetous, 

avaricious. 
"Avis, is, f. a bird: a. Junonia, a -peacock: 

a. devia, the owl: a. fluminea, the swan. 
"Avitus, a, um, adj. (avus), ancestral. 
"Avius, a, um, adj. (a, via), far from the 

road ; remote ; lonely. 
"Avulsus, a, um, part, (avellor), tornavjay. 
''Avus, i, m. a grandfather; an ancestor. 
Axis, is, m. (^wf), an axlc.tree; a car or 

chariot; the axis of the globe; pole of the 

earth; clime; the whole heaven. 

B. 

Babylonius, a, um, adj. Babylonian, of 
Babylon. 

Baccha, ae, f. (Bacchus), a priestess of Bac- 
chus, a woman engaged in his rites. 

Bacchans, tis, part, raving: pi. votaries of 
Bacchus, a Bacchant. 

Baccheius, a, um, of BaccJius; of the Bac- 
chants. 

Bacchius, a, um, of Bacchus. 

Bacchus, i, m. Bacchus, son of Jupiter and 
Semele, god of wine : fig. the vine; wine. 

Bacillus, i, m. (/?d/crpoi>), a staff, stick, baton; 
a sceptre. 

Balaena, ae, f. (<pa\aiva), a whale; according 
to some, the grampus. 

Balearlcus, a, um, belonging to the Balearic 
islands, Balearean. 

Barba, ae, f. a beard. 

Beatus, a, um, part, (beo), blessed, happy; 
opulent; precious; making happy, charm- 
ing; consummate, perfect ; dead, departed. 

BelTdes, ae, m. male descendants of Belus, 
B elides. 

Belis, idos, f. a female descendant of Belus. 

Bellicus, a, um, adj. of or belonging to war; 
fierce in war. 

Belliger, a, um, adj. (helium, gero), war- 
bearing, warlike, martial. 

Bellua, ae, f. a great beast or fish; a mon- 
ster; a brute. 

Bellum, i, n. war; battle, fight. 

Bene, adv. (benus for bonus), melius, op- 
time, well; successfully, happily, honor- 
ably, &c. 

Beroe, es, f. pr. n. nurse of Semele. 

Bibo, ere, Tbi, TbTtum, act. to drink; ab- 
sorb, imbibe, soak up. 

BTbulus, a, um, adj. (bibo), drinking in, 
absorbing moisture; bibulous. 

BTformis, e, adj. (bis, forma), double-formed, 
double- shaped. 

Biforis, e, adj. (bis, foris), having two folds 
or leaves ; double-folding. 

Bijugus, a, um, adj. (bis, jugum), double- 
yoked or coupled, drawn by two horses. 



CELESTIS. 

Bimater, atris, adj. (bis, mater), having two 
mothers. 

Bini, ae, plur. (binus, a, um, sing.) two by 
two; two or double. 

BipennTfer, a, um, adj. (bipennis, double- 
edged axe, and fero), axe-bearing. 

Bis, adv. twice; on two occasions. 

Blandimentum, i, n. (blandior), a flatter- 
ing, soothing, blandishment, allurement. 

Blandior, Iri, Itus, dep. to flatter, sooth, 
fawn upon, caress, wheedle. 

Blandltia, as, f. flattering, fawning, caress- 
ing; a compliment, flattery. 

Blandus, a, um, adj. courteous, bland; 
fawjiing, bewitching, caressing; gentle, 
soft, fair, mild. 

Boeotia, 33, f. pr. n. Boeotia, a country in 
Greece Proper, whose principal city is 
Thebes. 

Bo30tius, a, um, adj. Boeotia?i, of Boeotia. 

Bonum, i, n. a good, a blessing: Bona, 
orum, goods, effects, property. 

Bonus, a, um, adj. good: equivalent to Gr. 
ayaOog, good of its kind. 

Boreas, as, m. the north wind, Aquilo: pro- 
perly, the north-north-east wind. 

Bos, buvis, m. and f. an ox. a bull, a cow. 

Brachium, i, n. (.upaxi'ov), the forearm from 
hand to elbow; the arm; the foreleg of an 
animal : fig. arm or branch of a tree, of 
the sea, &c. &c. 

Brevis, e, adj. short, small, narrow; brief, 
of short duration, transitory. 

Bromius, i, m. a surname of Bacchus. 

BuccTna, ae, f. (bucca), a horn; a trumpet: 
the shell of the Triton. 

Bustum, i, n. (buro, from uro, to burn), 
place of corpse-burning ; the act of burn- 
ing; the corpse; a tomb. 

Buxus, i, f. xv^os, the boxtree, box, the wood 
of the boxtree; a flute. 



Cacumen, (acumen?) tnis, n. peak, top,, 
summit; extremity. 

Cacumino, are, avi, atum, a. to make 
pointed or sharp. 

CadmeTs, idis, f. Cadmean; C. arcem. 
Thebes ; a daughter or descendant of 
Cadmus, Semele. 

Cadmus, i, m. pr. n. father of Semele, &c. 
son of Agenor, founder of Thebes. 

Cado, ere, cecldi, casum, n. to fall; to die- 
to set, (of the sun) ; fail; to fall, fait 
out. 

Caduclfer, (caduceus,fero), eri, m. bearing 
the caduceus of Mercury. 

Caeciis, or Co3Cus, a, um, adj. blind; dark, 
obscure; secret, unseen; rash, headstrong. 

Caedes, (caedo), is, f. a cutting down; blow; 
slaughter, murder; poet, blood, gore. 

Caedo, ere, cecldi, ca^.sum, a. to cut down;, 
strike; slay, destroy. 

Caelatus, a, um, (caelo), part, carved in re- 
lief, embossed; embroidered. 

CaelGstTs, (caelum), e, adj. of heaven, celes- 
tial; excellent, surpassing, godlike. 

319 



CJELICOLJE. 



CAUSA. 



Caelicola?, arum. (caBlum, colo), m. inhabit- 
ants of heaven, celestials, deities. 

Caelo, are, avi, atum, a. to carve, grave in 
relief, e?nboss; embroider. 

Caelum, or Coelum, (koTXov), i, n. the sky, 
the heavens; the ether; climate, region. 

Caeriilus, a, urn, adj.; Caeruleiis, a, um, adj. 
(caelum ?) ccerulean, blue; water-green, 
aquatic; black, dark. 

Csesareiis, a, um, adj. of Ccesar, Cesarean; 
imperial. 

CaesarTes, ei, (caedo), f. the hair (of the 
head or beard). 

Caesus, a, um, part, (caedo), cut, struck; 
slain. 

'Caeter, and Ceterus, a, um, (£«/»?), adj. 
never used in nom. sing., the other, the 
rest. 

dalcus,.^ m. a river of Mysia. 

Calamus, i, m. a stalk; reed; pipe, (*aXa/«>j). 

Ca.la.thus, (xaXados)-, i, m. a lily-shaped bas- 
ket, a basket; the calix of a flower. 

Calcatiis, a, um, part, (calco), trodden, 
trampled, pressed by the feet. 

Calco, are, avi, atum, (calx), a. to tread, 
trample on or under foot; walk. 

Caleo, ere, ui, n. to be warm or hot, to be 
inflamed; to be eager. 

Calesco, (caleo), ere, ui, n. to grow hot or 
warm, to be kindled, inflamed. 

•CalTdus, (caleo), a, um, adj. warm, hot; 
fig. rash, spirited, bold; quick, prompt. 

CalTgo, mis, f. a mist; gloom, darkness. 

•Callidus, a, um, adj. skilful, shrewd: cun- 
ning, sly, deceitful. 

Calor, (caleo), oris, m. warmth, heat; ar- 
dor, impetuosity. 

Campus, i, m. level surface; plain, field; 
land, territory. 

Canace, es, f. pr. n. Canace, the daughter 
of iEolus ; the name of a dog. 

Cancer, cri and is, m. the crab; the crab, (a 
constellation) ; the cancer. 

Candeo, (cando, Kaa> for Kaiui), ere, ui, n. to 
glow, burn; shine, be bright; to be shining 
white. 

Candesco, (candeo), ere, ui, n. to glow, be 
white hot, become incandescent. 

Candidas, (candeo), a, um, adj. shining 
white, clear, serene; snow-white; clad in 
white; beautiful; candid; prosperous. 

Candor, oris, m. glow; brightness; white- 
ness; fairness; frankness, candor; in- 
nocence. 

Caneo, ere, ui, n. (canus, white), to be or 
become white; to be hoary. 

Cams, is, m. and f. a dog: also the constel- 
lations C. major and C. minor. 

Canities, ei, whiteness ; grayness, old age. 

Canna, ae, f. a cane or reed; pipe, flute. 

Cano, ere, cecmi, cantum, n. and a. N. to 
sing; to sound, to play, to blow. A. to 
telebrate in song or verse; to chant; re- 
hearse a charm; prophesy. 

Canorus, a, um, (canor, melody), singing; 
sounding well, melodious, sonorous: c. 
turba, choir of singers. 

Cantus, vis, m. (cano), the act of singing; 

320 



song; tone, melody; verse, poetry; magic 
song, spell, incantation. 

Canus, a, um, adj. white, hoar; gray, ash- 
gray, whitish gray: pi. gray (hairs). 

Capax, acis, (capio), adj. capable of receiv- 
ing or holding much, roomy, wide, capa- 
cious; comprehensive. 

Capella, ae, i. dimin. a young goat, a kid; 
also the name of a star in Auriga. 

Capillus, i, m. a hair; the hair of the head; 
the hair, (including the beard). 

CapTo, ere, cepi, captum, a. to contain, 
hold; to take, seize, catch, lay hold of; to 
receive, obtain; to capture; to captivate; 
to enjoy, feel; to choose. 

Capitolium, ii, n. (caput), the Capitol, on 
the Tarpeian Mount, in Rome : in 
pi. ia. 

Caprea, ae, f. (capra), a roe, deer, gazelle. 

Captatus, a, um, part, (captor), caught at, 
caught, aimed at, sought; taken. 

Captivus, a, um, (capio), taken, captured, 
captive, caught; captivated. 

Captus, a, um, (capio), part, taken, &c. See 
Capio. 

Caput, itis, n. the head (of men or animals); 
a man, a person; highest part; principal 
thing or person ; mouth of a river ; 
source, origin: often for vita, life. 

Career, eris, m. a prison; a. barrier or start- 
ing-place in a race. 

Cardo, inis, m. a hinge: c. vertere, to open 
the door. 

Careo, ere, ui, ltum, n. to be without, free 
from, to want; to be absent from; to miss. 

Carina, ae, f. the bottom of a ship, keel; a 
ship, (probably from Kapti, fut. of tce'ipoi, to 
cut). 

Carmen, inis, n. a song; a sound; a poem, 
composition in verse; inscription; pro- 
phecy; incantation, magic form. 

Caro, carnis, f. flesh, meal: (applied to ani- 
mals and vegetables, but primarily the 
former). 

Carpo, ere, psi, ptum, a. to gather, to 
pluck off, pluck, tear off, snatch, cut off; 
to cull, select; to carp, blame; to calum- 
niate. 

Carus, a, um, adj. dear, precious, costly ; 
beloved. 

Cassiope, es, f. pr. n. Cassiope, mother of 
Andromeda, placed among the stars. 

Castalius, a, um, belonging to the fount 
Castalia, Castalian. 

Castiis, a, um, adj. pure, spotless, chaste, 
innocent; faithful, constant, honest; in- 
violate. 

Casus, us, m. (cado), a falling, fall; for- 
tuitous occurrence, fortune, misfortune; 
opportunity, event; hazard, risk. 

Catena, ae, f. a chain, bonds. 

Caucasius, a, um, adj. belonging to Cauca- 
sus, Caucasian. 

Caucasus, i, m. mount Caucasus, in Asia, 
between the Euxine and Caspian seas. 

Cauda, ae, f. a tail. 

Causa, ae, f. cause, reason, ground; a 
cause, suit or process at law; pretext, ex- 



CAUTES. 



CIRCUMFERO. 



cuse, motive, opportunity; matter, con- 
cern, object; party principle or measure. 

Cautes, is, f. a rugged, sharp rock, crag, 
cliff. 

Cautus, a, um, part, (caveo), legally secured; 
secure, safe; cautious, wary, prudent; 
sly, cunning. 

Caveo, ere, cavi, cautum, n. and a. to be on 
one's guard, be cautious, beware, shun. 

Cavo, are, avi, atum, a. to hollow out ; 
penetrate, pierce. 

Cavus, a, um, adj. hollow, hollowed; 
arched, vaulted. 

Cayster, and Caystrus, i, m. a river in Io- 
nia and Lydia. 

Cecrops, opis, m. Cecrops, the founder and 
most ancient king of Athens. 

Cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. and a. to give 
way, withdraw, retire, yield the palm to; 
submit one's self. 

Celeber, bris, bre, adj. (xiXco), frequented; 
renowned, famous. 

Celebro, are, avi, atum, a. to frequent, to 
crowd; to be overgrown with; to celebrate, 
solemnize; to take in hand, perform; to 
establish; to extol, render famous. 

Celer, eris, e, adj. swift, quick, fleet. 

Celo, are, avi, atum,'a. to hide, conceal. 

Celsus, a, um, adj. (cello), lofty, high, 
erect, stately; haughty, proud; noble, ex- 
alted. 

Censeo, ere, ui, um, a. to think, presume, be 
of opinion; to advise, recommend; to or- 
dain. 

Centaurus, i, m. (*£«t«j and riiupos), a Cen- 
taur, a fabulous being, half horse and 
half man, living in Thessaly. 

CentTmanus, a, um, adj. (centum, manus), 
poet, word, hundred-handed. 

Centum, adj. indec. pi. (etcardv), a hundred. 

CepheTus, a, um, adj. of Cepheus. 

Cephenus, a, um, of Cepheus, frequenting 
his court. 

Cepheus, ei or eos, m. pr. n. (dissyllable), 
Cepheus, son of Agenor, husband of 
Cassiope, and king of ^Ethiopia. 

Cephisus, and os, i, m. pr. n. Cephisus, a 
river of Boeotia, now Mauro Nero. 

CephisTs, idis, adj. fern, of the Cephisus. 

Cephlsius, a, um, of the Cephisus: appl. 
to Narcissus. 

Cera, ae, f. (icnpos), wax; waxen busts; tab- 
lets; any waxy, clammy substance. 

Cerbereus, a, um, adj. of Cerberus. 

Cerberus, i, m. pr. n. the three-headed 
dog of hell, Cerberus. 

Cerealis, e, adj. f. Ceres; of grain; relating 
to corn. 

Ceres, eris, f. pr. n. Ceres, daughter of Sa- 
turn, inventress of agriculture, goddess 
of corn : fig. corn or grain, bread. 

Cerno, ere, crevi, cretum, (fr. Kpivoi), a. 
to sift; to distinguish, judge, decide, de- 
cree ; to contend, fight; to see, discern; 
to comprehend. 

Certamen, mis, (certo), n. a contest , strife, 
debate; a game, exercise; an engagement, 
battle. 

41 



Certatim, (certo), adv. emulously; earnestly, 

eagerly. 
Certe, (certus), adv. surely, certainly; at 

least, at all events. 
Certus, (for cretus from cerno), a, um, adj. 

determined; established; certain, trust- 
worthy; having certain knowledge, sure; 

tried, faithful; open, evident. 
Cerva, (cervus), ae, f. a hind, doe; a deer in 

general. 
Cervix, icis, f. the hinder part of the neck; 

the neck. 
Cerviis, i, m. a slag: cervi meant also 

forked stakes, chevaux de frise. 
Cespes or Caespes, (caesus), Ttis, m. a turf 

or sod; ground covered with grass; a 

country. 
Cesso, are, avi, atum, n. to cease, to leave 

off, to pause, to be tardy; to rest. 
Ceu. adv. as, as it were, like as; as if. 
ChauS, i, n. (Gr. x^°>), a vast void, chaos: 

as a god, Chaos, son of Erebus and Nox. 
Chariclo, us, f. pr. n. Chariclo, a nymph 

who bore Ocyroe to the centaur Chiron. 
Chiron, onis, m. pr. n. Chiron, a centaur, 

son of Saturn and Phillyra, celebrated 

for medical skill. 
Chlamys, ydis, f. (Gr. xAa/*v 5 -), a Grecian 

military cloak, a wide woollen cloak for 

men, of purple embroidered, war-mantle, 

or mantle of state. 
Chorus, i, m. (Gr. x°pos), circle-dance, chorus, 

choir. 
Chrysolithus, i, m. and f. (*pwo?, Xt3o>-), 

chrysolite; topaz of a golden color. 
Cibus, i, m. food; nutriment, aliment. 
CTciita, ae, f. hemlock, a poisonous plant; 

also a pipe made of its stalk. 
Cilix, icis, Cilician; belonging to Cilicia,. 

in Asia Minor, now Karamania. 
Cinctus, a, um, part, (cingo), girdled, girt. 
Cingens, entis, part, (cingo), girdling. 
Cingo, ere, nxi, nctum, act. to make a ring 

about, girdle, gird; to crown; surround,, 

encompass, embrace, confine; envelop. 
Clnis, eris, m. (Gr. kovis), ashes, embers,. 

cinders. 
Circa, adv. and prep, with ace. forcircum,. 

about, round about, around; concerning, 

[both of time and place] . 
Circe, es and a, ae, f. pr. n. Circe, a sea- 
nymph, daughter of Phoebus and Perse, 
Circmo, are, avi, atum, (circinus), act. to 

make ox put in a circular form: easdem 

c. auras, flies in a circle. 
Clrcueo and Circumeo, ire, ivi and ii, 

ltum, irreg. n. and a. to go round or 

about; to surround, encompass. 
CircuTtus, us, m. (circumeo), a going 

round; circuit, revolution; circumfe- 
rence; a circuitous route. 
Circum, adv. and prep, with ace. round 

about, around, about; near, [of number 

and place] . 
Circumdo, are, dedi, datum, a. to lay or 

put round; surround, encompass, invest. 
Circumfero, re, tuli, latum, a. to carry 

round or about; to roll round. 

321 



CIRCUMFLUO. 



COLO. 



Circumfluo, (circum and fluo), ere, uxi, n. 
and a. to flow round or about; to flock to- 
gether; to abound. 
Clrcumfluiis, a, um, adj. flowing round, 

circumfluent; washed round. 
Circummndo, ere, udi, fusum, a. to pour 
around, sprinkle about, circumfuse; to 
surround, encompass: passive, to flock or 
meet together, to collect. 

Circumlitus, a, um, part. fr. circumlino, 
smeared, anointed, surrounded. 

Circumsonus, a, um, adj. sounding round 
about; barking around. 

CircumspTcTo, ere, spexi, spectum, n. and 
a. to look around; to take heed, consider, 
weigh one's self. 

Circumsto, are, steti, n. and a. to stand or 
place round; to beset, surround. 

Clrcumtono, are, ui, a. to thunder round, 
cause to reverberate. 

Cista, ae, f. (Gr. kuttti), a chest, box, coffer: 
especially, a box containing certain sa- 
cred things used in the rites of Ceres and 
Bacchus. 

Cithaeron, onis, m. pr. n. Cithoeron, a 
mount in Boeotia, sacred to Bacchus and 
the Muses. 

Cithara, ae, f. (K&apa), a lute, guitar. 

Cito, (citus), adv. comp. citius, super, 
citissime, quickly, rapidly, shortly. 

Citra, adv. and prep, with ace. on this ' 
side, that is, the side nearest the speaker I 
or writer ; in Roman authors, to be un- \ 
derstood, unless otherwise limited, of j 
the side nearest to Rome. 

Citus, a, um, (cieo), adj. swift, speedy, ra- 
pid, quick, ready. 

CivilTs, is, e, adj. (civis), civil, belonging to 
a citizen. 

Clades, is, f. loss, injury; slaughter, over- 
throw, destruction; death. 

<Clamo, are, avi, atum, n. and a. to cry, 
halloo, shout aloud: fig. declare openly, 
proclaim; to call loudly upon. 

•Clamor, oris, m. (clamo), a loud cry, shout; 
clamor; loud applause, any loud noise. 

Clangor, oris, m. (clango), loud sound, es- 
pecially of a trumpet. ; blast, shrill noise; 
the cry of beasts and birds, as the bark- 
ing of dogs ; screaming of eagles, cack- 
ling of geese, &c. 

Clare®, i, f. Claros, a city in Ionia, near 
Colophon, where Apollo had a cele- 
brated temple. 

Clarus, a, um, adj. clear, bright; loud, dis- 
tinct; manifest; famous. 

Claudo, ere, si, sum, a. (*Xet$, clavis), to 
shut, to close; enclose; hem in, cut off; 
conclude; prevent. 

Clausus, a, um,part. (claudo), shut, closed; 
surrounded; concluded, &c. 

Clymene, es, f. pr. n. Clymene, wife of the 
^Ethiopian king Merops, and mother of 
Phaethon, b)^ Phoebus. 

Clymeneius, a, um, (Clymene), relatin gto, 
of Clymene: C. proles Pheethon. 

Clypeatus, a, um, part, (clypeo), shielded, 
armed with a shield. 

322 



Clypeus, i, (or Clip), m. a round shield; 
that which is round like a shield, a disk. 
The clypeus was properly round, and 
made of brass : the scutum, an oblong 
square, and of wood covered with hide. 

Coactus, a, um, part. (cogo). 

CoctTlis, e, (coquo), adj. baked; made of 
bricks or tiles. 

Coelestis, is, e, adj. (coelum), celestial, hea- 
venly. 

CcelTcolae, arum, m. (coelum, colo), the in- 
habitants of heaven, celestials, gods. 

Coelum, or Caelum, i, n. (wiAov, or from 
Syr. Co-el, house of God), the sky, heaven. 

Coeo, ire, ivi, Ttum, n. and a. to come to- 
gether, assemble, meet, collect, resort; to 
engage. 

Coenum, i, n. (cunio), filth, dirt, mire. 

Ccepio, coepere, coepi, cceptum, a. and n. 
to begin: [an old verb, found in Plautus, 
and the elder Cato, to which properly 
belongs the def. v. coepi, which has the 
preterit tenses, and the participles in 
rus and tus] . 

Coeptum, i, n. (coepi), a beginning, an un- 
dertaking, an attempt. 

Coeptus, a,um, part, (ccepio), or, as usually 
given by lexicographers, from def. v. 
coepi. 

Coerceo, ere, iii, ttum, a. (con, arceo), to 
encompass, embrace; keep in; restrain, 
repress, coerce, curb. 

Ccetus, us, m. (for coitus, from coeo), aeon- 
nection, conjunction, assemblage; union, 
uniting; an assembly. 

Cogito, are, avi, atum, a. and n. (con, agito), 
to revolve, think on; ponder; purpose, 
design. 

Cognatus, a, um, part, (con, nascor), gene- 
rated along with, connate; related by 
blood, akin, closely allied. 

CognTlus, a, um, part, (cognosco), ascer- 
tained, known, proved, tried, investi- 
gated. 

Cognosco, ere, gnovi, gnitum. a. to exa- 
mine; investigate; know, take cogni- 
sance of; to recognise. 

Cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum, a. to drive or 
bring together, collect; to force, compel, use 
coercion. 

Cohoereo, ere, haesi, haesum, n. to stick to- 
gether; to be close to, adhere to. 

Collapsus, a, um, part. fr. collabor, falling 
together, falling down, fainting. 

Collectus, a, um, part, (cblligo). 

Colligo, ere, egi, ectum, a. to gather to- 
gether, to collect ; to obtain, procure. 

CollTs, is, m. a height, a hill, rising ground, 
easy ascent. 

Colluco, are, avi, atum, a. to place, set, 
lay a thing in its place; to set up, erect; to 
arrange: also, to give in marriage. 

Colluceo, ere, uxi, n. to shine together, 
glow, shine with a strong light. 

Collum, i, n. the neck. 

Colo, ere, iii, ultum, a. to bestow care on, 
attend to, cultivate; to till; to dress, 
adorn; to respect, venerate, worship. 



COLONUS. 

Colonus, i, m. (colo), a cultivator, tiller, 
farmer; inhabitant; colonist. 

Color, oris, m. color, hue, tint, complex- 
ion; fig. appearance, manner; pretext. 

Colubra, as, r. a female snake, a serpent. 

Columba, ae, f. a female dove: the dove 
was sacred to Venus. 

Columna, ae, f. (cello), a pillar, a column. 

Colus, i, and us, f. a distaff. 

Coma, as, f. (ffyq), the hair of the head, par- 
ticularly when long and flowing ; tuft; 
herbage, foliage; rays of light. 

Comes, Ttis, c. (con and meo), a companion, 
associate, attendant. 

Cominus, or Communis, (con and manus), 
nigh at hand, hand to hand, closely. 

Comitatus, us, in. (comes), company of at- 
tendants; train, retinue, host. 

Comitor, ari, atus, sum. dep. to accompany, 
attend, go along with, follow. 

Commentus, a, um, part. fr. comminiscor, 
devised, feigned, imagined. 

Commissural,!, n. (committo), a thing en- 
trusted, a secret; a transgression, off ence. 

Commlssus, a, um, part. fr. committo, set 
together, joined, united; committed. 

Communis, is, e, adj. common to two, to 
several, or to all ; general, universal, 
joint, belonging to the public. 

Como, ere, psi, ptum, a. to arrange, adorn, 
put (the hair especially) in order. 

Compages, is, and Compago, inis, f. a 
joining together, conjunction; a joint, 
commissure. 

Compello, are, avi, atum, to accost, ad- 
dress; to chide, blame, rebuke; to arraign. 

Compello, ere, iili, ulsum, a. to drive to- 
gether somewhere, to assemble, collect; to 
drive, compel, constrain. 

Compendium, ii, n. (compendo), saving, 
gain by saving; a shortening, an abridg- 
ment. 

Compesco, ere, ui, a. (compes), to hold in 
a narrow space, confine, curb, contract; 
lop off; repress. 

Complector, ti, xus, dep. (con and plecto, 
twine), to comprise, grasp, hold, encircle, 
comprehend, contain; to clasp, embrace; 
to favor, cherish, love, fondle; to take 
hold of, seize. 

Compleo, ere, evi, etum, to fill, fill up, 
make full; to complete, fulfil, perfect, 
finish. 

Complexus, a, um, part. fr. complector. 

Complexus, us, m. (complector), an en- 
circling, compassing ; compass, circumfe- 
rence; an embrace, embracing. 

Compono, ere, posui, positum, a. to lay, 
place, set, or bring together; to arrange; 
to erect, adorn; to compare; to compose. 

Compnmo, ere, essi, essum, a. (premo), to 
press, crowd together, compress; check, 
restrain, repress; to silence, to still, to 
hush. 

C5namen, Tnis, n. (conor), effort, attempt. 

Conatus, a, um, part. fr. conor. 

Conatus, us, m. (conor), effort, attempt, ex- 
ertion. 



CONFINIS. 

Concavo, are, avi, a. (concavus), to hollow 
out; to bend, bow. 

Concavus, a, um, completely hollow, hol- 
lowed, concave; arched, bent: poet, gush- 
ing out. 

Concedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. and a. (con 
and cedo), to go from one's place; to 
yield, retire, withdraw, give place; to go, 
repair, depart; to assent to; to give up; 
to concede, grant. 

Concha, ae, f. (Koyxn), a shell-fish, muscle, 
cockle; the pearl oyster; a shell, convoluted 
shell, horn of Tritons; any hollow vessel 
of similar shape. 

Concilium, ii, n. (concieo, or according to 
Festus, from con, calo, to call together), 
a coming together, union, congress, a 
council; a place of meeting. 

ConcipTo, pere, cepi, ceptum, a. (capio), to 
take together, bring together; to seize upon, 
grasp; to conceive, to imagine; to receive, 
contract, catch; to conceive in the womb; 
to meditate on, aspire to. 

Concitus, a, um, part. fr. concieo, quick, 
swift. 
; Conclamo, are, avi, atum, n. and a. to cry 
together; to cry aloud, cry out; call to- 
gether, summon with a loud voice; to loudly 
and repeatedly invoke; exclaim, proclaim. 

Concordo, (concors), are, avi, atum, n. and 
a. to agree, to concord, be in u?iison, to 
harmonize. 

Concors, dis, (con and cor), with one mind, 
unanimous, agreeing, harmonious. 

Concretus, a, um, part. fr. concresco, grown 
together, condensed, thick, curdled: c. 
dolor, tearless. 

Conciibitus, us, m. (concubo), a being to- 
gether, copulation; embrace. 

Concussus, a, um, part. fr. concutio, shaken, 
agitated, &c. 

Concutio, ere, ussi, ussum, a. (quatio), to 
shake, agitate, move violently, trouble: fig. 
to terrify; to disquiet, distract; to injure, 
weaken, break down, ruin. 

Conditus, a, um, part. fr. condo, stored, laid 
up; hidden; composed, &c. See Condo. 

Conditor, oris, m. (condo), a putter together, 
founder, author, maker, inventor, com- 
poser, builder. 

Condo, ere, dldi, ltum, act. (con, do), to 
bring together; to lay up; hide, bury; to 
complete, bring to an end; to construct, 
found, establish. 
| Conduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (con, duco), to 
conduct, bring together; to assemble, collect. 
I Conductus, a, um, part. fr. conduco, brought 
together, drawn together; collected; hired. 
: Confero,erre,tuli, collatum, (con and fero), 
a. irreg. to bring, carry, place or lay to- 
gether; to collect, gather; to contribute, 
pay; to unite, join; to compare; to bring 
on, cause, promote; to confer, give, bt- 
stow; to confer, consult; to apply, comet 
to; to transform. 

Confessus, a, um, part. fr. confiteor. 

Conf Inis, is, e, adj. (con and finis), borda- 
ing on another, adjoining, contiguous. 

3*3 



CONFITEOR. 



CONVENIO. 



Conf Tteor, eri, fessus, v. a. (fateor), to con- 
fess, avow, acknowledge, admit, own; to 
show, manifest, indicate. 

Confremo, ere, ui, ltum, v. r. (con and 
fremo), to make a noise together; to roar, 
murmur, resound strongly or loudly. 

Confundo, ere, iidi, iisum, v. a. to pour to- 
gether, mingle, mix; to confuse: fig. 
to unite, mingle, mix, in good or bad 
sense ; to disturb, confound, terrify, per- 
plex. 

Confusus, a, urn, part. fr. confundo. 

Congeries, ei, f. (congero), a heap, pile, 
mass, hoard. 

Congestus, a, um, part. fr. congero, brought 
together, accumulated, heaped, gathered 
together, piled on one another. 

Conjectus, a, um, part. fr. conjicio, thrown 
together, thrown, cast, flung, thrust, 
driven, placed, lodged. 

ConjugTum, ii, n. (conjugo), a joining to- 
gether, union, marriage. 

Conjux, ugis, c. a spouse; a mate: (con- 
junx fr. con, jungo). 

ConnubTum, ii, n. (nubo), espousal, mar- 
riage. 

Conor, ari, atus sum, v. a. to attempt, un- 
dertake, make effort, strive. 

Conscendo, ere, di, sum, v. a. and n. 
(scando), to climb or go up, mount, as- 
cend: c. navem, to embark: c. aequor, to 
embark upon, Virg. 

Consents, a, um, (scio), adj. conscious, 
privy to, witness of: subst. accessory. 

Consequor, qui, secutus, v. a. and n. to fol- 
low after, succeed, ensue; to result; to 
strive to attain; to pursue. 

ConsTdo, ere, edi, essum, (con and sido, to 
light), v. n. to seat ourselves, to sit to- 
gether; to meet, hold a meeting; to light, 
settle, take up one's abode, pitch a camp, 
encamp; to stop, delay; to fall, fall in, 
sink. 

Consilium, ii, n. (consulo), common counsel, 
consultation, deliberation; counsel, ad- 
vice; design, plan; determination, re- 
solve; a council, council of war. 

Consisto, ere, stlti, stitum, v. n. and a. to 
place one's self with; to stand, stand still, 
stop, make a sta?id, stand fast; to take a 
post; to withstand; to consist, exist. 

Consitor, oris, m. (consero), a sower, a 
planter. 

ConsTtus, a, um, part. f. consero, sown, 
planted: C5nsero, rere, sevi, situm. 

Consolor, ari, atus, to console, comfort, so- 
lace; to alleviate, lighten, compensate; to 
encourage, inspirit. 

Consors, sortis, adj. sharing, partaking of: 
as subs, partner. 

Conspectior, comp. of conspectus, visible; 
striking, remarkable, conspicuous. 

Conspectus, a, um, part. fr. conspicio, as 
adj. visible ; conspicuous, remarkable. 
See Conspicio. 

Conspectus, us, m. (conspicio), a seeing, 
looking, sight, view. 

Conspicio, ere, exi, ctum, a. (con, specio), 

324 



to see, behold, look at, observe, dis- 
cern. 

Consterno, are, avi, atum, a. (con, sterno), 
to affright, alarm, terrify, amaze, throw 
into confusion. 

Consuetus, a, um, part, and adj. (consu- 
esco), accustomed, wont; usual, ordinary. 

Consultus, a, um, (part, of consuesco, to 
accustom one's self), as adj. accustomed, 
wont, habituated : also, wonted, usual. 

Consulo, ere, ui, turn, n. and a. to consult, 
deliberate, take counsel, reflect, consider. 

Consultus, a, um, part, of consulo, as adj. 
practised, experienced, skilful. 

Consumo, ere, psi, ptum, a. (Qon, sumo), 
to take together, take at once; devour, con- 
sume; to wear away; to use up, spend. 

Contactus, us, m. (contingo), a touching, 
touch, contact; contagion. 

Contemno, ere, empsi, emptum, a. (con, 
temno), to hold of no account, slight, de- 
spise, hold of no worth or consequence; 
to think meanly of. 

Contemptor, oris, m. (contemno), one who 
contemns, a despiser, scorner, scoffer at. 

Contemptrix, icis, f. (fr. contemptor), one 
that despises, a contemner. 

Contemptus, us, m. (contemno), contempt, 
scorn, disdain, derision. 

Contemptus, a, um, part, of contemno, 
and adj. despised, scorned, contemptible, 
despicable. 

Contendo, ere, di, turn, a. and n. (con, 
tendo), to stretch, strain; exert, employ; 
struggle, endeavor, to strive earnestly 
for, solicit; to compare, contrast; to draw 
together, to tighten; to hasten, speed; to 
contend, fight, dispute. 

Contentus, a, um, part. fr. contineo, adj. 
content, satisfied. 

Conterminus, a, um, adj. (con and terminus, 
a limit), bordering on, adjoining, conter- 
minous. 

Contingo, ere, lgi, tactum, a. and n. (con, 
tango), to touch, arrive at, reach; to af- 
fect, infect with; to strike: also, to dip, 
anoint, moisten. Intrans. to happen, turn 
out, to fall to. 

Contra, adv. against, in opposition, on the 
contrary; otherwise; on the other hand, 
in twain; opposite to: prep, with ace. 
against, contrary to, in opposition to; 
opposite to, over against. 

Contractus, a, um, part, of contraho, adj. 
contracted, narrow, weak. 

Contraho, ere, xi, ctum. (con, traho), a. to 
draw together, unite together, collect; to 
contract; to enter into, engage, incur; to 
draw in, to abridge, curtail. 

Contrarius, a, um, (contra), opposite, over 
against; contrary, at variance with. 

Conus, i, m. (koh'oj), cone, the apex of the 
helmet, the conical part where the crest is 
inserted. 

Convenio, ire, eni, ntum, n. and a. (con, 
venio), to come together, meet, assemble, 
flock; to goto one, visit: to agree, har- 
monize, correspond. 



C0NVERSU8. 



CUBILE. 



Conversus, a, um, part. fr. converto, turned 
about, whirled about ; changed, trans- 
formed. 

Converto, ere, ti, sum, a. (con, verto), to 
tumor whirlabout; to change, transform, 
convert. 

Convexus, a, um, adj. (con, vehor), convex, 
vaulted, arched: sometimes used for con- 
cavus. 

Convlcium, ii, n. (con, vox), a united noise 
from several sounds; loud noise, clamor; 
loudly expressed disapprobation ; abuse, 
reproach, reviling. 

Conviva, ae, m. or f. (con, vivo), a constant 
guest, messmate, a guest. 

Convlvium, ii, n. (con, vivo), a ban- 
quet, feast, entertainment ; the company 
at a feast. 

Conv5co, are, avi, atum. a. (con, voco), to 
call together, convene, summon, convoke. 

Copia, ae, f. (con and ops), plenty, abun- 
dance, supply; stores; power, ample op- 
portunity; leave, permission, advantage. 

Coquo, ere, coxi, coctum, a. to cook by fire, 
to bake; to contrive, prepare, plan. 

Cor, cordis, n. (/nip), the heart: used for 
animus, understanding, wisdom; the af- 
fections, temper, soul. 

Coralium, i, n. coral, especially the red 
coral. 

Corneus, a, um, adj. (cornu), made of horn, 
horn, horny; dry as horn. 

Cornu, n. indec. in sing., pi. ua, uum, a 
horn of a beast; a projecting extremity; 
a horn or trumpet. 

Cornum, i, n. (fr. cornus, the cornel tree, 
and that fr. cornu), the cornel berry. 

Curona, ae, f. (jcopuvri, fem. of wpwvoj, bent, 
curved), a garland, wreathe; a crown. 

Coronatus, a, um, part, of corono, crowned. 

Coroneus, ei and eos, m. pr. n. Coroneus, 
father of Coronis. 

Coronis, idis, f. Coronis, the daughter of 
Coroneus, changed into a crow. 

Corpus, oris, n. a body, solid substance, a 
mass; the body; the flesh; the person; 
the union of several into one whole; a 
community: (Gr. ko/wtSj, the jEolic form 
of Kopjios, the trunk of a tree). 

Correptus, a, um, part. fr. corripior, adj. 
short. 

CorrTgo, ere, exi, ectum, a. (con and rego), 
to set right, make straight; to amend, 
correct; to heal, remedy. 

Corrlpio, ere, ui, eptum, a. (con, rapio), to 
catch together: to snatch or hurry away; 
to seize eagerly, to catch rapidly; to at- 
tack, seize; to chide, reprove, rebuke; to 
shorten, abridge. 

Corruo, ere, ui, n. and a. (con and ruo), to 
rush together, to fall down; trans, to 
bring to the ground, overthrow. 

Cortex, Tcis, m. and sometimes f. rind, 
shell, external covering of any thing; 
bark; cork. 

Corusco, are, avi, atum, n. and a. (coruscus), 
to quiver, vibrate; to glitter, flash, shine; 
to move rapidly, brandish. 



Coruscus, a, um, adj. quivering, tremulous, 
vibrating; glittering, flashing, bright, 
coruscant. 

Corvus, i, m. a raven. 

Corycis, Tdos and Tdis, f. adj. (rapwi's); 
Corycian ; dwelling in the Corycian 
cave. 

Corymbus, i, m. (K6pvp./3os), a cluster of ivy- 
berries. 

Costa, 03, f. a rib: fig. a side. 

Creatus, a, um, part, of Creo, made, cre- 
ated, &c. 

Credo, ere, Tdi, ttum, n. and a. (as if Cer- 
tum, do), intrans. to trust, confide in, 
believe: trans, to confide to, intrust, trust; 
to take for true, believe; to think, suppose. 

Credulus, a, um, adj. (credo), credulous, 
easy of belief, trusting, confiding. 

Cremo, are, avi, atum, a. to burn, set on 
fire. 

Creo, are, avi, atum, a. to make, create; 
produce; beget, bring forth; cause,afford, 
occasion; elect, appoint. 

CrepTto, are, n. frequentative of crepo, as 
intrans. to sound, tingle, jingle, rattle, 
creak; to burst, be shivered in pieces. 

Crepo, are, ui, n. and a. as active, to make 
a thing sound, resound, &c. 

Crepusculum, i, n. (dimin. of crepus, wh. 
fr. Kvtya$), twilight, evening twilight es- 
pecially. 

Cresco, ere, evi, etum, v. n. (creo), togrow, 
come forth, become visible, to be born; to 
increase, to thrive, become great. 

Cretus, a, um, part, (cresco), born, sprung, 
generated, &c. 

Crimen, Tnis, n. (icpip.a, judgment), reproach, 
accusation; vice, crime. 

Crinalis, is, e, adj. (crinis), belonging to the 
hair, crinal, hairy. 

Crinis, is, m. (Kpi*>a>, to arrange), hair of the 
head; a curl, a lock. 

Crinitus, a, um, adj. (crinis), long-haired, 
having long hair. 

Cristatus, a, um, adj. (crista), tufted, plumed, 
crested. 

Crocale, es, f. pr. n. one of Diana's attend- 
ant nymphs. 

Cruceus, a, um, adj. (crocus), of saffron; 
saffron-colored, yellow, or golden-colored. 

Crucus, i, m. (*p<5*oj), the saffron plant; the 
saffron color. 

Criicio, are, avi, atum, a. (crux), to torment, 
torture, vex. 

Crvidelis, is, e, adj. (crudus), cruel, inhu- 
man, savage, inexorable. 

Cruentatus, a, um, part, of cruento, to make 
bloody: stained, dyed, or sprinkled with 
blood. 

Cruentus, a, um, adj. (cruor), bloody; blood- 
thirsty, cruel, ferocious. 

Cruor, oris, m. (<pi5oj), effused blood, gore, 
clotted blood: also, bloodshed, murder. 

Crus, uris, n. the leg, from the knee to the 
ankle. 

Cubile, is, n. (cubo, to lie), a place to lie 
down in; a resting-place, couch, bed; m 
den, lair, nest. 

2E 325 



CULMEN. 



DEBITUS. 



Culmen, mis, n. the highest part of any 
thing; the summit; the roof. 

Culpa, ae, f. a fault, reproach, guilt, error, 
transgression. 

Cuipo, are, avi, atum, a. (culpa), to blame, 
accuse; censure, reproach. 

Cultor, 5ris, m. (colo), one that has care 
of; a cultivator ; an inhabitant; an in- 
structor; worshipper. 

Cultus, a', um, part, of colo : as adj. im- 
proved, polished, refilled. 

Cultus, us, m. (colo), caring, care, culiiva- 

. Hon; improvement, refinement; household 
economy, manner of living; worship, 
adoration, honor. 

Cum, adv. and conj. (same as Quum, or 
Quom, an old ace. n. of quus for qui), 
when, while; although; since; because. 

Cum, prep, with, together with, in company 
with. 

Cunae, arum, f. pi. <*t>w, to hold), a cradle; 
a nest. 

Cunctor, ari, atus, sum, dep. (cunctus), to 
collect every thing; to delay, linger; to 
stay. 

Cunctus, a, um, adj. (cunque, same as Eng. 
affix, ever), all together, all, whole, entire, 
in a body. 

CiipTdo, inis, f. and sometimes m. (cupio), 
a wish, desire, passion: also, m. the god 
Cupid. 

C lipid us, a, um, adj. (cupio), desirous, 
eager, fond; covetous, avaricious ; ar- 
dently loving. 

Cupio, ere, Ivi and ii, ltum, a. (capio), to 
desire, wish; covet; to long for, love. 

Cupressus, i, f. (icvirapiooos), the cypress-tree, 
the cypress. 

Cur, adv. (quare), why ? wherefore ? for what 
reason. ? for what purpose ? Frequently 
used as propter quam, quod, ut. 

Cura, 83, f. (quaero), care, carefulness, dili- 

fence, study, regard: c. Dei, Providence, 
. 48 : anxiety, alarm. 

Curo, are, avi, atum, a. (cura), to take care 
of, provide, regard ; have charge over, 
preside. 

Curro, ere, cucurri, cursum, n. to run, 
make speed, on foot, on horseback, or in 
a chariot. 

Currus, us, m. (curro), a car, chariot, car- 
riage. 

Cursus, us, m. (curro), a running, a quick 
motion; a journey, passage, course; flight, 
career. 

Curvamen, inis, n. (curvo, to betid), abend- 
ing, a winding, curvature. 

Curvatura, as, f. (curvo), a winding, bend- 
ing, flexure, curvature. 

Curvo, are, avi, atum, a. to bow, bend, 
curve. 

Curvus, a, um, adj. not straight, not direct, 
bent, curved, crooked ; stooping, undulat- 
ing, arched, vaulted. 

Cuspis, idis, f. a point, prickle; a pointed 
weapon, javelin, lance; Neptune' s trident; 
the sting of a bee. 

Gustos, odis, m. and f. (con and adsto), a 

326 



keeper, preserver, guard, guardian, pro- 
tector. 

Cutis, is, f. (Gr. x.vto$), the skin of men or 
other animals ; hide, outer covering, peel, 
rind. 

Cyclades, um, f. pi. {KVK\aks), the encircling ; 
the Cyclades, islands in the iEgean sea, 
encircling Delos. 

Cyclops, opis, m. (KwcA&n//), a Cyclops, 
[strictly, the round-eyed] . The Cyclopes 
were a [fabled] savage race of one-eyed 
giants, resident on the coast of Sicily, 
and employed by Vulcan in forging the 
thunderbolts for Jupiter. 

Cycnus, and Cygnus, i, m. (Gr. kvkvo$), -a 
swan. Cycnus, a cousin of Phaethon. 

Cyllenius, i, m. (KvWrjvri), Cyllenius, name 
of Mercury. See the word following. 

Cyllenus, i, m. and Cyllene, es, f. (/cvAA^), 
a mountain on the borders of Arcadia 
and Achaia, the highest in the Pelopon- 
nessus, and sacred to Mercury, who was 
born on it, and whose temple crowned 
the summit ; now called Zyria. 

Cymba, ae, f. (Gr. Kvp.0n), a boat, particu- 
larly Charon's skiff. 

Cynthia, aa, f. a surname of Diana, from 
Mount Cynthus, where she was born. 

Cynthius, i, m. a surname of Apollo, from 
Mount Cynthus. 

Cynthus, i, m. (Gr. kvv6o$), a mountain in 
Delos, on which Apollo and Diana were 
born ; now Monte Cintio. 

Cyprius, a, um, adj. (Gr. icwrpios), Cyprian, 
of or belonging to Cyprus. 

Cythereius, a, um, adj. (Gr. KvOipuoq), Cy- 
therean, of Cythera ; Cyihereia, Venus. 

D. 

Dama, se, m. and f. (fr. kXp.a, fear), a doe or 

deer. 
Damno, are, avi, atum, a. (damnum), to 

condemn, to sentence; to destine, doom; 

to make liable, to compel one to perform. 
Damnum, i, n. (demo, to take away), loss, 

damage, injury; a fine, a penalty. 
Danae, es, f. (Aavarj), daughter of Acrisius, 

king of Argos, and mother of Perseus, 

by Jupiter. 
Dandus, a, um, part. fut. pass, from Do, to 

give. 
Daphne, es, f. (Acupvri, pr. n. also, the bay- 
tree), daughter of Ladon, a river god of 

Arcadia, or, according to some, of Peneus, 

a river god of Thessaly, changed into a 

bay tree, (Latin, laurus). 
Datus, a, um, part. perf. pass, of Do, to 

give. 
De, prep, of, concerning, about, touching, 

from; on account of. 
Dea, a?, f. (Deus), a goddess. 
Debello, are, avi, atum, n. and a. (de, 

bello), to finish a war, prevail in war: 

trans, to vanquish. 
Debeo, ere, ui, ltum, a. (de, habeo), to 

owe, be indebted. 
Debitus, a, um, part, of debeo, owing, due, 



DECENS. 



DEPONO. 



deserved, merited: d. alimenta, sustenance 
due in requital of man s toil. 

Decens, entis, adj. (decet), becoming, meet, 
proper, decent; handsome, comely. 

Deceptus, a, um, part, from Decipio. 

Decerptus, a, um, (part, of Decerpo), 
pulled, plucked off, pulled away, gathered. 

Decet. ebat, uit, imp. [Sea, 6eX, it behoveth), 
it beseems, becomes, behoves. 

DecTdo, ere, idi, n. (de, cado), to fall from, , 
fall down, fall off. 

Decipio, ere'epi, eptum, a. (de, capio), to j 
deceive, beguile. 

Decllno, are, avi, atum, a. (de, clino, fr. j 
kXivco), to bend downwards, decline; tarn \ 
aside, to swerve. 

Decllvis, is, e, adj. (de, clivus), bending \ 
downward, running downward, sloping, 
steep. 

Decllvus, a, um, see the preceding. 

Decolor, oris, adj (de, color), that hath lost 
color; discolored; sunburnt, swarthy. 

Decor, oris, m. (decet), comeliness, beauty, 
grace, elegance. 

Decorus, a, um, adj. (decus), becoming, fit, 
proper, decorous, honorable; comely, grace- 
ful; adorned. 

Decresco, ere, evi, etum, n. (de, cresco), to 
decrease, diminish, grow less, wear 
away. 

Decurro, ere, curri, or cucurri, cursum, a. 
(de, curro), to run down, run along ; run 
through; pursue, finish ; run from, aban- 
don; to descend to, have recourse to. 

Decus, oris, n. (deceo), that which becomelh, 
an ornament ; grace, beauty, honor. 

Dedecus, oris, n. (de, deceo), disgrace, dis- 
honor, shame ; a shameful action. 

Dediico, ere, uxi, uctum, a. (de,duco), to bring 
down, draw down ; to continue ; derive, 
deduce. 

Defendo, ere, di, sum, a. (de and obs. vb. 
fendo), to ward off, repel ; to defend, 
guard, protect. 

Defensus, a, um, part. pf. pass, of defendo, 
protected, guarded, defended. 

Def icio, ere, eci, ectum, n. and a. (de, facio), 
to fail, to be wanting, be deficient ; to 
grow feeble, to cease, perish ; to forsake 
abandon. * 

Defleo, ere, evi, etum, a. (de, fleo), to bewail, 
lament, deplore. 

Deformis, is, e, adj. (de, forma), deformed, 
disfigured, ugly, misshapen ; unsightly, 
mcultivated. 

Defraenatus, a, um, adj. (de, fraeno), unbri- 
dled, unchecked, unruly, resistless. 

Dejectus, us, m. (dejicio), a throwing down; 

fall, descent. 
Dejicio, ere, jeci, jectum, a, (de, jacio), to 
throw down, cast down, precipitate; over- 
throw, slay. 
Deinde, adv. (de, inde), from or after that, 

then, afterwards, next in order. 
Delabor, i, psus, dep. (de, labor), to glide 

down, slide or slip down, pull down. 
Delapsus, a, um, part, of delabor, having 
glided down, having descended. 



Delafus, a, um, part, of deferor, carried 
along, borne to. 

Deleo, ere, evi, etum, a. (^Xsu, to destroy), 
to blot out, efface, erase; to overthrow, de- 
stroy. 

Delictum, i, n. (delinquo), a fault, crime, 
offence, sin ; an error, oversight. 

Deliteo, ere, ui, and Delitesco, n. (de, lateo), 
to lie hid. be concealed, skulk, lurk. 

DSlius, a, um, adj. of or belonging to Delos, 
Delian. Also as a subs, the Delian, 
Apollo. 

Delos, i, f. (AijXoj), the island Delos, the 
central one of the Cyclades group in the 
jEgean Sea. 

DelphTcus, a, um, adj. of or belonging to 
Delphi, Delphian, Delphic. Also subs, 
name of Apollo. Delphi was a city at 
the foot of Mount Parnassus in Phocis, 
where was a famous oracle of Apollo. 

Delphin, Inis. m. (IsApi;). a dolphin, a sort 
of small whale, described as something 
like our porpoise. 

Delubrum. i, n. a shrine, sanctuary, minor 
chapel, altar, temple. 

Deludo, ere, usi, usum, (de, ludo), to cease 
contending in the public games: also, to 
mock, delude, baffle. 

Delusus, a. um, part, of deludo, mocked, 
deceived, disappointed, cheated, baffled. 

Demens, entis, adj. (de, mens), out of one's 
mind or senses, mad, distracted, raving, 
foolish. 

Dementer, adv. (demens), madly, distract- 
edly, foolishly. 

Demissus, a, um, part, of demittor, let 
fall, thrown down. 

Demo, ere, dempsi, demptum, a. (de, emo), 
to take away, take off; to remove. 

Demptus, a, um, part, of demo, being taken 
away, removed, banished. 

Denego, are, avi, atum, a. (de and nego), 
to deny, not suffer, say he will not, re- 
fuse. 

Deni, ae, a, adj. (decern), distributive num. 
ten by ten, ten: in sing, denus, a, um, 
tenth. 

DenTque, adv. (demum, at length, and que), 
in fine, finally, to conclude, lastly; in 
short, in a word; at least. 

Dens, dentis, m. (as if edens, from edo, to 
eat), a tooth ; hence the fluke of an an- 
chor, a ploughshare ; teeth of a harrow, 
rake, comb, saw, &c. 

Densus, a, um, adj. thick, close, dense: 
concise. 

Dependeo, ere, di, sum, n. (de, pendeo), 
to hang down, hang from ; to depend. 

Deplango, ere, anxi, anctum, a. (de, plango), 
to exhibit grief by violently beating the 
breast, to bewail greatly, to lament over. 

Deploratus, a, um, part, of deploro, lament- 
ed, bewailed, mourned for as lost, de~ 
plored. Deplorata vota, fond hopes 
mournfully frustrated. 

Depdno, ere, osui, sTtum, (de, pono), to lay, 
set, place, or put down; to lay aside, de- 
posit. 

327 



DEPOSCO. 

Deposco, ere, poposci, a. (de, posco), to re- 
quire, demand, ask earnestly. 
DeposTturus, a, um, fut. part, of depono. 
Deprecor, ari, atus, dep. (de and precor), 
to pray for, earnestly entreat: to depre- 
cate, seek to avert by prayer; beg to be 
freed from, or spared: also, to imprecate; 
to plead as excuse: to dissuade. 
Deprendo, and Deprehendo, ere, di, sum, 
a. (de and prendo, or prehendo), to seize, 
catch, take unawares; detect, surprise in 
the act: to discover, perceive, discern. 
Deprensus, a, um, part, of deprendo, 

caught, seized; detected. 
Depressus, a, um, part, of deprimo, crushed 

down, depressed, sunken. 
Dercetis, is, and Derceto, us, f. (Atpicins and 
AepKtTU)), a Syrian goddess, mother of Se- 
miramis, worshipped under the form of a 
fish, into which she was said to have 
been changed ; also, called Atargatis. 
Descendo, ere, di, sum, n. (de and scando, 
to climb), to come or go down, descend : 
sink into; stoop, condescend: also, to be 
descended from. 
Desero, ere, ui, ertum, a. (de and sero, to 

bind), to abandon, forsake, desert. 
Desertum, i, n. (desero, desertus), a de- 
sert. 
DesTlio, ire, ii, and ui, sultum, n. (de and 
salio), to leap down, spring from, alight, 
dismount. 
DesTno, ere, ivi, or ii, situm, n. and a. (de, 
sino), to cease, give over, stop, desist ; to 
forsake; to decay; to terminate. 
Des5latus, a, um, pass. part. fr. desolo, (de 
and solo, which fr. solus), to leave alone, 
forsake: to desolate, lay waste, ravage. 
Despecto, are, avi, atum", a. (deandspecto), 

to look down upon; to despise. 
Despectus, a, um, adj. (despicio), despised, 

contemned, slighted. 
Despicio, ere, exi, ctum, -a. (de and specio, 
to see), to look dovm upon; to lo >k con- 
temptuously on, despise; to pass by, dis- 
regard. 
Desum, esse, fui, n. (de, sum), to fail, to be 

wanting, be deficient. 
Detego, ere, exi, ctum, a. (de and tego, to 
cover), to uncover, lay bare, expose, detect, 
disclose. 
Deterior, ius, and sup. errimus, (fr. detero, 

to wear), worse, inferior, degenerate. 
Detlneo, ere, ui, entum, a. (de and teneo, to 

keep), to detain, hold, stay; to occupy. 
Detraho, ere, axi, actum, a. (de and traho, 
to drav>), to draw down, drag away, pull 
off, pull down; to remove, to detract, de- 
rogate from; to diminish. 
Deucalion, onis, m. {S.tma\iwv), son of Pro- 
metheus, and king of Thessaly. 
Deus, i, m. (&«?), a god, divinity, deity: the 

Deity, GOD. 
Devius. a, um, adj. (de and via, the way), 
out of the way, lying out of the way, 
retired, devious ; difficult of approach, 
■inaccessible : erring : foolish, unreason- 
able. 

328 



DILUVIUM. 

Devoro, are, avi, atum, a. to swallow, de- 
vour, eat up; to engulf. 

Dexter, tra, trum, (de%iTcp6s), adj. right, on 
the right hand: fig. favorable, propitious, 
prosperous: also, fit, convenient, suitable, 
proper; dexterous, skilful. 

Dexterior, oris, comp. 01 preceding. 

Dextra, ae, f. (dexter), the right hand; 
hence, power, prowess: also, the right, 
right-hand side. 

Dia, ae, f. the ancient name of Naxos, one 
of the Cyclades, now Naxia: also, an 
island near Crete, now Standia. 

Diana, ae, f. the Goddess of the Chase, 
daughter of Jupiter and Latona ; the 
Moon. 

Dico, are, avi, atum, a. to give, give up, 
dedicate, devote, assign; to publish, pro- 
claim. 

Dico, ere, ixi, ictum, {kiKw, to show), to 
speak, say, tell, pronounce, call, speak of, 
tell of, celebrate. 

Dictseus, a, um, adj. of or belonging to 
Mount Dicte in Crete : also, Cretan. 

Dictum, i n. (dico), a word, saying, expres- 
sion, promise, proverb, prediction. 

Dictynna, ae, f. (Aixrvwa), an epithet of Di- 
ana, Goddess of the Chase. 

Dictys, the proper name of one of the cap- 
tors of Bacchus, subsequently punished. 

Dlduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (dis, duco), to draw 
aside, separate, set open, split, untie, 
loose. 

Dies, ei, m. and f. in plur. fern, only, a day; 
day-light; life; time, length of time. 

Differo, ferre, distiili, dilatum, irr. a. (dis, 
fero), to carry to several and separate 
places, to spread, disperse, to tear m 
pieces: to divulge, proclaim: lo defer, put 
off, prolong: also, to differ from. 

DiffTctlis, is, e, adj. (dis, facilis), difficult, 
hard; hard to please, crabbed, morose, 
inexorable. 

Diffldo, ere, diffisus sum, n. (dis and fido), 
to distrust, mistrust, despair. 

Diffugio, ere, ugi, ugTtum, n. (dis and fu- 
gio), to flee different ways, to flee away, 
disappear. 

DifFundo, ere, udi, visum, (dis and fundo), to 
pour out in different directions, spread 
out, scatter. 
DTgltus, i, m. a finger, a toe. 
Dignor, ari, atus, dep. (dignus), to think or 

esteem worthy; to deign. 
Dignus, a, um, adj. worthy of, deserving: 

also, fit, proper, becoming. 
Dilacero, are, avi, atum, a. (dis, lacero), to 

rend in pieces, dilacerate, destroy. 
Dilanio, are, avi, atum, a. (dis, lanio), to 

rend in pieces, to mangle, to dismember. 
Dilatus, a, um, part. fr. differor. See Dif- 
fero. 
Dilectus, a, um, (part, of diligor), beloved, 

dearly loved. 
DilTgo, ere, exi, ectum, a. (dis, lego), to love 
greatly, highly esteem: to choose out, se- 
lect. 
Diluvium, i, n. (diluo, to wash), a deluge, 



DIMISSUS. 



DOCUMENTUM. 



flood, overflowing of water: fig. ruin, de- 
struction. 

Dlmissus, a, um, (part, of dimittor), scat- 
tered; despatched, dismissed; sent down. 

Dlmitto, ere, Isi, issum, a. (dis, mitto), to 
send different ways, despatch, scatter 
abroad; to dismiss; to send down. 

Dlmotus, a, um, (part, of dimoveo), moved 
asunder, divided; opened. 

Dindyma, orum, n. pl.~; there were two 
mountains of the name, both sacred to 
Cybele ; one in Mysia, the other in 
Phrygia. 

Dlrectus, a, um, (part, of dirigo), adj. 
straight, direct; plain, level. 

Dlreptus, a, um, (part, of diripio), torn asun- 
der, torn off; dragged to and fro; ra- 
vaged, plundered. 

DlrTgeo, ere, ui, n. (dis and rigeo, to be stiff), 
to grow stiff or motionless; to become 
rigid; to curdle or freeze. 

DTrTmo, ere, emi, emptum and emtum, a. 
(dis, emo), to divide, separate; dissolve; 
terminate, break off; nullify, frustrate. 

Dlrus, a, um, (6iep6 5 fr. <5io>, 6u6w, to fear), 
producing fear, ominous, illboding ; 
dreadful, horrible to look on, horrible to 
hear, relate, &c. 

Dis, contraction for diis, or deis ; fr. deus. 

Discedo, ere, essi, essum, n. (dis and cedo), 
to part, to divide, to open ; to depart, go 
away. 

Disco, ere, didici, a. and n. to learn; to 
study : to be informed of. 

Discordia, ae, f. (discors), discord, dissen- 
sion, disunion, strife. 

Discors, dis, adj. (dis and cor), discordant, 
disagreeing, at variance; unlike, dis- 
sonant. 

Discrlmen, inis, n. (dis, cerno), a division, 
separation ; distinction ; discernment ; 
enquiry ; decision ; crisis ; contest ; 
cause or ground of distinction. 

Discutio, ere, ussi, usum, a. (dis and quatio, 
to shake), to shake or strike asunder, to 
shatter to pieces, to beat down, destroy; 
to scatter, disperse; to drive away. 

DisjTcio, ere, eci, ectum, a. (dis, jacio), to cast 
asunder ; to destroy, scatter, overthrow, 
to crush, shatter, lacerate, dismember, 
dissever. 

Disjectus, a, um, part, of disjicio. 

Dispar, aris, adj. (dis and par, equal), un- 
equal, unlike, different, unmatched. 

Dispono, ere, osui, usTtum, a. (dis and pono), 
to place apart, to distribute; to dispose, 
arrange, regulate; to adapt; to fix, ar- 
range, determine. 

DispusTtus, a, um, (part, dispono), placed 
apart, distributed in order, arranged. 

Dissepio, Ire, psi, ptum, a. (dis, sepio), to 
separate by limits, to divide. 

Disstlio, Ire, ui (and ivi), ultum, n. (dis and 
salio), to leap to and fro, leap asunder, 
burst open. 

Disstmths, e, adj. (dis, similis), unlike, dis- 
similar, different. 

Disslmulo, are, avi, atum, a. (dis and si- 
42 



mulo), to dissemble, cloak, conceal, feign 
not to be; to cover, disguise. 

DissTpo, are, avi, atum, a. (dis and obs. vb. 
sipo, to throw), to throw asunder, scatter, 
disperse, dissipate, to spread, diffuse : to 
squander. 

DissCiciatus, a, um, part, of dissocio, dis- 
joined, separated, distinct. 

Dissuadeo, ere, si, sum, a. (dis, suadeo), to 
dissuade, advise to the contrary. 

Distans, antis, part, of disto, being apart, 
being distant. 

Distendens, entis, part, of distendo, stretch- 
ing wide apart, extending, distending. 

Distentus, a, um, part, of distendor, 
stretched apart, extended, spread, sepa- 
rated. 

Distinctus, a, um, (part, of distinguor), as 
an adj. divided into parts; distinguished ; 
distinct. 

Distinguo, ere, nxi, nctum, a. (dis and obs. 
stigo, or stinguo, from ari^oi, to prick), to 
mark by separate pricks or dots. Hence, 
to separate, distinguish, discriminate ; 
also, to adorn, embellish, enamel, &c. 

Disto, are, n. (dis and sto), to be distant, 
be apart ; to differ. 

Distringo, ere, inxi, ictum, a.' (dis and 
stringo, to touch), to draw asunder, 
stretch ; bind in places ; bind fast. 

Diu, adv. (properly the abl. of dius, h. e. 
dies), by day : long, for a long time : 
long since, long ago. 

Diurnus, a, um. adj. (dies), in the daytime, 
by day, daily, of the day : lasting one 
day. 

Dius, a, um. adj. (<5ro?, a contraction of Sftos), 
descended of Jupiter. Hence, godlike, 
noble ; excellent, sublime. 

Diuturnior, ius, comp. of diuturnus, (diu), 
of long duration, lasting, long continued. 

Diva. ae. f. a goddess. 

Divello, ere, elli and ulsi, ulsum, a. (dis, 
vello), to tear asunder; to pull in pieces; 
to separate; to dissolve. 

DTversus, a, um, (part, of divertor), adj. 
turned from one another, turned different 
ways, separated, dispersed; opposed; con- 
trary; unlike. 

Dives, Ttis, adj. (perhaps fr. divus), rich, 
wealthy ; abounding in, abundant ; fer- 
tile ; precious, sumptuous. 

DlvTdo, ere, Isi, Isum, a. (dis and vido), to 
divide; to cut asunder; to cleave; to 
separate. 

Dlviduus. a, um, adj. (divido), divided, se- 
parated; divisible; the half 

Dlvlnus, a. um, (divus), relatitig to deity, 
divine, heavenly ; excellent; divining. 

Divus, i, m. a deity, a god. 

Do, are, dedi, datum, a. (dow, Micjjxi), to give, 
grant, assign, cive up, devote. 

Djceo, ere, ui, doctum, a. (<5n/c<j, to show), 
to show, inform, acquaint, declare, teach. 

Doctus, a, um, (part. fr. doceo), adj. learn- 
ed, skilled, experienced. 

Document um, 1, n. (doceo), an example, 
lesson, warning : proof. 

2 e 2 329 



DOLEO. 



EFFERO. 



Doleo, ere, ui, doTitum, n. and a. to grieve, 
sorrow, be in pain, be in affliction. 

Dolor, oris, m. (doleo), bodily pain, smart, 
pang, throe of childbirth,; grief , anguish, 
sorrow : cause of pain. 

Dolus, i, m. (<5oAoj), a cunning device; wile, 
artifice, treachery. 

Domans, antis, part, of domo. 

DomTna, ae, f. (dominus), a mistress, owner, 
lady : the title of ladies from their four- 
teenth year. 

Domlnor, ari, atus, dep. (dominus), to be 
lord over, to rule, reign. Sometimes 
pass, to be ruled. 

Dominus, i, m. (domus), a master, vosses- 
sor, owner; ruler, chief, lord. 

Domitus, a, um, part, of domor. 

D5mo, are, ui, ltum, a. (Gr. dajxdo)), to sub- 
due, conquer, tame, overcome, weaken. 

D5mus, us, and i, fern. (<5£//o>), a house, any 
habitation ; a family, a household. 

Donatus, a, um, part, of donor, ari, atus, 
given, bestowed; remitted, pardoned; 
presented with. 

Donee, conj., until ; as long as. 

Donum, i, n. (do), a gift, present. Dona 
suprema, the funeral rites and honors. 

Dorceus, i, m. proper name, meaning (fr. 
6kpK0i, to see), the sharp sighted. 

Doris, Tdis, f. (Gr. Awpis), pr. n. Doris, 
daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, wife 
of Nereus, and mother of the fifty sea 
nymphs, named, from their father, Ne- 
reides. 

Dorsum, i, n. the whole back part of the body 
in man or other animal, the back: a rising 
surface, a ridge. 

Dos, otis, fem. (Aw?, same as 66ms, a giving, 
a gift), a gift. Hence, a marriage por- 
tion, a dowry; property, endowment, gift 
of nature. 

Ddtalis, is, e, adj. (dos), relating to a 
dowry, dotal. 

Draco, onis, m. (Gr. SpaKwv), a dragon, kind 
of serpent: the constellation Draco. 

Drumas, adis, m. pr. n. (fr. Apop&s, running), 
equivalent to our courser. 

Dubitabilis, e, adj. (dubito), doubtful, ad- 
mitting of doubt. 

Dubito, are, avi, atum, n. to doubt, be un- 
certain; to hesitate, scruple; waver, delay. 

Dubium, i, n. subs, (strictly neuter of du- 
bius), a doubt, uncertainty, matter of 
question, hesitation. 

Dubius, a, um, adj. (duo, two), doubting, 
doubtful, hesitating, wavering ; uncer- 
tain ; difficult, dangerous; questionable. 

Duco, ere, xi, ctum, a. to lead, conduct, 
guide; to carry off; to bring : to draw, 
attract. 

Dulcedo, inis, f. (dulcis), siveetness, sweet 
taste ; pleasant?iess, delight fulness. 

Dulcis, is, e, adj. sweet ; fresh ; pleasant, 
delightful, dear. 

Dum, conj. and adv. while, whilst, so long 
as, until. 

Durnmodo, conj. if only, provided that. 

Duo, ae, o, (Svo, or 6vu), two : the two, both. 

330 



Duplex, icis, adj. (duo and plico, to fold), 
double, twofold, consisting of two parts : 
also, false, deceitful. 

Diiresco, ere, rui, n. (durus), to harden, be- 
come hard. 

Duritia, ee, f. (durus), hardness; harshness, 
austerity ; insensibility; firmness. 

Dunties, ei, f. (durus), same as Duritia. 

Duro, are, avi, atum % a. (durus), to harden, 
make hard, to stiffen ; to endure, remain. 

Durus, a, um, hard, solid, firm, inflexible; 
rough, toilsome, arduous, burdensome, 
adverse. 

Dux, ducis, m. and f. (duco), a leader, 
guide, conductor; a commander; a prince, 
king. 

E. 

E, or Ex, prep. gov. abl. («, tQ, out of, 
from, of. E is used before consonants 
only : Ex, before vowels or consonants. 

"Ebrius, a, um, adj. drunk, inebriated, in- 
toxicated ; having drunk enough. 

"Ebur, oris, n. ivory : any thing made of 
ivory. 

"Eburneus, a, um, and Eburnus, a, um, 
(ebur), adj. made of, or adorned with, 
ivory ; white as ivory. 

Ecce, interj. (en, lo ! and the particle ce), 
behold ! lo ! see ! 

"Echidna, ae, f. (exkW), a monster sprung 
from Chrysaor and Callirhoe ; a viper. 

"EchTon, onis, pr. n. one of the men sprung 
from the dragon 1 s teeth sown by Cadmus: 
he married Agave, and by her was father 
of Pentheus. 

"EchionTdes, is, m. patronymic from the 
preceding, son of Echion ; that is, Pen- 
theus. 

"Echo, vis, f. (>ftw), Echo, the name of a 
nymph ; echo, the return of a sound by 
repercussion. 

Ecquis, ecquae, or a, ecquid, or od, (et and 
quis, or ecce, quis), whether any; if any; 
who, or what. 

"Edisco, ere, edidici, a. (e and disco), to 
learn thoroughly ; to commit to memory ; 
to find out, learn ; to know. 

"Edo, ere, edidi, edltum, a. (e and do), to 
give forth : put, send, bring forth. ; to 
utter : to publish, proclaim, to exhibit. 

"Edoceo, ere, cui, ctum, a. (e, doceo), to 
teach, instruct ; give intelligence, infor- 
mation, or knowledge of. 

Edonus, a, um, adj. belonging to the Edoni, 
a people of Thrace ; Thracian : as a 
subs. Bacchus, who was much wor- 
shipped by the Edoni. 

"Educo, are, avi, atum, a. (e and duco), to 
educate, foster, bring up. 

"Eductus, a, um, (part, from educo, to lead 
out), led out, led forth ; drawn out ; 
drawn up ; raised ; brought up; brought 
forth. 

Enero, ferre, extiili, elatum, a. irreg. (ex 
and fero), to bring or carry forth, bring 
out ; to transport ; to publish, reveal. 



EFFERVESCO. 



EQUUS. 



"Effervesco, ere, bui and vi, n. (ex, ferves- 
co), to begin to boil, be very hot, to swell, 
or boil up ; to glow out, to radiate. 

Efficio, ere, eci, ectum, a. (ex, facio), to 
bring to pass, effect, accomplish ; to bring 
about, procure, cause. 

Effigies, ei, fem. (effingo), an image, like- 
ness ; portrait, effigy ; shade of one de- 
ceased. 

Efflo, are, avi, atum, a. (ex and flo), to 
breathe out, blow out. 

Effluo, ere, xi, xum, n. (ex and fluo), to flow 
forth, flow out, run out, overflow ; fall 
down ; pass away, vanish. 

Effodio, ere, 5di, ossum, a. (ex, fodio), to 
dig out, to dig up ; excavate ; tear out. 

Effugio, ere, ugi, ugitum, n. and a. (ex, fu- 
gio), to flee out of, flee away, escape ; 
evade, avoid, shun. 

Effulgeo, ere, ulsi, n. (ex and fulgeo), to 
shine forth, to glitter. 

Effundo, ere, f ucli, fusum, a. (ex, fundo), 
pour out, pour forth, empty; let go. 

Effusus, a, um, part. fr. effundo. 

"Egeo, ere, ui, n. to need, be in want ; to 
have need of ; to be without, I. 17. 

"Ego, mei, mini, me, me, pr. pers, (eyu>), I. 

"Egredior, i, essus sum, dep. (e and gra- 
dior), to go out, depart from, leave ; to 
ascend ; to pass over. 

"Egressus, a, um, part, of egredior. 

"Eheu, interj. ah! alas! 

"Eja, interj. and adv. (da), ho ! up! away ! 
hah ! 

"Ejaciilor, ari, atus, dep. (e and jaculor), to 
shoot, dart, cast to a distance, to hurl, to 
throw. 

"Ejectatus, a, um, (part, of ejector), thrown 
out, vomited forth, cast up. 

"Ejectus, a, um, (part, of ejicio, ere, eci, ec- 
tum), thrown out, cast out, expelled. 

"Elabor, 1, apsus, dep. (e and labor, to slide), 
to glide, slide, slip, away; to escape. 

"Electrum, i, n. (Gr. nXetcTpov), amber. 

"Electus, a, um, (part, of eligor), chosen, se- 
lected. 

"Eleleus, eos, m. (tXeXevs), a surname of 
Bacchus. 

"Elementum, i, n. (more usually found in 
pi.), an element, first principle; rudiment, 
beginning. 

"EHgo, ere, egi, ctum, a. (e and lege), to 
choose out, select from; to pull up, pluck, 
cull. 

"Elis, is and idis, f. pr. n. ("HAij), a western 
province of the Peloponnesus. 

"Elisus, a, um, (part, of elido, ere,isi, isum), 
knocked out, forced out; shattered, crushed; 
compressed. 

"Eloquor, ui, ocutus, d. (e and loquor), to 
speak out, declare, deliver, tell, pronounce, 
utter. 
"Eludo, ere, usi, usum, n. and a. (e and 
ludo), to play; trans, to win from at play; 
to elude, evade, baffle; to mock; to delude; 
cheat. 
"Emergo, ere, rsi, rsum, a. and n. (e and 
mergo, to plunge), to bring out, bring 



forth, raise ; to emerge ; to extricate one 1 $ 
self, to rise, appear. 
Emico, are, ui, n. (e, mico), to spring out, 
forward, forth ; to leap forth, burst out, 
bound forth; spring up. 
EmTneo, ere, ui, n. (e, mineo, to hang 
over), la project out and up, stand out, 
be prominent, project over. 
"Eminus, adv. (e and manus), from a dis- 
tance, from afar, afar off, aloof. 
"Emitto, ere, isi, issum, a. (e, mitto), to 
send, or let forth, let out, let go, let slip; 
to sling, throw; hurl, discharge; to de- 
spatch. 
"Emorior, i, ortuus, dep. (e and morior), to 

die, die out. 
En, interj. (Gr. >w), see! lo ! behold! see 

there ! ho ! 
"Enectus, a, um, part. fr. enecor, ari, ctus, 

and enecatus, killed, stifled, strangled. 
"Enervo, are, avi, atum, a, (e and nervus, 
a sinew), to take away the nerves ; to 
weaken, enfeeble; enervate, unman. 
w Enim, conj. (yiv), for, [implying cause] ; 

for why. 
"Enitor, i, nlsus and nixus, dep. (e and 
nitor, to strive), to struggle out, toil up ; 
to exert one's self, strive ; to bring forth. 
"Enixus, a, um, part, of enitor. 
Ensis, is, m. (probably fr. iyxog, a lance), 
a sword: the straight, two-edged gladius : 
the knife -shaped. 
"Enumero, are, avi, atum, a. (e, numero), 
to count over, calculate ; enumerate, re- 
count. 
"Eniitrio, Ire, ivi, Itum, a. (e, nutrio), to 

nourish, feed, support, rear up. 
Eo, ire, ivi, itum, (coj, fr. wh. efyf). n. irr. 
to go, whether on foot or otherwise ; to 
go forth, issue. Itur, &c, used as an 
impersonal. 
Eodem, adv. (the old dative and abl. of 
idem), in the same place, to the same 
place, to the same end. 
"Eoiis, a, um, adj. (Gr. «<m?), belonging to, 
or of, the morning, eastern ; Eoiis, m. the 
morning star. 
"Eoiis, i, m. derived as preceding ; one of 

the sun' s chariot-horses. 
"Epaphus, i, m. pr. n. (eTrapog), son of Jupi- 
ter and lo, an ^Egyptian prince, and 
founder of Memphis, according to Hero- 
dotus, same as Apis. 
"Ephyre, es, f. pr. n. The ancient name 

of Corinth, 'F.fvpa. 
"Eptdaurius, a, um, of Epidaurus, Epidau- 
rean. Epidaurus was a city of Argolis 
in the Peloponnesus, situate on the Sa- 
ronic gulf, and famed for a noble temple 
of JEsculapius. 
"Epimethis, Tdos, f. a patronymic of Pyrrha, 

the daughter of Epimetheus. 
^Epopeus, i, pr. n. mas. Epopeus. 
"Epiilae, arum, f. pi. food ; a feast, enter- 
tainment. 
"Equa, ae, fem. (fr. equus, a horse), a mare. 
"EquTdem, conj. indeed, in truth, verily. 
"Equus, i, m. (i-mos), a horse, steed, charger. 

331 



ERECTUS. 



EXHALO. 



"Erectus, a, um, (part, of erigo), as adj. 
erect, upright, elevated; self-relying, re- 
solute; attentive, on the stretch. 
Ergo, (Zpyu>, dative of ipyov, a work), conj. 
therefore, then : with a genitive, on ac- 
count of. 
"Erichthonius, i, m. pr. n. an early king 

of Attica, said to be the son of Vulcan. 
"ErTdamus, i, m. pr. n. ('Hp«3av<5?), the name 
of a river famous in the old legends, said 
to flow into the ocean from the north- 
west of Europe, taken by later writers, 
as Ovid, to be the Padus, or Po. 
"Erigo, ere, exi, ctum, a. (e and rego), to 
raise up, set upright, erect ; to inspirit, 
encourage, cheer up, arouse. 
"Erinnys, yos, f. (Epiwvs), a. Fury, the 
avenging deity ; it seems to imply the 
demon of all wickedness. 
"Eripio, ere, Tpui, eptum, a. (e, rapio), to 
tear out, snatch out, to rescue ; to carry 
off, witJidraiv; to pull off, drag off. 
Erratus, us, m. (erro), a wandering, stray- 
ing about. 
Erro, are, avi, atum, n. (tppu), to go astray, 

wander about, stray. 
Error, oris, m. (erro), a going astray, losing 

one's way, wandering; a fault, offence. 
"Eriibesco,' ere, ubui, n. (e and rubesco), to 

grow red, redden, blush, to be ashamed. 
"Erymanthis, Tdis, or idos, adj. Eryman- 

thian, of Erymanthus. 

^Erymanthus, or os, i, m. A mountain 

range in Arcadia, on the borders of Elis. 

"Eryx, ycis, m. ("Ept>£), a mountain and 

city Qf Sicily, where there was a famous 

temple of Venus. 

Esciileus, a, um, relating to the Esculus, 

or bay oak, of bay oak ; beechen. 
Et, (m, yet, besides), conj. and; both; also, 

indeed, even. 
"Ethon, onis, m. (AWov), pr. n. one of the 

horses of Sol. 
"Etiam, conj. (en), also, likewise; yet, still, 

withal. 
w Etiamnum, adv. (etiam, nunc), yet, now, 

still; also. 
Etsi, conj. (et and si), though, although, albeit. 
Euphrates, is, m. The famous river of 
western Asia, rising in Armenia, and 
emptying into the Persian gulf. 
Eurotas, ae, m. A river of the Pelopon- 
nesus, which rose in Arcadia, and flowed 
through Laconia. 
Eurus, i, m. (ivpos, wh. fr. avpa, a cool, or 
morning breeze, or fr. ewj, the dawn), pro- 
perly the south-east wind; it seems to be 
sometimes used, less strictly, for the 
east wind. 
"Evado, ere, asi, asum, n. and a. (e and 
vado), to go out, to make way, to get off, 
escape. 
"Evan, antis, m. (Euav), a surname of Bac- 
chus. 
"Evanesco, ere, nui, ltum, n. (e and vanes- 

co), to vanish, pass away, fade, perish. 
"Eveho, ere, exi, ectum. a. (e and veho), to 
carry out, conduct forth, bring away 

332 



"Evenio, Ire, eni, entum, n. (e and venio), 
to come out, come forth, emerge; to ar- 
rive ; to prove, to come to pass, to befall. 
"Everto, ere, ti, eversum, a. (e, verto), to 
turn out, drive out ; to deprive ; to turn 
upside down ; throw down, demolish, 
-prostrate, ruin. 
"Evinco, ere, ici, ictum, a. (e and vinco), to 

overcome, vanquish, surpass. 
"Evoco, are, avi, atum, a. (e and voco), to 

call out, call forth. 
"Evohe, (more correctly Evoe), a word 
shouted by the Bacchants, similar to 
Huzza ! (Gr. toot). 
"Evolo, are, avi, atum, n. (e, volo), to fly 
out, fly forth : rush forth : to fly, ox flee 
away. 
"Evolvo, ere, vi, utum, a. (e, volvo), to roll 
out, tumble out; to unroll, unfold; ex- 
tricate, evolve, bring out of confusion. 
I. 24. 
Ex, or E, prep. (ek, e%), out of, from; accord- 
ing to. 
Exactus, a, um, part, of exigor. See Exigo. 
ExanTmatus, a, um, part, of exanimor, adj. 
deprived of air or breath ; lifeless*: also, 
terrified. 
Exanimis, is, e, adj. (ex, anima), breathless; 

lifeless, dead, extinguished ; terrified. 
Exardeo, ere, or Exardesco, ere, arsi, n. 
(ex and ardesco), to grow hot, become in- 
flamed, light up: to glow, to burn, to be 
inflamed, to be kindled. 
Exaudio, ire, ivi, ltum, a. (ex and audio), 
to hear from a distance; to hear, hearken, 
listen. 
Excedo, ere, essi, essum, n. (ex and cedo), 
to depart, go from, retire : to go beyond, 
project, digress. 
Exceptus, a, um, part. fr. excipio, excepted. 
Excido, ere, cidi, n. (ex and cado), to fall 

out, pull off, fall down : to perish, die. 
ExcTpio, ere, epi, eptum, a. (ex and capio), 
to take out, draw out ; to except, exclude; 
to catch up, gather, to receive. 
ExcTtus, a, um, part, of excieo, moved out, 

summoned ; called up, roused, excited. 
Exclamo, are, avi, atum, a. (ex and clamo), 

to cry out, call aloud, to exclaim. 
Exclusurus, a, um, part, of excludo, (ex 
and claudo), about to shut out, exclude, 
except, prevent. 
Excuso, are, avi, atum, a. (ex and causa), 

to excuse ; to plead in excuse. 
Excutio, ere, ussi, ussum, a. (ex, quatio), 
to shake off, or out ; strike down, tear 
away. 
Exemplum, i, n. (eximo, to select), an ex- 
ample, an instance ; a precedent ; a les- 
son ; a pattern. 
Exeo, ire, ivi and ii, ltum, a. tr. and intr. 
(ex and eo), to go out, to go away, to dc 
part, to escape : tr. to shun, avoid. 
Exerceo, ere, cui, citum, a. (ex andarceo), 
to exercise, to practise ; to labor, work, 
cultivate. 
Exhalo, are, avi, atum, a. (ex and halo), to 
breathe out, to exhale. 



EXHAUSTUS. 



EXUVIvE. 



Exhaustus, a, urn, part. fr. exhaurio, (ex 
and haurio), drawn out, removed ; de- 
prived of, emptied, exhausted. 

Exhorreo, ere, ui, n. (ex and horreo), to be 
alarmed, to dread, to shudder. 

Exigo, ere, egi, actum, a. (ex, ago), to drive 
out, expel, discharge, send forth ; to hurl, 
thrust ; plague, trouble ; to lead by, or 
beyond, to pass, spend ; to demand, col- 
lect, enforce, exact ; to examine, measure. 

ExTguus, a, um, adj. small, little; mean, 
bad ; few. 

Exilio. See Exsilio. 

Exilium, i, n. (ex and solum, the soil), dwell- 
ing on a foreign soil ; banishment, ex- 
ile : also, the place of exile. 

Eximo, ere, emi, emptum and emtum, (ex, 
emo), a. to take out, except; to rescue, 
liberate, release, to exempt. 

Existo, ere, stiti, n. (ex and sisto), to stand 
forth, come out, appear, start up ; become 
visible ; to become, to be. 

Exitium, i, n. (exeo), issue, end : usually, 
destruction, rum, death. 

Exitus,us, m. (exeo), a going out, departure, 
exit, discharge, issue, result, close, end. 

Exorabflis, is, e, adj. (exoro), movable by 
entreaty, exorable, placable, yielding. 

Exosus, a, um, part. adj. (ex and odi, I hate), 
hating, detesting ; hated, detested ; also, 
hateful, odious. 

Expalleo, ere, and expallesco, ere, ui, n. 
(ex and palleo), to grow pale ; become 
alarmed at. 

Expatior, ari, atus, and exspatior. dep. 
(ex, spatior), to deviate, wander from the 
course, expatiate; to overflow. 

Expectandus, a, um, part.'fut. pass, from 
expecto. 

Expectatus, a, um, part. perf. pass, from 
expecto. 

Expecto, are, avi, atum, a. and n. (ex and 
specto), to look out ; to be on the watch 
for; to expect. 

Expello, ere, puli, pulsum, a. (ex and pello), 
to drive out, thrust out, expel, put to 
flight. 

Experiens, entis, (part. fr. experior), endur- 
ing, &c. 

Experientia, ae, f. (experior), a trying, trial, 
proof: practice, experience. Experientia 
veri, mode of ascertaining the truth. 

Experior, iri, expertus, dep. (ex, perior, 
an obsolete verb, from which comes pe- 
ritus), to try, prove, test, to experience. 

Expers, tis, adj. (ex and pars), having no 
part in, not concerned in ; destitute, de- 
void of, deprived of. 
Expertus, a, um, part, and adj. (experior), 
in an active sense, havi?ig tried, proved, 
experienced ; in a passive sense, tried, 
tested, proved, experienced. 
Expiro, are, avi, atum, a. and n. (ex and 
spiro), to breathe out, blow out, exhale; 
expire, die ; come forth. 
Expleo, ere, evi, etum, a. (ex and obs. vb. 
pleo), to fill up, fill full ; to fulfil ; com- 
plete ; accomplish. 



Exploro, are, avi, atum, a. (ex and ploro), 

to search diligently, scrutinize, explore ; 

to seek out, to test. 
Expono, ere, osui, osTtum, a. (ex, pono), to 

put out, put forth, expose ; to relate, de- 
tail, set forth. 
Expulsus, a, um, (part, of expello), driven, 

&c. 
Exsanguis, is, e, adj. (ex and sanguis), 

without blood, bloodless ; pale ; lifeless, 

dead ; also, making pale. 
Exscro, ere, rui, rtum, a. (ex and sero), to 

stretch forth, thrust forth, put up, lift 

up ; to show. 
Exstlio, ire, ui. and ii, n. (ex and salio), to 

leap out, spring forth ; spring up, leap 

up, bound. 
Exsllium, i, n. (ex and solum), same as 

Exilium. which see. 
Exsisto, ere. See Existo. 
Exsurgo, ere, urrexi, urrectum, n. (ex and 

surgo). to rise up, rise ; arise, spring up. 
Exta, orum, n. pi. the entrails, the inward 

parts, especially the heart, lungs, liver, 

spleen. 
Extemplo, adv. (ex and templum), imme- 
diately, straightway, forthwith, instantly. 
Extendo, ere, di, nsum, and ntum, act. (ex, 

tendo), to stretch out, spread out, extend ; 

stretch at full length ; put forth, exert ; 

increase, enlarge ; sometimes Extendor, 

with a middle signification, to spread 

itself out. 
Extentus, a, um, (part, of extendo), adj. 

extended, outstretched, extensive. 
Externatus, a, um, or exsternatus, part, of 

exsterno, avi, are, maddened with fright, 

exceedingly alarmed. 
Externus, a, um, adj. (exter), out of one's 

self, outward, external ; foreign, strange. 
ExterrTtus, a, um, part, of exterreo, ere, ui, 

ltum, to frighten out of, to terrify, to mad- 
den with terror. 
ExtTmeo, ere, ui, n. and a. (ex and timeo), 

to fear greatly, be greatly afraid. 
Extinctus, a, um, part, and adj. fr. extinguo. 
Extinguo, ere, xi, nctum, a. (ex, stinguo), 

to extinguish, quench, annihilate. 
Exto, are, stiti, statum ; also written exsto, 

n. (ex and sto), to stand out, or forth, 

project; stand, or be above: to appear, 

be visible, exist. 
Extremus, a, um, sup. of exter, or exterus, 

outermost, last, final, most remote, farthest. 
Exul, is, m. and f. (ex and solum), an exile, 

a wanderer. 
Exulto, are, avi, atum, n. (ex and salio), to 

leap, or spring up frequently, to bound. 
Exululo, are, avi, atum, n. (ex, ululo), to 

howl, or cry out ; to make resound with 

howling. 
Exuo, ere, ui, utum, a. (India), to strip, put 

off, lay aside, remove. 
Exiiro, ere, ussi, ustum, a. (ex and uro), to 

burn, set on fire ; parch ; to inflame. 
Exuviae, arum, f. (exuo), apparel, or things 

pertaining to the body, taken off, laid 
aside, &c, skins of beasts, spoils. 

333 



FABRICATOR. 



FIBULA. 



Fabricator, oris, m. (fabrico), maker, framer, 

contriver, constructor. 
Fabricatus, a, um. part. fr. fabricor, ari, 
dept., same as fabrico. forged, construct- 
ed, built, &c. 
Fabrico, are, avi, atum, a. (faber), to make, 
construct, build, forge ; contrive, devise. 
Fabilla, ae, f. (fari), a narration, narrative, 
talk, rumor, subject of common talk ; a 
fable. 
Fades, ei, f. (facio), the face, countenance ; 

form, appearance, shape. 
FacTnus, oris, n. (facio), a great exploit, 
glorious deed : but more usually in a bad 
sense, a vile action, villany, crime. 
Facio, ere, eci, actum, a. and n. (fuo, to be, 
or no), to make, do ; cause ; elect : per- 
form, commit ; practise ; sustain ; es- 
teem. 
Factum, i, n. (facio), a thing done, action, 

deed, achievement, exploit. 
Factus, a, um, (part, of facio), made, done, 

performed, caused, &c. 
Faex, cis, f. the lees, or dregs of wine, &c, 

sediment, dross, impurity. 
Falcatus, a, um, adj. (falx), provided with 

scythes ; hooked, like a scythe. 
Fallax, acis, adj. (fallo), deceitful, falla- 
cious, treacherous, false. 
Fallo, ere, fefelli, falsum, a. andn. (o-^aAAw), 
to make to fall ; to deceive ; to cheat, be- 
guile, to escape notice ; to avoid, shun; 
to conceal. 
Falsus, a, um, part, (fallo), deceived : pre- 
tended, untrue, false; adj. deceitful, 
lying, treacherous. 
Fama, ae, f. {(bnytri), fame, report, rumor, re- 
putation, renown, character, honor. 
Famiila, a?, f. (famulus), a female servant, 

maid-servant. 
Famulus, i, m. (fr. famel, an Oscan word), 

a servant, attendant. 
Faris, [For is not found in any author] ari, 

fatus, dep. ($&<*>), to say, to speak. 
Fas, n. indecl. (for), divine law, what is re- 
ligiously right ; right, justice, equity ; 
that which is possible. 
Fassus, part, of fateor. 
Fastigium, ii, n. (fastus, pride), the project- 
ing point, or summit of a temple : roof 
of a house ; an eminence, height, summit. 
Fatalis, is, e, adj. (fatum), decreed, ordain- 
ed by fate, fated, fatal ; calamitous, de- 
structive. 
Fateor, eri, fassus, dep. (^'w), to confess, 

own, acknowledge ; to indicate, show. 
FatidTcus, a, um, adj. (fatum and dico), 

foretelling, predicting, prophetic. 
Fatlgo, are, avi, a. (fr. fatim, ace. of fatis, 
a sufficiency, and ago), to weary, tire, fa- 
tigue ; annoy, harass. 
Fatum, i, n. (for, to speak), literally means 
a thing said, especially as respects futu re 
destiny : the will of the gods ; fate, des- 
tiny. 

334 



Fauces, ium, [seldom found in the sing, 
faux, cis,] f. the gullet, pharynx, throat, 
jaws ; any narrow passage. 
Faunus, i, m. a Faun, a guardian god of 

herds, woods, and fields. 
Fautrix, Icis, f. (fautor, wh. fr. faveo), she 
that favors, favorable, propitious, pro- 
tecting. 
Faveo, ere, favi, fautum, n. to favor, be 

favourably inclined to, assist. 
Favilla, ae, f. hot ashes, embers. 
Fax, facis, f. ((pdcS), a torch. 
Faxo, is, it, for Faciam, Fecerim, and Fe- 

cero. See Facio. 
Fel, fellis, n. gall : any thing bitter, or 

disagreeable ; bitterness ; anger. 
Felix, Icis, adj. (feo, to bear), fruitful, pro- 
ductive ; rich ; happy, fortunate ; aus- 
picious, propitious. 
Fera, ae, f. (properly fem. of ferus, a, um), 
scilicet bestia, a wild animal, game; a 
monster, a beast. 
Ferax, acis, adj. (fero), fruitful, produc- 
tive, abundant. 
Fere, adv. (fero), almost, nearly, within a 
little, nigh ; about ; generally, commonly. 
Feretrum, i, n. (fero), a frame on which any 

thing is carried ; a bier. 
Ferinus, a, um, adj. (fera), of, or belonging 

to a wild beast. 
Ferio, Ire, (fera), a. to strike, smite, hit, cut, 
thrust, push, beat. It is deficient in the 
perf. line. 
Feritas, atis, f. (ferus), savageness, cruelty, 
barbarity, in humanity : f. loci, wildness. 
Fero, erre, (Gr. 4>tpw), perf. tiili, fr. obs. tolo, 
that is tollo, sup. latum, as if tlatum, 
from obs. tlao (rXaoi), to carry, bring, 
impel, urge; produce, bear; tolerate, en- 
dure ; sustain, withstand; permit, re- 
quire; take away; obtain, offer, give; 
report. 
Ferox, ocis, adj. (fero), fast, rapid; cou- 
rageous, brave ; insolent, wild, ungo- 
vernable ; fierce, cruel, ferocious, savage. 
Ferriigo, Inis, f. (ferrum), the color of iron ; 

dark blue ; rust of iron : fig. envy. 
Ferrum, i, n. iron ; any iron instrument, 

particularly the sword. 
Fertllltas, atis, f. (fertilis, wh. fr. fero), 
fruitfulness, fertility, abundance, rich- 
ness. 
Ferula, ae. f. the shrub called fennel-giant — 
rod, or branch of it — any branch, or staff. 
Ferus, a, um, adj. ((%). wild, not domestic, 

untamed, uncultivated, savage, fierce. 
Fervens, entis,(part. of ferveo), adj. boiling, 

heating, glowing, hot, ardent. 
Ferveo, ere, bui, n. to ferment, be hot, burn, 

boil ; to glow, be angry, be vehement. 
Fervor, oris, m. (ferveo), a fermentation, 

waving, raging, violent heat. 
Fessus, a, um, adj. (fatiscor), wearied, fa- 
tigued, tired ; enfeebled, weak, infirm. 
Festum, i, n. a feast, a festival. 
Festus, a, um. adj. festival, festive, so- 

lemn, festal. 
Fibula, as, f. any thing used for joining, or 



FICTUS. 



FORMO. 



fastening, a clasp, buckle, brooch, pin, 
nail, &c, 

Fictus, a, urn, part. fr. fingo. 

Fides, ei, f. (fido), confidence reposed, cre- 
dit ; uprightness, fidelity; faith, solemn 
engagement. 

FidTssTmus, a, um, sup. of fidus. 

Fldiicia, ae, f. (fido, to confide), trust, confi- 
dence, reliance; courage, self-reliance. 

Fidus, a, um, adj. (fido), faithful, trusty, 
sure, certain, safe, to be relied on. 

Flgo, ere, xi, xum, a. to stick, fix, fasten ; 
to stick, or post up, to affix; make fast, or 
firm; appoint, establish; pierce, transfix. 

FTgura, ae, fern, (fingo), figure, form, shape, 
likeness, image ; kind, manner ; species 
of animals. 

Fifia, ae, f. a daughter. 

Filius, ii, m. a son. 

Filum, i, n. a thread, cord, fibre. 

Findo, ere, fidi, fissum, a. to cleave; cut, 
split ; divide, separate, sever. 

Finio, ire, ivi, itum, a. (finis), to confine 
within limits, to limit, to fix by limits; to 
restrain, check, to determine, prescribe; 
to terminate, finish, end. 

Finis, is, m. and sometimes f. a limit, 
boundary; measure, duration, length; 
end, termination, conclusion : intention, 
design. 

Finitus, a, um, part, of finio. 

Fingo, ere, finxi, fictum, a. to form, fashion, 
make ; imagine, conceive, feign, devise. 

Fio, eri, factus sum, irr. n. pass, to be- 
come ; to occur, to arise ; to be made, be 
done, be produced. 

Firmo, are, avi, atum, a. (firmus), to make 
firm, or fast ; to strengthen, secure ; to 
invigorate, recruit ; to confirm. 

Firmus, a, um, (for fidmus, fr. fido), firm, 
stable, not easily moved ; steadfast, im- 
movable : faithful ; strong, robust ; 
healthy. 

Fissus, a, um, part, of findo. 

Fistula, 33, f. a pipe ; a shepherd's pipe ; a 
pen made of reed. 

Fixus, a, um, (part, of figo), fixed: affixed, 
posted up: fast, immovable, unchangeable, 
pierced through. 

Flagro, are, avi, atum, n. (flo, to blow), to 
burn, be on fire ; to glow, flush ; trans. 
to love ardently; to inflame with love. 

Flamen, Tnis, n. (flo), a blowing ; a blast, 
gale, breeze; wind. 

Flamma, ae, f. a flame, blaze, flaming heat, 
fire ; ardour, passionate vehemence, (per- 
haps fr. flo, or fr. Gr. <p\iyna, <p\eyu), <jf>X<5f). 

FlammTfer, a, um, adj. (flamma and fero), 
bearing a flame, flammiferous, flaming. 

Flnvus, a, um, adj. yellow, gold-colored, 
flaxen. 

Flecto, ere, xi, xum, (perhaps fr. jrXcKroj, 
plaited), to bend, bow, turn, curve, direct. 

Fleo, ere, evi, etum, n. and a. ('/>X JW )i to 
weep, shed tears ; to bewail, weep for, 
weep over ; to distil, trickle. 

Fletus, us, m. (fleo), a weeping, vmiling, 
lamenting. 



Flexus, a, um, (part. fr. flecto), bent, bowed, 
curved. 

Floreo, ere, ui, n. (flos), to blossom, bloom, 
flower ; to flourish, excel, be eminent ; to 
abound in. 

Flos, oris, m. (i>\6og, bloom), a flower, blos- 
som; the prime, or excellence of any thing . 

Fluctus, us, m. (fluo), a flowing ; a wave. 

Fluidus, a, um, adj. (fluo), flowing, fluid, 
liquid ; soft, tender ; flabby, weak; weak- 
ening. 

Flumen, mis, n. (fluo), a running of water; 
running water, a stream, river, copious 
flowing. 

Flumineus, a, um, adj. (flumen), being in 
or on a river; of a river. 

Fluo, Sre, xi, xum, n. (n-Xeo), 7rX{iw, Attice, 
(,'Auoj), to flow, to be fluid ; to flow over, 
drip; to dissolve, relax; to move swiftly; 
to floio to, arrive at ; to spread ; to van- 
ish, pass away. 

Flavians, e, adj. (fluvius), of or pertaining 
to a river, or running water. 

Fluvius, i, m. (fluo), running water, a river. 

Fcecundus, a, um, adj. (obs. vb. feo), fruit- 
ful, fertile, abounding, plentiful, rich, 
copious. 

Fcedo, are, avi, atum, a. (fcedus, a, um), to 
disfigure, deform ; to soil, defile, pollute; 
to kill; to devastate, to injure. 

Fosdus, a, um, adj. deformed, foul, loathsome; 
cruel, horrible, detestable. 

Fcedus, eris, n. an alliance, confederacy, 
league ; a compact, agreement ; union, 
connection ; settled decree, law, order. 

FcemTna, as, f. (obs. feo, to produce), the fe- 
male in all animals ; a woman, a female. 

FcemTneus, a, um, adj. (fcemina), belonging 
to a woman, womanly, womanish, delicate, 
effeminate. 

Fcetus, us, m. (fr. obs. vb. feo), a generat- 
ing, producing ; offspring ; fruit, pro- 
duce. 

Folium, i, n. (tivWov), a leaf, of tree, herb, 
or flower ; a leaf of paper. 

Fons, ontis, m. a fountain, spring, w>ell : 
fig. cause, origin, source, (probably fans, 
fr. tpaivtiv, to bring to light). 

Foramen, Tnis, n. {{oxo, to bore), an opening, 
aperture, hole, bore. 

Forem, es, et, &c. (contr. for fuerem, fr. 
obs. fuo, 4>vu, I am), equivalent toessem, 
esses, &c, and to fuissem, es, &c. 

Fures, um, f. a door, gate, the folds of door, 
or gate ; an entrance, (perhaps fr. tivpa). 

Forma, ae, f. (fero), form, figure, shape ; 
image, picture, model ; beauty. 

Formitus, a, um, part. fr. fbrmo. 

FormldabTlis, is, e, adj. (formido), dreadful, 
formidable. 

Formido, Tnis, f. fear, terror, dread; vene- 
ration, awe ; timidity; a cause of fear, 
terror, (perhaps fr. formus, hot, wh. fr. 
Oci^i). 

Formo, are, avi, atum. a. (forma), to form, 
frame, fashion, shape; instruct, train 
up; to effect, arrange, regulate; imagine, 
conceive; to represent, depict. 

335 



FORMOSUS. 



FUNDO. 



Formosus, a, um, adj. (forma), of a beauti- 
ful form, handsome, beautiful, comely, 
fair, fine. 

Fornax, acis, f. a furnace, stove, oven. 

Fors, tis, f. (fero), chance, hap, fortune, 
luck. 

Forsitan, adv. (fors, sit, an), perhaps, per- 
adventure, perchance. 

Forte, adv. (the abl. of fors), by chance, 
casually, peradventure ; perhaps. 

Fortis, is, e, adj. (fero), brave, gallant, 
stout-hearted, courageous : excellent, no- 
ble ; strong, vigorous. 

Fortiter, fortius, fortissime, adv. (fortis), 
bravely, gallantly, courageously ; boldly, 
confidently; strongly. 

Fortuna, ae, f. (fors), fortune, chance ; the 
Goddess fortune ; a fortune, possessions, 
wealth, estate; condition in life; share, 
part. 

Fortunatus, a, um, adj. (fortuna), happy, 
fortunate, lucky; in good circumstances, 
opulent. 

Forum, i, n. (fores, because of being out- 
side of any building), a street ; the en- 
closure, or vestibule of a sepulchre; a 
market-place ; the banker's street ; a pub- 
lic place for performing rites, adminis- 
tering justice, &c. 

Fossa, se, f. (fodio, to dig), a ditch, trench, 
fosse. 

Foveo, ere, f ovi, fotum, a. to nourish, cher- 
ish, to warm, keep warm, to embrace, fon- 
dle, caress, to favor, support, encourage. 

Fractus, a, um, (part, of frango), as adj. 
weak, feeble, effeminate. 

Fraenum, i, n. a bit, bridle, curb, rein; 
check, restraint. It is also masculine 
in pi. 

Fragor, oris, m. (frango), a breaking; a 
crash, noise ; a peal. 

FragSsus, a, um, (frango), full of broken 
stones ; rough, craggy, steep. 

Fragum, i, n. a strawberry ; a strawberry 
bush. 

Frango, ere, egi, fractum, (the pret. line fr. 
pfjaaw), to break, dash to pieces : to sub- 
due, depress, humble. 

Frater, tris, m. (<pparrip, a clansman, kins- 
man), a brother : fratres, brethren, male 
and female. 

Fraternus, a, um, adj. (frater), brotherly, 
fraternal, of a brother; kindred, related. 

Fraus, dis, {.fraud, deceit, guile, dishonesty: 
delusion, error; prejudice, detriment; of- 
fence, crime. 

Fremo, ere, ui, Ttum, n. ifip'zpw), to murmur, 
mutter : to grumble : to make any loud 
noise, to roar, rage. 

Frequens, entis, adj. frequent, often with, 
or about ; happening often ; usual, com- 
mon ; assembled in great numbers, nu- 
merous ; populous, much frequented. 

FrSquento, are, avi, atum, a. (frequens), to 
frequent, resort, much to; to visit in great 
numbers, celebrate ; to crowd, to fill, to 
people ; to collect, assemble; to do a thing 
frequently. 

336 



Fretum, i, n. {pitiv, to flow), a strait, chan- 
nel ; poetically the sea, a sea. 

Fretus, a, um, adj. trusting to, relying on, 
confiding in. 

Frlgidus, a, um, adj. (frigus), cold, cool ; 
dull, insipid, frigid ; without feeling, or 
affection : chilling. 

Frigus, oris, n. (pTyos), cold; a shivering 
from cold ; a chilly horror. 

Frondesco, ere, ui, n. (frons), to put forth 
leaves. 

Frons, ondis, f. the leaf of a tree ; hence, a 
branch with leaves, a green bough ; a tree 
with green leaves. 

Frons, ontis, f. the forehead, brow, front, 
forepart. 

Fructus, us, m. (fruor, to enjoy), use, en- 
joyment ; profit, advantage ; produce ; 
fruit ; pleasure. 

Fruges, um, f. pi. (fruor, to enjoy, or fr. 
<ppvyw, to parch), fruit of any kind ; corn, 
&c. Hence, fruits, that is, advantages, 
rewards ; also, results, products, conse- 
quences. 

Fruor, i, ltus and ctus, dep. to enjoy, use ; 
to take pleasure in, be delighted with. 

Frustra, adv. (fraus), deceitfully ; in vain, 
to no purpose. 

Friitex, icis, m. a shrub, a bush ; a branch 
of a plant. 

Fiiga, ae, f. (fyvyfj), a fleeing, a flight ; exile; 
speed ; avoidance, aversion. 

Fugatus, a, um, (pass. part. fr. fugo), rout- 
ed, dissipated, dispersed, expelled. 

Fiigax, acis, adj. (fugio), apt to flee; flying 
swiftly, fleet ; flying, fleeing ; fleeting, 
transient. 

Fiigio, ere, i, ltum, (<p£vyo)), n. and a. to flee, 
to fly; vanish, decay: to fly from, avoid, 
escape. 

Fugo, are, avi, atum, (obs. fugus, flight), 
to put to flight, rout, disperse; to drive 
away, remove, expel, banish. 

Fulgeo, ere, lsi, n. (<p\eya}, to burn), to flash, 
to lighten ; to shine, be bright, glitter ; 
to be conspicuous. 

Fulgor, oris, m. (fulgeo), a flash of light- 
ning, lightning glare ; brightness, splen- 
dor ; renown. 

Fulgur, uris, n. (fulgeo), a flash of light- 
ning, lightning ; brightness, splendor. 

Fulmen, mis, n. (contr. fr. fulgimen, fr. 
fulgeo), lightning darting down and 
striking, a flash of lightning, a thunder- 
bolt, a lightning stroke. 

Fulvus, a, um, adj. (perhaps fr. fulgeo), yel- 
low, gold-colored, reddish, tawny. 

FumTdus, a, um, adj. (fumus), full of vapor, 
smoking : smoky, smoke-colored. 

Fumo, are, avi, atum, n. (fumus), to emit 
smoke, to smoke, to reek. 

Fumus, i, m. smoke, vapor, fume, exhala- 
tion, steam. 

Functus, a, um, part, from fungor. 

Funda, ae, f. (fundo, or cptvoovn, a sling), a 
bag, small bag, purse, a net : a sling. 

Fundo, ere, ftiai, fusum, a. (*«•>, xvvtS), to 
pour, discharge ; to produce, bring forth. 



V* 



FUNESTUS. 



GLADIUS. 



unestus, a, um, adj. (funus), causing de- 
struction, or death, deadly, calamitous, 
dangerous, dismal. 

Fungor, i, ctus, dep. to do, perform, execute, 
discharge, administer, conduct ; to enjoy, 
use. 

Funis, is, m. a rope, cord, cable : perhaps 
fr. oxoivos, a rope. 

Funus, eris, n. (<povog, a slaying), a corpse, 
dead body; interment, burial, funeral 
rites, funeral, a funeral pile ; death, 
slaughter, murder ; destruction, ruin ; 
the shade of one dead. 

Fiirens, entis, part, of furo, ere, ui, (&>«, 
&vpu)), to be mad, out of mind; to be in- 
spired; to rage, be furious, to riot, to revel. 

FiirialTs, is, e,"adj. (furia, madness), furious, 
raging, mad; horrible, dreadful, cruel; 
making mad : inspired. 

FurTbundiis, a, um, adj. (furio), mad, raging, 
furious : inspired, enthusiastic. 

Fiiro, ere, ui, n. See Furens. 

Furor, oris, m. (furo), fury, madness, rage: 
inspiration, enthusiasm ; extravagance; 
ardent desire. 

Furtim, adv. (fur, a thief), by stealth, se- 
cretly, privily. 

Furtivus, a, um, adj. (furtum), stolen, pil- 
fered ; clandestine, secret ; concealed ; 
favorable to secresy. 

Furtum, i, n. (furatum fr. furor, to steal), a 
thing stolen ; theft ; any secret action ; 
an intrigue. 

Fusciis, a, um, adj. (furvus, dusky, wh. fr. 
ofxpos), brown, tawny, swarthy, dusky; also, 
hoarse, rough. 

Futurus, a, um, (part. fr. sum), that will be, 
about to be, future. 

G. 

Galea, ae, f. (fr. yaker], a weasel, or marten 
cat, fr. wh. military bonnets were made), 
helmet, helm, casque. 

GallTciis, a, um, adj. (Gallia), of Gaul, 
Gallic. 

Ganges, is, m. (Tayym), the Ganges, the ce- 
lebrated river of India. 

Gargaphie, es, f. (Tapycupia.), a fountain in 
Boeotia, near Plataea: also, a valley of 
the same. 

Garriilus, a, um, adj. (garrio, to prate), prat- 
ing, prattling, garrulous, loquacious ; 
chattering, chirping ; murmuring, pur- 
ling. 

Gaudeo, ere, gavisus sum, n. pass, (yavpiauy, 
to pride one s self), to rejoice, be glad. 

Gaudium, i, n. (gaudeo), joy, gladness ; 
pleasure, enjoyment, delight. 

GelTdus, a, um, (gelu), icy-cold, gelid. 

Gemmatus, a, um, (part. fr. gemino), dou- 
bled, double, repealed. 

Germnus, a, um, adj. twin, born at the same 
time : like, equal ; double; twain; both; 
large, bulky. 

Gemltus, us, m. (gemo), a groan, deep sigh; 
pain, sorrow. 

Gemma, ae, f. a gem, jewel, precious stone; 

43 



any thing made thereof; stone in a ring, 
a ring, a seal : a pearl : an ornament : 
the eye, or bud in vines or other trees. 

Gemmans, antis, (part, of gemmo), to be set 
with, or glitter like gems, jewelled : to 
bud, gem, or put forth buds. 

Gemo, ere, ui, hum, a. and n. to groan, 
moan, sigh, utter plaintive sounds. 

Gena, 38, f. the eyelid; the eye, (in these 
significations it is found only in the pi.), 
the cheek. 

Gener, eri, m. a son-in-law. 

Generosus, a, um, adj. (genus), noble, highly 
descended, from illustrious a?icestors ; 
noble-hearted, magnanimous, generous ; 
ambitious : excellent; abounding, fruitful. 

Genialis, is, e, adj. (genius), originating 
v)ith Genius, the god of joy ; delightful, 
delicious, cheerful, glad, and fr. gigno, 
matrimonial, conjugal, nuptial. 

GenTtivus, a, um, adj. (geno, or gigno), 
natural, innate : also, producing, beget- 
ting. 

Genltor, oris, m. (geno, or gigno), a father, 
sire, creator ; author, producer. 

Geriitrix, Icis, f. (fr. geno, or gigno), a mo- 
ther ; authoress, she that produces. 

Genitus, a, um, part, of gigno. 

Gens, tis, f. (ywo), or ylyvco, to spring up, be 
born), a clan among the Romans em- 
bracing many famtiia3, or stirpes, and 
applied specially to the patricians: a 
breed, stock, &c., of animals : a nation 
containing many populi : a nation in a 
general sense. 

Genii, n. indeclinable in sing., pi. genua, 
um, bus, (yofv), the knee. 

Geniis, eris, n. (yho s ), all of a kindred, or 
kind, a race, family, stock ; a genus ; 
kind, sort, quality ; descendant, descent. 

Germana, ae, f. (properly the fem. of adj. 
germanus), a full sister, a sister. 

Gero, ere, essi, estum, a. to produce, bear; to 
carry, wear; to carry on; to do, perform. 

Gestamen, Tnis, n. (gesto), any thing borne, 
or worn, a burden, load ; that in, or on 
which a thing is carried. 

Gestio, ire, ivi, and ii, n. (gestus, a carry- 
ing), to bear, to carry : to make gestures, 
give way to joy, to delight in, to exult. 

Gesto, are, avi, atum, a. (gero), to carry, 
bear, have ; carry about, report. 

Gestus, a, um, part, of gero. 

GIgas, antis, m. (Tiya s ), a giant. The 
Gigantes, or Giants, a huge, savage, and 
godless race, represented as having ser- 
pents for legs : said to be sons of Terra 
(yea), and to have conspired against Ju- 
piter, by whom they were defeated and 
destroyed. See note on page 55. 

Gigno, ere, genui, genitum, a. (yiyvco), to 
generate, to beget ; produce, bring forth t 
Gignor, to be born. 

GlacialTs, is, e, adj. (glacies), icy, frozen, 
full of ice, like ice. 

Glacies, ei, f. (perhaps fr. gelo), ice ; fig. 
hardness, solidity. 

Gladius, i, m. a sword. 

2F 337 



GLANS. 



HEI. 



Glans, dis, f. (Doric yaXavos, 0d\avof, an 
acorn), any kernel-fruit, especially the 
acorn : a ball. 
Gleba, ae, f. a clod, or lump of earth, glebe, 

soil, earth, land. 
Glomero, are, avi, atum, a. (glomus, a clew), 
to wind, round, form into a ball, to round, 
to mould round. 
Gloria, ae, f. glory, honour, fame, renown ; 
ornament, pride; boasting, vain- glory ; 
ambition. 
Gnossius, a, um, adj. Cretan, from the an- 
cient city Gnossus in Crete. 
Gorgon, onis, or Gorgo, us, f. a monster of 
horrid aspect. Several are mentioned, 
but especially three sisters, daughters of 
Phorcys and Ceto ; their names were 
Euryale, Stheno, and Medusa; their 
hair was entwined with serpents, and all 
who looked upon them were turned into 
stone. Medusa," the most fearful and 
famous, was slain by Perseus, and by 
him her head was presented to Minerva, 
who placed it on the iEgis. 
Gorgoneus, a, um, adj. Gorgonean, of the 

Gorgon. 
Gracilis, is, e, adj. slender ; thin, narrow ; 
fine, soft ; lean, meagre : fig. light , easy. 
Gradior, i, gressus sum, dep. (gradus), to 

step, take steps, to walk, go, proceed. 
Gradus, us, m. a step, pace, stride ; foot- 
ing, place; a stair; degree, condition, 
rank. 
Graius, a, um, adj. Grecian. 
Gramen, inis, n. (ypdu, to eat, Sanscrit 

gras, to devour), grass, plant, herb. 
Gramlneus, a, um, adj. (gramen), of grass, 

herbs, or plants, grassy, full of grass. 
Grandis, is, e, adj. large, big, very great; 

hence, weighty; sumptuous ; noble. 
Grates, um, pi. f. (gratus), thanks ; parti- 
cularly thanks to the gods ; gratiae, thanks 
to men. 
Gratia, ae, f. pleasantness, grace ; favor, 
friendship; interest, influence; kindness: 
also, gratitude. 
Gratise, the Graces, three in number, 

Aglaia, Thalia, and Euphrosyne. 
Grator, ari, atus, dep. (gratus), to show 

joy, congratulate ; to rejoice ; to thank. 
Gratus, a, um, adj. CW"<5? , delightful), pleas- 
ing, acceptable, grateful ; deserving ac- 
knowledgment : thankful, grateful for. 
Gravatiis, a, um, (part, of gravo, are), 
weighed down, burdened, troubled, op- 
pressed, overcome. 
Gravldus, a, um, adj. (gravis), filled, laden, 

heavy ; pregnant ; fruitful. 
Gravis, is, e, adj. heavy, weighty, ponderous; 
great, eminent ; severe, violent. ; grave, 
serious ; disagreeable, offensive ; laden, 
burdened, troiibled ; pregnant. 
Gravitas, atis, f. (gravis), heaviness, weight- 
iness, gravity; pregnancy : dignity, au- 
thority. 
Gressus, us, m. (gradior), a going, a step, 

a pace, gait. 
Grex, gregis, m. a flock, herd ; a company, 
338 



assembly, a troop ; the crowd, the i 

herd. 
Gurges, itis, m. a whirlpool, eddy, gulf, 

poetically, any deep water, sea, lake, or 

river. 
Gutta, ae, f. a drop of any liquid ; a speck 

resembling a drop. 
Guttiir, uris, n. the throat ; a goitre, or 

swelling in the neck. 
Gyrus, i, m. a circle, ring, compass. 

H. 

Habena, ae, f. (habeo), properly that whereby 

any thing is held ; a thong ; a rein. 
Habeo, ere, ui, ltum, a. to have, hold, pos- 
sess ; enjoy ; to esteem ; to reckon. 
HabilTs, is, e, adj. (habeo), easy to be man- 
aged ; suitable ; commodious, fitted to ; 
movable, swift. 
Habltabllls, is, e, adj. (habito), habitable, 

that may be inhabited. 
Habltandus, a, um, part, of habito. 
Habito, are, avi, atum, a. and n. (freq. of 
habeo), to have usually, hold often ; to in- 
habit, dwell in. 

Habitus, us, m. (habeo), habit, condition, 
state ; dress, attire. 

Hactenus, adv. (hac, tenus, scilicet, parte), 
in so far, in as much as, as far as, so far 
as ; thus far. 

Haediis, i, m. a kid. 

Haemonius, a, um, adj. same as Aemonius, 
a, um, Thessalian. 

Haereo, ere, si, sum, n. (perhaps fr. alpta, to 
catch), to be fastened to, to stick, to cling: 
to stick fast, be retarded ; to be embar- 
rassed, to hesitate. 

Halltus, us, m. (halo, to breathe), breath ; 
exhalation, vapor, steam, damp; a breeze; 
the soul. 

Hamadr>"as, adis, f. (anadpvas), a wood nymph; 
hamadryad; living in a tree and dying 
with it. 

Hamatiis, a, um, adj. (hamus), hooked, 
crooked, barbed. 

Hamus, i, m. a hook ; hilt of a sword ; any 
thing like a hook : fig. a bait, artifice, de- 
ceit. 

Harpalos, i, m. the name of one of Actaeon's 
dogs. 

Harpyia, ae, f. Harpy, the name of one of 
Actaeon's dogs. 

Hast a, ae, f. a spear, lance, javelin. 

Hastile, is, n. (hasta), the wood of the spear, 
a shaft ; the spear ; a branch, a stake. 

Haurio, ire, si, stum and sum, seldom Ivi, 
or ii, ltum, a. (dpvo)), to draw, draw forth, 
draw out, to fetch up. tear up ; to draw 
in, drink in, breathe in; to consume; to 
hear, or see ; to enjoy ; to suffer ; to emp- 
ty, or drain, to exhaust ; to pierce. 

Haustus, us, m. (haurio), a drawing, draught. 

Hebrus, i, m. Hebrus, a river of Thrace, 
now Marizza. 

Hedera, ae, f. (perhaps haereo, to cling), ivy, 
the Hedera helix of Linnaeus. 

Hei, int. hah ! alas .' woes me ! 



HELIAS. 



IBI. 



Helias, adis, f. (n\id$), plur. Heliades, the 
daughters of the Sun, and sisters of 
Phaethon. 

Helicon, onis, m. (E\ik.ov), a mountain in 
Boeotia, sacred to Apollo and the Muses, 
now Zagara, or Palaevouni. 

Herba, ag, f. {(popfffi, JEolice, (peppfj), grass, an 
herb, herbage ; green blade, or stalk. 

Herbosus, a, um, adj. (herba), grassy, full 
of grass ; herby, full of herbs. 

Herilis, is, e, adj. (herus), of a master, or 
mistress of a family, belonging to master, 
or mistress. 

Heros, ois, m. (V**), a hero, demigod, one 
descended from the gods by either father 
or mother, or a man by noble deeds deified: 
a man of singular merit. 

Herse, es, f. pr. n. Herse, daughter of Ce- 
crops. 

Hesperius, a, um, adj. {kairepios), west- 
ern, towards the west: Hesperian, Ita- 
lian. 

Heu, int. ah ! alas ! sometimes expressive 
of admiration. 

Hiatus, us, m. (hio), a gaping, yawning, 
aperture, chasm ; a hiatus ; eagerness, 
desire. 

Hie, haec, hoc, dem. pro. (perhaps fr. heus, 
or fr. Is), this ; he, she, it ; also, the same; 
such. 

Hinc, (hie), adv. hence, from this place, 
from this time : on this side. 

Hinmtus, us, m. (hinnio), a neighing, whin- 
nying. 

Hipputades, is, m. a patronymic, JEolus, 
grandson of Hippotes. 

Hirsiitus, a, um, adj. hairy, shaggy, bristly, 
rough, rugged : unpolished, rude. 

Hisco^ ere, n. and a. (contr. fr. hiasco), to 
gape, yawn, open. 

Homo, Tnis, m. and f. (humo, fr. humus), 
man, mankind, a man, or woman. 

Honor, oris, m. (perhaps fr. alvog, praise), 
honor : esteem, regard : ornament, splen- 
dor, beauty. 

Honoratus, a, um, part, and adj. honored ; 
esteemed, regarded, distinguished. 

Hora, ae, f. {&pa), time in general : a season, 
hence Hora?, Goddess of the Seasons ; an 
hour. 

Horrendus, a, um, (part, of horreo), dread- 
ful, horrible, frightful, terrific, striking 
with av-e, astounding. 

Horreo, ere, ui, n. and a. to shudder; to 
tremble, move tremulously; tremble with 
cold, quake with fear, to bristle up ; look 
horrid ; be afraid of. 

Horresco, ere, ui, n. and a. (horreo), to 
tremble, quake, shudder, shiver ; to bris- 
tle, present points ; stand erect. 

HorrTdus, a, um, adj. (horreo), horrid, hor- 
rible, hideous; trembling with cold, shiver- 
ins; roush, standing on end. 

Horrifer, era, erum, adj. (horror, fero), 
causing terror, making to shudder, ter- 
rible, horrific; rough. 

Hortamen, mis, n. (hortor), an encourage- 
ment, an incitement. 



Hortator, oris, m. (hortor), an encourager, 
an inciter. 

Hortus, i, m. (\6pros), any enclosed place ; 
a garden. 

Hospes, Ttis, m. and f. a foreigner, so- 
journer ; a stranger ; a host, a guest. 

Hospitium, i, n. (hospes), a guest's cham- 
ber ; a place where strangers were enter- 
tained ; a lodging ; a reception ; hospi- 
tality. 
i Hostis, is, m. and f. a stranger, enemy, foe. 
; Humanus, a, um, adj. (homo), human; of, 
or belonging to mankind; humane, cour- 
teous ; polite, civilized ; well educated, 
refined. 
: Humens, entis, (part, of humeo), being wet, 

moist, bedewed ; perhaps from vu. 
j Humeo, ere, to be wet, be moist, be bedewed; 
perhaps from X£&>. 

Humerus, i, m. properly the bone of the 
upper part of the arm ; hence, the upper 
arm ; the shoulder. 

Humldus, a, um, adj. (humeo), moist, wet, 
damp, soaked, humid ; fiowi?ig, liquid. 

HumTlis, is, e, adj. (xv[ia\6s), lowly, not 
high, near the earth ; not deep ; humble, 
mean, obscure, abject. 

Humor, oris, m. (humeo), moisture, sap, 
humidity; a liquid ; the watery element . 

Humus, i, f. (obs. Gr. root x<*pk), the 
ground, earth, soil ; country. 

Hyades, um, f. pi. (v&des), the Hyades, or 
Rainers, seven daughters of Atlas, who 
became stars after death, and were placed 
in the head of the constellation Taurus. 

Hyale, es, f. pr. n. (udAoj), one of Diana's 
attendant nymphs ; the word means 
glassy, transparent. 

Hyantius, a, um, adj. (Yavrtos). The peo- 
ple of Boeotia were called Hyantes from 
their king Hyas ; hence, Hyantius, Boeo- 
tian. Hyantius juvenis, Actaeon, grand- 
son of Cadmus, the Boeotian king. 

Hyems, or Hiems, emis, f. (w&», stormy 
water), rainy, stormy weather; a storm, 
tempest ; winter, the stormy season ; fig. 
vehemence, violence ; also, cold, chillness. 

Hylactor, oris, m. ('YWrwp), proper name of 
a hunting-dog, Barker. 

Hylaeus, i, m. (v\r), a wood), proper name of 
a hunting-dog, Woodland. 

Hymen, enis, and Hymenaeus, i, m. fTf*" 
vaios), the God of Marriage : also, the 
nuptial song; the nuptials. 

Hyperion, onis, m. (Trrtpiw), Sol, the Suji: 
also, the father of Sol. 

I. 

Tacchus, i. m. ("Lkxoj), a name of Bacchus, 
used in his mysteries, from laxco, to shout 
in revelry. 

TapetlonTdes, is, m. patronymic, son of 
Japetus. 

"Iapetus, i, (lamcrSg), one of the Giants, hus- 
band of Clymene, and father of Atlas, 
Epimetheus and Prometheus. 

Ibi, adv. there, then; in that state. 



ICHNOBATES. 



IMPATIENS. 



Ichnobates, is, m. (IxvoPdrris), Tracer, the 
name of one of Actaeon's dogs. 

Ictus, a, urn, (part, of Ico, ere, lei, ictum, a. 
to strike), struck, beaten. 

Ictus, us, m. (ico), a stroke, blow, thrust, 
stab, cast ; a beat in counting musical 
time. 

"Idaeus, a, um, of, or belonging to Ida, <b, f. 
a mountain in Phrygia : also, a moun- 
tain in Sicily, where Jupiter was con- 
cealed. 

"Idem, eadem, idem, (is, dem), pro. the 
same, just that, just the. 

"Ideo, conj. therefore, for that cause. 

Id5neus, a, um, adj. fit, meet, proper, con- 
venient, suitable. 

Ignarus, a, um, adj. (in and gnarus, know- 
ing), ignorant, unskilled, not experienced 
in ; unacquainted with, unmindful, for- 
getful : unknown. 

Ignavus, a, um, adj. (in and gnavus, active), 
inactive, indolent, slothful, sluggish; das- 
tardly, spiritless ; unproductive, unfruit- 
ful ; making indolent or sluggish. 

Igneus, a, um, adj. (ignis), fiery, burning; 
glowing, hot, ardent, fervent. 

Ignifer, a, um, adj. (ignis and fero), bearing 
or bringing fire, fiery. 

IgnTgena, as, m. (ignis and geno), fire-born, 
son of fire — Bacchus, so called because 
his mother, when pregnant with him, 
was struck by lightning, but the child 
saved. 

Ignigenus, a, um, adj. (ignis and geno, or 
gigno), producing fire. 

Ignipes, edis, adj. (ignis and pes), fiery - 
footed, that is, exceedingly swift. 

Ignis, is, m.fire; light, flame, heat: love. 

Ignoro, are, avi, atum, a. and n. (ignarus), 
to be ignorant of, not to know, have no 
knowledge of; not to recognise. 

Ignotus, a, um, (part. fr. ignosco), as adj. 
unknown, strange : actively, not know- 
ing, unacquainted with, ignorant. 

"Ilex, icis, f. a peculiar species of oak ; the 
holm-oak ; an evergreen oak. 

"Ilia, ium, ibus, n. pi. the bowels, guts, en- 
trails, intestines, the loins, flank, abdo- 
men. 

"Ilion, or Ilium,_ii, n. the city Troy. 

Ille, a, ud, gen. ms, dem. pron. he, she, that, 
plu. they, those, referring to something 
preceding. 

IllTc, adv. there, in that place. 

Illimis, is, e, adj..(in and limus), free from 
mud or slime, clear, pure. 

Illinc, adv. (perhaps from illic) from that 
place ; thence ; from that quarter. 

Illuc, adv. (illic), thither, to that place. 

Illudens, part. pres. of Illudo, ere, usi, 
usum, n. and a. to play with, sport with, 
jest with, mock, deride, jeer, trick, de- 
ceive. 

Illustris, is, e, adj. (in and lustro), filled 
with light, clear, bright, resplendent, lu- 
minous ; evident, conspicuous, perspicu- 
ous, lucid ; eminent, distinguisJied, illus- 
trious. 

340 



Illyricus^a, um, adj. Illy rian, of Illy ricum. 

"Imago, inis, f. (as if imitago, fr. imitor, or 
fr. an obs. verb, imor), an image, likeness, 
figure, shape. 

Imber, bris, m. (fyPpos), rain, a storm or 
shower of rain, pelting rain, rain with 
thunder ; fig. a shower, a showery hail : 
rainwater ; rain-cloud : water, spray. 

Imbutus, a, um, part, of imbuo, ere, ui, 
(enPyu), to stuff in), to fill, especially with 
moisture ; to wet, soak, steep, saturate, 
imbue; to stain, color, scent; to taint, 
infect. 

"Imitamen, mis n. (imitor), an imitation, 
likeness, resemblance; the act of imi- 
tating. 

"Imitans, part. pres. of Imitor, ari, atus, to 
imitate, copy, try to resemble, counterfeit; 
resemble. 

Immadeo, ere, or Immadesco, ere, pf. ui, n. 
(in, madeo), to become moist ; to be inly 
moistened, to be soaked. 

Immanis, is, e, adj. (derived by Macrobius 
fr. in and manis or manus, good, which 
last probably from paco, to desire), mon- 
strous, inhuman, wild, cruel, fierce ; 
enormous, immense; astonishing, won- 
drous. 

Immedicabilis, e, adj. (in, medicabilis), in- 
curable. 

Immensus, a, um, adj. (in, mensus), un- 
measured, immeasurable, boundless, vast, 
immense, endless. 

Immergo, ere, ersi, ersum, a. (in and mer- 
go), to plunge into, immerse, dip, sink. 

Immeritus, a, um, adj. (in and meritus), 
both active and passive signification — 
active, innocent, that has not deserved — 
passive, unmerited, undeserved. 

Immineo, ere, ui, n. (in, mineo), to project 
near, impend, overhang, be suspended 
over : to be intent upon, be eager for, on 
the watch for. 

Immistus, or Immixtus, a, um, (part, of 
immisceo), to mix in, mingle, intermix. 

Immitis, e, adj. (in and mitis), sour; cruel, 
remorseless. 

Immitto, ere, isi, issum, a. (in, mitto), to 
send in, discharge at, or against, let 
loose, let drop. 

Imm5tus, a, um, adj. (in, and motus), un- 
moved, undisturbed, still, stedfast, un- 
shaken, unaltered. 

Immunis, e, adj. (in, munus), exempt from 
a public office or burden ; bearing no part 
in ; unconcerned in : untaxed, unforced, 
free ; bringing no gift ; receiving no 
gift. 

Immurmiiro, are, avi, n. (in and murmuro), 
to murmur in, murmur against, murmur 
at ; murmur. 

"Imo and Immo, adv. yes, yea (seriously 
or ironically), truly; yes, forsooth ; nay 
rather. 

Impatiens, entis, adj. (in and patiens), that 
will not or cannot bear, unable to endure, 
impatient under, averse to, not yielding 
to : ungovernable, immoderate. 



IMPEDIO. 



INARATUS. 



Impedio, ire, Ivi, and ii, itum, a. (in and 
pes, thus properly of the feet), to entan- 
gle, hamper, bind, shackle. Hence, to 
embarrass, perplex, place in difficulty : 
to twine around, clasp, encircle ; to 
hinder, restrain, impede, obstruct, pre- 
vent, slop. 

Impello, ere, uli, pulsum, a. (in and pello), 
to push or press into or against, to thrust 
forward, to impel, propel ; to strike, as- 
sail ; urge on, incite, instigate ; to throw 
down, overthrow. 

Impensior, oris, comp. of impensus, adj. 
(properly part, of impendo, to expend), 
dear, high-priced; burdensome, earnest, 
greater, urgent. 

Imperfectus, a, um, adj. (in and perfectus), 
imperfect, incomplete, unfinished. 

Imperium, ii, n. (impero), an order, com- 
mand, injunction ; power, control ; chief 
rule, sovereignty, sway, dominion, go- 
vernment. 

Impero, are, avi, atum, n, and a. (in and 
paro), to command, order, direct ; enjoin, 
give orders for ; to rule over, govern, 
control. 

Impes, etis, m. (in and peto), impetus; force, 
impetuosity. 

Impetus, us, m. (impeto), an attack, as- 
sault, shock; effort, exertion; force, im- 
petus, pressure,. energy ; impulse, impe- 
tuosity, vehemence, rapidity ; enthusiasm, 
ardor, inspiration. 

Impexus, a, um, adj. (in and pexus), un- 
combed, neglected ; rude, ritstic, uncouth. 

Impietas, atis, f. (impius), impiety, irreli- 
gion, wickedness; unnatural conduct, sin, 
crime. 

ImpTger, gra, grum, adj. (in and piger), 
energetic, diligent, industrious, active, 
strenuous, alert, prompt, brisk. 

Impius, a, um, adj. (in, pius), impious, un- 
godly, accursed, abandoned ; unnatural, 
unpatriotic. 

Implacabilis, e, adj. (in and placabilis), in- 
appeasable, implacable, irreconcilable, in- 
exorable. 

Impleo, ere, evi, etum, a. (in and pleo, obs. 
vb.), to fill, stuff full ; to satiate, glut ; 
to impregnate ; to distend, swell ; of 
time, to complete, finish : of number, to 
fill up : to fulfil, discharge, be adequate 
to, satisfy. 

Implico, are, avi, atum, and ui, itum, a. 
(in and plico), to fold into, fold within ; 
enfold, enwrap, entwine, encircle, em- 
brace, grasp, clasp ; encumber, entangle, 
intertwine, embarrass : implant, infuse. 

Impluo, ere, ui, n. and mostly impersonal, 
(in and pluo), to rain upon, rain into, wet 
with a shower as of rain ; besprinkle. 

Impono, ere, sui, ositum, act. (in, pono), to 
place in, into, upon : impose, enjoin, in- 
flict, set over, assign. 

Importimus, a, um, adj. (in and portunus, 
favorable, wh. fr. obs. poro, to carry), 
unfavorable, unseasonable, ill adapted, 
inconvenient, inopportune; troublesome, 



thwarting, grievous, vexatious, oppres- 
sive ; cruel, savage, ruthless. 

Impressus, a, um, (part, of imprimo,) 
pressed in, stamped in, impressed, thrust 
in, infixed. 

Improbus, a, um, adj. (in and probus), not 
good, bad, improper, worthless; dishonest, 
wicked, depraved, malicious. 

Imprudens, entis, adj. (in and prudens), not 
foreseeing, not anticipating; unaware, 
unconscious, unknowing, inexperienced 
in ; ignorant, unwise ; improvident, im- 
prudent. 

Impiibis, e, adj. (in and pubes), unbearded, 
beardless, not having yet attained the age 
of puberty. 

Impulsus, us, m. (impello), a setting in 
motion, propelling ; impulse, force, im- 
pression. 

Impune, adv. (impunis, unpunished), with- 
out punishment, or penalty, with impu- 
nity ; safely, without risk. 

Impiito, are, avi, atum, a. (in and puto), to 
enter in the reckoning, charge to the ac- 
count ; charge, impute, ascribe, lay the 
fault to. 

"Imus, a, um, adj. (contraction for infimus, 
sup. of inferus), lowest, undermost, inmost, 
deepest. 

"In, separable prep. (Greek lv, in), with an 
ace. implies motion to, or progress to- 
wards, into, to, unto, upon, on, towards, 
for, against, according to, until, through: 
with an abl. denotes rest or condition or 
action in. In, on, bye, within, among. 
In composition it is sometimes intensi- 
tive, sometimes means variously into, 
upon, against, in, over. In, an insep. 
prep, prefixed only to nouns and partici- 
ples, has a sense negative of that of the 
simple word with which it is united. 

"Inachis, Tdis, adj. Inachian, of the river 
Inachus. 

"Inachis, idis, as f. noun, Io, daughter of 
Inachus. 

"Inachus, i, m. son of Oceanus and Tethys, 
a river-god, and founder of Argos ; he 
was father to Phoroneus and Io. Also 
the river Inachus, called after the pre- 
ceding, and flowing through Argolis, by 
Argos, into the Sinus Argolicus. 

"InachTdes, is, m. patronymic from Inachus. 
Epaphus, grandson of Inachus ; Perseus, 
grandson of Acrisius, king of Argos, and 
descendant from Inachus. 

"Inaequalis, e, adj. (in, aequalis), uneven, dis- 
similar, unequal ; inconstant, irregular, 
changeable. 

"Inamabilis, e, adj. (in and amabilis), not 
worthy of love, unlovely, unloveable, dis- 
agreeable, odious. 

"Inanis, e, adj. (iVoj, iVuoj, to empty,) empty, 
void, wanting something which must be 
supplied from the context. 

"InanTter, adv. (inanis), emptily, vainly, idly, 
fruitlessly, uselessly, without reason. 

"Iharatus, a, um, (in, aratus), unploughed, 
untitled, uncultivated. 

2f2 341 



INCALESCO. 



INEVITABILIS. 



Incalesco, ere, lui, n (in, calesco), to grov) 
or become warm or hot ; to kindle, be 
warmed. 

Incandesco, ere, dui, n. (in, candesco), to 
become very hot, be inflamed, ignite, kin- 
dle up. 

Incedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. (in, cedo), to 
move, go, go along ; move statelily ; pro- 
ceed, march. 

Incendium, ii, n. (incendo), a fire, confla- 
gration ; excessive heat, fig. of love, of 
any passion. 

Incendo, ere, di, sum, a. (in and candeo), to 
kindle, to set on fire, to light up, to burn; 
to inflame, excite. 

Inceptus, a, urn, (part. fr. incipio). 

Incertus, a, um, adj. (in, certus), uncertain, 
doubtful ; not positive, not fully ascer- 
tained. 

IncTdo, ere, idi, asum, n. (in, cado), to fall 
into, fall upon ; assail, attack ; to hap- 
pen, occur. 

Incinctus, a, um, part. fr. incingo. 

Incingo, ere, cinxi, nctum, a. (in and cingo), 
to gird, surround, encompass, embrace. 

Incipio, ere, epi, eptum, a. and n. (in, ca- 
pio), to take in hand, undertake, attempt, 
begin, commence. 

Incito, are, avi, atum, a. (incieo, to set in 
motion), to put into rapid motion, to spur 
on ; to hasten, excite, stimulate. 

Inclino, are, avi, atum, a. (in and clino, to 
lean), to incline, bend any thing towards; 
curve, crook ; to direct ; to give way. 

Includo, ere, si, sum, a. (in, claudo), to shut 
in, confine, enclose, surround; to close, 
stop up ; to bound, to limit, to contain. 

Inclusus, a, um, (part, of includo), confined, 
enclosed, encompassed, &c. 

Incognitus, a, um, adj. (in and cognosco), 
unknown, unacquainted with, strange, 
unusual. 

Incola, ae, m. and f. (incolo, to abide), an 
inhabitant ; a native ; a resident. 

Incomptus, and Incomtus, a, um, adj. (in 
and comptus, part, of como, to dress), 
undressed, uncombed, unadorned; unpo- 
lished, inelegant, rough. 

Inconsumptus, a, um, a. (in and consump- 
tus), unconsumed, undiminished, un- 
wasted. 

lncrementum, i, n. (incresco), that which 
produceth increase, source of increase; 
growth, increase; pupil, offspring. 

Increpo, are, ui, Ttum, and avi, atum, a. (in 
and crepo, to sound), to sound, resound; 
to call or cry out; to rebuke, chide, re- 
prove. 

Incresco, ere, evi, n. (in and cresco), to 
grow to or upon; to grow, increase. 

Inciibo, are, ui, ltum, and avi, atum, n. 
(in and cubo), to lie in, lie upon; dwell 
in or on; lean on, fall on. 

Inculpatus, a, um, adj. (in, culpatus), Wa?rce- 
less, irreproachable, spotless, pure. 

Incunabulum, usually in pi. a, orum, n. (in 
and cunabula), that which is in the cradle; \ 
the cradle; the origin, beginning. 

342 



Incurso, are, avi, atum, n. (freq. of incurro), 
to run to, upon or against ; to dash 
against; to attack. 
Incursus, us, m. (incurro), a running or 
flowing upon; an incursion, attack, as- 
sault. 

Incustoditus, a, um, adj. (in and custodio), 
unguarded, unwatched, unprotected. 

Inde, adv. (perhaps fr. evfcv), thence, from 
that place; therefrom: fromthat time, then, 
thereupon, thenceforth. 

Indejectus, a, um, adj. n. (in and dejectus), 
not thrown or cast down, unthrown. 

Indetonsus, a, um, adj. (in and detonsus), 
unshorn, unshaven, uncut. 

Indebitatus, a, um, adj. (in, de, vitatus), 
unavoided, unshunned; unerring. 

Index, icis, m. and f. (indico), of persons, 
a discoverer, a discloser: of things, a sign, 
mark, token, index: a list, catalogue: 
also a certain stone, thought to be the 
touchstone. 

Indi, orum, pi. m. Indians. 

India, ae, f. India, a celebrated country of 
Asia. 

Indicium, i, n. (index), a discovery, a proof; 
an accusing; evidence, deposition; a sign, 
symptom. 

Indico, are, avi, atum, a. (index), to show, 
point out, discover, inform, make known, 
reveal; depose. 

IndTgena, ae, m. and f. (indu for in, and 
geno), a native. 

Indigestus, a, um, adj. (in, digestus), not 
separated into parts, disordered, con- 
fused; unformed, indigested. 

Indignans, ntis, (part, of indignor), thinking 
unworthy, disdaining; indignant, very 
angry, incensed. 

Indignus, a, um, adj. (in and dignus), un- 
worthy, undeserved, unmerited; unbecom- 
ing, indecent, dishonorable, shameful. 

Induleo, or Indolesco, ere, lui, n. (in and 
oleo), to grieve at, take to heart; to feel 
pain: to be in pain, to ache. 

Indotatus, a, um, adj. (in and dotatus), with- 
out a dowry, unportioned, dowerless. 

Induco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (in, duco), to lead 
in, introduce; to occasion; to induce: to 
put or draw on, clothe. 

Inductus, a, um, (part, of inducor), led in, 
introduced; drawn round or over. 

Induo, ere, ui, utum, a. (Zvivu), to put on), 
to put on, clothe; to assume. 

Induresco, ere, rui, n. (in and duresco), to 
harden, grow or become hard, to harden 
one's self. 

Indus, i, m. a river of India, now the Sinde. 

Indutus, a, um, (part, of induo), clad, clothed 
in; encompassed with. 

Ineo, ire, ivi and ii, ltum, irr. n. and a. (in 
and eo), to go into, enter; to begin, com- 
mence; undertake, attempt. 

Inermis, e, adj. (in and arma), unarmed, 
weaponless, defenceless; harmless. 

M Iners, tis, adj. (in and ars), without art, 
without skill; inactive, idle, sluggish. 

"Inevitabllis, e, adj. (in and inevitabilis), 



INEXPLETUS. 



INSANUS. 



not to be avoided, inevitable, not to be 
escaped. 
w Inexpletus, a, urn, adj. (in and expletus), 
not filled, not satiated, unsatisfied, insa- 
tiate, insatiable. 
Infamia, ae, f. (infamis), ill fame, evil re- 
port: infamy, disgrace, dishonor. 
Infamis, is, e, adj. (in and fama), infamous, 
ill-spoken of, dishonored; disreputable, 
disgraceful. 
Infans, tis, m. and f. (in and fans, part, of 
for, to speak), that cannot yet speak; an 
infant, babe: also adj. infantile] feeble, 
childish. 
Infaustus, a, urn, adj. (in and faustus), un- 
lucky, unpropitious, ominous, unfortu- 
nate, disastrous. 
Infectus, a, um, adj. (in and factus), not 
done, undone, unmade, unfinished, incom- 
plete, imperfect. 
Infeiix, Icis, adj. (in and felix), unfruitful; 
unfortunate, unhappy, miserable, unsuc- 
cessful ; inauspicious, unlucky, calami- 
tous. 
Inferior, oris, adj. comp. of inferus, a, um, 
(Zvzp, inner, with the digamma, evFep), 
lower, in place, time, rank, merit, &c. ; 
inferior. 
Inferius, adv. comp. of infra, lower. 
Infernus, a, um, adj. (evep, ivspoi, those be- 
low), belonging to the realms below, infer- 
nal, subterranean. 
Infero, erre, intuli, illatum, irr. a. (in and 
fero), to bring into, carry into, throw at, 
to place, bring, bring forward. 
Inferus, a, um, (fr. in with digamma, or fr. 
evep, zvfzp, inner), in or below the earth, 
subterranean; below, beneath, infernal. 
Infestus, a, um, adj. (in and old vb. fendo, 
to secure), insecure, unsafe, molested, in- 
fested, plagued; hostile, dangerous. 
Inficiandus, a, um, part. fut. pass, infitior, 
or inficior (in and fateor), to deny, dis- 
avow, disown. 
Inflcio, ere, feci, fectum, a. (in and facio), 
properly, to put into: to mix, dip, dye, 
stain, darken, infect, taint, poison. 
Infit, vb. def. equivalent to incipit, begi?is, 

begins to speak, speaks. 
Inflatus, a, um, p. part, of inflo, are, avi, a. to 
blow or breathe into, blow upon; inflate, 
swell. 
Infra, adv. (from infer, i. e. infera parte), 
under the earth, in the infernal regions; 
below, beneath. 
Infundo, ere, f udi, f usum, a. (in and fundo), 
to pour in or into, pour over, infuse, com- 
municate, impart. 
IngemTno, are, avi, atum, a. (in and gemi- 

no), to repeat often, reiterate, redouble. 
Ingemo, ere, ui, n. (in, gemo), to groan, 

sigh, bewail. 
Ingenium, ii, n. (in and geno or gigno), in- 
born quality, natural disposition, natural 
capacity; genius. 
Ingens, tis, adj. very great, vast, immense; 

distinguished, eminent, powerful. 
Ingratus, a, um, adj. (in and gratus), un- 



pleasant, disagreeable, offensive, loath- 
some; ungrateful, unthankful. 
Ingredior, eris, essus, dep. (in, gradior), to 
go into, enter; to walk, advance; to enter 
upon, commence, engage on. 
Inguen, inis, n. the groin. 
Inhaereo, ere, si, sum, n.(in and haereo), to 
stick in, cleave to, cling fast to, adhere 
to, inhere. 
"InhTbeo, ere, ui, ltum, a. (in and habeo), to 
exercise, practise; to hold in, restrain, 
check, curb, stop. 
Inhospltus, a, um, adj. (in, hospitus), inhos- 
pitable: also, uninhabited, uninhabitable. 
InjTcio, ere, eci, ectum, a. (in, jacio), to 

throw in, put in; throw on, to lay. 
"Inimlca, ae, f. a female enemy, properly 

fern, of inimicus, a, um. 
"InTmTcus, a, um, adj. (in and amicus), un- 
friendly, hostile, inimical, unkind, ad- 
verse, hur'fal, injurious. 
Injuria, ee, f. (in and jus), any thing done 
unjustly, wrong, injustice, injury, insult. 
Injuste, adv. (injustus), imjusily, wrong- 
fully, injuriously. 
Injustus, a, um, adj. (in and Justus), unjust, 
wrongful, injurious, iniquitous, cruel, 
oppressive. 
Innabilis, e, adj. (in, negative, and no), not 

to be swum in. 
Innatus, a, um, part, of innascor, ci, inborn, 

innate, inbred, natural. 
Innixus, a, um, part, of innitor (in, nitor), 

leaning or supported on; relying on. 
Innocuus, a, um, adj. (in and nocuus), not 
hurtful, harmless, innoxious; blameless, 
irreproachable, innocent: also, not htirt, 
unharmed. 
Innumerus, a, um, adj. (in and numerus), 
without number, numberless, innumerable, 
countless. 
Innuptus, a, um, adj. (in and nuptus), un- 
married, unwedded. 
"Ino, us and onis, f. lno, daughter of Cad- 
mus, wife of Athamas. king of Thebes, 
mother of Learchus and Melicerta, af- 
terwards worshipped as a sea-goddess 
by the name of Leucothoe. Hence adj. 
Inous, a, um, relating to Ino. 
Tnopinus, a, um, adj. (in and opinus); un- 
thought of, unexpected, unlooked for, not 
anticipated, sudden. 
"Inops, upis, adj. (in and ops, or opis), help- 
less, resourceless, destitute; poor, needy, 
in want of; miserable. 
"Inornatus, a, um, adj. (in and ornatus), 
unadorned, simple, undressed; inelegant. 
Inquam, or Inquio, is, it, def. vb. (euinu), to 

say. 
Inquire, ere, sivi, sltum, a. (in, quaere), to 
seek for, strive to procure ; to examine, 
search, ask for, demand. 
Insania, ae, f. (insanus), madness, infatua- 
tion, distraction, folly ; transport, enthu- 
siasm, inspiration. 
Insanus, a, um, adj. (in and sanus, sound), 
unsound, ill, indisposed; diseased in 
mind, insane, mad, distracted, infatuated, 

343 



INSCIUS. 



INVIDIOSUS. 



crazy, foolish, frantic, outrageous, furi- 
ous: making mad. 

Inscius, a, urn, adj. (in and scio), not know- 
ing, ignorant, unskilful. 

Insequor, i, quutus and cutus, dep. (in and 
sequor), to follow after, follow ; closely 
pursue, press upon, persecute. 

Insero, ere, ui, rtum, a. (in and sero), to put 
into, insert, introduce; mix, mingle. 

InsTdiaa, arum, f. pi. (insideo), troops in 
ambush, an ambuscade; snares, plot, arti- 
fice; insidiousness. 

Insigne, is, n. signal, mark : pi. insignia, 
badges of office, insignia. 

Insignis, e, adj. (in and signum), distin- 
guished by some mark, remarkable, noted, 
celebrated, eminent. 

Insono, are, ui, Ttum, n. (in and sono) to 
make a noise in, to sound, resound. 

Inspire are, avi, atum, a. and n. (in and 
spiro), to breathe or blow in or into, or 
upon; infuse, inspire; inflame, excite. 

Instabilis, e, adj. (in, stabihs), not standing 
fast, movable, unsteady, not firm; not to 
be stood on, unstable. 

Instans, antis, adj. (insto, are), pressing, 
earnest, urgent, importunate. 

Instar, n. indecl. used only in nom. and ace. 
image, likeness; used absolutely, like. 

Instigo, are, avi, atum, a. (root ariy, fr. wh. 
also ori^fc), to puncture), to instigate, incite, 
stimulate, provoke. 

Instituo, ere, ui, utum, a. (in and statuo), to 
place in ; to begin, commence ; to erect, 
fabricate; establish, appoint, institute, or- 
dain; form, teach. 

Instructus, a, um, (part, of instruo, ere, xi) ; 
as adj. furnished, provided, equipped. 

Instrumentum, i, n. (instruo, ere), any thing 
used in preparing or making; a tool, in- 
strument, implement, apparatus, means: 
ornament. 

Instruo, ere, xi, ctum, a. (in and struo, to 
place), to put together, to arrange; to con- 
struct; to furnish, equip. 

Insula, ae, f, an island, isle. (By some de- 
rived from vrjffog, an island.) 

Insulto, are, avi, a. (insilio, to leap upon), to 
leap or spring against, in or on; to leap, 
leap about, to bound. Also, to insult. 

Insuo, ere, ui, utum, a. (in and suo), to sew 
in, sew up, stitch into; to embroider. 

Intabesco, ere, ui, n. (in and tabesco). to 
pine, wane, waste away ; to melt, dis- 
solve. 

Intactus, a, um, adj. (in, tactus), untouched, 
unhurt; chaste; unviolated; undiminish- 
ed; untried. 

Intellectus, a, um, (part, of intelligor — 
active, intelligo, ere, exi, ectum), a. to 
understand, comprehend, have a know- 
ledge of; see, observe: perceive by any of 
the senses. 

Intempestlvus, a, um, adj. (in and tempes- 
tivus), untimely, unseasonable, inoppor- 
tune; ill-timed, improper. 

Inter, prep, (in), between, betwixt ; among, 
amongst; during. 

344 



Interdum, adv. (inter and dum), between 
whiles, sometimes, now and then, occa- 
sionally; meantime, meanwhile. 

Interea, adv. (inter and ea), during this, 
meantime, meanwhile, in the interim. 

Intereo, ire, ii, ltum, irr. n. (inter and eo), 
strictly, to go among. Hence, to pe- 
rish, pass away, cease to exist, be 
annihilated, be destroyed, be slain, to 
die. 

Intermissus, a, um, (part, of intermitto), 
interrupted. 

Intermitto, ere, isi, issum, a. (inter and 
mitto), to intermit, leave off, discontinue, 
omit, allow to pass; to interrupt. 

Intexo, ere, xui, xtum, a. (in and texo), to 
weave into, inweave; interweave, em- 
broider. 

Intextus, a, um, part, of intexo, ere. 

Intimus, a, um, adj. (sup. of interus), in- 
most, innermost; rarest, most difficult; 
most intimate, most secret. 

Intono, are, ui [seldom avi] , atum, n. (in 
and tono), to thunder loudly ; thunder 
forth; resound. 

Intonsus, a, um, adj. (in and tonsus), un- 
shorn, with the hair uncut, unshaven, un- 
dipped, rough, rude. 

Intortus, a, um, part, of intorqueo, ere, 
orsi, ortum, a. (in and torqueo), to turn 
round, twist, bend, writhe. 

Intremo, ere, ui, n. (in, tremo), to tremble, 
quake, quiver; be terrified at. 

Introitus, us, m. (fr. introeo), a going in, 
entering; place of entering, entrance; be- 
ginning. 

Intro, are, avi, atum, a. to go into, enter, 
penetrate. 

Intumesco, ere, ui, n. (in and tumesco), to 
swell, increase; to swell with rage. 

Intus, adv. (tvros), within, inwards, into. 

"Inultus, a, um, adj. (in and ultus), unre- 
venged, unavenged; safe, unhurt; unpu- 
nished. 

Invado, ere, si, sum, a. and n. (in, vado), to 
go, come, get into; to invade, assail, rush 
upon; seize; attempt. 

Invectus, a, um, part, of inveho, ere, exi, 
ectum, a. (in and veho), to bring into or 
to, bear onward. 

Inveho, ere, exi, ectum, a. (in and veho), to 
bear along, to carry against or into. 

Invenio, ire, eni, en turn", a. (in and venio), 
to find, meet with ; to discover, detect; 
contrive, invent. Invenire se, to mani- 
fest itself. 

Inventum, i, n. (invenio), discovery, inven- 
tion, contrivance. 

Invideo, ere, idi, isum, n. and a. (in and 
video), to envy, grudge; to be reluctant; 
to hinder, refuse. 

Invidia, ae, f. (invidus), envy, grudging, 
jealousy; hatred, odium, evil report. 

Invidus, a, um, adj. (invideo), full of envy, 
envious, grudging, jealous, malignant, 
spiteful, invidious. 

InvTdiosus, a, um, adj. (invideo), full of 
envy, envious; envied, enviable. 



IN VITUS. 



JUGUM. 



Invltus, a, urn, adj. unwilling, reluctant, 
against one's will, involuntary. 

Involvo, ere, olvi, olutum, a. (in and volvo), 
to involve, envelop, wrap up, cover. 

"15, us, and onis, f. (lu>), Io, daughter of 
Inachus, king of Argos, beloved of Jupi- 
ter, and changed into a cow. She was 
afterwards worshipped in Egypt as Isis. 

"15, interj. of joy, (iw), oh! io! ah! Also of 
grief, oh! alas! 

Tonius, a, um, adj. Ionian, of or belonging 
to Ionia, the maritime part of Asia Minor, 
between Caria and iEolis. 

Ipse, a, um, pron. (is, and pse, fr. Gr. o$t)_ 
himself, herself, itself; self; he, she, it, 
in emphasis or pre-eminence : very. 

"Ira, se, f. (epis, strife, perhaps), anger, 
wrath, passion, resentment; rage, fury. 

"Iracundus, a, um, adj. (ira), passionate, 
choleric, irascible, angry, raging. 

"Iratus, a, um, (ira), angry, enraged, furi- 
ous, ireful, irate; stormy, tempestuous, 
troublous. 

"Iris, is, and idis, f. (Ipis), the messenger of 
the gods; the rainbow deified. 

Irreprehensus, a, um, adj. (in and repre- 
hensus), unblamed, blameless, irreproach- 
able, harmless; certain. 

Irrequietus, a, um, adj. (in and requietus), 
restless, unquiet, troubled, disturbed, un- 
easy. 

Irrideo, ere, Isi, n. and a. (in, rideo), to 
laugh at; to mock, scoff, ridicule. 

Irrltamentum, i, n. (irnto), an incitement, 
incentive, provocative, inducement. 

Irrito, are, avi, atum, a. (ipidu), to arouse), 
to incite, arouse, excite, stimulate, insti- 
gate, inflame, irritate. 

Irritus, a, um, adj. (in, ratus), void, mvalid; 
vain, useless, baffled. 

Irroro, are, avi, atum, a. and n. (in and 
roro, from ros, dew), to sprinkle with 
dew; to bespri?ikle, as with dew; to 
moisten. 

Irrumpo, ere, upi, upturn, n. (in, rumpo), to 
break in violently, burst in, rush in. 

w Is, ea, id, pron. (from the old Gr. pron. «V, 
or Is, or 1, gen. ov, he, she), he, she, it; 
this, that; sometimes implies such. 

Ismarius, a, um, adj . Ismarian, that is, Thra- 
cian, from Ismarus, a river of Thrace. 

Ismenides, um, f. pi. Ismenian women, that 
is, Theban, from the river Ismenus, in 
Bceotia, near Thebes. 

Ismenis, idis, f. Ismenian, daughter of Is- 
menus, or belonging to the Ismenus. 

Ismenus, i, m., or Ismenos, i, m. the Isme- 
nus, a stream near Thebes. 

Iste, a, ud, pron. (is and particle te), the 
same; that; such. 

Ister, and Hister, tri, m. the Danube, but 
generally the lower part of it. 

"Ita, adv. (is), such, thus, in this manner, 
so, so much; therefore. 

"Iter, Tteris, and more frequently TtYneris, n. 
(fr. obs. itiner, wh. fm. itum, sup. of eo), 
a going along, a way, road, journey: 
fig. course, custom. 

44 



"Itero, are, avi, atum, a. (iterum), to repeat, 

do over again, begin again, renew. 
"Iterum, adv. (iter), again, anew, a second 

time: also, on the other hand. 
"Itum, neuter of itus, part, of eo: Itum est, 

entrance is made, &c. ; it was gone; they 

went. 
"Ixion, onis, m. a mythical king of Thes- 

saly. 

J. 

Jaceo, ere, ui, itum, n. (perhaps from jacio), 
to lie ; lie down, prostrate, low ; be situ- 
ate; be cast down. 

Jacio, ere, jeci, jactum, a. (ico, to send forth, 
let go), to throw, cast, fling, hurl. 

Jactans, tis, part, of jacto. 

Jacto, are, avi, atum, a. (freq. of jacio), to 
throw, cast, fling, hurl, discharge, to toss 
to and fro. 

Jactiira, ae, f. (jacio), throwing, especially 
of goods overboard in a storm ; a lessen- 
ing; a loss; damage. 

Jactus, us, m. (jacio), a throwing, hurling, 
a throw, a cast. 

Jaciilor, ari, atus, dep. (jaculum), to throw 
a javelin or other missile; fight with a 
javelin; to hurl, cast. 

Jaculum, i, n. (jacio), any thing used for 
casting or throwing; a javelin, dart. 

Jam, adv. now, forthwith, immediately, al- 
ready. 

Jamdudum, adv. (jam and dudum), now 
for some time, this long time, for some- 
time. 

Janua, ae, f. (supposed fr. Janus, who pre- 
sided over it), a door, house-door, gate; 
entrance, passage. 

Jejunium, i, n. (jejunus, fasting), a fast, 
abstinence; hunger. 

Jocosus, a, um, adj. (jocus), merry, frolic- 
some, sportive, gay, humorous, playful, 
facetious. 

Jocus, i, m. a joke, a jest: play, sport. (Per- 
haps from juvo, to please.) 

Juba, ae, f. the mane, of horse or other ani- 
mal ; hair; a tuft of feathers, a crest, a 
comb. (Perhaps from (popr].) 

Jiibar, aris, m. {the radiance of the stars; 
radiant light; light, splendor, glow. (From 
juba, i. e. jubare lumen, streaming light.) 

Jubeo, ere, ussi, ussum, a. to approve, rati- 
fy; decree, command, order. 

Judex, icis, m. (judico), a judge in a legal 
sense : one who judges or decides. 

Jiigalis, is, e, adj. (&vy6v, a yoke), yoked toge- 
ther; conjugal, matrimonial, nuptial. 

Jugerum, i, n. and Juger, is, n. a piece of 
land 240 feet long by 120 feet wide, 
usually interpreted an acre. 

Jugiilum. i, n. and Jugulus, i, m. (jungo), 
the collar-bone; the neck, the throat. 

Jugum, i, n. (?vy<5« / ), any thing which joins 
two bodies; a yoke for oxen or horses ; a 
crossbar; beam of a balance; beam of a 
loom; cross-bench, or crossplank in boats 
and ships: height or summit of a moun- 
tain. 

345 



JUNCTURA. 



LANA. 



Junctura, ae, f. (jungo), a joining, an unit- 
ing; a joint, seam, suture. 

Junctus, a, um, part, from jungo, joined, 
united, connected. 

Jungo, ere, nxi, ctum, a. ^vyvvpi), to join, 
unite, add, connect. 

Juno, onis, f. the goddess Juno, the "Hpa of 
the Greeks, daughter of Saturn and 
Rhea, and sister and wife of Jupiter. 

Junonius, a, um, adj. (Juno), relating to 
Juno, Junonian. 

Jupiter, Jovis, m. (Zeis, narfip), son of Sa- 
turn, brother of Neptune and Pluto, 
husband of Juno, and king of the gods ; 
also, the air or the sky (Jupiter implying 
the cether — Juno, the aer). 

Jurgium, ii, n. (jurgo, to quarrel), a dis- 
pute, strife, contention: jurgia nectere, to 
quarrel. 

Ju.ro, are, avi, n. and a. to swear, make 
oath; to conspire: swear by, bind one's 
self by oath. 

Jus, juris, n. (as if jurs, fr. juro), that which 
is conformable to law, right, law, legal 
justice; that which is just, reasonable, 
lawful: a court of justice; power, autho- 
rity; privilege; obligation. 

Jussum, i, n., properly neuter of jussus, a, 
um, part, of jubeo, a thing ordered, a 
command. 

Jussus, a, um, part, of jubeo, ere, ordered, 
directed, commanded, approved. 

Justitia, se, f. (Justus), justice, equity, im- 
partiality, mildness, clemency. 

Justius, adv. comp. of adv. juste, justly, 
rightfully, impartially. 

Justus, a, um, adj. (}us), just; lawful,true; 
due, proper, becoming, suitable. 

Jiivenca, ae, f. properly fem. of the follow- 
ing, j. scil. puella, a young girl; j. scil. 
vacca, a young cow. 

Jiivencus, a, um adj. (for juvenicus, fr. ju- 
venis), young. Used as a subs. j. scil. 
homo, a young man; j scil. bos, a young 
bullock, &c. oEc. 

Juvenilis, is, e, adj. (juvenis), youthful, 
juvenile, young. 

Juvenis, is, m. and f. (juvo), young, youth- 
ful: subs, a young man; one who has 
reached the years that fit for military 
service. 

Juventus, utis, f. (juvenis), youth, youthful 
age, about from twenty to forty years ; 
also youth, young people. 

Juventas, atis, f. (juvenis), youth, the pe- 
riod of youth : the goddess Juventas, 
alias Hebe. 

Juvo, are, juvi, jutum, a. to help, aid, bene- 
fit; please, delight. 



Labefacio, ere, eci, actum, a. (fr. labo and 
facio), to make to totter, to loosen, to 
shake. 

Labefactus, a, um, part, of labefio, pass, of 
labefacio, loosened, shaken, made to totter. 

Labes, is, f. (labor, to fall), a fall, a sinking 

346 



down, a loss; 'U stain, spot, blemish, de- 
fect, deformity, dishonor, disgrace. 

Labo, are, avi, atum, n. to totter, shake, 
give way, become loose, sink; to waver, 
hesitate. 

Labor, i, lapsus, dep. to move imperceptibly; 
to glide down, slip down: to fall, sink, go 
to ruin, pass away : flumina labentia, 
slowly flowing streams. 

Labor, oris, anciently labos, m. labor, toil, 
fatigue; work, workmanship; activity, in- 
dustry; distress, trouble. 

Laboro, are, avi, atum, n. and a. (labor), to 
labor, toil, endeavor for; to be in want, 
trouble, difficulty, labor under, suffer, be 
crushed. 

Labros, i, m. (Ad/fyoj), Greedy, Glutton, 
name of a dog. 

Lac, tis, n. (Gr. yd\a, yaXovroj), milk; juice 
of herbs: a milk-white color. 

Lacer, a, um, adj. torn, mangled, maimed,- 
lacerated; also, tearing, lacerating. 

Lacero, are, avi, atum, a. to tear in pieces, 
rend, mangle, lacerate. 

Lacertus, i, m. the upper part of the arm, 
from shoulder to elbow; the arm. 

Lachne, es, f. Downy, Shag, name of a dog. 

Lacon, 5nis, m. (\wtu>, to sound), Sounder, 
Barker, name of a dog : also, Spartan. 

Laconis, idis, f. adj. Spartan, Laconian. 

Lacryma, ae, f. a tear. 

Lacrymabilis, is, e, (lacrymo), sad, la- 
mentable, mournful, woful. 

Lacrymans, antis, part, of lacrymo, weep- 
ing, shedding tears, lamenting. 

Lactens, entis, part, of lacteo, ere, sucking 
milk, hanging at the breast, sucking. 

Lacteus, a, um, adj. (lac), of milk, milky, 
full of milk: via 1. the Milky Way, the 
Galaxy. 

Lacus, us, m. (\&kkos, a ditch), a lake: 
poetically, any body of vmter. 

LadSn, is, m. a river of Peloponnesus, 
flowing through Arcadia: also, one of 
Actaeon's dogs. 

Laedo, ere, si, sum, a. to strike, dash; to 
injure, harm, offend, to break, violate. 

Laelaps, apis, m. tempest, whirlwind, name 
of a dog. 

Laetus, a, um, adj. glad, joyful, cheerful; 
cheering, gladdening. 

Lasva, ae, (scilicet manus), f. the left hand; 
the left side. 

Lasvis, or Levis, is, e, adj. (Xao$, smooth), 
smooth, not rough, polished; sleek, beard- 
less, bald; tender, beautiful, soft, delicate. 

Laevus, a, um, adj. (Gr. \ai6s), left, on the 
left side: foolish, infatuated; improper, 
inconvenient. 

Lambo, ere, bi, bitum, a. (to lick, lap with 
the tongue; touch lightly, softly caress, 
glide to, gently wash. 

Lampas, adis, f. (Kaunas), a torch; light, 
splendor, brightness : fig. the sun, the 
day, the moon, &c. 

Lampetie, es, f. (Xd/zn-w), pr. n. the shining 
one; Lampetie, daughter of Phoebus. 

Lana, ae, f. (Xfjwj, Dorice, \avoi), wool: soft 



LANCEA. 



LIBANDUS. 



hair of animals, down, downy feathers; 
down of leaves, fruits, plants. 

Lancea, se, f. a lance, javelin, spear, dart. 

LanguTdus, a, urn, adj. (langueo), faint, lan- 
guid, la?iguishing, feeble, weak; sluggish, 
dull; flowing gently; effeminate. 

Laniatus, a, um, part, of lanior, torn in 
pieces, mangled, lacerated. 

Laniger, a, um. adj. (lana and gero), wool- 
bearing, woolly, fleecy. 

Lanio, are, avi, atum, a. to rend, tear or 
cut in pieces, rend asunder, mangle. 

LapTdosus, a, um, adj. (lapis), abounding in 
stones, stony, rocky; hard as stone. 

Lapis, idis, m. Q<da;), a stone; as opposed 
to saxum, a soft, small stone. 

Lapsus, a, um, part, from labor, fallen, &c. 

Lapsus, us, m. a sliding, slipping, falling; 
a fault, error, oversight; a running, flow- 
ing. 

Laqueus, i, m. a noose, a halter, a trap, 
treachery. 

Largus, a, um, adj. abundant, plentiful, 
large, much, rich, liberal. 

Larissaeus, a, um. adj. Larisscean, of or 
belonging to Larissa, a city of Thessaly. 

Lasclve, adv. (lascivus), wantonly, sportive- 
ly, lasciviously. 

Lascivus, a, um, adj. wanton, petulant, 
sportive, frolicksome. 

Lassatus, a, turn, part, of lasso, wearied, 
fatigued. 

Lasso, are, avi, atum, a. to weary, to fa- 
tigue. 

Lassus, a, um, adj. weary, tired, fatigued, 
worn out, spent. 

Latebra, ae, i. (lateo), a lurking-place, den, 
covert, recess : also, a cloak, covering, 
disguise, subterfuge. 

Lateo, ere, ui, n. and a. (\a6zw, \av9avu), to 
lurk, to lie hid, be concealed: be concealed 
from, unknown to; to dwell in retirement. 

Latex, Tcis, m. water, spring water, run- 
ning water; sometimes wine; other 
liquid. 

Latlnus, a, um, adj. Latin, belonging to 
Latium. 

Latito, are, avi, are, n. freq. of lateo, to lie 
hid, to lurk, to be concealed. 

Latius, a, um, adj. Latin, Latian, belong- 
ing to Lat ium. 

Latius, adv. comp. of late, more widely, 
more diffusely. 

Latonius, a, um, adj. of or pertaining to 
Latona. 

Latratus, us, m. (latro), a barking, a baying. 

Latus, eris, n. the side, the flank. 

Latus, a, um, part, used as from fero, 
borne, carried, fyc. 

Litus, a, um, adj. (-rXan!$), broad, wide; 
spacious. 

Laudo, are, avi, atum, a. (laus), to praise, 
commend, applaud, extol. 

Laurea, 33, f. a laurel-wreath, laurel. 

Laurus, i and us, f. a laurel-tree, laurel. 
This tree was peculiarly sacred to Apollo. 

Laus, dis, f. praise, commendation, good re- 
port, honor, fame, renown: also merit. 



Lea, ae, f. (leo), a lioness. 

Leaena, ae, f. (\iaiva), a lioness. 

Learchus, i, m. (Aeapxos), Learchus, son of 
Athamas and Io. 

Lectus, i. m. {\zKrpov), a bed, couch, sofa. 

Lego, ere, egi, ctum, a. (Xsyw, to lay, lay 
together), to lay in order, arrange; hence, 
to gather, collect, cull, pick up; hence, to 
pick out, choose: also, to gather up, wind 
up, furl; to pick up, steal; to pass or run 
over or by; with the feet, to walk on, tread 
in; with ships, to sail over, sail close to; 
with the eyes, to read, peruse. 
I LemniCijla, ae, m. and f. (Lemnos and colo), 
one that inhabits Lemnos: also, a name 
of Vulcan. 
j Lenaeus, a, um, (ft*. A^vaTog, wh. fr. A-qvbg, a 
wine-press), Lenaan, belonging to Bac- 
chus. 

Lenio, iri, Tvi and li, Itum, a. (lenis), to 
soften, allay, mitigate, assuage, appease, 
pacify, soothe. 

Lenis, is, e, adj. soft, smooth; gentle, mild, 
easy, balmy, indulgent. 

Lenius, adv. comp. of leniter, or lene, soft- 
ly, smoothly, gently. Sup. lenissime. 

Lente, adv. (lentus), slowly, tardily; inani- 
mately, calmly, patiently, carelessly . 

Lentus, a, um, adj. tough, pliant, flexible; 
tenacious, clammy; slow, tardy, sluggish; 
calm, cool. 

Leo, onis, m. (Gr. \icov), a lion. 

Lepus, oris, n. a hare. 

Lerna, ae, and Lerne, es, f. (Atpvri), a marsh 
in Argolis, the abode of the Hydra. 

Lesbos, or Lesbus, i, f. (Aar/fo), Lesbos, an 
island in the iEgean sea, near Mysia, 
now Metelin. 

Lethalis, is, e, adj. (lethum, or letum, 
death), deadly, mortal, fatal, bringing or 
causing death. 

Lethatus, a, um, part. fr. lethor, pass, of 
letho, are, avi, to put to death, to slay, 
kill. 

Lethum, or Letum, i, n. (XjJ&j, oblivion, or 
obs. vb. leo, fr. wh. deleo), death: ruin, 
destruction. 

Leucon, onis, m. (Xct*-<5j), White, one of Ac- 
taeon's dogs. 

Leucuthoe, es, f. See Ino. 

Levior, us, comp. of levis, lighter, $c. 

Levis, is, e, adj. smooth, sleek, polished; 
beardless, bald; tender. 

Levis, is, e, adj. light, of little weight; light 
of motion, nimble; slight, triflins, insig- 
nificant; gentle; inconsta?it, worthless. 

Levltas, tatis, f. (levis), lightness as to 
weight ; lightness of motion, agility; 
freedom or faculty of motion; lightness 
of mind, frivolity, fickleness, levity: also, 
insignificance, vanity, shallowness. 

Levo, are, avi, a. (levis), to make light, 
lighten, alleviate, ease, beguile; to raise 
up, lift up, elevate. 

Lex, egis, 1. (lego, to choose), proposal for a 
law, a bill; a law, an ordinance, statute; 
a rule, precept, canon. 

Llbandus, a, um, part. fut. pass, of libo, 

347 



LIBATUS. 



LUCIFER. 



are, avi, a. (X£<7?w), to pour out [a part of 
the wine, or other offering, in honor of 
the deity to whom the sacrifice was 
made] , to tibate, make libation of, offer, 
consecrate: also, to take a small portion 
of, taste, sip, touch lightly; cull. 

Libatus, a, um, part. pen. pass, of libo. 
See the preceding. 

Libenter, or lubenter, adv. (libens, or lu- 
bens), willingly, readily, cheerfully, 
gladly. 

Liber, eri, m. (libo), an old Latin god, after- 
wards confounded with the Grecian 
Bacchus; wine. 

Liber, bri, m. (perhaps Xl™?, bark), inner 
bark of a tree; hence, the bark generally; 
and hence, leaves of writing, a book, as 
the bark was anciently used for writing. 

Liber, era, erum, adj. (libet, libere), free, 
in every sense of the word, as unen- 
slaved, unfettered, unshackled, uncon- 
fined, open, frank, independent, &c. 

Liberior, oris, comp. of liber, more free, 
more open, more unconfined, &c. 

Libet, or liibet, bebat, buit or bitum est, 
imp. it pleases; it is agreeable: followed 
by a dative, expressed or understood, as 
mihi, tibi, illi 1. / am, thou art, he is dis- 
posed. 

Libro, are, avi, atum, a. (libra), to weigh, 
weigh out, balance; to poise, hold in equi- 
librium. 

LTbycus, a, um, adj. (A«/?wd$), Lybian, 
African. 

Libye, es, f. (Aj/?v/?), a part of Africa, west 
of Egypt and north of Ethiopia : some- 
times used for all Africa. 

Libys, yos, m. a Lybian: also a proper 
name. 

Licentia, ae, f. (licet), freedom, leave to do 
any thing, liberty; presumption, unbound- 
ed license; licentiousness. 

Licet, ebat, cuit and ltum est, ere, imp. vb. 
(according to some, fr. Sikyi), it is lawful, 
right, permitted. 

Lignum, i, n. wood, any thing made of 
wood: poetice, a tree. 

Ligo, are, avi, atum, a. to bind, bind up, to 
fasten, unite. 

Ligures, um, pi. m. and f. Ligurians, peo- 
ple of Liguria, the northern part of Italy, 
a great portion of which is now Genoese 
territory. 

Lilium, i, n. (Xdpiov), a lily, particularly the 
white lily. 

Limbus, i, m. a lace, a border, a hem; a 
fringe. 

Llmen, inis, n. the threshold of the door, the 
lintel; by synecdoche, entrance, door; 
also, dwelling, house. 

Limes, itis, m. a cross-path, [a strip of un- 
ploughed land through a field or vine- 
yard] , a limit, boundary; a path, passage, 
track, trail. 

Limus, i, m. soft mud, slime, mire, mud, 
moist earth, clay. (By some derived from 
Xei/zajy, a grassy soft place, or from A»7»"7> a 
lake.) 

348 



Lingua, as, f. the tongue: hence, language, 
speech; fluency, eloquence. 

Linlger, era, erum, adj. (linum and gero), 
wearing linen, clothed in linen. 

Liuquo, ere, liqui, a. (Aci7ra>), to leave, for- 
sake, quit, depart from, resign, abandon 
let alone. 

Linteus, a, um, adj. (linum), made of flax, 
linen, flaxen: hence, linteum, i, n. a sail. 

Linum, i, n. (Kivov), flax, lint; hence, a 
flaxen string or line; also, linen; a 
net. 

Liquidus, a, um, adj. (liqueo), liquid, fluid, 
pure, clear. 

Liquor, i, dep. (\ei0a)), to become liquid, to 
be liquid, to melt, dissolve, waste away. 

Liquor, oris, m. (liqueo), fluidness, fluidity, 
liquidness; fluid, moisture. 

Lircaeus, a, um, or Lyrceus, Lyrcean, of the 
Lyrceus, a river of Arcadia. 

LTriope, es, f. a sea-nymph, mother of Nar- 
cissus. 

Lis, litis, f. (tpis, dropping t and changing 
p into 1), strife, contention, dispute, quar- 
rel, controversy. 

Littera, or Litera, ae, f. (by some derived 
fr. lino, to streak), a letter of the alphabet: 
pi. letters, writing, writings, documents: 
also, a letter or epistle. 

Littoreus, a, um, adj. (litus), of or belonging 
to the shore, maritime. 

Littus, oris, n. the sea-shore, strand, coast. 

Liveo, ere, n. to be of a lead, bluish or livid 
color: livens, lead-colored, bluish, black- 
ish, livid. 

Loco, are, avi, a. (locus), to place, set, sta- 
tion, arrange; to hire out, farm out; to 
lay out, expend. 

Locus, i, m. pi. loci, m. and loca, n. a 
place. 

Locutus, a, um, part, from loquor. 

Longe, adv. (longus), long, to a great length; 
far, afar, at a distance, to a distance. 

Longus, a, um, adj. long ; far-stretching, 
vast: far distant; of long duration. 

Loquax, acis, adj. (loquor), talkative, wordy, 
loquacious, garrulous; speaking, expres- 
sive. 

Loquor, ui, cutus, dep. (\6yo s ), to speak, 
talk, converse, discourse; to celebrate; to 
tell, declare. 

Lorica, 83, f. (lorum, a leathern thong), a 
coat of mail, a cuirass, a corslet, breast- 
plate: a breastwork, parapet. 

L5rum, i. n. a leathern thong, string of lea- 
ther. Lora, pi. often signifies reins. 

Lotus, i, f. the lote-tree. i lutes were made 
of the wood ; hence, by meton. a flute. 

LubrTcus, a, um, adj. (perhaps fr. labor, to 
slip), slippery; insecure, unsafe; worn 
smooth, very smooth; polished; lubricous, 
slimy; gliding, flowing. 

Luceo, ere, xi, n. (lux), to be light, to emit 
light, to shine, glitter, glisten. 

LucTdus, a, um, adj. (luceo), having light, 
full of light, clear, brilliant, lucid, bright, 
polished. 

Lucifer, a, um, adj. (lux and fero), bringing 



LUCTISONUS. 



MAGNUS. 



light: Lucifer, feri, ra. Lucifer, the morn- 
ing star. 

LuctTsonus, a, um, adj. (luctus and sono), 
mournfully sounding, mournful, sad, 
dismal. 

Luctor, ari, atus, dep. (lucta, a wrestling), 
to wrestle, to struggle, strive, contend; 
strive earnestly. 

Luctus, us, m. (lugeo), mourning, grief, 
affliction; lamentation, wailing; sorrow, 
sadness. 

Lucus, i, m. a grove or thicket sacred to 
some deity, a sacred grove; a wood in 
general. 

Ludo, ere, lusi, lusum, n. and a. to play 
for pastime, to sport, trifle, wanton, di- 
sport; amuse one's self, practise for 
amusement, play; to sport or trifle away; 
to banter, jeer; mock, deceive. 

Liidus, i, m. platy, sport, diversion, pastime, 
amusement, exercise: ludi, games, exer- 
cises. 

Lugeo, ere, xi, n. and a. (At£w), to mourn, 
lament, bewail, deplore, weep for, show 
grief for by outward signs. 

Lugubris, is, e, adj. (lugeo), relating to 
mourning ; in mourning, mourning, 
mournful, sorrowful; doleful, dismal. 

Lumen, inis, n. (for lucimen, from luceo), 
illuminating light, the light; daylight; a 
light; light of life; the sight, the eye; 
brightness. 

Luna, ae, f. (contraction of Lucina, from 
luceo), the moon: also, Luna, the goddess 
of the moon. 

Lunaris, is, e, adj. (luna), of the moon, 
lunar; like the moon. 

Luo, ere, i, Itum, a. (Xvo>), to pay; hence, to 
pay as a recompense or retribution, pay a 
penalty, suffer punishment; to render sa- 
tisfaction, atone for, expiate; to free, 
purge. Also, to wash, wash away (from 
\oico, to wash). 

Lupus, i. m. (Xtwcoj), a wolf. 

Luridus, a, um, adj. very pale, faintly blue, 
livid, foul, ghastly, lurid; making pale, 
making livid. 

Lustro, are, avi, atum, a. (lustrum), to pu- 
rify by religious rites: to review, survey; 
to traverse, wander over. 

Lustrum, i, n. (luo or lavo), a place to bathe 
in; hence, a slough, morass: hence gene- 
rally, haunt of wild beasts, den; also, a 
wood, grove, glade. 

Liitulentus, a, um, adj. (lutum),/uZZ of mud, 
muddy, turbid, dirty. 

Lux, ucis, f. (Av£), the light as around 
us. 

Lyaeus, i, m. (Auaioj), the relaxer, the un- 
bender, the freer from care — a name of 
Bacchus. 

Lycabas, ae, m. a proper name, Lycabas. 

Lycaon, onis, m. son of Pelasgus and the 
nymph Melibcea, and king of Arcadia, 
Lycaon. 

Lycaonius, a, um, pr. adj. of ox pertaining 
to Lycaon. 

Lycaeus, i, m. and Lycoeum, n. (Avkcuoj), a 



mountain in Arcadia, sacred to Jupiter 

and to Pan, now Tetragi. 
Lycia, ae, f. Lycia, a district of Asia Minor, 

between Caria and Pamphylia. 
Lycius, a, um, adj. Lycian, belonging to 

Lycia. 
L> 7 cisca, ae, f. name of a dog, a wolf -hybrid. 
Lycormas, as, m. a river of (Etolia. 
Lycurgus, i, m. a king of Thrace, who had 

all the vines in his kingdom cut down, to 

check the intemperance of his subjects, 

and who is said to have cut off his own 

extremities with the axe he had used in 

destroying the vines. 
Lympha, as, f. (perhaps fr. vvpfyn, A and v 

being interchangeable), water, lymph. 
Lyncides, is, m. either the son of Lynceus, 

a patronymic, or itself a proper name, 

Lyncides. 
Lynx, lyncis, f. and m. a lynx or ounce. 
Lyra, ae, f. (Aupa), a lyre, lute, harp. 

M. 

Macies, ei, f. (maceo, to grow lean), lean- 
ness, meagreness, thinness, lankness. 

Macto, are, avi, a. (obs. mago, fr. wh. also 
magnus and mactus), to augment, enrich; 
immolate, sacrifice; to increase, advance, 
honor; to slay, kill. 

Macula, ae, f. a spot, stain, mark. 

Maculo, are, avi, atum, a. (macula), to spot, 
stain; pollute, defile. 

Maculosus, a, um, adj. (macula), spotted, 
speckled, stained, blotted. 

Madefacio, ere, eci, actum, a. (madeo, 
facio), to wet, moisten, make wet, imbue. 

Madefactus, part. See Madefacio, pass, 
madefio, fr. wh. madefactus. 

Madeo, ere, ui, n. QiaSdco), to be wet, soaked, 
drenched: madens, moistened, drenched, 
bedewed, bathed in, reeking with. 

Madesco, ere, madui, n. (madeo), to become 
moist or wet, to be drenched, to be soaked, 
to become soft. 

MadTdus, a, um, adj. wet, moist, soaked, hu- 
mid: soft, tender; softened, macerated. 

Maenalos, or Maenalus, i, m. and pi. Mae- 
nala, n. (Mai'mAw), a mountain in the 
south-east of Arcadia, on which. was a 
town of the same name, both called after 
a son of Lycaon and Melibcea ; it was 
sacred to Pan. Present name, Menalo, 
or Roino. 

Maeonia, ae, f. a country of Asia Minor. 
Also, Elruria, because settled by Mae- 
onians. 

Maeonius, a, um, adj. Masonian, or Lydian, 
the country having both names. 

MagTcus, a, um, adj. (//ayix-dj), belonging to 
magic, magical. 

MagTs, adv. more; rather: sup. maxTme. 

Magnanimus, a, um, adj. (magnus and 
animus), magnanimous, proud, brave, 
daring. 

Magnus, a, um, (obs. mago, or pfya?), great 
in any respect, as large, weighty, powe\ 
ful, &c. &c. &c. 

2G 349 



MAGUS. 

Magus, i, m. (pa-yog), a wise and learned 
man, a priest and philosopher among the 
Persians: a magician, diviner. 

Maia, ae, (Maia), a daughter of Atlas and 
Pleione, and mother of Mercury by 
Jupiter. 

Majestas, atis, f. (magus, great), greatness, 
majesty, grandeur, dignity. 

Major, or, us, gen. oris, adj. comp. of mag- 
nus, sup. maximus. 

Male, adv. badly, ill, wrongly, wickedly: 
comp. pejus ; sup. pessime. 

Malleus, i, m. a mallet, hammer: also, an 
instrument for slaying the victim in sacri- 
fice, hatchet, axe. Hence English mall. 

Malo, le, lui, irr. (magis and volo), to choose 
rather, to prefer. 

Malum, i, n. any thing evil, evil, misfor- 
tune; evil action, crime; disease. 

Malus, a, um, adj., comp. pejor, sup. pes- 
simus, bad, evil, wicked; baneful; bur- 
densome; unfavorable; mischievous; un- 
seemly, deformed. 

Mando, are, avi, atum, a. (perhaps fr. in 
manum do), to commit to one's charge, en- 
join, command; to consign, confide, in- 
trust. 

Mane, n. indec. the morning, morn. Also 
adv. in the morning. 

Maneo, ere, nsi, nsum, n. and a. (/iw, Dor. 
pavw), to remain; abide; endure, continue, 
be permanent: transitively, to await, ex- 
pect. 

Manes, ium, m. (fr. obs. manus, good), dii 
manes, infernal gods: also, the shades of 
the dead; the abode of the dead. 

Mamfestus, a, um, adj. (fr. manus and old 
vb. fendo), manifest, clear, distinct, appa- 
rent, evident. 

Mano, are, avi, atum, n. to flow, run, 
trickle, drop, distil. 

Manus, us, f. (/*aw, to touch,), the hand: 
also, power; work done with the hand; 
handwriting, style of writing, carving, 
painting, d/C.; an armed force, a body, 
multitude. 

Mare, is, n. (Celtic, mor, the sea), the sea. 

Margo, inis, m. and f. brink, brim, margin, 
border, boundary. 

Marltus, i, m. [properly an adj. us, a, um, 
belonging to marriage] , a husband; affi- 
anced, lover; the male of any pair. 

Marmor, oris, n. (jiappapog), marble; statue 
by metonomy. 

Marmoreus, a, um, adj. (marmor), made of 
marble; like marble, in whiteness, smooth- 
ness, hardness, &c. 

Mars, tis, m. (contracted fr. mavors, or 
formed fr. mas, and signifying manly, 
vigorous), Mars, the god of war: hence, 
battle, war; contest. 

Martius, a, um, adj. belonging to Mars, 
descended of Mars, martial. 

Massa, ae, f. (/*u£w, fr. juda>, paoau, to knead), 
a lump, a mass. 

Mater, ris, f. (/x»jr^p, Dorice party), a mother, 
female that brings forth: also used of the 
earth, plants, &c. 
350 






MEMBRA. 

Materia, as, and Materies, ei, f. (mater), 
matter, material, that out of which any 
thing is formed, elements. 

Maternus, a, um, adj. (mater), motherly, 
maternal, of a mother. 

Matertera, ae, f. (mater), a mother's sister, 
maternal aunt. 

Matrona, 33, f. (mater), a freeborn, respect- 
able married woman, particularly a patri- 
cian lady; a venerable matron; honorable 
wife, consort. 

Maturus, a, um, adj. ripe, mature, of the 
proper age. 

Matutlnus, a, um, adj. (from Matuta, the 
name given by the Romans to the god- 
dess Leucothoe : see Ino), early, in the 
morning, belonging to or of the morning : 
m. radii, the morning sunbeams. 

Mavortius, a, um, adj. (Mavors, same as 
Mars), of Mars, relating to Mars. Pro- 
les Mavortias, the Thebans, because 
sprung from the serpent sacred to or be- 
gotten of Mars. 

MaxTme, adv. sup. of magis, most, in the 
highest degree, remarkably, eminently. 

Maximus, a, um, adj. sup. of magnus. 

MedicabTlis, is, e, adj. (medicor, to heal), 
curable, that may be healed, remediable. 

Medicamen, inis, n. (medicor), a medicine, 
medicament, drug, remedy. 

Medicatus, a, um, part, from medico, medi- 
cated, imbued with medicinal virtues. 

Medicina, ae, f. (properly fem. of adj. medi- 
cinus, scil. ars m.), the art of physic, me- 
dicine. 

Medicus, a, um, adj. (medeor, to heal), 
healing, medicinal, medical. 

MedTus, a, um, adj. (from modus, peo-aidiog 
or peaog), being in the middle or midst; 
mid, middle; half; intervening. 

Medon, onis, m. proper name, Medon. 

Medulla, ae, f. (medius), the marrow; pith 
of plants, herbs, &c. : fig. the inmost 
parts. 

Medusa, ae, f. (MeSovaa, a female ruler), Me- 
dusa, the most noted of the Gorgons. 

Mel, mellis, n. (//eXi), honey: also used for 
any thing very sweet : hence, darling, 
&c. 

Melampus, i, m. (ji&ag, black, novs, foot), 
Blackfoot, name of a dog. 

Melanchaetes, ae, m. (piXag, black, xatrri, hair), 
Blackhair, name of a dog. 

Melaneus, ei, and eos, m. (ps\ag), Black, 
name of a dog ; also of one of the Cen- 
taurs. 

Melanthus, i, m. Melanihus, a proper name. 

Melas, anis, or anos, (/«fXas), black: as a pr. 
n. applied to several rivers, in Phrygia, 
Thrace, Thessaly, &c. 

MelTcerta, ae, m. son of Athamas and Ino, 
changed into the sea-god Palaemon, or 
Portumnus. 

Melior, oris, adj. comp. of bonus, better, 
superior; juster, ki7ider. 

Melius, adv. in comp. deg., pos. bene, sup. 
optime, better, in a better manner. 

Membra, orum, n. pi. members, limbs; divi- 



MEMBRANA. 



MINYEIAS. 



sional parts ; elements ; fig. the tody. 
(Perhaps of the same origin as ncipcj, to 
divide, ptpos, a part, &c.) 

Membrana, ae, f". (membrum), a web or net- 
work of interwoven fibres, a membrane, 
thin skin. 

MemTni, perf. of the obs. vb. memino, same 
as Gr. jivaw, I retain or have retained in 
memory: to recollect. It is used through- 
out the perf. line only. 

Memor, oris, adj. (memini), mindful, re- 
membering, recollecting; grateful. 

MemurabTlis, is, e, adj. (memoro), fit or 
worthy to be mentioned ; memorable, re- 
markable. 

Memoro, ari, avi, atum, a. (memor), to re- 
count, relate, tell. 

Mendax, acis, adj. (mentior, to lie), lying; 
deceitful, false; unfounded, untrue; 
feigned, counterfeited. 

Mens, tis, f. {jib»qs, fr. root //aw), the mind; 
dispositio?i; intellect. 

Mensa, ae, f. (metior), originally, perhaps, 
a surveying board; a (aide in general, 
especially a table to eat on. 

Mensis, is, f. (Gr. iw), a month. 

Mensor, oris, m. (metior), a measurer, sur- 
veyor. 

Mentior, Iri, Itus, dep. to lie, deceive, break 
one 1 s word, tell a falsehood. 

Merces, edis, f. (mereo), hire, wages, pay, 
compensation, reward : profit, gain; in- 
come, revenue. 

Mercurius, i, m. (merx), Mercury, son of 
Jupiter and Maia, herald of the gods ; 
god of eloquence and of peace ; also of 
prudence, of cunning, fraud, gain, &c. ; 
also of merchants. 

Mereo, ere, ui, Ttum, a. and n., and Mereor, 
eri, itus sum, dep. to deserve, merit; to 
earn; to obtain; to serve for pay; to de- 
serve of. 

Mergo, ere, rsi, rsum, a. (mare), to put un- 
der water, sink, dip, plunge, immerse; 
overwhelm., ruin, destroy; hide. 

Merito, adv. (meritus), deservedly, with 
reason, rightly. 

MerTtum, i, n. (meritus), a thing deserved, 
reward; also, punishment: merit, desert; 
grace, favor, kindness; demerit, fault, of- 
fence; worth, importance. 

Meritus, a, um, part. fr. mereo, merited, 
deserved. As adj. fair, fit, reasonable, 
proper. 

Merops, tipis, m. {n?po-dj, distinctly speaking), 
Merops, husband of Clymene, who was 
mother of Phaeton. 

Mersus, a, um, part. fr. mergo. 

Merus, a, um, adj. (perhaps fitipio, to divide), 
pure, unmixed: mere, bare, pure: naked; 
clear, bright. Often as a subs, merum, 
scil. vinum. 

Messenius, a, um, adj. belonging to Mes- 
senia, the south-west province of Pelo- 
ponnesus; or, of Messene, capital of 
Messenia. 

Meta, ae, f. any thing of a conic or pyramidal 
fhape; especially the pyramidal column 



at each end of the Roman Circus, round 
which the horses and chariots turned: 
hence, goal, extremity, place of turning, 
boundary, limit. 

Metior, in, mensus, seldom metitus, dep. 
to mete, measure, survey, take measure of: 
fig. to estimate, judge, value. 

Memo, ere, ui, n. and a. (metus), intr. to be 
afraid, be in doubt, be irresolute, be anx- 
ious: trans, to fear, apprehend; to revere, 
stand in awe of: also, to beware of. 

Metus, us, m. (perhaps fr. /wfloj, battle-din, 
terror), fear, dread; awe. 

Meus, a, um, (£/*<%, n, o^), belonging to me, 
my, mine, my own. 

Mico, are, cui, n. (meo, to move), to move 
quickly, have a tremulous motion, quiver, 
vibrate, palpitate; to tremble, shake; to 
glitter, glisten, sparkle, glance: also, to 
flash forth, spring forth, break forth. 

Miles, Itis, m. and f. (fr. mile, h. e. mille), 
a soldier, a military man. 

Mille, num. adj. (akin to Celtic mil), a 
thousand: pi. millia. 

Milvus, i, m. a bird of prey, a kite; a fish 
of prey ; a sign in the heavens. 

Mimas, amis, m. a rocky and lofty pro- 
montory of Ionia, opposite Chios — now 
Stillari. 

MTna, ae, more used in pi. minae, arum, f. 
(akin to mineo, to hang over, to minor, to 
projtct, &c), the projecting summits of 
the walls of the ancients, battlements: 
hence, threats, menaces. 

Minax, acis, adj. (minor), projecting; threat- 
ening; promising; expressive. 

Minerva, ae, f. otherwise Pallas, the god- 
dess of wisdom, of reason, of arts and 
sciences, and of war, the inventress of 
spinning, weaving, &c, the discoverer 
of the olive. 

Minimus, a, um, adj. sup. of parvus, which 
see. 

Minister, ra, um, adj. (manus), waiting 
upon, attending, ministrant, serving: 
also, minister, tri, m. as a subs, a servant, 
attendant, and ministra, ae, f. subs./ewta/e 
attendant. 

MTnisterium, i, n. (minister), service, attend- 
ance, ministration; office, work, labor. 

Ministro, are, avi, atum, a. (minister), to 
serve, obey, yield obedience to. 

MTnitans, a'ntis, part, of mlnTtor, ari, atus, 
(minor), dep. to threaten, menace. 

Minor, ari, atus sum, dep. (akin to minas), 
to project, tower upwards; threaten, me- 
nace ; to intend, purpose, profess, pro- 
mise. 

Minor, m. and f., minus, n., gen. oris, 
comp. see parvus, lege, smaller, slighter: 
in years, younger: in length, shorter, &c. 

Minus, n. of the above. 

Minus, adv. comp. of parum, less. Also, 
used simply to express deficiency, as, 
minus amatus, not loved, not much loved. 

Mlnycias, ad is, and MinyeTs, Tdos, f. s 
daughter of Minyas. Minyas, son of 
Chryses and Chrysogenia, the fabled 

351 



MINYEIUS. 



MONUMENTUM. 



progenitor of the Minyae, who were a 
race of nobles in Orchemenus. 

Mmyeius, a, um, adj. of or belonging to 
Minyas : M. proles, the daughters of 
Mini/as. 

MlrabTlis, is, e, (miror), to be wondered at, 
wonderful, strange, astonishing: admira- 
ble, extraordinary. 

Mlraculum, i, n. (miror), strangeness, a 
wonder, a miracle, prodigy. 

Mirator, oris, m. (miror), an admirer. 

Miror, ari, atus sum, dep. to wonder, mar- 
vel, be amazed; wonder at, admire; esteem, 
value; to gaze on with admiration. 

Mirus, a, um, adj. (akin to miror), wonder- 
ful, strange, marvellous, admirable, extra- 
ordinary. 

Misceo, ere, ui, mistum and mixtum, a. 
(jut'eryw, same as niywyn, to mix), to mingle, 
intermix, blend; confuse, embroil. 

Miser, a, um, adj.- (by some derived from 
yuokoi, to hate), wretched, miserable, unfor- 
tunate, distressed, woful, piteous: vile. 

MTserabilis, is, e, adj. (miser), pitiable, de- 
serving of commiseration, deplorable, la- 
mentable: plaintive, sorrowful. 

Misereor, en, tus sum, dep. (miser), to pity, 
compassionate, commiserate, have pity 
on. 

Miseror, ari, atus sum, dep. (miser), to de- 
plore, lament, mourn for, bewail; to pity, 
compassionate. 

MTserTmus, a, um, adj. sup. of miser, a, 
um ; which see. 

Missus, a, um, part. fr. mitto, let go, sent, 
thrown, hurled, &c. &c. 

Mistus, a, um, or Mixtus, part, and adj. 
(misceo), mixed, mingled, intermixed, 
blended, tempered, combined. 

Mitis, is, e, adj. mild, soft, tender, mellow; 
calm, placid; gentle, easy, hind. 

Mitto, ere, isi, a. (meo, to go or make go), to 
let go, cause to go; put aside, omit, dis- 
miss, send, despatch, to send forth, pro- 
duce, to throw, discharge, cast, precipitate. 

Moderamen, mis, n. (moderor), that by 
which any thing is governed or guided; 
hence, government, management, direc- 
tion. 

Moderatius, adv. comp. of moderate, mode- 
rately, discreetly, with moderation, gra- 
dually. 

Moderator, oris, m. (moderor), a moderator; 
a governor, ruler, director, guide. 

Moderor, ari, atus sum, dep. (modus), to 
fix a measure for: to set measure to, mo- 
derate, restrain, allay, spare; to manage 
properly, govern, regulate. 

Modestus, a, um, adj. (modus), moderate in 
desire, modest, temperate, discreet, virtu- 
ous, decent, calm, gentle. 

Modicus, a, um, adj. (modus), keeping 
within proper measure, moderate, modest; 
middling, ordinary; small, little, scanty, 
trifling, mean. 

Modo, adv. (modus), only, but; merely: a 
short time since, lately ; now, just now, 
immediately; meanwhile. 

352 



Modus, i, m. a measure, quantity; measure, 
moderation; limit; manner, method. 

Mcenia, ium, n. pi. (akin to munio, to for- 
tify), walls, especially of towns: hence, 
that by which any thing is inclosed, 
towers, ramparts, intrenchments. Often 
for a city. 

Mcereo, ere, ui, n. and a. to mourn, grieve: 
to bewail, lament; to utter mournfully or 
sadly. 

Mcestus, a, um, adj. (mcereo), mourning, 
sad, sorrowful, grieved, afflicted: gloomy; 
boding grief; causing grief. 

Molaris, is, e, adj. (mola, a mill), of a mill: 
henco, molaris, is, as a subs. scil. lapis, 
a mill-stone; hence, any huge stone. 

Moles, is, f. a mass, heap, huge or weighty 
lump. 

Molior, ire, Ttus sum, dep. (moles), to be- 
stir one's self, make a great effort, endea- 
vor to perform, labor, strive, struggle; to 
move with an effort, undertake, design, 
project, plan, attempt : also, to build, 
raise, make. 

Mollesco, ere, n. (mollis), to become soft, 
become mild, soften, grow gentle; to be- 
come effeminate. 

Mollio, ire, ivi and ii, Ttum, a. (mollis), to 
make flexible, pliant, soft; to mollify. 

Mollis, e, adj. (for movilis, from moveo), 
flexible, pliant ; soft ; tender, delicate, 
mild, genial, impressible. 

Molossus, a, um, adj. Molossian, belonging 
to Molossia, a district of Epirus, called 
so after Molossus, son of Pyrrhus and 
Andromache. 

Momentum, i, n. (moveo), a motion or tm- 
pulse; motion, movement; force, moving 
power; a moment or minute; value, 
weight; influence, importance. 

Moneo, ere, ui, Ttum, a. (wwa), to put in 
mind, advise, admonish, warn; to in- 
struct, inform, tell. 

Monitum, i, n. (moneo, to advise), admoni- 
tion, advice, warning, exhortation: pro- 
phecy, forewarning. 

Monitus, us, m. (moneo, to advise), advice, 
admonition, warning; warning by omens 
or dreams. 

Mons, tis, m. a mountain, high hill; a 
quantity. (Perhaps from mineo, to im- 
pend.) 

Monstro, are, avi, a. (moneo), to point out, 
show; to inform, teach, tell: to indicate, 
appoint. 

Monstrum, i, n. (moneo), any thing out of 
nature's ordinary course, a monster, pro- 
digy, a hideous person or thing, a wonder, 
marvel. 

Montanus, a, um, adj. (mons), of or belong- 
ing to a mountain; being or living on 
mountains : mountainous. 

Monticola, a?, m. and f. (mons, colo), an 
inhabitant of the mountains. 

Monumentum and MonTmentum, i, n. (mo- 
neo), a memorial, monument; a tomb, in 
which latter sense monumentum was 
originally, according to Varro, exclu- 



MORA. 



NASCENDUM. 



sively used; a record; a trace or ves- 
tige. 

Mora, ae, f. a delay, hindrance, impediment. 

Mordeo, ere, m5mordi, morsum, a. to bite 
with one's teeth, to chew, to eat; hence, 
to use up, consume; to catch, clasp fast; 
to bite at, censure, satirize; to gnaw, 
grieve, afflict, annoy, corrode with grief. 

Morior, i, mortuus, dep. to die, to expire, 
perish: fig. to vanish, pass away, lose its 
strength. 

Moror, ari, atus sum, dep. (mora, delay), to 
stay, tarry, abide, linger: trans, to detain, 
impede: also, to care for. 

Mors, tis, f. (ji6pos,fate), death; also, Death, 
as a goddess. 

Morsus, us, m. (mordeo), a biting, a bite; 
an eating; a corroding, consuming; grief, 
mortification. 

Mortahs, e, adj. (mors), mortal, subject to 
death ; human, earthly : also, mortal, 
bringing or causing death. 

Morum, i, n. (either from popov, as in the 
following, or from pavpog, black), a mul- 
berry; a blackberry, bramble-berry. 

Morus, i, f. {jiopov, 'the black mulberry), a 
mulberry tree. 

Mos, moris, m. one's will or humor; self- 
will, caprice ; manner, custom, usage, 
fractice, fashion ; demeanor, behavior. 
n pi. especially, morals, character. 

Motus, its, m. (moveo), a moving, motion, 
movement. 

Moveo, ere, i, otum, a. and n. (meo), to 
move, put in motion, shake; affect, im- 
press; incite, excite; remove. 

Mox, adv. (moveo), presently, soon, imme- 
diately, soon after. 

Mucro, onis, m. (perhaps from yuxpos, small), 
the sharp point of any thing; sharp edge; 
point of a sword, a sword; hence, power, 
authority. 

Mngio, ire, ivi and ii, ltum, n. (from the 
sound mu), to low, bellow, as kine : to 
crash, roar, peal. 

Mugltiis, us, m. (mugio), a lowing, bellow- 
ing; a roaring, crashing, loud noise. 

Mulceo, ere, si, sum, a. (^Xyo) for d^Ayo, 
to milk, press gently), to stroke; to soothe, 
calm; fondle, caress, delight; fan; touch; 
breathe through. 

MulcTber, eris and i, m. Vulcan, perhaps 
from mulceo, in the signification, to 
soften. 

Multum, adv. (multus), much, very much, 
very, greatly, frequently. 

Multus, a, um, adj. much, copious, many, 
numerous, frequent. 

Mundus, i, m. [analogous to K6cp.o{\ , orna- 
ment ; the heavens ; the universe, the 
world. 

Munlmen. Tnis, n. (munio), a fortification, 
defence, bulwark, rampart, shelter, protec- 
tion. 

Miinus, eris, n. an office, employment, 
charge; duty; a service, favor; hence, 
last service to the dead, funereal honors 
or rites; a present, a gift. 

45 



Mum'chius, a, um, adj. of Munychia, that 
is, Athenian; Munychia (Mowvxia) being 
one of the harbors at Athens, adjoining 
the Piraeus. 

Murex, Tcis, m. a purple-fish, a species of 
shell-fish with prickly armor and long 
beak; the juice contained in the shell, 
used for dying ; purple. A shell used as 
a trumpet by Triton. 

Murmur, uris, n. (onomatopoeia, mur-mur, 
giving the sound the word expresses), a 
murmur, murmuring noise. 

Murus, i, m. a wall, as of a town; any 
thing serving as a wall; a defence, se- 
curity, protection. 

Muscus, l, m. (jiooxos), moss. 

Mutabilis, is, e, adj. (muto), mutable, 
changeable, unsettled, inconstant, fickle. 

Muto, are, avi, atum, (as if contraction of 
movito), to move, move from, move to; to 
alter, change, transform; to exchange, to 
transfer. 

Mutus," a, um, adj. mute, silent, speechless. 

Mutuus, a, um, adj. (probably fr. muto), 
borrowed, to be returned in an equivalent 
of the same kind; borrowed, lent: mu- 
tual, reciprocal, exchanged, in return. 

M\cale, es, f. a mountain and promontory 
on the coast of Ionia, opposite Samos, 
now Samsoun. 

Mygdonius, a, um, adj. Mygdonian. 

Myrrha, ae, f. daughter of Cinyras and 
mother of Adonis : she was changed 
into the myrrh-tree. 

N. 

Nabathaeus, a, um, adj. of Nabathcea, Na- 
bathasan. [Nabathaea was a district of 
Arabia Petrea, said to have been so 
called from Nabath, son of Ishmael.] 

Nactus, a, um, part, of nanciscor, having 
found, having reached, having attained. 

Nai'as, adis and ados, and Na'is, idis and 
Tdos, f. (vd(o, to flow), a Naiad, water or 
river nymph. 

Nam, conj. denoting causality, for: in in- 
terrogations, then, as, quisnam ? who then ? 
equivalent to yap. 

Namque, conj. for, for certainly, equiva- 
lent to Kai yap. 

Nanciscor, ci, nactus, dep. (from the unused 
verb nancio, or nancior), to find by chance, 
find; reach, obtain. 

Nape, es, f. name of a dog. 

Narcissus, i, m. (SapKiaaos), the ?iarcissus or 
daffodil, [fr. vapxiu), to cause sleep, be- 
cause of its narcotic properties.] Also, 
pr. n. Narcissus, son of Cephisus, changed 
into the foregoing. 

Nares, is, f. and Nares, ium, pi. the nostril t 
nostrils, nose: fig. sweet smell, flowers, 
&c. ; also, delicacy of sense, nicely of 

, judgment. 

Narro, are, avi, atum, a. (gnarus), to tell, 
narrate, report, recount, relate; to say, to 
speak. 

Nascendum. i, ger. from nascor. 

2g2 353 



NASCOR. 



NIMBUS. 



Nascor, ci, natus, dep. (for gnascor, from 
yewaw), to be born, be brought into exist- 
ence; to rise, be produced, spring up, grow. 

Nata, se, f. properly the fem. of the part, 
natus, a daughter. 

Natalis, is, e, adj. (natus), of one's birth, 
natal, native; natural, inborn, innate. 

Nativus, a, um, adj. (natus), born, having 
an origin; native; natural, inartificial; 
inborn, innate. 

Nato, are, avi, atum, a. (no, to float), to 
swim; to sail; to float about, be tossed 
about; to move to and fro. 

Natura, 33, f. (nascor), birth; natural con- 
stitution, disposition, character; nature; 
the universe. 

Natus, i, m. properly m. of part, a son. 

Natus, a, um, part. fr. nascor, born, brought 
forth; sprung, produced; constituted by 
nature, endowed by nature. 

Nauta, se, m. (syncopated fr. navita), a 
sailor, seaman, mariner. 

Navale, is, n. (navis), a dock, dock-yard. 

.Navigo, are, avi, atum, a. and n. (navis 
and ago), to steer, to navigate a ship ; to 
navigate, sail upon or over; to sail: also, 
to swim. 

Travis, is, f. (vavg), a ship, vessel, barque. 

Navita, ae, m. (navis), a sailor, mariner, 
seaman. 

Naxos, i, f. Naxos, an island in the iEgean 
sea, famous for its wines. 

Ne, conj. ([xrj or vfj), that not, lest, in order 
not: whether or not. 

Ne, enclitic interrogative particle, fre- 
quently unrepresented in the English 
question. 

Nebrophonos, i, m. Fawn-killer, Kill-buck, 
name of a dog, [veffpog and cpovog.] 

Nebula, 33, f. (vscbeXri), a mist, vapor, light 
fleecy cloud. 

Nee, (same as neque, of which it is the 
contracted form, usually found before 
consonants), adv. and not: nee neque (or 
nee), as well not, as not; not only not, 
but not; neither, nor. 

Necis, is, rather Nexecis, f. (yhvs, a corse), 
violent death, murder, slaughter: natural 
death. 

Neco, are, avi, atum, and seldom cui, ctum, 
a. (nex), to slay, kill, destroy. 

Necopinus, a, um, adj. (nee, opinus), unex- 
pected, unlooked-for. 

Nectar, aris, n. (vsKrap), nectar, the drink of 
the gods; the balm or balsam of the gods; 
any delightful sweet. 

Nefandus, a, um, adj. (ne and fandus, part, 
of for), not to be named, impious, execra- 
ble, heinous. 

Nefas, n. indecl. (ne, fas), as adj. unlawful, 
criminal, impious : as subs, great crime, 
wickedness, impiety. 

Neglectus, a, um, part, of negligo, also 
adj. neglected, slighted, disregarded. 

Nego, are, avi, atum, a. and n. (ne and ago), 
to say no, deny, refuse; reject. 

Neleus, ei and eos, m. Neleus, king of 
Pylos, and father of Nestor. 
354 



Nemo, mis, m. and f. (ne and homo), no 
one, nobody. 

Nempe, int. to wit, namely, truly. 

Nemus, oris, n. (Gr. vkp.o<,), a wood with 
open lawns; a grove, wood, forest. 

Nephele, es, f. (Netpeh/, fr. vtyog, a cloud), 
Nephele, wife of Athamas, mother of 
Phryxus and Helle. 

Nepos, 5tis, m. (ykos, novus), a grandson: 
poetically, a descendant : a spendthrift, 
prodigal. 

Neptis, tis, f. (nepos), a grand- daughter. 
Veneris n. Ino. Cybeles neptes, the 
Muses. 

Neptunus, i, m. (yn-irronsvog, swimming), Nep- 
tune, the Greek Poseidon, god of the sea, 
son of Saturn, husband of Amphitrite, 
and brother of Jupiter, Juno, and Pluto : 
fig. the sea. 

Neque, same as nee. 

Nequeo, ire, Ivi and ii, irr. n. (ne and queo), 
not to be able, to be unable. 

Nequicquam, adv. (ne and quicquam), in 
vain, fruitlessly, to no purpose. 

Nereis, idis, f. patronymic, daughter of 
Nereus; a Nereid, nymph of the sea. 

Nereus, ei and eos, m. Nereus, an ancient 
sea-god, who, under Neptune, ruled the 
Mediterranean: he was son of Pontus, 
or of Neptune, and husband of Doris. 

Nervus, i, m. (vtvpov), a sinew, nerve, ten- 
don, fibre: hence, effort, strength, force, 
power; a chord, or string. 

Nescio, ire, Ivi and ii, Itum, a. (ne and 
scio), not to know, to be ignorant; not to 
be acquainted with, be ignorant of. 

Nescius, a, um, adj. (ne and scius, know- 
ing), not knowing, ignorant, not con- 
scious; inexperienced, unable. 

Neu, conj. (by apocope from neve, wh. fr. 
ne, vel), nor, neither, and not. 

Neuter, ra, rum, adj. (ne and uter, either), 
neither one nor the other, neither of the 
two, neither. 

NexTlis, is, e, adj. (necto, to knit), knit, tied, 
bound together, wreathed, intwined. 

Nexus, us, m. (necto), a tying, binding, knit~ 
ting, twining, fastening : a tie, fold, link. 

Nexus, a, um, part, of necto, ere, xui and 
xi, xum, a. to tie, link together, intwine, 
knit, connect. 

Niger, gra, um, adj. black, sable, dusky; 
gloomy, dismal, dark; base, villa?wus. 

NTgrans, antis, being or becoming black, 
part, of nigro, are, avi, (from niger). 

Nigresco, ere, grui, n. (niger), to become 
black, become dark. 

Nihil, by apocope for nihilum, n. indec. 
nothing, nought. 

Nil, contraction of nihil. 

Nilus, i, m. (NaXoj), the celebrated river 
of Egypt, the Nile. 

Nimbus, i, m. a violent rain-storm, a sud- 
den heavy shower ; a shower, or great 
number of things falling like rain ; a rain 
or thunder-cloud; a halo surrounding a 
deity on descent to earth ; a cloud ; a 
storm. 



NIMIS. 



NUTANS. 



NTmis, adv. too much, overmuch, too, ex- 
tremely, exceedingly; very much, very 
greatly. ' 

Nlmius, a, um. adj. (mmis), too much, too 
great, excessive; immoderate. 

Ninus, i, m. Ninus, king of Assyria, and 
husband of Semiramis. 

Nisi, (ne, si), conj. if not, unless, except, 
save only, but. 

Niteo, ere, ui, n. to shine, look bright, glit- 
ter, glisten; to be neat, elegant, bright, 
beautiful, disti?iguished; to flourish. 

NTtTdus, a, um, adj. (niteo), shining, bright, 
glittering, glistening ; neat, elegant ; 
sleek, plump; highly cultivated; polished, 
refined. 

Nitor, i, nisus et nixus sum, dep. to labor, 
strive, exert one's self, strenuously endea- 
vor, attempt; to advance with effort, rise; 
to lean upon, be supported by. 

Nitor, oris, m. (niteo), brightness, bril- 
liancy, sheen; elegance, beauty; sleekness, 
plumpness ; excellence; gracefulness. 

NTveus, a, um, adj. (nix), of snow, snowy; 
snow-white; clad in white. 

Nix, nivis, f. (obs. vhp, vi<p6g), snow. 

Nixus, a, um, part, of nitor. 

No, are, avi, atum, n. (via), vaoi), to swim, 
to float; to sail: to fluctuate, undulate. 

Nobilis, e, adj. (fr. yvou), known, well- 
known, notorious: famous, distinguished; 
noble, high-born, great. 

Nocens, tis, part, of noceo. As adj. hurt- 
ful, baneful, destructive; criminal, guilty . 

Noceo, ere, cui, citum, a. (fr. the Syriac), 
to hurt, harm, injure. 

Nocturnus, a, um, adj. (noctu, by night), of 
night, nightly, nocturnal : fit only for 
night, hideous, hateful. 

Nodosus, a, um, adj. (nodus), knotty, knot- 
ted, full of knots. 

Nodus, i, m. a knot, tie, fastening, bond: 
hence, a knotty point, a difficulty: also, a 
joint. 

Nolo, nolle, nolui, irr. (non and volo), to be 
unwilling, to wish not. 

Nomen, nomtnis, n. (for gnomen, from 
yvoui, to know), name, appellation: stock, 
race: character, fame. 

NomTno, are, avi, a. (nomen), to name, call 
by name; nominate, appoint. 

Non, adv. not. 

Nonacrinus, a, um, adj. Nonacrian, i. e. 
Arcadian, from Nonacris, a district and 
city of Arcadia. 

Nondum, adv. (non, dum), not yet, not as 
yet. 

Nonus, a, um, num. adj. (contracted from 
novenus, fr. novem, nine), ninth. 

Nosco, ere, novi, notum, a. (for gnosco, fr. 
yivuxyicu)), to become acquainted with, get a 
knowledge of, to know. 

Noster, tra, um, poss. pron. (nos), our, 
ours, our own. 

Nota, ae, f. (nosco), an impression by which 
a thing is known, a mark, a sign; a cha- 
racter in writing, a writing : also, a 
brand or mark; a spot, a blemish; a proof. 



Notabilis, e, adj. (noto), noteworthy, re- 
markable, attracting notice; observable, 
visible. 

Notltia, ae, f. (notus), knowledge; a notion, 
idea. 

Noto, are, avi, atum, a. (noto), to mark, 
distinguish by a mark; to observe, notice, 
note, remark; to show, indicate, designate. 

Notus, i, m. and Notos, i, (Notos), the south 
wind: also, wind in general. 

Notus, a, um, adj. (nosco), known, well 
known, noted, notorious. 

Novem, adj. indecl. (kvvka), nine. 

Noverca, ae, f. a stepmother. 

Novitas, atis, f. (novus), newness, fresh- 
ness, novelty; want of nobility or long de- 
scent; strangeness. 

Novo, are, avi, atum, a. (novus), to intro- 
duce as new, to invent; to change, to 
renew, to renovate. 

Novus, a, um, adj. new, fresh, strange, 
novel; inexperienced. (Gr. vios, new.) 

Nox, noctis, f. (vi%), night, night-time: fig. 
darkness, obscurity, calamity, bli?idness, 
death. 

Noxa, ae, f. (noceo), hurt, mischief; crime, 
guilt. 

Nubes, is, f. a cloud; a confused mass, 
smoke; cloudiness, darkness; gloominess, 
sadness : a phantom. (Akin to dvo^og, 
v£<po$, KV£<pa$, vt(pe\r].) 

Nubifer, a, um, adj. (nubes, fero), bringing 
clouds, cloud-bearing, cloudy. 

NubTlum, i, n. (nubes), cloudy weather, a 
cloud. 

Niibo, ere, nupsi and nupta sum, a. and n. 
to veil ; hence, of a woman, to marry, 
be married, wed, as brides were deeply 
veiled. 

Nudo, are, avi, atum, a. (nudus), to make 
naked, strip bare, uncover; to strip, spoil. 

Nudus, a, um, adj. naked, bare, uncovered; 
simple, unadorned; spoiled, bereft, desti- 
tute, poor. 

Nullus, a, um, gen. ius, (ne, ullus), adj. 
not any, none, no, nobody, no one. 

Numen, inis, n. (nuo, vebu, to nod), a nod, 
an inclination: hence, will, command, es- 
pecially the divine will: also, divinity, 
divine presence: also, a deity. 

Numero, are, avi, atum, a. (numerus), to 
count, number, reckon, enumerate; to con- 
sider, esteem, account. 

Numerus, i, m. number, the measure of 
quantity, a number of persons or things ; 
a quantity; a multitude. 

Nunc, adv. (for novinque, fr. novus), now, 
at present, at this present time. 

Nuncia, ae, f. (nuncius), a female messen- 
ger. 

Niiper, adv. (for noviper, fr. novus), not 
long ago, newly, lately, recently. 

Nurus, us, f. (vvdg), a son's wife, a daughter- 
in-law: also, a matron. 

Nusquam, adv. (ne and usquam), in no 
place, nowhere; in no way. 
J Nutans, antis, part, of Nuto, are, avi, to 
nod, make signs with the head, to wave, 

355 



NUTRIO. 



OCCURRO. 



toiler, shake, tremble, waver; to hesitate; 
to bend. 

Nutrio, ire, ivi, and ii, itum, a. to suckle, 
nurse, nourish; support, maintain; to 
attend to. 

Nutrix, icis, f. (nutrio), a wet-nurse, nurse; 
any thing that supports, nourishes, or 
cherishes. 

Nutus, us, m. (fr. obs.vb.nuo), a nod, beck, 
wink: hence, will, pleasure. 

Nyctelius, i, m. (Nvkte\m s ), nightly: epithet 
of Bacchus, because the Bacchanalia 
were celebrated by night. 

Nyctimene, es, f. a daughter of Epopeus, 
turned into an owl by Minerva. 

Nympha, ae, and Nymphe, es, (n3//#>j), a 
spouse, bride, wife; the chrysalis or nymph 
of an insect : also, a nymph, an inferior 
divinity, a goddess presiding over the sea, 
mountains, rivers, woods, fountains, &c. 

Nyseis, idis, f. adj. Nysean. Nymphae 
Nyseides, the nymph who nursed Bac- 
chus on Nysa. 

Nyseus, ei and eos, m. a surname of Bac- 
chus, from the town or mountain Nysa. 

o. 

"Obambulo, are, avi, atum, n. (ob and 
ambulo), to walk up and down, pace about, 
walk to and fro. 

Obductus, a, um, part, of Obduco, ere, xi, 
uctum, drawn over, covered, overspread, 
enveloped. 

°Obeo, ire, ivi, and ii, itum, irreg. a. and 
n. (ob and eo), to go or come to, go to 
meet, go against; to go over, traverse; to 
go round, surround, encompass, over- 
spread; to undertake, perform; to undergo. 

Objecto, are, avi, atum, a. (freq. of obji- 
cio), to throw in the way of, oppose; inter- 
pose; to object, upbraid with, cast in one's 
teeth. 

Objicio, ere, jeci, jectum, a. (ob andjacio), 
to throw before, throw to; offer, proffer, 
present; to impart, infuse; to oppose; to 
object, taunt with, cast in one's teeth, up- 
braid, accuse. 

""Obitus, us, m. (obeo), a going to, meeting, 
visiting; a going down, a setting; down- 
fall, ruin; decease,, death. 

Obllquus, a, um, adj. oblique, awry, side- 
long, slanting, transverse; serpentine. 

OblTtus, a, um, part, of Obliviscor, ci, ob- 
lltus, sum, to forget, let slip from the 
memory. 

Oblivium, i, n. (obliviscor), a forgetting, 
for get fulness, oblivion. 

Oburtus, a, um, part, of "Oburior, iri, dep. 
to rise up against, spring up before, to 
rise on a sudden, arise. 

Obruo, ere, iii, iitum, (ob, ruo), to cover 
over, hide in the ground, bury, sink; op- 
press, overwhelm, obscure. 

Obscoenus, a, um, adj. unlucky, inauspi- 
cious; foul, detestable, lewd, obscene, dis- 
gusting, shameful. 

Obscurus, a, um, adj. dark, darksome, 
356 



shady, obscure, gloomy; obscure, hidden; 
unknown. 

Obsequium, ii, n. (obsequor), deference to 
another'' s wishes, submission, compliance, 
complaisance, indulgence, dutiful conduct. 

Obsequor, i, ciitus and quutus, dep. (ob and 
sequor), to comply with, humor, oblige, 
obey, yield, submit to. 

Observo, are, avi, atum, a. and n. (ob and 
servo), to watch, have an eye on, take no- 
tice of; attend to; observe, show venera- 
tion, to venerate, revere. 

Obses, idis, m. and f. (ob, sedeo), a hos- 
tage. 

"Obsideo, ere, edi, essum, n.and a. (oband 
sedeo), to sit or stay anywhere, occupy ; 
to invest, blockade, besiege, to cover, Jill. 

Obsistitur, imp. resistance is made; there 
is opposition. 

Obsisto, ere, stiti, stitum, (ob, sisto), n. to 
place one's self in the way; to obstruct; 
resist, withstand. 

Obsto, are, stiti, statum, n. (ob, sto), to 
stand near, against, in the way; to op- 
pose, obstruct, conflict with. 

Obstrepo, ere, pui, pitum, n. (ob and 
strepo, to make a noise), to make a noise 
at, against, to or before, to din, harass 
with clamor, to interrupt with noise; to 
oppose, impede, disturb; to resound. 

Obstructus, a, um, part, of Obstruo, ere, 
xi, ctum, a. (ob and struo), to build 
against or before; to block up, barricade, 
make impassable; to close up, obstruct. 

Obstupeo, ere, ui, n. (ob and stupeo), to 
become senseless, become stupified, be 
struck with amazement; to be greatly as- 
tonished, to stand agape with wonder. 

Obtiisus, a, um, part, of Obtundor, i, usus, 
or tunsus, blunted, dulled; blunt. 

Obverto T ere, ti, sum, a. (ob and verto), to 
turn towards or against, turn so as to 
face; to turn away, turn in another di- 
rection. 

Obvius, a, um, adj. (ob and via), in the way, 
meeting; offering itself, ready at hand, 
obvious, easy. 

Occasus, us, m. (occido), a going down, 
setting: hence, sunset: also, downfall, 
destruction. 

Occido, ere, cidi, casum, n. (ob, cado), to 
fall down; to go down, sit; to perish, to 
die, to be lost. 

Occidiius, a, um, adj. (occido), setting, going 
down : also, occiduous, ready to fall, 
perishable. 

Occulo, ere, ului, ultum, a. to remove from 
sight, cover, hide, conceal, keep secret. 

Occulte, adv. (occultus, secret), witliout 
being seen, in secret, secretly, privately. 

Occulto, are, avi, atum, a. freq. from Oc- 
culo, to secrete, hide, cover, conceal. 

Occiipo, are, avi, atum, a. (ob and capio), 
to lay hands on, seize forcibly, take pos- 
session of; to occupy, engross. 

Occurro, ere, curri, (seldom ciicurri), cur- 
sum, n. (ob and curro), to go, come, or run 
to meet, to meet; to chance or light upon. 



OCEANUS. 



ORACULUM. 



Oceanus, i, m. (d)Kcav6$), the ocean or main 
sea: also, Oceanus, the Ocean god, son 
of Uranus and Terra. 

Octavus, a, um, adj. (octo, eight), the 
eighth. 

"Oculus, i, m. the eye. 

"Ocyor, or, us, gen, oris, adj. {uxiuv, comp. 
of d)Kvs, swift), comp. swifter, fleeter; 
quicker, sooner. 
Ocyrrhoe, es, f. (wvi3j, swift, and pot, a 
flowing), a proper name, Ocyrrhoe, the 
swift-flowing. 

"Ocyus and Ocius, adv. in comp. deg. 
sooner, more speedily: also, positively, 
speedily, very soon. 

"Oai, def. v. (fr. obs. Odio, ire, Tvi, or odi, 
osum. a. to conceive hatred against), found 
in perfect line only, to have conceived ha- 
tred against, to hate, detest, loathe, abomi- 
nate; to be displeased. 

"Odium, i, n. (oai), hatred, hate, illwill, en- 
mity, aversion; trouble, annoyance, dis- 
gust. 

"Odor, oris, m. (o>, o<5w, to smell), a scent, 
odor, smell. 

"OdorTfer, a, um, adj. (odor and fero), 
bringing odor, spreading perfumes, per- 
fumed, fragrant; producing perfumes, 
spices. 

"Odoro, are, avi, atum, a. (odor), to imbue 
with odor, to perfume. 

Oeagrius, a, um, adj. Oeagrian, Thracian, 
fr. Oeagrus, a king of Thrace. 

(Eta, ae, or GSte, es, f. a mountainous 
range in Thessaly, where Hercules died. 

Offensus, a, um, part, of Offendo, ere, i, 
sum, n. and a. (ob and fendo), to hit 
against, strike against; to commit a fault, 
give offence, displease. Offensus, dis- 
pleased, offended. 

Offero, ferre, obtuli, oblatum, irreg. a. to 
bring to meet one, bring before, present, 
show, oppose; to offer. 

Off Tcium, i, m. (for opificium, or fr. efficio), 
service, kindness, courteousness , respect; 
duty, office. 

"Olenius, a, um, adj. Olenian or JEtolian. 

"Olim, adv. (from ollus, old equiv. of ille), 
once upon a time, formerly, some time 
ago; this long time; hereafter, at another 
time; ever and anon, at times, now and 
then. 

"Olympus, or os, i, m. ("OXu^oj), a name 
common to many mountains, but spe- 
cially to one on the confines of Thessaly 
and Macedonia, said to have been used 
by the Gigantes, in their attempt to build 
up a tower to Heaven. Also represented 
as the especial abode of the gods. 

"Omen, Tnis, n. (on™, to see), that by which 
something future is indicated or foretold; 
an omen, prognostic, sign, a wish; a 
solemn usage. 

OmnTfCr, a, um, adj. (omnis and fero), 
bearing all things, all-bearing. 

OmnTpotens, tis, adj. (omnis, potens), all- 
powerful, almighty, omnipotent. 

Omnis, e, adj. all, every, whole. 



"Onero, are, avi, atum, a. (onus), to load, 
burden, lade, freight; overwhelm; aggra- 
vate. 

"Onerosus, a, um, adj. (onus), burdensome, 
heavy, ponderous; troublesome, oppressive. 

"Onus, eris, n. a burden, load, freight, 
weight; trouble. 

"Opacus, a, um, adj. shady, shaded, afford- 
ing shade; obscure, dark. 

"Operio, ire, rui, rtum, a. to cover, cover 
over; to conceal, veil, hide. 

"Operosus, a, um, adj. (opera), laborious, 
pains-taking, active; costing much labor, 
toilsome, elaborate. Mundi moles ope- 
rosa, the cunningly-built fabric of the 
world: also, efficacious, powerful. 

"Opes, um, f. pi. of Ops, opis, f. See Opis. 

Opheltes, is, m. proper name, Opheltes. 

"Oplfer, a, um, adj. (ops and fero), aid- 
bringing, affording succor or strength. 

"OpTfex, icis, m. and f. (opus and facio), a 
maker, framer, artificer: often, an arti- 
san, artist, mechanic. 

"Oplnus, a, um, adj. not used separately. 
See Necopinus. It is kindred to Opinor, 
to think. 

"Opis, gen. of Ops, f. pi. opes, power, that 
is, means of achieving great things: 
hence, riches, property, substance; troops, 
forces ; influence, interest, weight : 
strength, might, aid; aid, succor. Opis, 
Opes, may, perhaps, be taken to imply 
primarily, the resources of the earth, and 
derived, as was not unusual, from the 
proper name, Ops, the goddess of field- 
produce, and symbol of fertility and 
wealth. 

OppTdum, i, n. a town, a city. 

Oppono, ere, osui, ositum, a. (ob and pono), 
to place opposite, place against, to oppose; 
to expose; to shut to. 

Opportiinus, a, um, adj. (ob and porto), 
convenient, fit, suitable, seasonable, op- 
portune; useful; exposed, liable. 

OpprTmo, ere, essi, ssum, a. (ob and pre- 
mo), to press down; crush down, suppress, 
shackle; to overpower, subdue; oppress; 
to surprise, fall suddenly upon; to close 
by pressure, to shut. 

Opprobrium, ii, m. (ob and probrum, a 
shameful act), reproach, disgrace, dis- 
honor, scandal, infamy; a taunt. 

Ops, opis, f. Ops, sister and wife of Saturn, 
goddess ana mother of field fruits and 
plenty : also called Rhea and Cybele. 

Opto, are, avi, atum, a. and n. (6't™, to see 
or examine), to wish, to express a wish, 
pray for, require; to choose. 

"Opus, indec. subs, and adj. need, necessity, 
necessary, needful. 

"Opus, eris, n. (wu, I busy myself), a work, 
labor, task, performance; toil; art; mili- 
tary work; deed. 

"Ora, se, f. the outside, margin, edge, bound- 
ary; the coast, sea-coast; a district, re- 
gion, clime. 

"Oraculum, i, n. (oro), an answer given by 
inspiration, answer from a deity, an ora- 

357 



ORBIS. 



PALUS. 



cle, a prophecy; the place where oracles 
were delivered. 

Orbis, is, m. a rim, a circle, a ring; a cir- 
cular plane; a globe, the universe. 

"Orbo, are, avi, atum, a. (orbus), to bereave 
of parents or children. 

Orbus, a, um, adj. {pp<p6$, op<pavos, orphaned, 
&c), bereft of parents or children , father- 
less, childless: in a general sense, be- 
reaved, deprived, destitute of, without. 

Orchamus, i, m. Orchamus, a king of Ba- 
bylonia, father of Leucothoe. 

Ordior, iri, orsus sum, dep. (fr. opkw, to 
begin a web), specially, to lay the warp, 
commence to weave or spin: hence, to be- 
gin, commence; begin to speak. 

Ordo, tnis, m. a row, rank, line, series, 
order; rank, class, estate; regularity, me- 
thod. 

"Oresitrophus, i, m. (fyoj, a mountain, rpetpcj, 
to rear), Mountain-bred, name of a hound. 

Orgia, orum, n. pi. (dpyia), the sacred rites, 
festival, or secret revelling in honor of 
Bacchus, orgies : hence generally, any 
secret fanatic rites and revelling; mys- 
teries. 

"Oribasus, i, m. (opo$, mountain, and ffaivoj, 
to go about on), Mountain-rover, name of 
a hound. 

"Oriens, entis, part, of Orior: as a subs, 
scil. o. sol, the rising sun, the day; the 
east. 

"Origo, mis, f. (orior), origin, first begin- 
ning, source; stock, family, descent, 
birth; progenitor, author, founder, crea- 
tor. 

"Orior, Tri and i, ortus sum. dep. to rise, 
arise, appear, become visible; to spring 
up, originate; to be born, descend; to 
commence; to stand up. Of the 3d and 
4th conjugations. 

"Oro, are, avi, atum, n. and a. (os, the 
mouth), to speak, to plead; to beg, entreat, 
beseech, pray. 

"Orontes, is, m. a river of Syria, descend- 
ing from Mount Libanus, and flowing 
through Antioch. 

Orsus, a, um, part, of Ordior, which see. 

Ortus, a, um, part, of Orior, which see. 

Ortus, us, m. (orior), a rising; a springing 
up, origin, beginning, rise; birth. 

Os, oris, n. the mouth: fig. speech, eloquence, 
&cc. : the face, countenance, visage. 

Os, ossis, n. (abbreviation for osteum, fr. 
og-teov, a bone), a bone; the innermost part 
of trees, fruit, $-c. 

Osculum, i, n. (os, the moiith), a little mouth, 
a pretty mouth : hence, a kiss. Oscula 
is often interpreted lips. 

Ossa, as, f. Ossa, a mountain of Thessaly. 

Ostendo, ere, di, sum and turn, a. (obs and 
tendo), to stretch forth before one; to hold 
forth, show, display, let know, disclose, 
make known. 

Ostentum, i, n. (ostendo), something held 
forth: a prodigy, wonderful appearance, 
strange sight, portent. 

Ostium, ii. n. (probably fr. os, a mouth), a 
358 



door, entrance, house-door; any en- 
trance. 

strum, i, n. {oarptov), the juice of a shell- 
fish used for dying purple, purple: hence, 
purple cloth. 

Othrys, ) 7 as, m. Othrys, a mountain range 
of Thessaly, adjoining Pelion, and now 
known by the names of Hellovo, Vari- 
bovo and Goura. 

"Otium, ii, n. leisure, inactivity, unoccu- 

Jned, easy life; retirement, ease. 
vis, is, f. {oi s ), a sheep. 

P. 

Pabulum, i, n. (pasco), /ooi /or cattle, pas- 
ture, fodder: food in general. 

Pacatus, a, um, part. fr. paco, to pacify. 
Adj. peaceful, serene, calm, benign; sub- 
dued. 

Paciscor, ci, pactus, dep. (pacio fr. pax), to 
bargain, conclude an agreement, contract, 
stipulate; to barter, exchange. 

Pactum, i, n. (paciscor), an agreement, con- 
tract, pact, engagement, condition; me- 
thod, means. 

Pactus, a, um, part. fr. paciscor. 

Padus, i, m. the Po, the chief river of Italy. 

Paean, anis, n. (Ilaidv), Apollo, as the god 
of physic : a hymn in honor of Apollo; 
also, of other gods; a paean; a song of 
triumph. 

Paene, or Pene, adv. almost, well-?ngh, 
nearly. 

Palaemon, onis, m. Pala&mon, a sea-god, 
originally Melicerta. 

Palaestinus, a, um, adj. oj c Palestine. Pa- 
leestina was part of Syria. 

Palatium, ii, n. the Palatium, or Palatine 
Hill, in Rome. Hence, the emperors 
having their dwelling there, the imperial 
court, palace. 

Palatum, i, n. the palate, roof of the mouth ; 
taste: the throat, as the organ of speech. 

Palear, aris, n. the skin that hangs down 
from the neck of oxen, the dewlap. 

Palla, ae, f. a large cloak reaching to the 
ankles, and worn chiefly by the Roman 
ladies; a cloak, robe, mantle. 

Pallas, adis and ados, f. Minerva, goddess 
of war and wisdom, &c. ; derived either 
from ttuXXw, and so signifying the bran- 
disher of the cegis, or better, from ndWaj:, 
a maiden, and thus meaning pre-emi- 
nently The Maiden. 

Palleo, ere, lui, n. to be or become pale or 
wan; to lose color, to fade; to fear. 

Pallidus, a, um, adj. (palleo), pale, wan. 

Pallor, oris, m. (palleo), paleness, wanness, 
want of color; fear, terror. 

Palma, 83, f. {nd\ajia), the palm of the hand, 
the hand ; the palm or broad end of an 
oar: also, the palm tree: also, the greater 
shoot of a vine. 

Palmes, Ttis, m. (palma), the shoot, or young 
branch of a vine. 

Palus, udis, f. a marsh, morass, fen, sivamp, 
bog. 



PALUSTRIS. 



PAVOR. 



Palustris, tre, adj. (palus), marshy, fenny, 
swampy; growing in marshes. 

Pamphagus, i, m. (™v and (payeiv), All-de- 
vouring — name of a hound. 

PampTneus, a, um, adj. (pampinus), qfia 
vine-branch or vine leaves, belonging to 
vines. 

Pampinus, i, m. and f. a tender shoot of the 
vine w.ith the leaves, a vine-shoot; a tendril. 

Pan, anos, m. (Uav), Pan, the god of shep- 
herds and mountains. So called from 
his delighting all. 

Pando, ere, di, (pansum and passum), a. to 
open, throw open, open wide; to show, dis- 
cover, expose; to declare. 

Pandrusos, i, f. Pandrosos, daughter of 
Cecrops. 

Pandus, a, um, adj. (pando, to curve), bent, 
curved, bowed, crooked. 

Panope, es, f. Panope, a town of Phocis. 

Panthera, ae, f. a panther, (Gr. -ravdnp, fr. ~av, 
every thing, dr t pao), to hunt). 

Par, aris, adj. equal, even in number, like, 
similar : also, as a subs, a companion, 
consort; competitor. 

Paratus, us, m. (fr. paro), a preparation, 
provision, apparatus, equipment; orna- 
ment. 

Parco, ere, peperci and parci, parcitum and 
parsum, a. (parcus, sparing), to cease, 
give over, abstain; spare, forgive; to use 
sparingly, preserve. 

Parens, entis, m. and f. (pario), a parent, 
father or mother; a progenitor; a rela- 
tive; author, protector. 

Parens, entis, part, from pareo. 

Pareo, ere, ui, Ttum, n. to appear, be pre- 
sent, be at hand: to appear at command, 
be in attendance; to obey, submit to, com- 
ply with, yield to, be subject to. 

Pario, ere, peperi, partum and paritum, a. 
to bring forth young; to generate, beget; 
to produce, yield. 

Paries, etis, \. a wall of a house. 

Parlter, adv. (par), equally, in like manner, 
just so, as well, together. 

Parius, a, um, adj. Parian, belonging to 
Paros, an island in the iEgean sea, famed 
for its white marble, now Paro. 

Parnassius, a, um, adj. Parnassian,belong- 
ing to Parnassus. 

Parnassus, i, m. a mountain of Phocis, rising 
into two peaks, Leucorla and Tithorea. 
Delphi was situated upon it, and it was 
sacred to Apollo and the Muses: now 
Liakura. It was called Larnassus. 

Paro, are, avi, alum, a. to make ready, pre- 
pare, provide, design: to acquire, procure; 
to order, arrange. 

Parrhasis, Tdis, f. adj. Parrhasian: Callisto, 
daughter of the Arcadian king Lycaon. 
Arcadia was called Parrhasian from 
Mount Parrhasus. 

Pars, tis, f. a part, portion, piece, division, 
some. 

PartTceps, ipis, adj. (pars and capio), par- 
taking of, sharing in, participating: as a 
subs, an associate. 



Partim, (an old ace. of pars), adv. partly, in 
part: partim — partim, some — others. 

Partus, us, m. (pario). a bringing forth, de- 
livery; begetting; offspring. 

Parum, adv. comp. minus, sup. minime, 
little; not very, not remarkably. 

Parvus, a, um, adj. (~avpo s , little), comp. 
minor, sup. minimus, little, small : 
young; short: humble. 

Pasco, ere, pavi, pastum, a. (Gr. nd(x)), to 
feed, graze, pasture, eat; to drive to pas- 
ture; to nourish, support; to cherish, in- 
dulge, gratify. 

Pascuum, i, n. (pasco), pasture or grazing- 
ground. pasture, feeding-parks: food for 
cattle, flocks, <§-c. 

Passim, adv. (passus), here and there, at 
random; promiscuously ; every way. 

Pastor, oris, m. (pasco), a herdsman, shep- 
herd, keeper. 

PastGrius, a, um, adj. (pastor), pastoral, 
rustic. 

Passus, us, m. (pando), a pace, step; foot- 
step. 

Passus, a, um, part, of patior, which see. 

Passus, a, um, part, of pando, which see, 
dishevelled, scattered loose. 

Pataraeus, a, um, adj. of Pat ar a, a town of 
Lycia. 

Patefacio, ere, feci, factum, a. (pateo, 
facio), pass, patefio, to make open, throw 
open; to render visible. 

Pateo, ere, ui, n. to be or stand open; to lie 
open, be exposed; to extend, stretch; to be 
clear, open, patent. 

Pater, ris, m. (Gr. ndrfip), a father, sire. 

Paternus, a, um, adj. (pater), of a father, 
fatherly, paternal; sometimes means of 
one's country. 

Patior, pati, passus sum, dep. Oraflsw), to 
bear, suffer, undergo; to bear contentedly: 
to permit, allow. 

Patna, as, f. (patrius), one's native land, 
city, or country, &c. ; place of residence. 

Patrius, a, um, adj. (pater), of a father, be- 
longing to a father, fatherly : (fr. patria), 
of one's country, native. 

Patruelis, is, e, adj. (patruus), of or de- 
scended from a fathers brother, of an 
uncle. 

Patulus, a, um, adj. (pateo), open, standing 
open; wide, spreading, spacious. 

Paulatim, adv. (paulus, little), by little and 
little, by degrees, gradually; insensibly, 
imperceptibly. 

Paulo, adv. (see preceding), little, by a 
little. 

Paulum, adv. (paulus), little, a little. 

Pauper, is, adj. poor; scanty, destitute, 
needy; lowly. 

Paveo, ere, avi, a. and n. (pavio, to beat, 
wh. fr. Traio)), to fear, be afraid of, tremble 
with fear, greatly dread. 

PavTdus, a, um. adj. (paveo), fearful, timo- 
rous, timid; alarmed, panic- struck, terri- 
fied. 

Pavo, onis, m. (Ta-5 S -), a peacock. 

Pavor, oris, m. (paveo), a trembling, fear, 
359 



PAX. 



PERLUO. 



trepidation, beating of the heart from fear; 
hope, joy, &c. 

Pax, cis, f. (pacio, paciscor), an agreement, 
treaty ; peace; favor, grace; leave, per- 
mission. 

Pecten, mis, n. (pecto), a comb: a weaver's 
reed or sley: a wool-card. 

Pecto, ere, pexi, pexui or pectivi, pexum 
and pectitum, a. (nexTcS), to comb, dress 
the hair; to dress fax, card wool. 

Pectus, oris, n. the breast; the heart; mind, 
soul, understanding, memory. 

Pecus, udis, f. (tte/cw, to comb), a sheep; one 
of small cattle in general. Pecus, oris, n. 
sheep, collectively, a herd of sheep : also, 
cattle in general. 

Pegasos or Pegasus, i, m. (Ufiyaao;), a horse 
sprung from the blood of Medusa, and 
named from the springs — nnyai — of ocean, 
where she was called : represented by 
later writers as the winged horse ridden 
by Bellerophon when he slew Chimaera. 

Pejor, us, adj. comp. of malus, worse. 

Pelagus, i, n. (neXayos), the sea. 

Pelion, i, n. and Pelios, i, m. (UfiXiov), a 
mountain in Thessaly. 

Pellex, icis, f. (na\\a%, a maid), a concubine, 
kept-mistress. 

Pellis, is, f. the skin of a beast, the hide; a 
garment or covering made of skins. 

Pello, ere, pepuli, pulsum, a. (Gr. niWcS), to 
drive or chase away, drive out, expel, 
forcibly remove; impel. 

Penates, tium, m. (kindred to penitus), 
guardian deities of the state and of fami- 
lies ; household gods : hence, the house, 
home. 

Pendeo, ere, pependi, pensum, n. (pendo), 
to hang from, on, at, about ; to be sus- 
pended; to impend. 

Pendo, ere, pependi, pensum, a. to xoeigh: 
to ponder, weigh in the mind, consider; to 
value, esteem : as originally payments 
were made by weighed money, to pay, 
discharge : also, to pay a penalty, i. e. 
suffer punishment. 

Pene, adv. See Pcene. 

Peneis, idis, f. adj. of the river Peneus, 
Pene tan. 

PeneTus, a, um, adj. of the river Peneus, 
Pene'ian. 

Peneos, i, and Peneus, i, m. (Ilrjra'o?), the 
Peneus, the chief river of Thessaly, ris- 
ing in Mount Pindus, flowing through 
the vale of Tempe, and emptying into 
the Thermaic Gulf: now the Selimbria. 

Penetrale, is, n. (penetro), the recess or in- 
most part of any place, as of a temple, a 
palace, &c. ; the hidden place, conceal- 
ment, secret. 

Penetro, are, avi, atum, a. (penitus), to 
place or thrust in; to penetrate, pierce, 
make way into, pass into and through; to 
advance as far as, reach. 

Penitus, adv. inwardly, internally; in the 
inmost part, far within; thoroughly, fully, 
utterly, entirely. 

Penna, ae, f. a feather, a quill: also, chiefly 

360 



in the pi., a wing: flight of birds; a bird; 
feathers on an arrow, and hence, an ar- 
row: a pen. 

Pensum, i, n. (pendo, to weigh), a portion 
of wool or flax weighed out for a slave's 
task to dress; a task. 

Pentheus, ei, or eos, m. Pentheus, son of 
Echion and Agave, and king of Thebes, 
torn asunder by his mother and sisters 
in Bacchant fury, because he insulted 
Bacchus. 

Per, prep. (TrdpoS), through; by; by means of; 
during; for; for sake of; by reason of 

Perago, agere, egi, actum, a. (per, ago), to 
conduct, carry or go through; to accom- 
plish; to spend, pass; to pierce. 

Percaleo, ere, ui, n. (per and caleo), to be 
very warm, very hot : to grow warm or 
hot. 

Percenseo, ere, sui, a. (per and censeo), to 
count through, count up, recount; to sur- 
vey, examine. 

Percurro, ere, curri and ciicurri, cursum, 
n. (per and curro), to run through, pass 
all over, to traverse. 

Percussus, a, um, part. fr. Percutio, beaten, 
struck, smitten. 

Percutio, ere, ussi, ussum, a. (per, quatio), 
to strike, beat at, smite. 

Perdo, ere, didi, Ttum, a. (per, do), to de- 
stroy, ruin; to squander, throw money; to 
lose. 

Peregrinus, a, um, adj. (per, ager), foreign, 
strange, alien. 

Pereo, ire, ii, (seldom ivi), ltum, n. (per, 
eo), to perish, be ruined, to die, to be des- 
perately in love with. 

Pererro, are, avi, atum, a. (per and erro), 
to wander through, travel over, pass 
through, survey, examine. 

PerfTdus, a, um, adj. (per and fides), break- 
ing faith, faithless, perfidious, treacher- 
ous, deceitful, unsafe. 

Perfringo, ere, egi, actum, (per, frango"), to 
break through, shatter, shiver in pieces; 
to infringe, violate. 

Perfundo, ere, iidi, usum, a. (per, fundo), to 
sprinkle all over, to wet, moisten ; to 
scatter over. 

Perhorresco, ere, rui, n. and a. (per, hor- 
resco), to shudder greatly , tremble all over: 
trans, to shudder at, bein terror of , greatly 
dread. 

Periculum, i, n. (perior, an obs. vb. fr. wh. 
come peritus, experior, &c), any thing 
by which experience is acquired, instruc- 
tion, lesson, warning; trial, experiment, 
proof; danger, risk, peril. 

Perjiirus, a, um, adj. (per and jus), breaking 
an oath, forswearing, one that perjures 
himself, perjured. 

Perliiceo, ere, uxi, n. (per and luceo), same 
as Pelluceo, to be seen through, be trans- 
parent. 

Perliicidus, a, um, adj. (perluceo), trans- 
parent, translucent, pellucid. 

Perluo, ere, lui, lutum, a. (per and luo), to 
wash, bathe, wash all over. 



PERMATURESCO. 



PINETUM. 



Permaturesco, ere, ui, n. (per and matu- 
resco, to ripen), to become fully ripe. 

Permitto, ere, isi, issum, a. (per, mitto), to 
let go through, let pass, let go; send over; 
throw, discharge; commit, intrust; relin- 
quish, grant, forgive; allow, permit. 

Permulceo, ere, Isi, lsum, lctum, a. (per 
and mulceo), to stroke, stroke smooth, ca- 
ress, charm, soothe, refresh; appease, as- 
suage; to touch softly. 

Perosus, a, um, (per, osus, or odi), part, of 
obs. vb. thoroughly hating, deeply hating: 
pass, deeply hated. 

Perpetior, peti, pessus sum, dep. (per and 
patior), to suffer steadfastly, endure with 
fortitude, abide; to bear, suffer, to expe- 
rience, feel. 

Perpetuus, a, um, adj. (per, peto, thence 
strictly, going through), continuing 
throughout, continuous, unbroken, unin- 
terrupted, whole, lasting, unceasing, per- 
manent. 

Perqulro, ere, quislvi, quTsTtum, a. (per 
and quaero), to search diligently, dili- 
gently inquire for, to investigate, examine. 

Persequor, i, quutus and cutus, dep. (per 
and sequor), to follow, follow after, strive 
after, pursue; to punish, avenge; prose- 
cute; to carry through, execute. 

Perseus, i, m. Perseus, son of Jupiter and 
Danae, the slayer of the Gorgon Medusa, 
rescuer and subsequently husband of 
Andromeda: finally, he became a con- 
stellation. 

Persis, Tdis and Tdos, (adj. f. fr. ncpaucos), as 
a subs. scil. terra, Persia proper, now 
Farsistdn or Fars. 

Perspicio, ere, exi, ectum, a. and n. (per 
and specio), to see through, see into, read 
through, distinguish; to examine fully, 
consider well, inspect; mark well, observe, 
explore, ascertain. 

Perspteuus, a, um, adj. (perspicio), that can 
be seen through; clear, transparent, pel- 
lucid, evident. 

Persto, are, stlti, statum and stTtum, n. 
(per and sto), to stand fast or remain 
standing, persist, persevere, to remain 
constant, endure. 

Perterreo, ere, ui, itum, a. (per and ter- 
reo), to terrify, scare, put in great terror, 
fright away. 

Pertlmeo, ere, or Pertimeso, ere, ui, a. and 
n. (per, timeo), to be greatly afraid or 
alarmed, to greatly fear. 

Pervenio, Ire, eni, entum, (per, venio), n. 
to come quite through, come unto, arrive 
at, reach. 

Pervius, a, um, adj. (per and via), capable 
of being passed through, passed over; 
passable, pervious. 

Pes, pedis, m. (Gr. woC?, n6&os), the foot. 

Pestifer and Pestiferus, a, um, adj. (pestis, 
evil, calamity, and fero), bringing evil, 
pernicious, noxious, baneful, plague-bear- 
ing; deadly, fatal. 

Pestis, is, f. evil, calamity, plague, infection. 

Peto, ere, Ivi and ii, tTtum, a. to siek, ask, 

46 



require, entreat; seek after, seek to attain; 
to aim at, rush at, assail; direct one's 
course to, make for. 

Phaethon, or Phaeton, ontis, m. {<pakQwv, 
i. e. the luminous), properly, an epithet 
of the Sun : Phaethon, son of Apollo and 
Clymene. 

Phaethonteus, a,um, adj. Phaethonian, per- 
taining to Phaethon. 

Phaethusa, as, f. ( (paidovaa, fern, of <p<xiAuv), 
Phaethusa, sister of Phaethon. 

Pharetra, 33, f. (jpapirpa), a quiver, a case of 
arrows. 

Pharetratus, a, um, adj. (pharetra), equip- 
ped with, or wearing a quiver, quivered. 

Pnasis, Tdis, or Tdos, m. a river in Colchis. 

Phiale, es, f. ((pia\r], a drinking-cup), pr. n. 
applied to a nymph. 

Philyreius, a, um, adj. pertaining to Phi- 
lyra, ((jiiXvpa, a linden tree), the mother of 
Chiron. 

Phlegon, onis, m. (<l>\eyw, toburn), pr. n. of 
one of Sol's horses. 

Phoca, as, f. (Gr. 4>cj<t)), a sea-calf, a seal. 

Phocaicus, a,um, adj. belonging toPhocis, a 
district of Greece, between Bceotia and 
iEtolia : also, Arcadian. 

Phocis, Tdis, f. Phocis, a region of Greece, 
in which were Delphi, Parnassus, Heli- 
con, Castalia, and Cephissus. 

Phoebe, es, f. (<!>oipo), the sister of Phoebus, 
Diana, the Moon: hence for night. 

Phoebeius, a, um, adj. (Phoebus), Phcebean, 
pertaining to Phoebus or Apollo. 

Phoebus, i, m. (0o(/?oj, radiant), Phoebus, a 
name of Apollo. 

Phoenix, icis, and pi. Phoenices, um, m. 
and f. Phoenician, of Phoenicia, a port of 
Syria. 

Phorcynis, Tdis or Tdos, f. daughter of 
Phorcys. 

Phorcys, )"dis, or ydos, f. a daughter of 
Phorcys, son of Neptune. 

Phoronis, Tdis or Tdos, f. Io, daughter of 
Inachus. Her brother was named Pho- 
roneus. 

PTceus, a, um, adj. (pix, pitch), of pitch : 
black as pitch, pitch-black. 

Pictus, a, um, part, of pingo, ornamented, 
painted, depicted, adorned with colors ; 
embroidered. 

Pietas, tatis, f. (pius), performance or sense 
of duty: first, to the gods, piety, devo- 
tion; secondly, to parents, children, re- 
latives, country, benefactors, &c, re- 
spect, dutifulness, love, gratitude. 

PTger, gra, grum, adj. going unwillingly, 
unready, slow, inactive, dull, sluggish, 
lingering, tedious. 

PTget, ebat, uit, Ttum, imp. vb. it dis- 
pleases, grieves, pains, irks, disgusts, 
repents, shames. 

Pignus, oris, n. a pledge, pawn, gage; a 
hostage; a stake, a wager. 

Pindus or Pindos, i, m. a lofty mountain 
range of Thessaly, bordering on EpTrus . 
now Agrapha. 

Plnetum, i, n. (pinus), a pine-grove. 

2 H 361 



PINGO. 



POPULUS. 



Pingo, ere, nxi, ctum, a. to paint, depict; 
variegate, diversify, embellish, embroi- 
der. 

Pinguis, is, e, adj. fat, in good condition, 
rich; unctuous, productive, fruitful. 

Pinna, ae, f. a feather; a wing: also, of sea 
animate, a fin. 

Pinus, us and i, f. (rrirvs), the pine, wild vine 
(pinus sylvestris of Linnaeus) : fig. a ship, 
a spear, an oar, &c, made of pine : also, 
the fruit-bearing pine (pinus pinea). 

Pirenis, idis, f. adj. Pirenian, pertaining to 
Pirene, a fountain in the Acrocorinthus, 
or citadel of Corinth, sacred to the 
Muses. 

Piscis, is, m. a fish. German, fisch. 

Pius, a, um, adj. pious, devout, virtuous: 
applied to things sacred: also, pious in 
the relations borne to parents, children, 
country, friends, benefactors. 

Placeo, ere, cui, ltum, n. to please, be 
pleasing, gratify. 

PfacTdus, a, dum, adj. (placeo), quiet, tran- 
quil, mild, soft, agreeable, calm. 

Plaga, ae, f. a tract, region, clime, zone : 
hence, a district, canton. Also, a kind 
of hunter's net for wild beasts. (Usually 
derived from TrAd/coy, a side; but perhaps 
better from n-Aa£, n\&Kog, a plain.) 

Plango, ere, nxi, nctum, a. (tAwcm, to 
strike), to beat with a noise, strike, buffet; 
to beat the breast in grief, to mourn for, 
lament. 

Plangor, oris, m. (plangor), a beating or 
buffeting with noise ; beating of the breast 
in grief, loud mourning. 

Planta, ae, f. any vegetable suited for propa- 
gation, a young plant, slip, set; a scion; 
a young tree, a plant: also, the sole of 
the foot: sometimes for the whole foot. 

Plaudendus, a, um, part, of fut. fr. plaudor, 
pass, of plaudo, ere, si, sum, n. and a. 
intrans. to beat or clap two bodies toge- 
ther ; to applaud. Trans, to make to 
sound by beating, to beat, clap. 

Plaustrum, i, n. a wagon, wain: the constel- 
lation Ursa Major, or Charles's Wain. 

Plausus, us, m. (plaudo), a clapping, noise 
of two bodies struck together, flapping; 
applause, approbation. 

Plebs, ebis, f. (jrMdos, multitude), the com- 
mons, plebeians: the populace, the rabble: 
the inferior crowd. 

Plectrum, i, n. (Gr. nXrjKrpov), the harper's 
quill, with which he struck the chords 
of the harp. 

Plefas, adis, f. one of the Pleiades, seven 
daughters of Atlas and Pleione, who 
were placed by Jupiter among the stars. 
(Usually derived from n\to), to sail, be- 
cause Greek navigation began at the 
rise, and closed at the setting of the 
Pleiads.) 

Pleione, es, f. daughter of Oceanus and 
Tethys, wife of Atlas, and mother of the 
Pleiads. 

Plexus, a, um, adj. (fr. obs. vb. pleo, or fr. 
n\sos, full), full, filled ; thick, distended, 

362 



full-bodied: pregnant; satisfied; abound- 
ing, rich; numerous. 

Pluma, ae, f. a soft feather, down-feather; 
the first beard or down upon the cheeks. 

Plumbum, i, n. lead, something made of 
lead; a bullet or ball. 

Plurimus, a, um, adj. sup. of multus, which 
see. 

Plus, adv. comp. of multo, more. 

Pluvialis, is, e, adj. (pluvia, rain), relating 
to rain, rainy, of rain. 

Pluvius, a, um, adj. (pluo, to rain), rainy, 
bringing or causing rain. 

Poemenis, idis, f. (noinrjv, a shepherd), Keeper, 
name of a dog. 

Poena, ae, f. (noivij), the quit-money for the 
spilling of blood, the ransom-fine, or fine 
paid by the slayer to the relatives of the 
slain, as ransom from all further conse- 
quences — equivalent to the Saxon were- 
geld. Hence it may be interpreted either 
as vengeance or punishment: retribution, 
penalty. 

Poenitet, ebat, tuit, &c, imp. vb. (poena), 
it repenteth, it grieveth. 

Pollex, Tcis, m. (polleo, to be able), the 
thumb: also, the great toe. 

Polluo, ere, ui, iitum, a. (fr. the inseparable 
prep, po [Gr. ttoti] , adding to or strength- 
ening the idea, and luo, to wash), to pol- 
lute, defile, soil, contaminate: violate, dis- 
honor; taint, corrupt. 

Polus, i, m. (ttoAoj, a pivot or axis), the ex- 
tremity of the axle or axis ; the pole : 
sometimes, the whole heavens; hence, the 
celestial globe: also, the polar star. 

Pomarium, i, n. (pomus, an apple), an or- 
chard. 

Pompa,33, f. pomp, solemn procession, train, 
retinue. 

Pomum, i, n. the edible fruit of any tree; 
an apple, pear, plum, peach, &c. : a mul- 
berry. 

Pondus, eris, n. (pendo, to weigh), a weight, 
the weight of a thing; a thing of great 
weight; heaviness, load; burden, autho- 
rity, importance. 

Pone, prep, with an ace. behind: also, adv. 
behind, after, in the rear. 

Pono, ere, posui, positum, a. to put, place, 
lay, set. 

Pontus, i, m. (Gr. ttovtos), the depth: also, 
the sea: particularly applied to the Black 
Sea. 

Papillaris, is, e, adj. (populus), belonging 
to the people: of the same people or town 
or neighborhood, native; associate, fami- 
liar, of the same company. 

Populifer, a, um, adj. (populus and fero), 
bearing poplars. 

Popiilo, ari, avi, atum, a. and Popiilor, ari, 
atus, dep. to depopulate, devastate, ravage, 
destroy. 

Populus, i, m. (for pabulus from pubes), 
the people, apart from the chief magis- 
tracy: the people, embracing all ranks in 
a state; a multitude, large number. 

Populus, i, f. a poplar, poplar-tree. 



PORRIGO. 



PRiESENS. 



PorrTgo, ero, exi, ectum, a. (porro or pro 
and rego), to stretch, reach or spread out, 
extend: fig. to enlarge, protract, continue; 
to lay at full length: also, to hold forth, 
offer. 

Porta, ae, f. a gate; an entrance, inlet, out- 
let; a door, portal. 

Porto, are, avi, atum, a. (obs. poro, mpocj), 
to carry, bear, convey; to bring: fig. to 
import, betoken. 

Portus, us, m. a harbor, haven, port; a place 
of refuge, security or rest, shelter, asy- 
lum. 

Posco, ere, poposci, a. to ask, call for, de- 
mand, importune: the person of whom, 
as well as the thing asked, is put in ace.; 
hence, poscor, / am asked for, with ace. 
of the thing demanded. Poscor is also 
used absolutely, I am called for, required 
to appear. 

Positus, us, m. (pono), a position, situatio?i, 
disposition, arrangement. 

Positus, a, um, part, of pono. 

Possldeo, ere, edi, essum, a. (po, an insepa- 
ble prep, for Gr. noH, to, by, giving the 
idea of power or possession, or strength- 
ening the idea contained in the simple 
verb, and sedeo), to possess, hold, own, 
enjoy; to occupy. 

Possum, posse, potui, potens, irreg. n. 
(potis and sum), to be able, have power, I 
may, I can. 

Post, prep, with ace. and adv. (for ponst, 
fr. pone), after, since; behind, in rear of; 
inferior to; afterwards, subsequently. 

Posterus, a, um, adj. (post), coming after, 
following, ensuing, next: com. posterior, 
coming after, second, latter of two: super, 
postremus or p'ostumus, last, hindmost 
of more than two. 

Postis, is, in. a door-post, jamb; door, gate, 
portal. 

Postquam, ako separately, post quam, conj. 
after, after that, when, as soon as; since, 
whereas. 

Postulo, are, avi, atum, a. for posculo fr. 
posco), to demand, require, crave, desire, 
ask. 

Potens, part, (possum), and adj. comp. 
ntior : super, ntissimus, able, having 
power, capable; efficacious, potent, power- 
ful, strong, mighty, influential, wealthy: 
also, master or mistress of. 

Potentia, ae, f. (potens), power, ability, fa- 
culty, force; efficacy, virtue; authority, 
influence; swuy, dominion. 

Potestas, atis, f. power or ability to do any 
thing, power over, control over; dominion, 
rule; efficacy, force, effect; opportunity; 
permission, leave, license. 

Potio, ire, ivi, itum, a. to put in one's 
power, to subject to: hence, pass, potior, 
to fall under the power of: but more 
usually we find 

Potior, iri, itus sum, as a dep. to be or be- 
come master of, get possession of, acquire, 
obtain; to possess, occupy, have, enjoy. 

Poto, are, avi, atum and potum, a. and n. 



to drink; to imbibe, suck up; to drink 
hard, tipple. 

Prae, prep, with ace. before; in comparison 
with; for, through, by reason of. 

Preebeo, ere, ui, Ttum, a. (prae and habeo), 
to hold before one, hold out; to proffer, 
offer; give up, expose, yield; afford, sup- 
ply, furnish; exhibit, present, show. 

Praeceps, cipltis, adj. (prae and caput), head- 
foremost, headlong; rapid, swift; steep, 
precipitous ; rash, precipitate: Praeceps, 
also as a neut. subs, a precipice: in prae- 
ceps, headlong, down. 

Praecinctus, a, um, part, of Preecingo, ere, 
nxi, (prae and cingo), girt about, begirt, 
surrounded; crowned. 

Praeciptto, are, avi, atum, a. (praeceps), to 
precipitate, tumble headlong; to hurry: 
praecipitor, pass, as if for preecipito me, 
&c. I hurry down. 

Praeclpue, adv. (praecipuus), particularly, 
especially, chiefly, singularly. 

Praecludo, ere, si, sum, a. (prae and claudo), 
to shut up, shut against; to stop, impede, 
preclude. 

Praecordia, orum, pi. n. (prae and cor), the 
diaphragm or midriff; the vitals, the sto- 
mach; the breast, heart: and poet, for 
corpus, the heart, as seat of the affec- 
tions, desires, &c. 

Praecutio, ere, ussi, ussum, a. (prae and 
quatio), to shake, wave, swing or brandish 
before one. 

Praeda, ae, f. (prees, at hand), prey, booty, 
spoil, plunder, pillage; gain, profit, prize. 

Praef ero, ferre, tiili, latum, irreg. a. (pro 
and fero, to bear or carry before; to ex- 
hibit, indicate, manifest, betray; to pre- 
fer, give preference to: and with an infin. 
after it, to choose rather. 

Praefixus, a, um, part, of Praefigo, ere, xi, 
xum, fixed or fastened before, set up in 
front, prefixed; tipped, pointed, headed. 

Praelatus, a, um, part, of Preefero. 

Praelium, i, or Proelium, i, m. a fight, bat- 
tle, engagement; combat, duel; contest, 
strife. 

Praemium, i, n. a reward, recompense; pro- 
fit, advantage; treasure. 

Praenuncius, a, um, adj. (prae and mmcius), 
announcing beforehand, predicting, fore- 
showing. 

Praepes, etis, adj. (prae and peto), swiftly- 
flying, fleet; winged: as subs, a bird: 
p. Jo vis, the eagle. 

Praequestus, a, um, part, of dep. vb. prae- 
queror, i, complaining before. 

Praeruptus, a, um, part. fr. Praerumpo, ere, 
upi, broken or torn off: adj. steep, craggy, 
rugged. 

Praesagium, i, n. (praesagio, to presage), a 
presentiment, presage, forewarning, prog- 
nostic. 

Praesagus, a, um, adj. (prae and sagus, sage), 
foreseeing, presaging, foretelling, pro- 
phetic. 

Praesens, entis, part, of Praesum, and adj. 
present, at hand; prompt, effectual, pow- 

363 



PR^SENTIA. 



PROFUNDUS. 



erful; manifest; resolute, confident, hold; 
aiding, propitious. 

Prsesenria, ae, f. (pragsens), presence; pre- 
sence of mind, collectedness ; efficacy, 
power. 

Praesentio, ire, sensi, sensum, a. (prae and 
sentio), to perceive beforehand, have a pre- 
sentiment of, foresee, presage. 

Praesepe, is, n. (fr. praesepio, to fence), a 
crib, manger; a stall, stable, cattle-shed. 

Praeses, idis, m. and f. (praesideo), sitting 
before, protecting; directing, presiding 
over: as subs, a protector; president. 

Praesignis, is, e, adj. (prae and signo), de- 
signated before others; illustrious, dis- 
tinguished, excellent. 

Praestans, tis, part. fr. Praesto, which see : 
also adj. extraordinary, excellent, distin- 
guished: comp. tior: superl. tissimus. 

Praesto, are, iti, ltum and atum, a. and n. 
(prae and sto), to stand before; to excel, 
surpass, exceed; to stand before, i. e. an- 
swer for, be accountable or responsible 
for, warrant ; hence, to execute, perform, 
make good, discharge: to show, exhibit: 
and hence, furnish, afford. 

Praetentus, a, um, part. fr. praetendo, ere, i, 
stretched forth, extended before one. 

Praeter, prep, with ace. and adv. close by, 
near; before; besides, together with; ex- 
cept, beside, save; past, beyond; against, 
contrary to. 

Praeterea, adv. (praeter and ea), besides, 
moreover, over and above; again, here- 
after. 

Praetereo, iri, ivi and ii, ltum, irr. n. (praeter 
and eo), to go or pass by or over, go past: 
also used transitively, to pass by or along; 
to pass by in silence, to omit, neglect; to 
go by, outstrip, excel, surpass. 

Praevalidus, a, um, adj. (prae and validus), 
very strong, very stout, very powerful. 

Praeverto, ere, ti, sum, a. (prae and verto), 
to turn before, to prefer; to despatch first ; 
to anticipate, prevent. 

Pratum, i, n. a meadow, pasture- ground; 
fig. meadow or pasture-grass. 

Preces. See Prex. 

Precor, ari, atus, dep. (prex), to pray, be- 
seech, entreat, supplicate, invoke; to wish 
well or ill, and hence, to imprecate, to 
curse. 

Prehendo or Prendo, ere, di, sum, a. to 
take, catch, grasp, seize. 

Premo, ere, pressi, pressum, a. topress, press 
upon, press down; to press close, squeeze, 
shut; to cover, hide; to pursue, harass; 
to oppress; to constrain; to arrest. 

Pretiosus, a, um, adj. (pretium), costly, 
valuable, precious. 

Pretium, i, n. worth, value, price, money- 
price; reward. 

Prex, precis, f. a prayer, praying, entreaty: 
more usually in pi. preces : also, a curse, 
imprecation. 

Primo, adv. (primus), at the first, firstly, in 
the first place, first of all. 

Prlmum, adv. (primus), in the beginning, 

364 



first, in the first place, for the first 
time. 

Primus, a, um, adj. sup. of prior, first, fore- 
most; principal, chief; excellent. 

Principium, ii, n. (princeps), a beginning, 
commencement, origin. 

Prior, ior, ius, gen. oris, adj. in comp. : 
sup. primus, former, first, antecedent, 
previous, prior; superior ; foremost of two. 

Priscus, a, um, adj. (Gr. nph), ancient, old, 
antique, former , of olden time. 

Prist in us, a, um, adj. (Gr. nplv), ancient, 
old, former, first, accustomed, wonted, 
pristine. 

Prius, adv. (prior), before, sooner, earlier; 
rather; formerly, previously. 

Prd, prep, with abl. before, in front of, right 
opposite to: and for In, in, on; for, in 
accordance with, in comparison with; for, 
as, as if, instead of, in place of; for, on 
account of, in behalf of , in favor of. 

Probo, are, avi, atum, a. (probus), to ap- 
prove, approve of, assent to ; to try, 
examine ; demonstrate, prove : to value, 
esteem. 

Procedo, ere, essi, essum, n. (pro and cedo), 
to go before, go forth; to come or spring 
forth ; arise, proceed ; to occur : to ad- 
vance, go forward, prosper. 

Procer, eris, m. one of the most distin- 
guished, one of the nobles: more frequent 
in pi. chiefs, nobles. 

Prociil, adv. (procello, to throw, according 
to some), at a distance, whether great 
or small, from a distance; far, afar, aloof. 

Procumbo,*ere, ciibui, ciibitum, n. (pro and 
obs. vb. cumbo), to fall forward, fall 
down, lie down, to prostrate one's self; to 
lean forward; to go to ruin. 

Procus, i, m. (proco, to ask), a wooer, a 
suitor. 

Prodeo, Tre, ii, ltum, irr. n. (pro, eo), to go 
or come forth; appear, spring up; pro- 
ceed. 

Prodo, ere, idi, ltum, a. (pro and do), to 
give forth, bring forth; to piiblish, make 
known, proclaim ; to disclose, betray, act 
treacherously towards; to surrender, deli- 
ver over. 

Prof anus, a, um, adj. (pro and fanum), not 
sacred, common, profane, unholy, unini- 
tiated in the ceremonies or mysteries of a 
deity ; wicked, impious, odious, abomi- 
nable. 

Profecto, adv. (pro and facto), certainly, 
surely, in truth, assuredly. 

Prof icio, ere, feci, ectum, a. (pro and facio), 
to make way forward, advance; make pro- 
gress, advance, profit, increase, obtain. 

ProfTciscor, ci, profectus, n. dep. (pro and 
facio), to set out, to go, march, travel, 
proceed. 

Prufuga, ae, f. strictly fern, of profugus, a 
wanderer, exile. 

Profugus, a, um, adj. (pro and fugio),/ee- 
ing, having fled, fugitive, put to flight, 
banished, exiled. 

Profundus, a, um, adj. (pro and fundus), 



PROGENIES. 



PUGNAX. 



deep; bottomless, profound, immeasurable, 
immoderate: also, high. 

Progenies, ei, f. (pro and gigno), a descent, 
progeny, lineage, family; child, children, 
offspring. 

Pruhlbeo, ere, ui, ltum, a. (porro and 
habeo), to keep off, keep back or away, 
ward off, hinder, debar, prevent, prohibit; 
to defend, protect. 

Proles, is, f. (pro and oleo, to grow), that 
which grows or has grown ; offspring, 
child; descenda?it, posterity: race, stock. 

Promethldes, ae, m. patronymic, son of 
Prometheus. 

Promissum, i, n. (pro and mitto), a thing 
promised, a promise. 

Promitto, ere, isi, issum, a. (pro, mitto), to 
lei go or send forward: to let hang down, 
lengthen, extend; to promise, to vow; to 
predict. 

Promo, £re, mpsi, mptum, a. (pro, emo), 
to take forth, produce; discover, declare, 
relate; bring to light. 

Promptus, a, um, part, of promo : as adj. 
manifest, clear; easy; ready, prepared, 
prompt, zealous, inclined to, bold. 

Promptus, us, n. (promo), a taking forth ; a 
being visible. In promptu, visible, before 
the eyes: also, in readiness, easy. 

Promts, a, um, adj. (Gr. nprivfis), turned for- 
ward, bent forward; running forwards; 
inclining downwards, inclined, disposed, 
prone; favoring. 

Propigo.inis, f. (pro, pango, to plant), that 
which is propagated, a set; a shoot; off- 
spring, race. 

Prope, adv. near, nigh : comp. propius ; 
sup. proxime. 

Propero, are, avi, atum, a. (properus, quick), 
to hasten, make speed, accelerate. 

PrGpinquus, a, um, adj. (prope, near), 
neighboring, near; near at hand; simi- 
lar; near of kin. 

Propior, ior, ius, gen. oris, adj. (prope), a 
comparative from obs. positive, nearer, 
nigher; later; more closely allied, more 
near in resemblance ; more nearly con- 
cerning, closer ; more favorable, more 
suited. 

Prupius, adv. comp. of prope. 

Propusitum, i, n. (propono), design, inten- 
tion, purpose; proposition, theme. 

Pruprius, a, um, adj. peculiar, particular, 
special, private, proper, one's own. 

Prora, ae, f. (-p'pa), the prow or forepart of a 
vessel; poetically, a ship. 

Prdreus, ei and eos, m. (npupa), the prow- 
officer, he that sal at the prow to guide, a 
sub-pilot. 

Prospecto, are, avi, atum, a. (freq. of pro- 
spicio), to look forth, or out ; to view, see 
afar off, gaze upon; to look about; to look 
out for. 

ProspTcio, ere, spexi, spectum, a. (pro and 
specio), to look forward, to see; to com- 
mand a view of; to watch; to lake care, 
provide, use precaution; to see forward, 
see from a distance, foresee. 



Prosum, desse, fui, irr. (pro and sum), to 
do good, to benefit, profit, to conduce, to 
avail. 

Protego, ere, xi, ctum, a. (pro and tego), to 
cover in front, to cover; to defend, protect. 

ProtSro, ere, trlvi, trltum, a. (pro and tero, 
to rub), to tread down before one, to srind 
down, trample on, crush, rub down, wear 
away; to overthrow, defeat, destroy. 

Prdteus, ei and eos, m. Proteus, a sea-god, 
possessed of the faculty of prophecy and 
that of changing himself into various 
shapes. 

Protinus or Protenus (fr. pro or porro, 
tenus), forward, onward, farther on; im- 
mediately after, hereupon, in the next 
place, instantly, forthwith: uninterrupt- 
edly, continually. 

Proturbo, are, avi, atum, a. (pro and turbo), 
to drive or push before one, drive away, 
thrust out, repel, repulse; to throw down. 

Proximus, a, um, adj. sup. of propior, 
which see. 

Prudens, tis, adj. (contraction fr. provi- 
dens), foreseeing, looking to the future, 
foreknowing; advised wilh previous know- 
ledge or intention; cautious, provident, 
discreet, wise; practised, skilful. 

Prulna, ae, f. frozen dew, hoar frost, rime: 
hence, ice, snow, winter. 

Prumosus, a, um, adj. (pruina), full of, or 
covered with, hoar frost; hoary. 

Psecas, ae, f. tyeicas, a drop), Psecas, one of 
Diana's nymphs. 

Pterelas, ae, m. {rrepov,awing),the Winged: 
used as a name for a hound. 

Publlcus, a, um, adj. (as if populicus, fr. 
populus), belonging or relating to the com- 
munity, public, common; general, usual, 
universal; ordinary, trivial. 

Pudet, ebat, uit, imp. v. it shameth: used 
with the ace. of the person, as pudet me, 
lam ashamed. 

Piidibundus, a, um, adj. (pudet), ashamed, 
bashful, modest; shameful, disgraceful. 

Pudlcus, a, um, adj. (pudet), ashamed, 
shamefaced; modest, discreet, chaste, vir- 
tuous. 

Pudor, oris. m. (pudeo), a sense of shame, 
shamefacedness ; regard, respect; honor, 
chastity, modesty; shame, disgrace. 

Puella, ae, f. (fr. puellus, a little boy), a 
young female, single or married, a girl, 
female child; young woman of twelve years 
Or upwards: also, a sweetheart. 

Puer, i, m. (fr. Laconian ireVp, for vaTs, a 
child), any child, male or female : espe- 
cially a boy, male child; a male to the 
twelfth or eighteenth year; a page, young 
attendant or slave. 

Puerilis, e, adj. (puer), puerile, boyish, 
childish. 

Pugna, ae, f. (pugnus, the fist), a battle, 
fight, engagement, combat; contest, dis- 
pute. 

Pugnax, acis, adj. (pugno) , fond of fighting 
pugnacious, warlike, fierce, contentions;' 
ignis aquae p. repugnant. 

2 h 2 365 



PUGNO. 



QUILIBET. 



Pugno, are, avi, atum, n. (pugna), to fight, 
engage, contend, resist; to be at variance, 
inconsistent. 

Pugnus, i, m. a fist: hence, a handful. 

Pulcher, ra, rum, adj. comp. pulchrior, sup. 
pulchiorimus, (properly of many colors, 
7To\vxpoos), beautiful, fair, handsome; ex- 
cellent, noble, glorious. 

Pullus, a, um, adj. (Gr. tteXXos), black, dark, 
blackish, dusky: hence, sad, mournful. 

Pulmo, onis, m. (Gr. wra^on-), the lungs. 

Pulso, are, avi, atum, a. (freq. of Pello, to 
strike, push forward, impel, propel; beat 
at or on; to disturb, agitate. 

Pulsus, a, um, part, of Pello, which see. 

Pulveriilentus, a, um, adj. (pulvis), full of 
dust, dusty, covered with dust; hence, 
attended with or acquired by toil. 

Pulvis, eris, m. and f. dust , powder: fig. the 
field for wrestling, fencing, &c; earth, 
soil. 

Pumex, Tcis, m. a pumice stone; any soft 
or brittle stone. 

Punicus, a, um, adj. Carthaginian; red- 
dish, purple. 

Puppis, is, f. the stern of a ship, the poop: 
fig. the whole ship. 

Purpura, ae, (Gr. Trop^vpa), the shellfish from 
which was obtained the purple dye; purple. 

Purpureus, a, um, adj. (purpura), of purple, 
purple-colored, purple: sometimes dark- 
ish, reddish, violet; clad in purple: also, 
beautiful. 

Purus, a, um, adj. pure, clean, free from 
filth, free from sin or crime: in its natu- 
ral state, naked, simple, inartificial, un- 
adorned, unmixed. 

Piito, are, avi, atum, a. to clean, especially 
with respect to trees : to clear, adjust; 
to count, reckon; to account, suppose, 
thi?ik, esteem. 

Pylius, a, um, adj. Pylian, of or belonging 
to Fylos, a town of the Peloponnesus : 
three towns of that name vied for the 
honor of being the birth-place of Nes- 
tor ; most probably that in Messenia, 
now Navarino. 

Pyramus, i, m. proper name, Pyramus. 

Pyroeis, entis, m. (nvpoeig, fiery), name given 
to one of Sol's horses: also, the planet 
Mars. 

Pyr5pus, i, m. (nvpumos, fire -colored), Pyro- 
pe, mixture of brass and gold ; a pre- 
cious stone, carbuncle. 

Pyrrha, ae, f. {wppa-, flame-colored, fiery), 
Pyrrha, daughter of Epimetheus, and 
wife of Deucalion. 

Pythius, a, um, adj. (Python), Pythian. 

Python, onis, m. a monstrous serpent near 
Delphi, slain by Apollo, who was said 
to have been thence called Pythius, 
Pythian. 

a. 

Qua, adv. (strictly abl. fern, of qui, scil. 
parte), where, wheresoever ; whither: how, 
by what means. 

366 



Quadnjiigus, a, um, adj. (quatuor and ju- 
gum), four horses yoked abreast to one 
chariot. 

Quadrupes, edis, adj. (quatuor and pes), 
fourfooted: as a subst. a quadruped; 
horse, stag, &c. 

Quaero, ere, sivi, situm, a. to seek, look for; 
to seek for, strive to procure; seek and not 
find, miss; to gain, acquire, to ask, in- 
quire; to investigate. 

Quaesltus, a, um, part, of Quaero, sought 
after, &c. Quaesitum, i, n. an inquiry, 
question. 

Qualis, is, e, adj. of what kind, what sort: 
such as, of such kind. 

Quam, adv. and conj. how; how much; as : 
after comp. than: after sup. very, or as, 
as possible. 

Quamvis, conj. and adv. (quam and vis, 
second person of Volo), as much as you 
will, however much, never so; although. 

Quanquam, conj. although, though indeed. 

Quantd, adv. [properly abl. of quantus] , 
by how much, by as much. 

Quantum, adv. [properly neuter of quan- 
tus,] how much, as much as. 

Quantus, a, um, adj. how great, how much: 
tantum, quantum, as much as, as. 

Quare, conj. and adv. (qua and re), by 
which, whereby; for what reason ? on what 
account ? wherefore ? therefore, on which 
account, for which reason, wherefore. 

Quartus, a, um, adj. (rhapTos), fourth. 

Quater, adv. (quatuor), four times. 

Quatio, ere, quassum, [the perfect quassi 
is not met with,] to shake, toss, move 
violently; to affect, agitate; harass, vex; 
to shatter, break in pieces. 

Quatuor, indec. num. adj. four. 

Que, conj. enc. (perhaps fr. re, to which it 
seems nearly equiv.) and, placed after 
the word which in sense follows it. 

Queo, ire, Ivi and ii, ltum, irreg. n. I can, 
am able. 

Quercus, us, f. the oak, oak tree. 

Querela, ae, f. (fr. queror), a lament, com- 
plaint, plaint. 

Queror, i, estus, dep. to lament, complain, 
utter complainingly , to wail. 

Questus, us, m. (queror), a complaining, 
lamentation, wail, complaint. 

Qui, quae, quod, pron. who, which, what; 
both relative and interrogative, but gene- 
rally the former. 

Quia, conj. old n. pi. of quid, because. 

Qulcunque, compound of qui, like which 
it is declined, with the affix cumque or 
cunque, whosoever, whatsoever, whoever. 

QuTdem, conj. indeed: granted, His true: 
and indeed, and thai; at least, assuredly. 

Quies, etis, f. rest, repose, cessation from 
labor; quiet, peace, tranquillity, sleep. 

Quiesco, ere, evi, Stum, n. (quies), to rest, 
cease, be at ease. 

QuIlTbet, quael., quodl. or quidl.. pron. (qui 
and libet, pleases), whoever wills, any one 
you please, it matters not who, every one 
without distinction, any one. 



QUIN. 



REDDO. 



Quin, conj. and adv. (qui and ne, not), that 
not, but that, indeed, really; rather, nay 
rather, why not ? 

Qulni, sb, a, adj. (quinque), five, Jive each. 

Quinque, indec. num. {ntvre), five. 

Quinquennis, is, e, adj. (quinque, anni, 
years), of five years, five years old. 

Quintus, a, um, adj. (quinque), the fifth. 

Quippe, conj. indeed, in fact, to wit, inas- 
much as; forsooth; forasmuch as. 

Quis, quae, quid or quod, pron. interrog. 
Who, which, what. 

Quisquam, quaeq., quidq. or quicq., pron. 
(quis and quam), any, any one, any 
thing. 

Quisque, quaeque, quodque and quidque, 
quicque, pron. (quis, que), every, every 
one, each. 

Quisquis, quaequae, quidquid or quicquid, 
pron. (quis and quis), whosoever, whoever, 
whatsoever, every one who, all that. 

Quo, adv. (from the abl. n. of qui), where; 
wherefore, on which account; whither, to 
what, to whom; to the end that, in order 
that: as. 

Quocunque, adv. to whatever place, whither- 
soever. 

Quondam, adv. (for quundam), at a certain 
time, once, in time past, formerly j at 
times. 

Quuniam, conj. (quom for quum jam), when, 
after that, now that: most frequently, 
since, seeing that. 

Quoque, conj. also, likewise, too, as well. 

Quot, indec. num. how many, as many as: 
in composition, every. 

Quoties, adv. (quot), how often, how many 
times. 



R. 



Rabies, ei, f. (rabio or rabo, to rave), mad- 
ness of beasts : also, of men, blind fury, 
ungovernable rage: fig. fury, rage, of the 
sea, winds, weather, &c. 

Racemus, i, m. (/5d|, payos, a berry), part of 
a bunch of grapes, having some berries on 
one stalk; a cluster. 

Radio, are, avi, atum, n. and a. (radius), 
intrans. to emit rays, throw forth beams, 
radiate, shine : trans, to illuminate, 
brighten, enlighten, illume. 

Radius, ii, m. (by some, from pa(S6os, a rod), 
a rod, staff; a radius; hence, spoke of a 
wheel; a ray of light, a sunbeam. 

Radix, Icis, f. (fr. p%a, a root, or /5d<5i£, a 
branch, the root of a tree, plant, &c.:)fig. 
that on or from which any thing grows. 

Ramus, i, m. a branch, bough, arm of a tree; 
a branch in the figurative sense. 

RapTdus, a, um, adj. (rapio), tearing away, 
hurrying away : rapid, swift, impetuous, 
vehement. 

Rapina, ae, f. (rapio), robbery, rapine, plun- 
dering.- plunder, booty, prey. 

Rapio, Ire, ui, ptum, n. (<V W J «f« w ). to rob, 
plunder, carry off by force; ravish; to 
snatch ; hurry away : part, raptus, a, 



um — vivitur ex rapto, they live by plun- 
der, on things plundered. 

Rapto, are, avi, atum, (rapio), to rob, pil- 
lage, plunder, ravage; take away by force, 
drag away. 

Raptus, us, m. (rapio), a forcible or violent 
taking; a robbing, plundering; a forcible 
abduction. 

Rarus, a, um, adj. rare, thin, not close, not 
thick ; infrequent, scarce, unusual : fig. 
excellent, rare. 

Rastrum, i, n. (rado, to scrape), in pi. tri, m. 
and tra, n. a toothed instrument used in 
agriculture, a rake, harrow ; weeding- 
hook, mattock, hoe, &c. 

Rasus, a, um, (part, of rado, ere, si, sum), 
shaven, scraped, scratched, torn. 

Ratio, onis, f. (reor, to reckon), a reckoning, 
calculation: regard, respect; interest, be- 
nefit ; opinion ; reason, reasonableness, 
wisdom; a measure, method, manner. 

Ratis, is, f. timbers fastened together, a 
float, a raft: hence poetically, a boat or 
ship. 

Ratus, a, um, part, of reor, which see. 

Raucus, a, um, adj. hoarse, harsh, grating, 
disagreeable. 

Recandeo, ere, and Recandesco, ere, ui, n. 
(re and candeo), to become white again; to 
become hot again; to foam. 

RScedo, ere, essi, essum, n. (re and cedo), 
to go back, fall back, retire, recede, give 
ground; to depart, withdraw. 

Recens, tis, adj. fresh, new; lately done, 
made, born, &c. 

Receptus, us, m. part of recipio. 

Recessus, us, m. (recedo), a going back, 
withdrawal, retiring: a retired place, re- 
cess, retreat. 

Recido, ere, Idi, tsum, a. (re, caedo), to cut 
off, cut away, cut down : fig. to reduce, 
retrench. 

Recingo, ere, nxi, nctum, a. (re and cingo), 
to ungird, to loose. 

Recipio, ere, epi, eptum, a. (re and capio), 
to take again, take back, resume, recover; 
to draw back, take to one's self; to re- 
ceive; to accept, undertake. 

Recondo, ere, didi, dltum, a. (re, condo), to 
put together again, lay up, hoard, stow 
away, hide. 

Rector, oris, m. (rego, to rule), director, 
ruler, governor. 

Rectum, i, n. (rectus), right, rectitude, up- 
rightness, justice. 

Rectus, a, um, part, of rego: also adj. 
right, straight; direct, erect, upright, cor- 
rect; regular. 

Recurvatus, a, um, part, of recurvo, are, 
avi, bent back, curved backwards. 

Recurvus, a, um, adj. (re and curvus), bent 
back, curved back, crooked backwards. 

Recuso, are, avi, atum, n. (re and causa), 
to make objection against; to refuse, re- 
ject, decline. 

Reddo, ere, didi, dTtum, a. (re and do), to 
give back, restore, return; give forth, seni 
forth, to render, bestow, pay. 

367 



REDEO. 



REPONO. 



Redeo, ire, ii, and Ivi, ltum, irreg. n. (re, 

eo), to return, come bach; come in, accrue. 
RedTgo, ere, egi, actum, a. (re and ago), to 

drive back, force back, bring back, to re- 
duce. 
Redoleo, ere, ui, n. (re and oleo), to emit a 

smell, to smell, to be redolent. 
Reduce-, ere, xi, ctum, a. (re and duco), to 

bring back, lead back, to restore, to reduce; 

draw back, retract. 
Refello, ere, a. (re, fallo), to remove an il- 
lusion, to confute,' refute, disprove, prove 

false, rebut. 
Ref'ero, ferre, tuli, latum, irreg. a. (re and 

fero), to bring back, give back, retort, re- 
fute, repeat, renew, repay, reply, relate. 
Refugio, ere, ugi, ugitum, a. and n. (re and 

fugio), to flee back, retreat, draw back, 

shrink; to flee from. 
Regalis, e, adj. (rex), kingly, regal, royal, 

princely, magnificent. 
Regallter, adv. (regalio), royally, regally, 

magnificently, in a royal or regal manner. 
Regia, ae, f. (properly Fern, of regius, scil. 

domus), a palace, royal residence, court. 
Regimen, mis, n. (rego), that by which a 

thing is guided or governed, a rudder of 

a ship ; a guiding. 
Reglna, a?, f. (rex), a queen, princess, lady 

of distinction. 
Regio, onis, f. (rego), a direction, a line; a 

boundary line, limit; a region, district, 

territory. 
Regius, a, um, adj. (rex), kingly, royal, 

princely, belonging to or becoming a king. 
Regna, are, avi, atum, a. and n. (regnum), 

to reign, rule, have sway, to ragejincon- 

trolled. 
Regnum, i, n. (rex), sovereignty ; despotism; 

a kingdom, realm. 
Rego, ere, xi, ctum, a. (dpcyw), to direct in 

a straight line, to direct; to regulate, 

manage, guide: hence, to govern, sway, 

rule. 
RejTcio, ere, eci, ectum, a. (re and jacio), 

to fling back, cast in return, throw behind, 

throw away, cast off, reject, neglect. 
Relabor, i, psus sum, dep. (re, labor), to 

slide back; flow back, sail back. 
Relaxo, are, avi, atum, a. (re, laxo), to 

widen again, widen; to ease, relieve; to 

loose, open. 
Relego, ere, egi, ectum, a. (re and lego), 

properly, to take back again, piece by 

piece; to draw back; to wander over again; 

to read again, revise. 
Jtelictus, a, um, part, of relinquo, which 

see. 
Religatus, a, um, part, of religo, are, avi, 

to bend back, to faste?i, to tie, bind. 
Kelinquo, ere, Iqui, ictum, a. (re, linquo), 

to leave behind, to leave; to abandon; to 

omit, neglect. 
Remaneo, ere, nsi, nsum, n. (re and ma- 

neo), to stay behind, to remain, continue, 

abide; endure. 
Reminiscor, isci, dep. (from re and the obs. 

meniscor, which came from obs. meno., 
368 



perf. memini), to remember, to recollect; 
to reflect upon, consider. 

Remissus, a, um, part, of remitto, as adj. 
relaxed, languid, negligent, unguarded. 

Remitto, ettere, isi, issum, a. (re and mit- 
to), to let go back, to send back, throw 
back; to send forth again, send forth, 
throw up: to relax, slacken; to relieve, re- 
lease, free; to remit, permit. 

Remollesco, ere, n. (re and mollesco), to 
become soft again; or, simply, to become 
soft, to be softened, to relent. 

Remoramen, inis, n. (remoror, to delay), a 
stop or hindrance, prevention, delay. 

Remoratus, a, um, part, of remoror, ari, 
atus, intrans. to tarry, delay, stay: trans. 
hinder, obstruct, retard. 

Remotus, a, um, part. fr. removeo: as 
adj. remote. 

Removeo, ere, ovi, otus, a. (re, moveo), to 
move back; to remove, to withdraw. 

Remugio, ire, gi, n. (re and mugio), to bel- 
low again, or in reply, to bellow. 

Remus, i, m. (Eperpos), an oar : also used of 
the wings of birds, the impelling power. 

Renovatus, a, um, part, (renovo, are), re- 
newed, restored; fallowed. 

Reor, reris, ratus sum, dep. (pico), to reckon: 
hence, ratus, taken passively, reckoned, 
thought, considered; to suppose, believe, 
think. 

Repagulum, i, n. (re and pango, to fix), the 
fastening of a door, a bolt, bar, barrier. 

Repandus, a, um, adj. (re and pandus, bent), 
bent back, bent upwards, curved upwards. 

Reparabilis, is, e, adj. (reparo), that may be 
repaired or recovered, reparable, retrieva- 
ble. 

Reparo, are, avi, atum, (re and paro), a. to 
procure again, to recover, repair, restore; 
refit, renew; refresh, recreate, revive. 

Repello, ere, puli, pulsum, a. (re andpello), 
to drive back, repel, repulse, expel; to keep 
off, hinder, push back; reject, refuse. 

Rependo, ere, di, sum, a. (re ana pendo), 
to weigh back, return the same weight; to 
return, repay, reward. 

Repente, adv. (repens, fr. pL™, to incline), 
suddenly, unawares, unexpectedly, hastily. 

Repercussus, a, um, part, of repercutio, 
ere, ussi, a. to strike back, cause to re- 
bound, reflect. 

Reperio, ire, peri, pertum, a. (re, pario), to 
find; discover; to find to be; to obtain; to 
devise. 

Repertus, a, um, part, of reperio, found, 
discovered, ascertained; acquired; in- 
vented. 

Repeto, ere, ivi, and ii, hum, a. (re and 
peto), to ask again, demand as a right; to 
repeat; to go back again; resume. 

Repleo, ere, evi, etum, a. (re and obs. 
pleo), to fill again, replenish; to complete, 
supply; restore, refresh; to satiate, fill. 

Repono, ere, osui, ositum, a. (re, pono), to 
lay or place, back or behind; to keep, re- 
serve; to lay aside, put away; to bury; to 
replace, put or lay down again. 



REPORTO. 



RHAMNUSIA. 



Reporto, are, avi, atum, a. (re, porto), to 
bear, bring or lead back; to report, re- 
peat, relate. 

Reprimo, ere, essi, essum, a. (re and 
premo), to press back; repress, check, re- 
strain, hinder. 

Repugno, are, avi, atum, n. (re and pugno), 
to contend against, resist; to be inconsis- 
tent, repugnant, adverse, incompatible; 
to oppose. 

Repulsa, ae, f. (repello), a being unsuccess- 
ful; a repulse, denial, refusal, rejection. 

RSpulsus, a, um, part, of repello, which 
see. 

Requies, ei and etis, f. (re and quies), rest, 
repose, quiet, refreshment, relaxation. 

Requiesco, ere, evi, etum, n. (re and quies- 
co), to rest, repose, sleep. 

Requlro, ere,isivi, sltum, a. (re-and queero), 
to seek again; to seek for, search for, to 
to seek, to demand. 

Res, rei, f. a thing, in the most extensive 
signification: an action, deed; fact, real- 
ity, &c. &c. 

Rescindo, ere, Tdi, issum, a. (re and scindo), 
to cut, cut off; to destroy, rend; to tear 
open. 

Rescisco, ere, Ivi and ii> Itum, n. (re and 
seisco or scio), to learn again, know 
again; to ascertain, discover, detect. 

Reseratus, a, um, part. fr. resero, are, avi, 
a. to unbolt, unlock, unbar, throw open; 
to discover, disclose; to begin. 

ResTdens, entis, part. pres. of resideo, ere, 
sede, sessum, n. (re and sedeo), to sit; to 
remain behind; to rest, be inactive. 

ResTlio, ire, silui and silii, sultum, n. (re 
and salio), to leap back, to rebound, recoil, 
retire, recede. 

Resisto, £re, stlti, stTtum, n. (re and sisto), 
to step back; to stop, stand still; remain, 
continue; stand firmly, withstand, resist, 
oppose. 

Resolvo, ere, vi, sulutum, a. (re, solvo), to 
untie again, to unbind; to open; to dis- 
solve; to disperse; to enfeeble, to relax, 
delight; to violate. 

Resonabilis, is, e, adj. (resono), resounding, 
re-echoing. 

Res5no, are, avi, n. (re and sono), to sound 
again, sound back, resound, ring back; to 
give forth a sound. 

Resonus, a, um, adj. (resono), resounding, 
re-echoing. 

RtspTcio, ere, spexi. spectum, a. and n. (re 
aiid specio), to look back or behind; to re- 
flect on, recollect: to regard, respect. 

Respiramen, Tnis, n. (respiro, to breathe 
back), a fetching of breath, breathing: 
also, the windpipe. 

Respondeo. ere, di, sum, a. (re and spon- 
deo), to promise in return, to promise; to 
a?iswer, reply; to harmonize, suit; to cor- 
respond. 

Responsum, i, n. (respondeo), an answer, a 
reply. 

RestTtuo, ere, ui, iitum, a. (re and statuo), 
to net up again, replace, restore to its for- 

47 



rner state, put in order again; to renew, 
repair; to give back, return. 

Resto, are, stiti, n. (re and sto), to stay or 
remain behind, to remain, be left, to await; 
to oppose, resist. 

Resumptus, a, um, part. fr. resumo, ere, 
mpsi, a. to take up again, resume; to get 
again, recover. 

Resiipinus, a, um, adj. (re and supinus), 
bent backwards, lying on the back, face 
upward; supine, lying on one's back. 

Resurgo, ere, surrexi, surrectum, n. (re 
and surgo), to rise again, appear again, 
break forth again. 

Retardo, are, avi, a. (re and tardo), to keep 
back, detain, delay, impede, retard. 

Rete, is, n. a net. 

Retendo, ere, di, sum and turn, a. (re and 
tendo), to slacken that which has been 
strained. 

Retento, are, avi, atum, a. (re and tento), 
to try again, attempt again, resume. 

Reticeo, ere, cui, n. (re and taceo), to hold 
one's peace, be silent; not to answer. 

RetTneo, ere, ui, tentum, a. (re and teneo), 
to hold back, keep back, stop, check, re- 
strain, to retain, preserve, keep. 

Retorqueo, ere, si, turn, a. (re and torqueo), 
to writhe or twist back, bend back, turn 
back; to writhe, bend. 

Retracto, are, avi, atum, a. (re and tracto), 
to handle again, feel again ; to take in 
hands again, undertake again; to consi- 
der anew, to repeat. 

Retraho, ere, xi, ctum, a. (re and traho), to 
draw back, withdraw, to bring back, to 
keep^from: to rescue; to draw back: also, 
to conceal, to siippress. 

Retro, adv. behind, on the back side, back- 
wards, back. 

Retroversus, a, um, (part. fr. retroverto, 
ere, ti, a. to turn back), turned about,, 
turned back. 

Revello, ere, i, ulsum, a. (re and vello, to 
pluck), topull away, pluck or tear off; tear 
up, pull open. 

Reverentia, ae, f. (revereor), reverence, re- 
spect; awe, dread. 

Reverto, ere, ti, sum, a., and revertor, ti, 
sus sum, dep. (re and verto), to -turn 
back; return, come back. 

RevTresco, ere, rui, n. (re and vireo, to be 
verdant), to become green again, to recover 
former youth, vigor, liveliness, to become 
young again. 

Revocamen, Tnis, n. (re and voco), a calling 
back, recalling ; a detaining. 

Revoco, are, avi, atum, a. (re and voco), to 
call again, call in return: to call back, 
recall, restore; to revoke, retract. 

Revulsus, a, um, part, from revello, which 
see. 

Rex, egis, m. (rego), properly a ruler, go- 
vernor, director: hence, one holding sove- 
reign power in a state or city, a king, 
monarch, sovereign. 

Rhamnusia, ae, f. properly fern, of Rhamnu- 
sius, a, um, Ehamnusian: soil, dea, the- 

369 



RHANIS. 



SACERDOS. 



• goddess Nemesis, who had a celebrated 

, temple at Rhamnus, in Attica. 

Rhanis, is, (patVw, to sprinkle), Sprinkler, 
name applied to an attendant of Diana. 

Rhenus, i, the Rhine, the celebrated river 
in Germany. 

Rhodanus, i, m. the Rhone, the famous 
river in France. 

Rhodope, es, f. Rhodope, a lofty mountain 
in Thrace. 

Rictus, us, m. (ringor, to open the mouth), 
the aperture of the mouth; the mouth; the 
jaws. 

Rideo, ere, Isi, Isum, n. and a. to laugh, to 
smile, please; to laugh at, deride. 

RTgeo, ere, gui, n. (piytw), to be stiff; to be 
very cold; to be frozen, be benumbed; to be 
straight and bare. 

RTgesco, ere, gui, n. (frequentative of 
rigeo), to stiffen with cold, to become stiff, 
to harden; to stand on end. 

RTgTdus, a, urn, adj. (rigeo), stiff, as with 
cold, benumbed; hence, erect, upright; 
rigid, inflexible, inexorable : also, rough, 
rude ; harsh, severe ; hardy, laborious : 
fierce, savage. 

Rigor, oris, m. (rigeo), stiffness, hardness; 
inflexibility , severity ; rudeness, rough- 
ness, harshness. 

"Rima, ae, f. (probably fr. pnypa, a fracture), 
a fissure, cleft, crack, chink, chasm. 

"Ripa, a?, f. the bank of a river. 

"Risus, us, m, (rideo), a laughing, laughter, 
a laugh; derision. 

Rite, adv. (properly an abl. fr. an obs. nom.) 
in due form, in the proper manner; in the 
usual way ; properly, duly, ^rightly, 
aright, correctly. 

Ritus, us, m. an approved usage, old cus- 
tom, ceremony; any custom, manner, 
fashion. 

Rlvus, i, m. (pew), a small stream of water, a 
brook: fig. a stream, rill, of any thing 
liquid. 

Robur, oris, n, a very hard species of oak: 
used for any strong, solid tree: also, 
hardness; strength, firmness. 

Rogo, are, avi, atum, a. and n. to ask, in- 
quire, demand to know; to request, in- 
treat, solicit, pray, beg. 

Rogus, i, m. a funeral pile, whereon the 
body was burned. 

Romanus, a, um, adj. (Roma), belonging 
to Rome, or the Roman Empire ; Ro- 
man. 

Roresco, ere, n. (roro), to resolve itself into 
dew; to begin to fall as deio. 

Roro, are, avi, atum, n. and a. (ros), to drop 
dew; to drop as dew; to fall drop by drop, 
or in small drops; to be bedewed; to drop, 
trickle; to bedew, moisten, besprinkle. 

Ros, roris, m. (perhaps <5pu<ro f ), dev;; any 
liquid falling like dew. 

Rosa, as, f. (f>6?ov), the rose: fig. rosy red- 
ness; rose ointment; a rosebztsh. 

Rostrum, i, n. (rodo, to gnaw), properly, 
on inslntment to gnaw with; the beak of 
a bird, the snout, muzzle; the beak of a 

370 



ship: Rostra, pi. the public pulpit or 

stage. 
Rota, ae, f. a wheel; poetically, the carriage 

itself; a round body, orb. 
Rotatus, a, um, part, of roto, which see. 
Roto, are, avi, atum, a. and n. (rota), to 

turn a thing round like a wheel, to whirl 

round, swing round, revolve. 
Rubeo, ere, m, n. (ruber, red), to be red, to 

be ruddy; to blush : rubens, red, ruddy, 



Rubesco, ere, bui, n. (rubeo), to become red, 
to redden; to blush. 

Riibetum, i, n. (rubus, a bramble), a bram- 
ble thicket. 

Rublgo, mis, f. rust; rust-spot, rust-color, 
smut-soil; foulness. 

Rubor, oris, m. (rubeo), redness, red color; 
glow, flush, blush; shamefacedness, mo- 
desty. 

Riidens, tis, m. a stout rope, cable. 

Riidis, is, e, adj. unwrought, uncultivated, 
in its native state, unpolished, rude, 
rough; ignorant, unskilled, unpractised, 
inexperienced; unadorned; natural, art- 
less; inelegant. 

Ruga, 33, f. {pvoi, fr. wh. dvrts, a wrinkle), 
a wrinkle, furrow; a fold, plait, in a gar- 
ment. 

RuTna, 33, f. (ruo), fall, downfall, overthrow, 
destruction, disaster, havoc. 

Rumor, oris, m. noise, bustle, gentle rust- 
ling, murmuring, whispering; talk, gos- 
sip, rumor, popular report. 

Rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, a. to break, 
burst; break up, annul; break off, inter- 
rupt; separate, dissever; to mangle, rend, 
tear to death; to break down, exhaust, de- 
bilitate. 

Ruo, ere, ui, nritum and riitum, n. and a. 
(opdio), to rush), to fall down impetuously, 
rush violently, dash down, tumble down, 
fall headlong, issue rapidly, press on; to 
precipitate, dash down, overthrow. 

Rupes, is, f. a rock, cliff, crag. 

Rursus, adv. (contracted fr. revorsus, 
turned back), backwards, back; on the other 
hand, on the contrary; again, afresh, 
anew. 

Rus, ruris, n. the country, fields; a villa, 
farm, country-seat: fig. rusticity, clown- 
ishness. 

Rusticus, a, um, adj. (rus), pertaining to 
the country, rural, rustic; unpolished, 
rude, clownish. 

Rutilus, a, um, adj. red, fiery red, reddish 
yellow, golden red; bright, resplendent. 



s. 



Sacer, ra, um, adj. (perhaps fr. S£a>, to stand 
in awe of), consecrated, holy, sacred to a 
deity: hence, inviolable: also, venerable, 
admirable; consecrated to the infernal 
gods: hence, accursed, doomed; wicked, 
execrable. 

Sacerdos, otis, m. and f. (sacer), a priest 
or priestess. 



SACRA. 

Sacra, orum, n. pi. (sacer), things sacred or J 
consecrated to the gods; sacred rites, sa- 
crifice; sacred utensils, ornaments, &c. 

Sacrilegus, a, um, adj. (sacra, lego), sacri- 
legious, one having committed sacrilege; 
also, despising the gods, impious, profane: 
also, guilty of enormous si?is or crimes, 
accursed, ungodly. 

Saeculum, i. n. (originally seclum, allied to 
secus, sex), a sex, a breed; an age, a ge- 
neration, usually reckoned at thirty-three i 
years; a century. 

Saepe, adv. comp. ius, sup. issime, often, \ 
oftentimes, frequently. 

Saevio, Ire, Ivi, and ii, Itum, n. (saevus), to 
rage, be fierce, madly desire. 

Saevitia, as, f. (saevus), rigor, harshness, > 
severity, cruelty, ferocity, barbarity. 

Saevus, a, um, adj. rigorous, cruel, slern, 
fierce, barbarous; terrible, fearful. 

Sagax, acis, adj. (sagio, to perceive), tracing 
out, perceiving easily, quick; sagacious, \ 
shrewd, ingenious. 

Sagitta, ae, f. an arrow, dart, shaft. 

Sagittlfer, a, um, adj. (sagitta and fero), ; 
bearing arrows, equipped or armed with 
arrows. 

Salio, Ire, Ivi, or ii, and ui, turn, n. and a. 
(aXAo/iflu, to leap), to jump, leap, bound; to 
spring up, shoot up; to throb, palpitate. 

Saltern, adv. on the whole at least; at the 
least, at all events. 

Saltus, us, m. (salio), a leaping, jumping, 
bounding, springing up ; a dancing, 
dance. 

Saltus, iis, m. (Gr. aA<70?), a wooded range 
of mountains, a forest, wood where cattle 
pasture, pasturage. 

Salus, utis, f. (salvus, safe), safety, freedom 
from injury; health, welfare, prosperity; 
security: also, greeting, salutation. 

Salutifer, a, um, adj. (salus and fero), 
bringing health or safety, salubrious, 
healthful, wholesome. 

Saluto, are, avi, atum, a. (salus), to salute, 
greet, wish health or prosperity to; pay 
respects to; reverence. 

Salve and Salvete, imp. of Salveo, of which 
these, and salvebis, salvere, are generally 
the only parts found: used in greeting, 
wishing, and taking leave, hail; how fare 
you, God save you, best wishes to you; 
adieu. 

Sanctus, a, um, (part. fr. sancio, to conse- 
crate), adj. sacred, consecrated, inviolable; 
holy, divine, venerable; pious, upright, 
innocent, virtuous. 

Sanguineus, a, um, adj. (sanguis), consist- 
ing of blood, bloody, bloodstained; blood 
red; bloodthirsty, sanguinary. 

Sanguis, Tnis, m. blood: fig. vigor, spirit: 
also, natural juices, sap, Sec. ; kindred, 
race, descent. 

Sanies, ei, f. (akin to sanguis), bloody mat- 
ter, corrupted blood or humor, (not formed 
into pus); blood, clots of blood. 

Sanus, a, um, adj. (ffdoj), sound in health, 
whole, sane; sound, in proper and good 



SCOPULUS. 

condition ; sound in mind, in one's 
senses, discreet, wise. 

Sapienter, adv. (sapiens), with taste; dis- 
creetly, wisely: also, generously. 

Sit, adv. for satis, sufficiently, enough. 

Satio, are, avi, atum, a. (satis), to fill with 
food and drink; to satisfy, sate, satiate; 
to saturate; to content: also, to overfill, 
to glut; hence, to disgust. 

Satis, adv. enough, sufficiently: as adj. suf- 
ficient, enough. 

Saturn, i, n. (properly the neuter of satus, 
part, of sero, to sow, to plant), sowed vege- 
table, especially that germinating, crop, 
plantation. 

Saturnia, ae, f. scil. filia, Juno, daughter of 
Saturn. 

Saturnius, a, um, adj. of or belonging to 
Sa'urn, Saturnian: also, borji of Saturn. 

Saturnus, i, m. pr. n. Saturn, an indige- 
nous god of the Latins, presiding over 
sowing and planting (from satus, sowing), 
and having Ops (the Earth) for his wife, 
but afterwards confounded with the Gr. 
K/>6;<o f . and represented as father of Jupi- 
ter, Pluto, Neptune, Juno, Ceres, &c. 

Satur, a, um, adj. (satis), full, full of food, 
sated, satiated, satisfied; abundant, plen- 
tiful, rich. 

Satus, a, um, adj. part, from sero, ere, evi, 
satum, produced, begotten, bom of, brought 
forth. 

Sat)TUS, i, m. (<7dn>poj), a satyr, one of the 
sylvan semi-gods, represented with long 
pointed ears, and small knobs like horns 
behind them, goat's legs and tail. 

Saucius, a, um, adj. wounded, injured, 
wounded in mind; pained, troubled, sad, 
love-sick. 

Saxeus, a, um, adj. (saxum), rocky, stony, 
of rock or stone: hard-hearted, flinty, ob- 
durate. 

Saxum, i, n. a rock; a stone, a large 
stone. 

Sceleratus, a, um, (part. fr. scelero), adj. 
polluted by wickedness, impious, mfamous, 
detestable; accursed. 

Scelus, eris, n. an enormity, a crime, impi- 
ous act; villany, knavery; wickedness, 
malice. 

Sceptrum, i, n. (pKr\irT(,ov), that on which one 
leans; a staff; a sceptre. 

Scilicet, adv. (scire, licet), it is plain to be 
seen, it is easily known, it is manifest; 
truly, verily, assuredly, doubtlessly : to 
wit, namely, that is to say. 

Scindo, ere, scidi, scissum, a. (<na*w, to 
split), to split, cut, rend, sever by force; to 
tear open; to divide, separate. 

Scio, Ire, Ivi, and ii, Itum, a. to know; to 
understand ; to learn. 

Scissus, a, um, part, of scindo, which see. 

Scltor, ari, atus, dep. (scio), to be anxious to 
know, to inquire, ask, question, demand, 
consult. 

Scupulus, i, m. (Gr. oicfatXo;), a projecting 
height affording a distant view, a moun- 
tain-peak, high rock, a cliff: poetically, 

371 



SCORPIOS. 



SERIES. 



any large stone : particularly, a cliff or 
bluff o?i the sea-shore. 

Scorpios, ii, m. (Gr. aKopnios), a scorpion: 
the Scorpion, the zodiacal sign. 

Scythia, 33, f. Scythia, the country of the 
Scythians in northern Europe and Asia. 

Secedo, ere, cessi, cessurn, n. (se, insep. 
prep, apart, and cedo), to go apart, to re- 
tire, withdraw, retreat, secede. 

Secerno, ere, crevi, cretuni, a. (se and cer- 
no), to put apart, place asunder, separate, 
sever, divide, distinguish. 

Secius, adv. comp. of adv. secus, otherwise, 
differently. 

Seco, are, ui, turn, a. to cut, cut off, to 
wound, to pain, torment; satirize: to se- 
parate, decide, determine; divide. 

Secretus, a, urn, part, from secerno, as adj. 
separate, apart, remote, secret, solitary. 

Seculum, same as saeculum, which see. 

Secundum, adv. (se'cundus), after, imme- 
diately after, just following: in the next 
or second place : prep, nigh, near; by, 
along; close after; according to, in con- 
formity with. 

Secundus, a, um, adj. (sequor), following; 
after the first, the second; going after, 
quickly or closely following ; favoring, 
favorable; prosperous, successful. 

Securis, is, f. (seco), an axe, a chopping- 
knife. 

Securus, a, um, adj. (se, that is, sine, cura), 
secure, undisturbed, without anxiety; not 
to be feared. 

Secus, adv. (seco), not so, otherwise, differ- 
ently. 

Secutus, a, um, part of sequor, which see. 

Sed, conj. but : not always adversative, but 
frequently used for connection in the 
sense of now, I say, &c. 

Sedeo, ere, edi, sessum, n. (eSo s , a seat), 
seldom a. to sit, take a seat; sit close, 
firm, fast; continue, abide, 

Sedes, is, f. (sedeo or U05), a seat; abode, 
settlement, spot; also, base, foundation. 

Sedo, are, avi, atum, n. (perhaps sedeo), to 
cause to settle down ; to allay, appease, 
pacify, assuage, mitigate, soothe, alleviate, 
settle, stay, check. 

Seduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (se, apart, and 
duco), to lead apart; to put aside, appro- 
priate; to separate, divide; to remove; to 
withdraw. 

Seges, etis, f. (perhaps fr. tckm, t(xtw), that 
which is produced, young growth; stand- 
ing corn, a crop. 

Segnis, is, e, adj. (se, for sine, and ignis), 
without spirit or energy, inactive, slow, 
indolent, sluggish, heavy, lazy. 

Semel, adv. once. 

Sfmele, es, f. Semele, daughter of Cadmus, 
beloved of Jupiter, and to him mother 
of Bacchus. 

Semen, Tnis, n. (fr. segmen, a piece cut off 
[qu.] ), any thing that is or may be sown 
or planted; seed; a shoot; first cause, 
origin, source; offspring, progeny. 

Semesus, a, um, adj. (semi, half, and esus, 
372 



from edo, to eat), half-eaten, gnawed, 
partly-consumed. 

SemTdeus, i, m. and semidea, se, f. (semi, 
half, deus), a demigod. 

Semifer, a, um, adj. (semi, half, and ferus), 
half-beast, an epithet of the Centaurs. 

SemTnecis, e, adj. (semi, nex, violent death), 
half -slain, half- dead ; not yet cold in 
death. 

Semiramis, idis, f. Semiramis, the cele- 
brated queen of Assyria, wife and suc- 
cessor of Ninus, the founder of Babylon. 

SemTvir, Tri, m. (semi and vir), a half man; 
an effeminate, womanish person. 

Semper, adv. (semel, per), once for all, al- 
ways, ever, continually. 

Senecta. 33, f. (senex), age, old age; long 
duration. 

Senex, gen. senis, adj. comp. senior, aged, 
old, advanced in years, ancient. 

Sensim, adv. (sentio), by little and little, 
imperceptibly , insensibly, gradually. 

Sensus, us, m. (sentio), sensation, feeling, 
perception, sense; faculty of perception; 
emotion, affection, passion; understand- 
ing, comprehension, idea, consciousness. 

Sententia, ae, f. (sentio), opinion, thought, 
judgment, decision, sentence, resolution; 
meaning, expression. 

Sentio, ire, sensi, sum. a. to discern by the 
senses, perceive, feel, experience, suffer; 
to observe, discern, notice, discover; to 
think, be of opinion, conceive, judge. 

Sentis, is, m. and f. a brier, bramble, 
thorn. 

Sentus, a, um, adj. (sentis, a bramble), 
thorny, brambly, rugged, rough, unculti- 
vated. 

Separo, are, avi, atum, a. (se and paro), to 
separate, part, divide. 

Sepes, is, f. (by some from crnKog, an enclo- 
sure), a fence, hedge; enclosure. 

Sep5no, ere, usui, ositum, a. (se and pono), 
to place apart, set aside, lay by, reserve; 
lay aside, dismiss; to remove; to distin- 
guish. 

Septem, indec. adj. (enra), seven. 

Septemfiuus, a, um, adj. (septem andfluo), 
flowing sevenfold, having seven mouths. 

Septemtrio, or Septentrio, onis, m. (sep- 
tem and trio), pi. septemtriones, the seven 
plough-oxen: hence, from resemblance, 
the seven stars of the constellation Arctos ; 
the Great Bear; Charles' Wain. 

Septeni, 83, a, adj. pi. (septem), distributive, 
seven, seven each. 

SeptTmus, a, um, adj. ord. (septem), 
seventh. 

Sepulcrum, i, n. (sepelio, to inter), a grave: 
also, fig. a corpse, or the soul of the de- 
parted. 

Sequor, i, quiitus and cutus, dep. (ho/iai), 
to come after, follow; be consequent upon; 
to pursue; to ensue. 

Serenus, a, um, adj. calm and clear, v)ithout 
clouds and rain, fair, bright, serene: fig. 
cheerful, gladsome. 

Series, ei, f. (sero, to link together), a row 



SERIUS. 



SISTO. 



number, series, order; lineage, line of 
descent. 

Seriiis, adv. comp. of sere or sero, later, 
more lately, too late. 

Sermo, orris, m. (sero, to sow), any thing 
spoken, a discourse; hence, a common 
talk, town's talk; conversation; a speech, 
oration; an essay. 

Sero, (properly abl. of serus), adv. late, too 
late. 

Sero, ere, evi, atum, a. to sow, produce, in- 
troduce. 

Serpens, entis, m. and f. (serpo, to creep), a 
creeping animal; a serpent. 

Serpo, ere, rpsi, rptum, n. (Gr. £/wr&>), to 
creep, crawl, slide on the belly; to move 
imperceptibly, to spread gradually. 

Sertum, ti, n. (sero, to bind together), a 
garland, festoon. 

Serus, a, um, adj. late: also, aged, slow, 
protracted; too late, useless. 

Servitor, oris, m. (servo), a saviour, pre- 
server, deliverer. 

Servaturus, a, um, fut. part, servo, about to 
save, preserve. 

Servio, ire, Ivi, and ii, "itum, n. (servus), to 
be a slave, act as servant, to be subject to; 
to serve for, that is, be fit for, or used 
for; to gratify, indulge, please; to pay 
attention to. 

Servltium, ii, n. (servus), slavery, servitude, 
bondage. 

Servo, are, avi, atum, a. (tpvco, to guard), to 
observe, watch, wait for, guard, keep, 
maintain, preserve, retain. 

Seta, 33, f. stiff, rough hair; bristle; an 
angling line. 

Seu, conj. (fr. sive), whether, or. 

Severus, a, um, adj. (se and verus), sepa- 
rating the truth: hence, serious, strict, 
severe; harsh, cruel. 

Sevoco, are, avi, atum, a. (se and voco), to 
call apart or aside, to withdraw. 

Sex, adj. num. (££), six. 

Si, conj. if. 

Sibilo, are, avi, atum, n. to hiss. 

SibTlum, i, n. and sibilus, i, m. (from the 
sound), a hissing, whistling, whizzing. 

Sic, adv. so, thus, in like manner, in this 
way. 

Sicco, are, avi, atum, a. to dry, make dry; 
to drink up, empty; to milk. 

Siccus, a, um, adj. dry, without moisture; 
thirsty, dry with thirst; cold, dull of feel- 
ing. 

Sicut, conj. (sic and uti), so as, just as, as, 
as if. 

STcyonius, a, um, adj. pertaining to the 
town Sicyon, in Achaia, Sicyonian. 

Sldereus, a, um, adj. (sidus), glittering toith 
constellations or stars, starry; celestial, 
divine, heavenly, beautiful, bright, lus- 
trous. 

Sido, ere, sldi and sedi, n. (<?&>), to let one's 
self down, to alight, perch, descend, settle 
down, to sink down. 

Sidon, onis, and Sldonis, Tdis, f. Sidon, a 
celebrated commercial city of Phoenicia. 



Sidonis, idis, and Sidoniae, a?, f. adj. the 
country around Sidon, Sidonia. 

Sldunius, a, um, adj. Sidonian, belonging 
to Sidon: also, Theban, so called from 
Cadmus, the Phenician. 

Sidus, eris, n. (uSos), any luminous heavenly 
body; the sun, moon, planet, constella- 
tion, star: fig. ornament, beauty, pride. 

Signif ico, are, avi, atum, a. (signum and 
facio), to intimate by a sign, to give notice, 
signify, indicate; betoken; import. 

Signo, are, avi, atum, a. (signum), to mark, 
mark out; to inscribe, grave; to express; 
to point out. 

Signum, i, n. (£tVd f ), a mark, sign; a proof; 
a token, a prognostic; a signal in military 
parlance, a standard; a figure, image, 
statue; a constellation. 

Silentium, i, n. (sileo), silence; stillness; 
quietness. 

STleo, ere, ui, n. and a. (Gr. <"£&>), to be si- 
lent, cease to speak; to keep secret; to be 
still or inactive. 

STlex, icis, m. flint, flintstone; any hard 
stone. 

Silva, se, or Sylva, ae, f. {v\ri), a wood, forest, 
woodlands, a grove. 

Silvanus, i, or Sylvanus, i, m. (sylva), the 
deity of the woods: pi. gods of vwods, &c. 

Silvestris, is, e, or Sylvestris, e, adj. (sylva), 
full of woods, woody, growing in woods, 
dwelling in or belonging to woods. 

STmTlis, is, e, adj. like, resembling, similar: 
also, probable. 

STmillTmus, a, um,adj. sup. of Similis. 

STmul, adv. (as if simili, that is, in like 
manner), together, at once, at the same 
time, as soon, as soon as. 

Simulacrum, i, n. (simulo), a likeness, re- 
presentation, picture, image, resemblance, 
effigy; shadow, semblance, phantom. 

Simulo, are, avi, atum, a. (similis), to make 
like, assume the appearance of; to repre- 
sent; to imitate; to counterfeit, feign. 

Sincerus, a, um, adj. (as if simcerus, fr. 
semel, once, Kepdw, to mix: so, once-mixed, 
simply-mixed, or from sine cera, without 
wax, as honey perfectly clean from the 
comb), not painted, natural, genuine; 
upright, candid, sincere; pure, unmixed; 
uncorruvt, sound. 

Sine, prep, (perhaps fr. sino), without. It 
is sometimes put after its case. 

Sinister, ra, um, adj. (sino), left, on the left; 
adverse, unpropitious, unfortunate, bad; 
perverse. 

Sinistra, sb, f. properly f. of adj. sinister: 
s. manus understood, the left hand, the 
left. 

STno, ere, slvi, situs, a. to permit, suffer, 
allow. 

STnuo, are, avi, atum, a. (sinus), to wind in 
a ser-pcnline form, to twist, wreathe, curve, 
bend._ 

Sinus, lis, m. any concave surface or semi- 
circular hollow; a bay; a bosom; a fold* 
the inmost part. 

Sisto, ere, stlti and steti, statum, a. and n. 
2 1 373 



SISYPHOS. 



SPECTO. 



(Itrraw, larri/ii), act. to place, cause to stand; 
to stay, restrain, stop, repress; to make 
firm, establish, prop : intrans. to stand, 
stand still, settle, rest; to continue, en- 
dure. 

Sisyphos, i, m. (SiVwpo?, which seems a re- 
duplication of oo<pos, i. e. the cunning, the 
crafty), a mythic king of Corinth, son of 
JEolus and Enarote, and brother of Sal- 
moneus. He was celebrated for his cun- 
ning and wickedness, and was sentenced 
in the infernal regions to roll up a moun- 
tain a large stone, which always rolled 
back. 

STtis, is, f. thirst : fig. drwiess, aridity, 
parched slate, drought : also, greediness, 
covetousness. 

Situs, a, um, part, of sino, situated, put, 
placed; erected, built. 

Slve, conj. (for vel si), or if: whether, or. 

Smaragdus, i, m. (Gr. <r/*apay<5oj), an eme- 
rald, a precious stone of a beautiful green 
color. 

Suboles, is, or Suboles, is, f. (subolesco, to 
grow up), a young growth, young shoot: 
offspring, progeny. 

Socer, en, m. (iKi>p6 s ), a father-in-law, pa- 
rent-in-law. 

Socia, se, f. properly fern, of adj. socius, a 
female companion, partner, associate, 
&c. 

Socius, a, um, adj. participating, associated, 
allied, united, connected; subs, a partici- 
pator, associate, ally, partner, confede- 
rate, companion. 

Sol, solis, ra. the sun: sunshine; the heat 
of the sun. 

S5latium, ii, n. (solor, to comfort), comfort, 
consolation, solace; aid, succor, resource: 
compensation. 

Soleo, ere, solitus sum, n. to use, be accus- 
tomed, be wont. 

Solers, tis, adj. (sollus, same as totus, 
whole), skilful, expert; suited, fit, capable; 
ingenious. 

Solertia, ae, f. (solers), ingenuity, sagacity, 
capacity, genius, skill, adroitness. 

Solertius, adv. comp. of solerter, inge- 
niously, adroitly, skilfully. 

SolYdus, a, um, adj. solid, compact, dense, 
firm; strong, substantial; whole, entire, 
perfect. 

Solitus, a, um, part, of soleo : as adj. usual, 
customary, wonted. 

Solium, i, n. (perhaps akin to sella), an 
elevated seat, throne: fig. royal dignity, 
sovereignty, kingdom. 

SollMto, are, avi, atum, a. (sollus, the 
whole, and cito, to move), to endeavor to 
move, to move, stir, displace; to trouble; 
to instigate to rebellion, to urge, rouse, 
seduce; to provoke; to induce, allure, ex- 
cite. 

Sollicitus, a, um, adj. (solus and cito), anx- 
ious, disquieted, troubled. 

Solum, i, n. the lowest part, the ground, 
foundation, basis; sole of the foot or shoe: 
the soil, land, country. 

374 



Solus, a, um, adj. alone, only, unaccompa- 
nied; lonely, solitary, retired. 

Solutus, a, um, part, of solvo. 

Solvo, ere, vi, solutum, a. to loose, unbind; 
to solve; dissolve, melt, destroy; to open; 
to dispel: to relax, to weaken; to break, 
to pay. 

Somnifer, a, um, adj. (somnus and fero), 
bringing sleep, causing sleep, somniferous, 
soporiferous. 

Somnus, i, m. (wwo;), sleep ; sleepiness : 
night: also, the sleep of death, death. 

Sonax, acis, adj. (sono), sounding, resound- 
ing, loudly sounding. 

Somtus, us, m. (sono), sound, noise, din. 

S6no, are, avi, atum, a. and n. : intrans. to 
sound, resound; re-echo: trans, to sound, 
utter, pronounce; to extol; to signify. 

Sons, ontis, adj. hurtful, guilty, criminal. 

Sonus, i, m. a sound, note, tone, noise, ut- 
terance. 

Sopor, oris, m. (Sanscrit, svap, to sleep), 
sleep; indolence, sleepiness; death: a so- 
porific potion. 

Sorbeo, ere, ui, a. (like po<pioi, by onoma- 
topoeia), to swallow greedily any fluid, to 
sup down, suck in; to absorb; to endure, 
bear. 

SordTdus, a, um, adj. (sordes, filth), filthy, 
nasty, squalid, foul ; mean, low ; base, 
despicable, sordid, miserly: also, wearing 
soiled or blackish garments. 

Soror, oris, f. a sister — for soror patruelis, 
that is, cousin. 

SorSrius, a, um, adj. (soror), of a sister, 
sisterly. 

Sors, tis, f. (sero), any thing used to deter- 
mine a chance, a lot ; a prophecy : any 
thing obtained by lot; hence, share, part: 
destiny, fate, condition, fortune, rank, 
station. 

Sortior, iri, Ttus, dep. (sors), to draw lots, 
determine by lot, distribute by lot, allot: 
hence, to choose, select, appoint; to distri- 
bute, divide. 

Spargo, ere, si, sum, a. (enra'peo). to strew 
about, scatter; to throw, hurl; to disperse. 

Spartanus, a, um, adj. Sparta7i, belonging 
to Sparta, the capital of Laconia, in the 
Peloponnesus. 

Spatior, ari, atus, dep. (spatium), to walk 
abroad, walk, go on: also, to spread. 

Spatiosus, a, um, adj. (spatium), of great 
extent, spacious, extensive, wide, large; 
of time, lasting, long-continued. 

Spatium, ii, n. (pateo), a space, a course, a 
journey; distance, length, size; an inter- 
val, a portion of time. 

Species, ei, f. (specio, to see), appearance, 
look ; outward form ; beauty ; splendor, 
ornament : nature, character ; idea, no- 
tion: semblance, pretext, seeming. 

SpectabTlis, e, adj. (specto), visible; worthy 
of notice, remarkable, distinguished. 

Specto, are, avi, atum, a. (specio, to see), to 
look, see, look at with attention, view, ob- 
serve; to have in view, tend to, aim at; to 
look for, await: to examine, try. 



SPECULOR. 



STIRPS. 



Speculor, ari, atus, dep. (specula, an ob- 
servatory), to see, look around, look care- 
fully at ; to explore, reconnoitre, watch, 
observe, espy: to contemplate. 

Specus, us, m. also f. and n. (<nr«>?, a cave), 
a cave, cavern, den, grotto: also, a cavity. 

Spelunca, a?, f. (Gr. (nnjAuyf), a cavern, 
grotto. 

Spercheis, idis, f. adj. relating to the river 
Spercheus. 

Spercheus and eos, i, m. (Gr. STrepxao?, i. e. 
the rapid, fr. <nrcpx<.o, to be rapid), Sper- 
cheus, a river of Thessaly, near the Hel- 
lada. 

Sperno, ere, sprevi, spretum, a. (amdpu, to 
scatter), to separate: to reject, disdain, 
spurn, scorn, despise, slight. 

Spero, are, avi, atum, a. to hope, trust; 
also, to expect, apprehend. 

Spes, ei, f. hope, expectation; confidence; 
expectations, prospects, apprehension. 

Spiceus, a, um, adj. (spica, an ear of corn), 
consisting of ears of corn. 

Spina, ae, f. a thorn; a thorn or thorny 
shrub ; any prickle: the spine or back- 
bone. 

Spineus, a, um, adj. (spina), thorny, prickly, 
of thorns. 

Spinosus, a, um, adj. (spina), thorny, prickly, 
full of thorns. 

SpTra, 33, f. (Gr. cnreipa), any thing wreathed; 
a spire, fold of a serpent; a twist, 
wreathe. 

Splntus, us, m. (spiro, to breathe or blow), 
a blowing, breathing; wind, breath; spirit. 

Spissus, a, um, adj. thick, dense; close, 
crowded, full. 

Splendeo, ere, ui, n. to shine, glitter, be 
bright, be distinguished, be illustrious, be 
beautiful. 

Splendldus, a, um, adj. (splendeo), bright, 
clear, shining, brilliant, glittering, splen- 
did, magnificence. 

Spolio, are, avi, atum, a. (spolium), to strip; 
to rob, plunder, spoil, deprive. 

Spolium, ii, n. the skin of an animal, cast 
off or stripped off, as the slough of the 
serpent ; the spoils taken from a slain 
enemy, spoil, plunder, booty; any thing 
robbed, pillage, prey: also, victory. 

Sponsa, ae, f. (spondeo), a betrothed woman, 
a spouse. 

Spontis, gen. of spons, f. which occurs 
usually only in the gen. and abl. sing., 
properly , a voluntary contribution: hence, 
free-will, will: sponte, with the will, good 
leave, permission, willingly. 

Spretus, a, um, part, of sperno, slighted, 
despised, cont (mined, rejected. 

Spuma, as, f. (spuo, to spit), foam, froth, 
scum. 

Spumans, antis, part, of spumo, foaming, 
frothing, fermenting. 

Spiimens, a, um, adj. (spuma), full of froth, 
foaming, frothy; like foam. 

Spumosus, a, um, adj. (spuma), frothy, 
foaming, fermenting. 

Squalleo, ere, ui, n. (<tkcX\u>, to dry up), to 



be stiff, rough, horrid; to be dry, arid, 
parched, rough; to be dirty, filthy, foul; 
to have on soiled garments, as usual with 
persons in distress. 

Squallidus, a, um, adj. (squalleo), squalid, 
filthy, horrid, rough. 

Squama, as, f. a scale of a fish, serpent, &c, 
any thing like a scale. 

SquamTger, era, erum, adj. (squama and 
gero), bearing scales, scaly, full of scales. 

Squamosus, a, um, adj. (squama), scaly, 
covered with scales. 

Stagno, are, avi, atum, n. and a. (stagnum), 
to be lake or standing water; to overflow 
and become like a lake; to be under water; 
to inundate, deluge; to cause to stand. 

Stagnum, i, n. (sto, to stand), any standing 
water; a lake, pool, pond: poetically, tea- 
ser generally : also, a canal, ditch. 

Stamen, inis, n. (fr. or^wy, the warp, or fr. 
statum, supine of sisto), the warp, in 
weaving; a thread; the thread of fate; 
the string of a musical instrument. 

Statio, onis, f. (sto, to stand), act of stand- 
ing, standing still; a stay, residence; the 
place of standing or abiding, a station, 
post: also, order. 

Statuo, ere, ui, iitum, (fr. statum, supine 
of sisto), to cause to stand, to place; to 
set up, erect; make, establish; to appoint; 
to determine, decide. 

Stella, ae. f. a star: poetically, a constella- 
tion: also, the sun. 

Stellans, antis, adj. (stella), starry; star- 
like, sparkling, shining, glittering. 

Stellatus, a, um, adj. (stella), studded vnth 
stars, starry, set with stars: fig. applied 
to Argus, 1. e. having many eyes. 

Sterilis, is, e, adj. (cTepp%, stiff, stubborn), 
barren, incapable of producing, sterile; 
rendering unfruitful. 

Sterno, ere, stravi, stratum, a. to spread, 
scatter, strew; to throw to the ground. 

SthenGleius, a,um, adj. belonging to Sthene- 
lus, a king of Liguria, and father of 
Cycnus. 

Sticte, es, f. (spotted), name of a hound, 
Spot. 

Stilla, ae, f. (<m'X)7, a drop), a drop. 

Stillo, are, avi, atum, a. and n. (stilla), to 
fall in drops, to drop, to trickle down; to 
distil, let fall in drops. 

StTmulo, are, avi, atum, a. (stimulus), to 
prick, goad, urge on; trouble, incite, in- 
stigate. 

Stimulus, i, m. {trrffya, to prick), a prickle, 
any sharp-pointed thing; a goad; sting, 
pang; incitement, spur. 

Sfipatus, a. um, part, of stipo, are, avi, 
atum, a. (vrzificj, to tread down), pressed 
close tosethcr; full, thronged. 

Stipes, Ttis, m. (Gr. orvnos), a piece of wood 
standing in the ground, a trunu, stem, 
post, stake; a tree. 

Stipula, ae, f. the. stem, stalk, or blade of 
corn; a straw, stubble 3tulk of beans, 

&.C. 

Stirps, is, m. lowest part of a tree, includ 

375 



STO. 



SULFUR. 



ing the roots ; the root; the stock, trunk; 
family, race; descent, progeny. Stirps, 
a family, one branch of a gens or clan. 

Sto, are, steti, statum, n. (<n-a&>, orw, fr. wh. 
"iarri[jii), to stand; stand firm, stand one's 
ground; stand still, to maintain one's 
position, dignity or influence, to flourish; 
to be fixed, resolved, unchangeable, ap- 
pointed, determined. 

StrepTtus, us, m. (strepo), a harsh or con- 
fused noise, a rumbling, rustling, clash- 
ing, din. 

Strictus, a, um, part. fr. stringo, drawn, 
unsheathed. 

Stridens, entis, part, of strideo, ere, and 
strido, ere, Idi, n. creaking, whizzing, 
hissing, twanging, rustling, whistling. 

Stridor, oris, m. (strido), any noise ox sound; 
a grating or harsh noise; a creaking, 
whizzing, hissing. 

Stringo, ere, nxi, ictufn, a. (orpdyyo), to draw 
tight), to touch lightly, graze, pass close 
by; to strip, pluck off, to wound, injure; 
to touch, move; to draw, unsheathe; to 
draw tight, tie close, press or bind. 

Struo, ere, xi, ctum, a. (fr. arepdco, orpaw), to 
join together; to erect, build; to arrange, 
prepare, devise. 

Strymon, onis, m. the Strymon, a large 
river of Thrace, emptying into the 
JEgean, now the Karasoii. 

Studium, i, n. (anovcfi), zeal, eagerness, de- 
sire; study; propensity; object of study, 
employmeut. 

Stupeo, ere, ui, n. to be torpid, benumbed, 
stupified, to be rendered insensible; to be 
amazed, struck with astonishment, be lost 
in amazement. 

Stuprum, i, n. shame, dishonor; loss of 
chastity, fornication, rape. 

St) r gius, a, um, adj. (Sniyio?), Stygian, of 
the Styx, infernal : hence, horrible, 
deadly. 

Styx, ygis and ygos, f. (fr. oTvyza, i. e. hate- 
ful), Styx, a river of the infernal regions. 

Suadeo, ere, si, sum, n. and a. (adiu, to 
please), primarily, to represent in a pleas- 
ing light: hence, to advise, recommend, 
exhort, suggest. 

Sub, prep, (to), under, beneath; during; 
towards; immediately after. 

Subdo, ere, didi, ditum, a. (sub and do), to 
put, place, lay under; to subjugate, re- 
duce, expose, reject: to substitute; to apply, 
join to. 

Subduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (sub and duco), 
to draw from under, to draw avmy; with- 
draw, remove; draw up, lift up. 

Siibeo, ire, ivi, and li, Ttum, irreg. n. (sub, 
eo), to go under; to undergo, sustain, 
suffer; to ascend, climb; to go to, into, or 
towards; to enter, to approach, to come 
upon, attack; to come after or succeed. 

Subito, adv. (subitus), suddenly, hastily, 
unexpectedly. 

Subitus, a, um, adj. (subeo), sudden, hasty, 
unexpected: also, extemporary : and new, 
raw. 

376 



Subjecto, are, avi, atum, a. (freq. of sab. 
jicio), to put under; to apply to, add, 
join. 

Subjectus, a, um, part, of subjicio. 

Subjicio, ere, eci, ectum, a. (sub, jacio), to 
throw or put under; to subject, submit; 
to expose. 

SublTmis, e, adj. lofty, elevated; aloft, 
heavenward; exalted, sublime. 

Submitto, ere, isi, issum, a. (sub and mit- 
to), to let down, lower; abate; yield, re- 
sign, submit ; give up, remit ; to sub- 
ject. 

Submoveo, ere, ovi, otum, a. (sub and 
moveo), to remove, displace, repel, banish, 
withdraw. 

Subsequor, i, ecutus sum, dep. (sub and 
sequor), to follow, attend, accompany. 

Subsldo, ere, idi, and edi, essum, n. (sub 
and sido), to sit down, crouch down, sink 
down, settle, subside. 

Subsisto, ere, stiti, a. and n. (sub, sisto), 
trans, to cause to stand, to stay, to stop, 
to resist: intrans. to stand firm, fast : to 
withstand; to halt; to cease. 

Substrictus, a, um, part, of substringo, ere, 
nxi, bound, drawn up, contracted; checked, 
confined. 

Succedo, ere, essi, essum, n. (sub, cedo), 
to go under, go into, undertake, submit, 
approach, succeed. 

Successor, oris, m. (succedo), a successor, 
one that follows or succeeds another in 
any office, possession, pursuit; an heir. 

Successus, us, m. (succedo), a going down, 
a following, approaching; success, pros- 
perous issue, prosperity, good fortune. 

Succinctus, a, um, part. fr. succingo, ere, 
nxi, girt up, tightly girt; provided with, 
equipped. 

Succumbo, ere, ciibui, cubitum, (sub and 
cumbo, to fall), to fall down, fall to the 
ground, sink; to be overcome, to succumb, 
yield, submit. 

Succus, i, m. (sugo, to suck), juice, moisture, 
sap : hence, taste, flavor, relish; vigor, 
force, energy. 

Succiitio, ere, ussi, ussum, a. (sub and 
quatio), to shake, agitate, jolt up and 
down. 

Sudo, are, avi, atum, a. and n. to sweat, 
toil hard, labor after. 

Sudor, oris, m. sweat; fig. labor, toil, pains, 
exertion. 

Sufficio, ere, eci, ectum, a. and n. (sub and 
facio), to afford,, furnish, supply; ta suf- 
fice, be sufficient. 

Suffundo, ere, udi, usum, a. (sub and fundo), 
to pour out, spread; diffuse, suffuse. 

Sui, sibi, se, sing, and pi. recip. pron. (Gr. 
ov), of, &c. himself, herself, itself, them- 
selves. 

Sulco, are, avi, atum, a. (sulcus), tofurrov), 
plough, delve, till: sail over; to wrinkle. 

Sulcus, i, m. (o\x6i), a furrow ; a rut ; a 
wrinkle. 

Sulfur and Sulphur, uris, n. sulphur, brim- 
stone. 



SUM. 



TACTUS. 



Sum, esse, fui, irr. n. to be, to exist; to be- 
long to, pertain to; to be worth. 

Summus, a, um, adj. (sup. of superus), 
highest, topmost; greatest; consummate; 
supreme; extreme. 

Sumo, ere, msi and mpsi, mtum, mptum, 
a. (sub and emo), to take, take up, re- 
ceive; to undertake, to assume; to enjoy; 
to make. 

Sumptus, us, m. (sumo), charge, cost, ex- 
pense. 

Super, adv. above, over ; besides ; there- 
upon ; in addition, more; exceedingly : 
prep, over, upon, above, beyond, besides. 

Siiperator, oris, m. (supero, to overcome), a 
conqueror, vanquisher, subduer, subju- 
gator. 

Superbia, ae, f. (v-spP'iri), pride, haughti?iess, 
arrosance, scorn; masnijicence. 

Superbus, a, um, adj. {i-tp{3>.o>), proud, 
haughty, arrogant, insolent, scornful; 
fastidious, ovemice: also, splendid, mag- 
nijicent, excellent, costly, superb. 

SupcremTneo, ere, ui, a. (super and emineo, 
to project), to project above, to appear 
above, overtop, surpass, outstrip, excel. 

Superfluus, a, um, adj. (super and fluo), 
overflowing, running over: unnecessary, 
superfluous. 

Superfusus, a, um, part, of superfundo, 
ere, fudi, poured over or upon, overflow- 
ing, overspread, spread over, dispersed 
over, covered. 

Superi. orum, m. (strictly pi. of superus), 
the celestial sods, the gods. 

Supero, are, avi, atum, a. and n. (super), to 
be above; to project; to prevail; to abound; 
to remain; to be alive, survive; to pass 
over; to surmount, overcome, conquer; to 
surpass. 

Superstes, it is, adj. (supersto), that which 
is stunding by, a witness: surviving, out- 
livins. 

Supersto, are, stiti, n. (super and sto), to 
stand over or upon. 

Supersum, es, fui, esse, n. (super and sum), 
to remain, be left behind; to exist still, to 
survive, to be superfluous. 

Superus, a, um, adj. (super), comp. supe- 
rior ; sup. supremus and summus : above, 
upper, on high; celestial. 

Silpervolo, are, n. (super and volo), to fly 
over, pass rapidly over. 

Suppleo, ere, plevi", etum, a. (sub and pleo), 
to flll up, supply, complete, restore, re- 
pair. 

Supplex, Tcis. adj. (sub and plico, to fold or 
bend), kneeling to, bending the knees be- 
fore, suppliant, humbly beseeching, sub- 
missive. 

Suppllcium, ii, n. (supplex), a kneeling 
down; humiliatioTi, supplication, prayer, 
act of worship, as sacrifice or thanksgiv- 
ing : capital punishment, torture, any se- 
vere punishment. 

Suppono, ere, osui, ositum, a. (sub and 
pono), to place or lay under; to sow; to 
inter; to annex, subjoin; to subject; to 

48 



postpone, value less; to suppose; to sub- 
stitute. 

Suppnmo, ere, essi, essum, a. (sub and 
premo), to press down; to check, detain, 
restrain, suppress, stay. 

Supra, adv. (as if supera parte), on the up- 
per side, above; more, further: prep, above, 
over, beyond. 

Supremus, adj. sup. of superus, which see. 

Surgo, ere, rexi, ectum, a. (contraction of 
sub rego), to raise up: more frequently, 
to rise up, arise, appear, grow up, to 
swell up. 

Siis, suis, m. and f. (vj), a swine, pig, hog. 

Suspectus, a, um, part, of suspicio, ere, 
exi, suspected, exciting suspicion. 

Suspendo, ere, di, nsum, a. (sus, for sur- 
sum, up, and pendo), to hang up, sus- 
pend; to hang up in honor of a deity, to 
consecrate; to raise on high; to press 
lightly on; to interrupt, restrain. 

Suspicio, ere, exi, ectum, a. (sursum and 
spicio), to look up at, to look up to; to 
admire. 

Suspicor, ari, atus, dep. (suspicio), to sus- 
pect, mistrust, fear, apprehend; to conjec- 
ture, imagine. 

Susplrium, ii, n. (suspiro), a sigh, sob, 
groan: a shortness of breath. 

Suspiro, are, avi, atum, a. and n. (sus for 
sursum, and spiro) : intrans. to exhale, 
evaporate; to sigh, heave a sigh: trans, to 
breathe out. 

Sustmeo, ere, ui, tentum, a. (sus for sur- 
sum, and teneo), to keep up, sustain, up- 
hold, support, bear, endure, suffer, with- 
stand, restrain, check. 

Sustiili. See Tollo. 

Susurro, are, avi, atum, n. and a. to mur- 
mur, buzz, whisper. 

Suus, a, um, fas, iv, tfo), poss. pron. be- 
longing to him, her, it, them; one's own, 
its own. 

Sylva, ae, same as silva, which see. 

Syrinx, ingis or ingos, f. (Gr. vvpiyl,) a reed, 
a pipe made of reed. Syrinx, a girl 
changed into a reed. 



Tabeo, ere, ui, n. (tuko, Doric for ttjku>, to 
decay), to melt; to drip; to waste away, 
decay. 

Tabes, is, f. (tabeo), a gradual wasting or 
waning away, melting, dissolving, cor- 
ruption, consumption, atrophy, &c. : an 
infectious disease, plague. 

Taceo, ere, ui, citum, n. and a. (&&>, to be 
silent), intrans. to be silent, to be still: 
trans, to pass over in silence, to keep se- 
cret ; be silent about. 

Taciturnus, a, um, adj. (taceo), silent, se- 
cret, still. 

Tacitus, a, um, part, of taceo, as adj. 
secret, concealed, unmenlioncd , silent, 
still. 

Tactus, us, m. (tango), a touching, touch, 
contact. 

2 i 2 377 



TACTUS. 



TENTO. 



Tactus, a, um, part, of tango, which see. 
Taeda, ae, f. (Gr. daig, 6a$), a tree producing 
pitch, a branch thereof: hence, a pine 
torch, a torch; a marriage torch: fig. mar- 
riage. 
Taenarius, a, um, adj. Tcenarian, belonging 
to TcBnarus or Tamarum, a mountain, 
city and promonory of Lacedemon. 
Tagus, i, m. the Tagus, a well-known 

river of Spain and Portugal. 
Talaria, ium, n. pi. (of the adj. talaris, is, e. 

belonging to the ancle), winged sandals. 
Talis, e, adj. such, suchlike, of such kind: 
also in the signification of this, the fol- 
lowing. 
Talus, i, m. the ancle: also, a die. 
Tamen, conj. but, notwithstanding, never- 
theless, however, yet; at least, yet at least; 
at length, however. 
Tana'is, is, m. Tana'is, a river of Sarmatia, 
flowing into the Palus Maeotis, (Sea of 
Azof), now the Don. 
Tandem, adv. con. of turn demum, then at 
length: at last, at length, finally: also, in 
earnest address, pray, I pray thee. 
Tango, ere, tetigi, tactum, a. to touch; ar- 
rive at, reach; to besprinkle, besmear, 
anoint, wash, paint; to border on, adjoin: 
to touch, taste; to move, affect, incite; to 
undertake; to strike. 
Tanquam, adv. (tarn and quam), as, just 

as, as if, as it were. 
Tantalus, i, m. Tantalus, a Phrygian king, 
and ancestor of the Pelopidae : his story 
is told by our author. 
Tantum, adv. so much ; only. Tantum- 

modo, adv. only. 
Tantus, a, um, adj. so great, so vast, so 

important: also, so little, so trifling. 
Tardatus, a, um, part, of tardo, are, avi, 

delayed, retarded, impeded, obstructed. 
Tarde, adv. (tardus), slowly, tardily, dila- 
torily; late, not early. 
Tardus, a, um, adj. slow, tardy, dilatory, 

not quick, tedious; dull, heavy, stupid. 
Tartarus, i, m. pi. ra. n. (rdprapog), Tartarus; 

the infernal regions. 
Taurus, i, m. (Gr. ravpog), a bull, ox; the 
constellation Taurus; Taurus, a moun- 
tain in Cilicia. 
Taxus, i, f. the yew-tree; a javelin or lance- 
handle made of yew. 
Taygete, es, f. Taygete, a daughter of At- 
las, one of the Pleiades. 
Tectum, i, m. (tego), roof of a house, ceil- 
ing of a room; a dwelling, a hall or cham- 
ber. Tectum ferae, a den. 
Tectus, a, um, part, of tegor. See Tego. 
Tegimen, inis, or Tegmen, inis, n. (tego), 

a covering. 
Tego, ere, texi, tectum, a. (arrtyw), to cover; 
to hide, conceal, cloak; to protect, defend. 
Tela, ae, f. a web; the warp or threads into 
which the woof is woven: also, a weaver's 
beam. 
Tellus, uris, f. the earth; the soil; land, 
country; a nation: also, the goddess Tel- 
lus, the Earth. 

378 



Telum, i, n. (fr. r^Ad?, thrown to a distance), 
a missile weapon, subsequently, any wea- 
pon of attack. 
Temerarius, a, um, adj. (temere), acciden- 
tal, by chance; indiscreet, rash, incon- 
siderate. 
Temero, are, avi, atum, a. (temere), to 

violate, defile, pollute, profane. 
Temo, onis, m. the pole of a chariot: also, 
the pole of the constellation Charles , 
Wain. 
Tempe, n. Tempe, the romantic valley of 
Thessaly, between Mounts Olympus, 
Ossa, and Pelion, through which flows 
the Peneus ; subsequently applied to any 
romantic vale or glen. 
Temperies, ei, f. (tempero), a tempering, 
mixing in due proportion, middle tempe- 
rature, temperate climate. 
Tempero, are, avi, atum, a. and n. (tem- 
pus), to fix a measure or set bounds: in- 
trans. to observe fit measure, to be tempe- 
rate, to restrain one's self, to abstain, 
forbear: trans, to put into proper measure, 
to attemper; to prepare, manage; to soften. 
Tempestas, tatis, f. (tempus), time; a pe- 
riod, a season; weather: freq. bad weather, 
tempest. 
Templum, i, n. (as if tempulum, fr. tem- 
pus, or re/xvo), to cut), a portion severed or 
cut off : hence, space in the heavens 
marked off by the augur'' s lituus; pros- 
pect; eminence commanding a prospect; 
consecrated ground, a temple; a chapel. 
Tempus, oris, n. (jkpivw, rkparoy, to cut off), 
properly, any thing cut off: hence, a sec- 
tion of the heavens; time; a time or por- 
tion of time, a period, an age, &c. 
Tendo, ere, tetendi, tensum and tentum, a. 
and n. (mVco), trans, to stretch out, extend, 
distend; to turn, shape one" 1 s course to- 
wards; to present, offer; to strain, exert: 
intrans. to be encamped, to go, travel to- 
wards; aim, design; to fight, contend. 
Tenebrae, arum, f. pi. darkness, blmdness: 
hence, mental blindness, ignorance, stu- 
pidity; a dark place; confusion, calami- 
ties. 
Tenebrosus, a, um, adj. (fr. tenebrae), full 

of darkness, dark, gloomy. 
Tenedos, i, f. Tenedos, a celebrated island 
in the JEgean Sea, near Troy, previously 
called Leucophrys. 
Teneo, ere, ui, tentum, (fr. relvw, to stretch), 
a. and n. intrans. to hold, that is, to be, 
to last, continue, prevail: trans, to hold, 
keep, hold fast, retain, withhold. 
Tener, a, um, adj. (teneo), easily retaining 
an impression, tender, pliant, soft; young; 
effeminate, voluptuous, delicate, yielding, 
sensitive. 
Tenor, oris, m. (teneo), a holding, holding 
fast; a keeping to its coitrse, uninter- 
rupted course; tenor, uniformity ; conti- 
nuance, duration; condition, quality. 
Tentamen, inis, n. (tento), a trial, attempt, 

essay. 
Tento, are, avi, atum, a. (freq. of tendo, 



TEXUATUS. 



THUSCUS. 



or of teneo), to touch, feel; seek, exa- 
mine; try, attempt; prove, test. 

Tenuatus, a, um, part, of tenuo, are, avi, 
thinned, weakened, made lean, diminished; 
abated, appeased; lightened; narrowed. 

Tenuis, is, e, adj. (probably fr. reivu), not 
thick, thin, slender, fine, subtle; exact, 
nice, ingenious; meagre, narrow, shallow, 
clear, light, tender, slight, little, trifling, 
mean. 

Terms, prep, as far as, up to, down to: 
also, according to: it governs a gen., ace. 
and abl., the first generally in the plural, 
but the abl., most frequently. 

Tepeo, ere, ui, n. to be warm, tepid; to 
grow cool, lose heat; become indifferent. 
Tepens, mildly warm. 

Tepeseo, ere, ui, n. (tepeo), to grow warm, 
grow tepid; to cool dovjn, lose heat; to 
grow lukewarm. 

Tepidus, a, um, adj. (tepeo), tepid, luke- 
warm, warm; abated in heat; remiss, lan- 
guid. 

Tepor, oris, m. (tepeo), gentle warmth ; 
lukewarmness, tepidity, languor, want 
of ardor. 

Ter, adv. (fr. tres, rpig), thrice, three times: 
ter quaterque, repeatedly: ter felix, very 
happy. 

Teres, etis, adj. (m'pw, to rub), worn round 
and smooth ; round, long, round and 
smooth; tapering, finely shaped; slender, 
graceful, elegant, tasteful. 

Tergum, i, n. the back, of man or other 
animal ; the back or part turned from us; 
sometimes, the surface: the hide, leather. 

Tero, ere, trivi, tritum, a. (ri/xo, rzipoi), to 
rub: rub smooth, polish, touch, tread fre- 
quently ; rub away, consume ; grind, 
bruise. 

Terra, ae, f. (from \vp6g, dry), strictly, that 
which is dry; hence, the earth, as opposed 
to the air and the sea ; the soil, the 
ground ; Earth, as one of the deities: 
also, a country, region, district. 

Terrenus, a, um, adj. (terra), of earth, 
earthy, earthen, terrene, living on or be- 
longing to the earth. 

Terreo, ere, ui, Ttum, a. to affright, alarm, 
terrify, to scare. 

Terribriis, c, adj. (terreo), terrible, formi- 
dable, frightful, awful, terrific. 

Terrlficus, a, um, adj. (terreo, facio), ter- 
rible, frightful, terrific, awful. 

TerrTgena, ae, m. and f. (terra and gigno), 
earth-born, produced from the earth. 

TerrTtus, a, um, part, from terreo, affright- 
ed, alarmed. 

Terror, oris, m. (terreo), terror, affright, 
dread. 

Tersus, a, um, part, from tergeo, ere, si, 
wiped, scoured, made clean : adj. clean, 
faultless, neat. 

Tertius, a, um, adj. (fr. ter, or fr. rpi-os), 
third, the third. 

Testatus, a, um, part. fr. testor, ari, which 
see. 

Testis, is, m. and f. a witness; evidence. 



Testor, ari, atus, dep. (testis), to testify, 
bear witness, attest, evidence, show, con- 
firm: to call to witness, adjure. 

Testudo, mis, f. (testa, a shell), a tortoise; 
shell of a tortoise: hence, from its resem- 
blance in shape, a lute, lyre: an arch, 
vault: also, an engine of war: also, a 
mode of curlins. the hair. 

Tethys, yos, f. Tethys, a sea-goddess, wife 
of Oceanus, and nurse of Juno, and mo- 
ther of the river-gods and Oceanides : 
frequently by the poets for the sea. 

Texo, ere, xui, xtum, a. to weave: also, to 
plait, braid, twine; to fabricate, make, 
construct. 

Textus, a, um, part, of texo, woven: plait- 
ed, interwoven, embroidered; constructed, 
&c. 

Thalamus, i, m. (OaXapo;), a bedchamber: 
hence, an apartment: an abode: also, a 
bed; the marriage bed. 

Thaumantias, ae, f. daughter of Thaumas; 
that is, Iris, or the rainbow. 

Theatrum, i, n. (Gr. dearpov), a place for 
viev)ing spectacles; play-house, theatre. 

Thebae, arum, f. pi. Thebes. This name 
was common to several cities, in Egypt, 
Thessaly, Mysia, Bceotia, &c. : the most 
celebrated were Thebes of the hundred 
gates, in Egypt, and that in Bceotia. 

Themis, idis, f. Themis, goddess of law 
and order : also, of prophecy, as which 
she had the oldest temple in Bceotia. 

Theridamas, as, m. (Gr. dr)pi6a[xa<;, i. e. wild- 
beast subduer), name given to one of 
Actaeon's hounds (from Qnp, a wild beast, 
and (5a/zda>, to subdue). 

Thermodon, ontis, m. pr. n. a river of Cap- 
padocia, emptying into the Euxine, on 
whose banks dwelt the Amazons ; now 
the Thermeh or Terma. 

Theron, ontis, m. (Gr. Qrip&v), Hunter, 
name applied to a hound. 

Thetis, tides or tldos, f. Thetis, a sea- 
nymph, daughter of Nereus and Doris, 
wife of Peleus, and mother of Achilles : 
frequently by the poets, the sea. 

Theutranteus, a, um, adj. Theutrantean; 
of Theutranlia, a part of Mysia. 

Thisbe, es, f. Thisbe, a maiden beloved of 
Pyramus : their story is told by our 
author. 

Thous, i, m. (0o6 s ), Swift, name applied to 
a hound. 

Thracius, a, um, adj. Thracian, belonging 
to Thrace, an ancient division of Europe, 
bounded by Macedonia, Mount Haemus, 
the JEgean, Hellespont, Propontis, and 
Bosphorus. 

Thiireus, a, um, adj. (thus or tus, incense), 
of or pertaining to frankincense. 

Thus, iiris, n. (perhaps Ovos, sacrifice), in- 
cense, frankincense, the gum or resin of 
a tree grown in Arabia: also written 
Tus. 

Thuscus, a, um, or Tuscus, a, um, adj. 
Tuscan, Etrurian, belonging to Etruria, 
in northern Italy. 

379 



THYONEUS. 



TRACTUS. 



Thyoneus, ei and eos, m. Bacchus, son of 
Thyoue. 

Thyrsus, i, m. (Gr. dvpws), stalk of a plant 
or vegetable; the thyrsus, a staff entwined 
with vine and ivy, borne by the Bac- 
chanals in their orgies : fig. ardor, enthu- 
siasm, strong impulse. 

Tibea, ae. f. the shin-bone: also, a straight 
musical instrument with holes (made first 
of a bone), a pipe, flute, flageolet . 

Tignum, i, n. a beam, piece of timber for 
building. 

Tigris, is and idis, m. and f. (properly, in 
the Persian, an arrow), a tiger, tigress; 
name applied to a hound. Also, m. Ti- 
gris, the name of the famous river of 
Asia. 

TTmeo, ere, ui, a. and n. to fear, be afraid 
of, apprehend: to be in fear, to be anx- 
ious. 

Timide, adv. (timidus), fearfully, timidly, 
timorously. 

Timidus, a, urn, adj. (timeo), fearful, ti- 
morous, timid, cowardly. 

Timor, oris, m. (timeo), fear, apprehension, 
dread ; terror, cause of fear ; religious 
awe. 

Tingo, ere, nxi, nctum, a. (rsyyw, to wet), 
to wet, moisten, bedew, bathe, anoint, 
color, stain, tinge. 

Tinnulus, a, um, adj. (tinnio, to tinkle), 
tinkling, ringing, clinking, making a 
sharp, clear noise. 

Tiresias, ae, m. Tiresias, the celebrated 
blind soothsayer of Thebes, son of 
Eueres and Chariclo. 

TisTphune, es, f. (Gr. Tia6^ovr\, from ria>, to 
avenge, (povog, murder), i. e. Blood-avenger, 
Tisiphone, one of the Erinnyes, repre- 
sented as punishing with severity the 
guilty dead. 

Titan, anis, m. Titan. This was a name 
given to several of the ancient race of 
gods and demigods, as to the six sons of 
Uranus and Gaea, viz. Oceanus, Cceus, 
Creius, Hyperion, Japetus, Cronus. In 
particular, the elder brother of Saturn, 
progenitor of the Titans, who waged 
war against Jupiter, who defeated and 
hurled them into nether darkness. By 
later poets the name was applied to Pro- 
metheus, Epimethus, Atlas, &c. With 
Ovid and other Latin poets, Titan signi- 
fied the Sungod, Helius, as son of Hype- 
rion and grandson of the original Titan. 
Hesiod derives the word from nraivu), i. e. 
the stretchers, the strivers; according to 
others, from rtw, i. e. the avengers; and 
to others, from the old word m-f/yd?, 
equiv. 0aoi\evs, a king. 

Titania, ae, f. Titania, a name applied to 
Diana, sister to Titan, i. e. Helius, or the 
sun. 

Titiibo, are, avi, atum, n. to totter, stagger, 
reel, go unsteadily: also, to stammer, fal- 
ter; to hesitate, be perplexed: to slip, trip, 
make a mistake. 

Titiilus, i, m. an inscription, superscrip- 

380 



tion, title: name, appellation, title of 
rani;; cause assigned, pretext, reason. 

Tityos or TTtyus, i, m. pr. n. Tityos, son 
of Gaea: according to other accounts, of 
Jupiter and Elara: who grew to such a 
size that his body covered nine jugera. 
In the nether world his liver was con- 
stantly torn by two vultures, and as con- 
stantly grew again — in punishment for 
violence offered to Latona. 

Tm51us, i, m. Tmolus, a mountain in Ly- 
dia, near Sardis, where the Pactolus 
rises ; now called Boaz Dagh. 

Tijlero, are, avi, atum, a. (ja\aw, rXaw, to 
bear), to bear, bear patiently, endure, 
abide, tolerate. 

Tollo, ere, sustuli, sublatum, a. to raise, 
lift up, elevate; to elate, cheer; take up, 
take on one's self; take away, remove. 

Tonans, tis, part, from tono, sounding, re- 
sounding ; thundering : as a subs, the 
Thunderer, that is, Jupiter. 

Tonitru, n. (tono), thunder. It may be the 
abl. of tonitrus, in which case only it 
seems to occur. 

Tonitrus, us, m. same as preceding : To- 
nitruum, i, n. the same, from wh. most 
probably pi. tonitrua. 

Tophus, i, m. tophus, a porous, friable 
stone. 

Tormentum, i, n. (torqueo), a war-engine 
for throwing stones, darts, fye.i a rope, 
line, cord: torture, torment; anguish of 
mind, trouble. 

Torpor, oris, m. (torpeo, to be numbed), 
numbness, torpor, stupor, languor, dul- 
ness. 

Torqueo, ere,' torsi, tortum, a. to turn, 
turn aside, turn round, twist, twirl, 
wrench; writhe, distort; to rack, torture. 

Torrens, tis, m. [scil. amnis] (from torreo), 
a torrent, rapid stream. 

Torreo, ere, ui, tostum, a. to dry, parch, 
roast, bake; to heat greatly. 

Tortilis, is, e, adj. (torqueo), twisted, turn- 
ing, twining, winding, wreathed. 

Torus, i, m. any thing soft to sit or lie on, 
a cushion, pillow, mattress, bed, couch, 
sofa: also, muscular protuberance, brawn, 
muscle. 

Torvus, a, um, adj. (ropos, piercing), pro- 
perly of the eye, staring, piercing, wild, 
stern; hence, grim-visaged, fierce, terri- 
ble, hideous. 

Tot, indec. num. adj. (perhaps from rdaa, 
so many), so many. 

TotTdem, indec. num. adj. just so many, 
just as many. 

Tories, adv. (tot), so often. 

Totus, a, um, gen. totius, adj. the whole, 
all the, the entire. 

Trabs, trabis, f. (rpd;r>?£ or rpdd)^, which from 
rpbnw, to turn, i. e. a beam with which to 
turn something), a beam, a rafter: poet- 
ically, a tree; also, a ship. 

Tractus, us, m. (traho), a drawing, drag- 
ging, draught; drawing out, stretch, ex- 
tent; tract, region. 



TRADO. 



TUMESCO. 



Trado, ere, didi, ditura, a. (trans, do), to 
give over, deliver, consign; to surrender, 
betray; to give up, resign; to deliver, 
teach; to bequeath; to hand down, record, 
relate. 

Traho, ere, xi, ctum, a. to draw, draw 
down, attract; trail; drag away; draw 
out. 

TrajTcio or Transjicio, ere, jeci, jectum, a. 
(trans andjacio), to throw over, cast over, 
throw across, to bring over or across, to 
transfer; to thrust through, transfix, 
pierce. 

Trans, prep, (derived by some from Titpav, 
of the same meaning), on the further side 
of, beyond, over, across. 

Transeo, Ire, ivi and ii, Ttum, irr. n. and a. 
(trans, eo), to pass over; to cross: to pass 
into, be transformed; to go through, pass 
by. 

Transfero, ferre, tu.ll, latum, irr. a. (trans 
and fero), to carry over from one place to 
another, to transfer, transport. 

Transltus, us, m. (transeo), a passing over, 
a passage, crossing; transition; trans- 
formation; passing through, passage. 

Transluceo, ere, n. (trans and luceo), to 
shine across or over, be reflected; to shine 
through, be visible through. 

Transmitto, ere, misi, missum, a. (trans 
and mitto), to let pass over, pass across, 
convey over; deliver over; commit, in- 
trust; to send over, transmit; throw over: 
to let pass, omit; pass through, transfix. 

Tremebundus, a, um, adj. (tremo), trem- 
bling much, shivering, quivering, quaking. 

Tremendus, a, um, adj. (tremo), 'terrible, 
frightful, tremendous. 

Tremo," ere, ui, n. and a. (Gr. Tpipw), to 
tremble, quake, shiver, shake; to tremble 
at, be afraid of, fear, dread. 

TrSmor, oris, m. (tremo), tremulous motion, 
quaking, trembling, shivering, tremor : 
also, an earthquake. 

Tiemiilus, a, um, adj. (tremo), trembling, 
quaking, shivering, tremulous. 

Trepldo, are, avi, atum, n. (trepidus), to 
hurry in alarm, run to and fro in trepi- 
dation, to haste about in confusion; to be 
alarmed, fear, quake with fear; to hasten, 
bustle, speed; to tremble, flutter. 

Tr^pTdus, a, um, adj. (jpimiv, to turn to 
flight), in trepidation, alarmed, hurried 
and confused with fear, anxious; bring- 
ing alarm, alarming, causing anxiety; 
unquiet, in commotion, restless; moving 
quickly to and fro, throbbing. 

Tres, es, ia, num. adj. {rpeTs, rp(a), three. 

Tribuo, ere, ui, utum, a. (tribus), to give, 
present; attribute, assign, ascribe. 

Trlcuspis, Tdis, adj. m. and f. (tres, cuspis), 
three-pointed, having three prongs. 

Trldens, tis, adj. (tres, dentes), having 
three teeth : subs, an instrument with 
three prongs; the trident. 

Trifidus, a, um, adj. (ter and findo), three- 
pronged, three-forked. 

Trio, onis, m. (supposed to signify a thresh- 



ing-ox, as if terio, fr. tero), Triones, 
the Two Bears, Ursa Major and Ursa 
Minor, these constellations resembling 
a wagon and team. Septem Triones, or 
Septem Trio, the Charles's Wain, Ursa 
Major. 

Triplex, Tcis, adj. (ter, and plico, to fold), 
threefold, triple: pi. three. 

Tristis, is, e, adj. sad, mournful, sorrowful, 
dejected, melancholy: woful, dismal, caus- 
ing sorrow, causing dislike; noxious, 
baleful : unlucky, unfortunate, lament- 
able; gloomy, morose: harsh. 

TrTsulcus, a, um, adj. (tres, and sulcus, a 
furrow), having three furrows : three- 
pointed, three-pronged, three-forked, tri- 
ple. 

Triton, onis or onos, m. Triton, a sea-god, 
son of Neptune and Amphitrite, and 
trumpeter to his father, in which capa- 
city he used a shell, with which he sum- 
moned, excited, or calmed the waves. 

Trltonia, as, f. Pallas. The name is vari- 
ously accounted for: from the lake Tri- 
tonis in Libya, where the Libyan legend 
had it that Pallas first appeared, the 
nymph of the lake being her mother, by 
Neptune — from a fountain of the same 
name in Arcadia — from a river in Bceotia 
also having the same claims. 

Trltonis, idis and idos, f. Pallas. See pre- 
ceding. 

Trltus, a, um, (part, of tero, ere, trlvi, 
tritum), rubbed, made smooth, often trod- 
den, worn smooth, much frequented, usual. 

Triumphus, i, m. a triumph. Some derive 
it from dpiap.f]og, a hymn to Bacchus. 

Trivia, se, f. Diana, properly the fern, of 
adj. trivius, scil. dea t. the goddess parti- 
cularly worshipped at the trivia, or 
places where three ways met. 

Truncus, i, m. the trunk, stock, body of a 
tree; the human trunk or body; a bust. 

Truncus, a, um, adj. maimed, mutilated, de- 
prived of the branches or limbs. 

Trux, trucis, adj. ferocious in appearance, 
fierce, savage looking; cruel, savage, piti- 
less, terrible. 

Tu, tui, tlbi, te, te, pers. pr. (n5, Doric form 
of av), thou, you. 

Tuba, ae, f. the tuba, a Roman ivind-mstru- 
ment, a trumpet, clarion, (perhaps fr. 
tubus, a tube or pipe.) 

TiibTcen, Iclnis, m. one that blows the tuba. 
or trumpet, a trumpeter. 

Tueor, eri, tuiitus and tutus, dep. to see, 
view, behold, look steadfastly at; regard, 
favor; protect, maintain. 

Turn, adv. again, besides, moreover, then, 
next, thereupon, in the next place; then, 
at that time: also, a conj. repeated turn, 
turn, not only; but also, as v>ell as. 

Tiimeo, ere, ui, n. to swell, become or be 
swollen, be tumid or inflated; to swell with 
anger or with pride. 

Tumesco, ere, ui, (incep. of tumeo), to be- 
gin to swell, to swell; to swell with angei 
or with pride. 

3*1 



TUMIDUS. 



URO. 



Tumidus, a, urn, adj. (tumeo), swollen, tu- 
mid, inflated, bloated, puffed up; elated, 
arrogant. 

Tumuitus, us and i, m. (tumeo), a tumult, 
disturbance, broil, commotion, uproar, 
riot; a storm.. 

Tumulus, i, m. (tumeo), a hill, hillock, a 
mound: properly, an artificial eminence; 
the mound on a grave, a grave or sepul- 
chral mound. 

Tunc, adv. then, at that time. 

Tunica, 33, f. a tunic, a vest worn fitting 
close to the body, worn under the toga. 

Turba, ae, f. (rippr) and 66pv/3os), confusion, 
tumult, turmoil, disturbance; a crowd, 
multitude. 

Turbo, are, avi, atum, n. and a. (turba), 
intrans. to cause disorder, create confu- 
sion, make a bustle or a riot, to rage: 
trans, to disturb, confuse, throw into dis- 
order, trouble. 

Turbo, mis, m. any thing whirling round 
in a circle; a whirlwind, tornado, hurri- 
cane, storm; confusion; a whirl, twirl: 
hence, vehemence, violence. 

Turpis, e, adj. deformed, ugly, unsightly, 
filthy, foul, loathsome; shameful, base, 
dishonorable, infamous, scandalous; in- 
decent, iimnodest. 

Turris, is, f. (rvpo-is und Tvfpts), a tower, high 
building. 

Tutela, 83, f. (tueor), care; defence, protec- 
tion, guardianship: poet, a guardian; a 
ward, or one under protection, a charge. 

Tutus, a, um, part. fr. tueor, as adj. safe, 
secure; prudent, cautious. 

Tuus, a, um, poss. pr. (tu), thy, thine, your: 
without a subs, translated thine, yours: 
Tui, your friends, subjects, &c. 

Tybris, is, m. poetic form of Tiberis, the 
river Tiber, flowing past Rome. 

Tympanum, i, n. {rvp.Tra.vov), a kind of drum, 
timbrel, tambourine, (most resembling the 
last.) 

Typh5seus, eos, m. (Ty-pho-eus), name 
of a giant, son of Titanus and Terra. 

Typhoeus, a, um, adj. of or belonging to 
Typhoeus, the giant, son of Titan and 
Terra, (Uranus and Gaea.) 

Tyrannus, i, m. (rvpawog), a monarch, abso- 
lute lord, especially in a state that had 
enjoyed liberty : subsequently, a despot, 
a tyrant, in the bad sense. 

Tyrius, a, um, adj. of ox belongi?ig to Tyre, 
the celebrated city of Phoenicia, Tyrian. 

Tyros, or Tyrus, i, f. Tyre, the famous city 
in Phoenicia, now Sur. 

Tyrrhenus, a, um, adj. Tyrrhene, belong- 
ing to Etruria; Tuscan, Etrurian. 

u. 

"Uber, eris, adj. rich, plentiful, fruitful, 

copious, abundant. 
"Uber, eris, n. subs. ateat,pap, dug; breast. 
^TJbi, adv. where, in which place, in what 

place; when, at which time, as soon as. 
ubique, adv. wheresoever, everywhere. 

382 



"Udus, a, um, adj. (contr. fr. uvidus),7nozsf, 
wet, humid. 

Ullus, a, um, gen. ullius, adj. any, anyone: 
as if unulus, a dim. of unus. 

Ulmus, i, f. an elm, elm-tree. 

Ulterius, adv. comp. of ultra, further on, 
further; more, longer. 

UltTmus, a, um, adj. sup. of ulter, the last, 
the final; the most remote; earliest; low- 
est, worst of its kind; most distant; ut- 
most, extreme. 

Ultor, oris, m. (ultus, part, of ulsciscor, to 
revenge), a revenger, punisher, avenger. 

Ultra, prep, and adv.: prep, beyond, on the 
farther side, past: adv. on the other side, 
beyond; farther. 

Ultrix, icis, f. (ultor), she that revenges, re- 
vengeful, female avenger. 

Ultro, adv. (scil. loco, 1. e. loco ultro), on 
the farther side, beyond; of one 's own ac- 
cord, spontaneously. 

"Ululatus, us, m. (ululo), a howling, shriek- 
ing, yelling. 

"Ululo, are, avi, atum, n. and a. (either fr. 
the sound, or fr. 6\v\vfa, to howl), intrans. 
to howl, yell, utter a mournful cry, 
shriek: trans, to cry out to; to fill with 
howlings; to bewail with howling; to howl 
forth. 

Ulva, ae, f. sea-weed, sedge. 

Umbra, 33, f. a shadow or shade: hence, 
darkness, dimness, obscurity; shadow, 
that is, shelter, protection; a shade, that 
is, a departed spirit: umbras, the Manes; 
the infernal regions. 

Umbrosus, a, um, adj. (umbra), shady, 
shaded; umbrageous, affording shade. 

"Una, adv. (unus), together, in company, at 
the same time, in the same place. 

Uncus, a, um, adj. crooked, curved, hooked. 

Unda, 33, f. a wave, billow; water, usually 
running or undulating water. 

UndTque, adv. (unde and que), properly, 
whencesoever; usually, from all parts, 
from every part; everywhere, on alt 
sides. 

Unguis, is, m. (ovv%), a nail, of finger or toe, 
a claw of beast, a talon of bird. 

Ungula, as, f. (unguis), a hoof; a claw or 
talon. 

"Unice, adv. (unicus, single), singly; sin- 
gularly, eminently. 

Unquam, adv. ever, at any time; any- 
where. 

"Unus, a, um, adj. (ei?, gen. h6 s ), a, an, 
one; one, single, only, alone. 

Urbs, bis, f. (orbis), a town, city, as being 
circled by a wall : applied by pre-emi- 
nence to Rome, the city. 

Urgeo and Urgueo, ere, ursi, a. to press 
upon, urge, impel; to be near at hand, 
impend; to solicit earnestly, constrain. 

Urna, 33, f. a vessel for drawi?ig water, an 
urn, a pitcher: hence assigned to the 
constellation Aquarius, and to river 
deities ; any urn, a pot; a cinerary urn, 
for holding the ashes of the dead. 

"Uro, ere, ussi, ustum, a. to burn, scorch, 



URSA. 



VENIA. 



parch; to gall, annoy, plague; to burn up, 

consume: uri, to be enamored. 
Ursa, ae, f. (ursus), a she-bear: poet, a bear 

generally : name of two constellations, 

the Greater and Lesser Bear. 
Ursus, i, m. a bear. 
Usquam, adv. anywhere, in or at any place; 

to any place. 
Usque, adv. (derived by Scaliger fr. d* ke, 

i. e. £o)j ke, until), all along, in continued 

course, constantly; so long; all the way, 

as far as, until. 
Ustus, a, um, part, of uro, which see. 
"Usus, us, m. (utor), use made of a thing, 

the making use ; frequent use, usage, 

practice; utility, advantage. 
Ut, adv. and conj. (on), as; that; as to; as \ 

soon as, when; how. 
"Uterque, iitraque, iitrumque, adj. (uter, 

que), both one and the other, both. 
"Uterus, i. m. (Gr. ovSap), the belly, abdomen; 

the womb. 
"Utllis, is, e, adj. (utor), that may be used, 

useful, suitable, efficacious, good, salu- 
tary. 
"Utinam. adv. (uti, nam), oh! that ; I wish 

that; would that. 
"Utor, uti, usus, dep. to use, make use of, 

to avail one's self of ; to need. 
"Utrimque and iitrinque, adv. on both sides. 

fmm both sides. The u is sometimes 

long, sometimes short. 
"Uva, ae, f. a bunch or cluster of grapes. 

V. 

Vaco, are, avi, atum, n. to be empty or 
void; to be destitute of, be clear of, be 
without; to be vacant, unoccupied; to be 
free from, exempt; to be at leisure. 

Vacca, ae, f. a cow. 

Vacuus, a, um, adj. (vaco), void, empty, 
vacant ; free from, unoccupied, idle ; 
calm, composed. 

Vado, ere, si, sum, n. (j?aw, whence pa5i&), 
to go, walk, pass. 

Vadum, i, n. (fr. 0ar6g, fi, 6v, passable), a 
shallow in a river, or other water, a ford: 
poet, water. 

Vagor, ari, atis,dep. (vagus), to roam about, 
range up and down, wander, ramble, rove, 
stray through, spread. 

Vagus, a, um, adj. roaming, wandering, 
rambling, straying; unsteady, inconstant , 
roving; free, unrestrained; general, in- 
definite, vague. 

Vale, imp. of valeo, farewell. 

Valeo, ere, lui, lltum, n. to be well, be in 
health, enjoy health; to have strength or 
power, be strong, be able; to have force or 
efficacy, be effectual, avail; be valued at, 
he worth; to signify. 

ValTdus, a, dum, adj. (valeo), healthy, 
sound; strong, robust, vigorous; power- 
ful, influential. 

Vallis and Valles, is, f. a valley, a vale. 

Valvae, arum, f. the folds of a door, the 
door, folding-doors. 



Vanus, a, um, adj. empty, void, unsub- 
stantial; vain unmeaning; unt rue, false, 
deceitful; ineffectual, fruitless, bootless; 
groundless, unfounded, unreasonable. 

Vapor, oris. m. exhalation, steam, vapor, 
smoke; heat, warmth. 

Vario, are, avi, atum, a. and n. (varius), 
trans, to diversify, variegate, to spot; to 
vary, change: intrans. to be party-colored, 
change color; to be diverse or unlike, to 
vary. 

Varius, a, um, adj. of divers colors, spotted, 
variegated; of divers qualities, kinds, 
&c. ; various, different, unlike; variable, 
varying, i?ico?ista?it, fickle. 

Vastus, a, um, adj. waste, desert, desolate; 
without order, unshaped, rude; savage, 
hideous; fearfully great, immense, vast. 

Vates, is, m. and f. (fr. mm or 6am;, speak- 
ing), a diviner, soothsayer, prophet, pro- 
phetess: a poet, poetess, bard, (i. e. speak- 
ing by inspiration.) 

Vaticmor, ari, atus sum, dep. to prophesy, 
divine, foretell; to sing, as a poet. 

Veho, ere, xi, ctum, a. to carry, bear, cdn- 
vey, bring. 

Vel, conj. or: vel, vel, either, or: also, even: 
sometimes merely a copulative. 

Velamen, Inis, n. (velo), a veil, covering, 
garment. 

Velio, ere. velli, and vulsi, vulsum, a. (Gr. 
ti'AAw), to pluck, pull, pick; pluck out, tear 
off, pull up, pull out; pinch, nip, twitch. 

Vellus, eris, n. the shorn fleece; fleece, wool: 
sheepskin ; skin of any animal with the 

. hair on. 

Velo, are, avi, atum, a. to veil, to cover, to 
clothe; to bind about, encircle; to adorn; 
to hide, cloak, conceal. 

Velociter, adv. (velox), swiftly, speedily, 
rapidly; nimbly, actively. 

Velox, ocis, adj. (volo, to fly), swift, speedy, 
fleet, rapid; agile, nimble, active. 

Velum, i, n. (veho), a sail: also, a cover, 
veil, curtain. 

Velut, or Veluti, adv. (vel and ut, or uti), 
as, like as; as if, as it were. 

Vena, ae, f. a vein; passage, channel; vein of 
ore; vein in marble, stone, wood, &lc: fig. 
for blood, metal, &c. 

Venatrix, Icis, f. (venor), a huntress, fe- 
male hunter: as adj. hunting. 

Venatus, us, m. (venor), a hunting, chasing, 
the chase. 

Venenifer, a, um, adj. (venenum and fero), 
bearing or containing poison, venemous. 

Venenum, i, n. that which, by its pene- 
trating power, or chemical qualities, 
changes the nature of any thing, whether 
for good or evil : a juice, drug, medicine; 
poison; a tincture, dye, pigment; magic 
pot ion. 

Venerandus, a, um, (part. fut. fr. veneror), 
venerable, reverend. 

Veneror, ari, atus, dep. to venerate, worship, 
adore, revere, reverence, pay honor to; 
pray humbly to, beseech, crave earnestly. 

Venia, ae, f. favor, indulgence, gratijicu- 

3S3 



VENIO. 



VIMEN. 



tion; permission, leave; forgiveness, par- 
don. 

Venio, ire, veni, ventum, n. to come, come 
to, fall to, to befall, occur; to come forth, 
spring up. 

Venor, ari, atus, dep. to hunt, chase, pursue 
game; to strive after, earnestly seek. 

Venter, tris, m. (Gr. hrepa), the belly, the 
stomach, the ventricle; the womb. Ventres, 
the intestines. 

Ventus, i, m. the wind: fig. the gales of 
prosperity or blasts of adversity; empty 
applause. 

Venus, eris, f. Venus, the goddess of Love 
and Beauty, wife of Vulcan and mother 
of Cupid : also, love, in a good or in a 
bad sense : also, loveliness, grace, ele- 
gance. 

Ver, eris, n. (Gr. eap-rjp, strictly, Feap-Ffjp), 
spring; the prime, spring-time: v. atatis, 
spring-time of life. ■ 

Verber, is, n. a scourge, lash, rod; a stripe, 
stroke, blow. The nom,, dat. and ace. 
sing, not met with. 

Verbum, n. a word; a saying. 

Vere, adv. (verus), truly, verily, in truth, 
correctly, aright, fitly, rightly; sincerely, 
honestly. 

Verecundus, a, um, (vereor), adj. respect- 
ful, diffident, through respect, bashful, 
modest; moderate. 

Vereor, eri, ltus, dep. to fear, be afraid of; 
revere, have a reverential fear of, respect, 
stand in awe of; to fear, apprehend. 

Vero, adv. in truth, indeed, truly, certain- 
ly; yes, certainly, by all means: conj. 
but. 

Versa, are, avi, atum, a. (freq. of verto), 
to turn often, turn about, roll; drive 
about; exercise, agitate; to guide, direct; 
to revolve, consider, ponder; to overthrow, 
destroy. 

Vertex, Tcis, m. (verto), strictly, that which 
is turned about ; the extremity round 
which a thing turns ; the crown of the 
head: poet, the head; a peak, summit, hill, 
eminence; a whirlwind; a whirlpool. 

Vertigo, Tnis, f. (verto), a turning round, 
whirling, gyration; a giddiness, dizzi- 
ness, vertigo. 

Verto, or Vorto, ere, ti, sum, a. and n. to 
turn, turn round; turn up; overturn; to 
change, transform. 

Verum, conj. but; however. 

Verus, a, um, adj. true, real, unfeigned, 
genuine, undisguised. Verum, as subs. 
the truth; reality. 

Vesper, eris, and Vesperus, i, m. (eenrepos), 
the evening star; evening, eventide: also, 
the west. 

Vester, ra, rum, or Voster, ra, um, adj. 
pro. of ox pertaining to you, your, yours. 

Vestigium, ii, n. a footfall, tread; trace, 
track; step; the sole of the foot, the foot. 

Vestlgo, are, avi, a. (vestigium), to trace, 
track, search after; track ozit, find. 

Vestio, Ire, ivi, itum, a. (vestis), to clothe, 
robe, dress, attire; cover, deck, adorn. 

384 



Vestis, is, f. {hadns), a garment, robe, clothes; 
clothing, covering, tapestry. 

Veto, are, ui, itum, a. to will that something 
shall not be, to veto; to forbid, advise 
against; to prevent, oppose. Supposed 
to be taken from vetus, and so to imply, 
leave as before, in its former state. 

Vetus, eris, adj. (hog, a year), that has long 
been; old, of long standing; former: 
Veteres, ancestors, ancients. 

Vetustas, atis, f. (vetus), antiquity, an- 
cientness, oldness, age; olden time; old 
friendship. 

Vetustus, a, um, adj. (vetus), old, ancient, 
antique, not young. 

Via, ae, f. a way, road, passage: fig. means, 
opportunity, method, manner. 

Viator, oris, m. (via), a traveller, passenger. 

Vlbro, are, avi, atum, a. and n. trans, to 
move quickly to and fro, to shake, agitate, 
vibrate, put in tremulous motion; brand- 
ish, hurl, dart: intrans. to move tremu- 
lously, vibrate, quiver, tremble; to glitter, 
sparkle, flash. 

Vlclnia, ae, f. (vicinus), neighborhood, vici- 
nity; nearness; affinity, similarity, re- 
semblance. 

Vicinus, a, um, adj. (vicus, a hamlet, a 
street), neighboring, living or being in 
the neighborhood; near, alike, allied. 

VTcis or Vix, vicis, f. [the nom. sing, not 
met with] , change, vicissitude, alterna- 
tion, reciprocal change, interchange. 

Victor, oris, m. (vinco), a conqueror, victor: 
as an adj. victorious. 

Victoria, ae, f. (victor), victory, conquest : 
the goddess of victory. 

Victrix, Icis, f. (victor), a conqueress, she 
that is victorious: as an adj. victorious. 

Victus, a, um, part. fr. vinco, conquered, 
overthrown, trampled on, despised. 

Victus, us, m. (vivo), way of living, life: 
food, sustenance, victuals; in a general 
sense, support and comfort of the body. 

Video, ere, Idi, Isum, a. and n. (ikiv), to 
see, behold; to perceive; to look to, consi- 
der, provide; to go to see, to visit. 

VTgTl, ilis, adj. (vigeo, to be lively), lively, 
active, watching, awake; watchful, atten- 
tive: also, wakeful, causing to watch. 

VTgTlax, acis, adj. (vigil), very watchful, 
vigilant ; keeping awake, preventing 
sleep. 

VigTlo, are, avi, n. and a. (vigil), to watch, 
be awake; be watchful, be vigilant; to 
perform or despatch with vigilance; to 
spend in watching. 

VYginti,_num. adj. twenty. 

Vigor, oris, m. (vigeo, to live, thrive), life, 
life-principle; liveliness, vigor, activity, 
energy. 

Villa, ae, f. a villa, country-house, country- 
seat, farm-house. Varro derives it from 
veho", because the farm-produce was 
brought thither. 
I Villus, i, m. a long hair; tuft of hair; 
shaggy hair. 

Vimen, inis, n. (vieo, to plait twigs), a 



VINCIO. 



VOLO. 



pliant twig for plaiting or twisting, an 
osier, withe. 

Vincio, ire, nxi, nctum, a. to bind, bmd 
round, wind about, fetter, restrain, en- 
chain. 

Vinco,. ere, vici, victum, a. and n. : act. to 
conquer, vanquish, overcome, triumphant- 
ly show: intrans. to be victorious, to be 
successful. 

Vinctus, a, urn, part, of vincio. 

Vinculum, i, n. (vincio), any thing that 
binds, a band, bond, string, cord; fetter, 
fastening. 

Vindex, Tcis, adj. and subs. m. and f. (vin- 
dico), a claimant: hence, an assertor, de- 
fender, deliverer: as adj. avenging, pu- 
nishing. 

Vindicta, ae, f. (vindico), the freedom-rod, 
with which the praetor touched the slave, 
and thereby made him free : hence, the 
freeing of a slave, in which sense it is 
found in Plautus : generally, a freeing, 
deliverance: also, an asserting, defend- 
ing : also, vindication, vengeance, re- 
venge; punishment. 

Vinetum, i, n. (vinum), a place planted with 
vines, a vineyard. 

Vinum, i, m. (ohog), wine. 

Viola, ae, f. (iov), a violet : also including 
many of the species stockgilly -flower; 
violet -color. 

Violentia, ae, f. (violentus), violence, impe- 
tuosity, fury ', fierceness, savageness. 

Violentus, a, um, adj. (vis), violent, impe- 
tuous, furious, fierce, savage. 

Violo, are, avi, atum, a. (vis), to offer vio- 
lence to, injure, sully, violate, defile; to 
wound; to dye, stain. 

Vipereus, a, um, adj. (vipera, a viper), of a 
viper, viperous; full of vipers or serpents. 

Vir, i, m. a man, the male person; one ar- 
rived at mans estate; a brave or true 
man; the husband. 

Virago, Tnis, f. (vir), a masculine woman, 
heroine, virago. 

VTrens, entis, part, of vireo : as adj. green, 
verdant; blooming, youthful. 

Vireo, ere, ui, n. to be green, be verdant; to 
be fresh, lively, vigorous, to flourish. 

Viresco, ere, n. (inceptive from vireo), to 
become green; to shoot forth; to become 
strong. 

Virga, ae, f. (vireo), a slight branch, a twig, 
osier, rod; a streak like a rod; a magic 
rod, especially that of Mercury, with 
which he consigned to Orcus, or re- 
called thence, the souls of the departed, 
and with which he sealed in sleep the 
eyes, as of Argus. It was distinct from 
his caduceus, which was ornamented 
with the figure of two snakes, was borne 
by him in his character of messenger of 
the gods, and was an emblem of peace. 

Virgmeus, a, um, adj. (virgo), pertaining 
to a virgin, virgin, virgin-like. 

Virginitas, atis, f. (virgo), virginity, maid- 
enhood, chastity. 

49 



Virgo, Tnis, f. (vireo), a virgin, maid : an 
unmarried young woman. 

VMdis, e, adj. (vireo), green, grass-green, 
verdant. 

Virilis, is, e, adj. (vir), pertaining to man, 
manly: becoming a man, manful, valiant. 

Virtus, utis, f. (vir), manhood, virility; that 
which ennobles a man; bravery, courage, 
constancy, spirit ; virtue, good quality, 
excellence; efficacy, power. 

Virus, i, n. natural juice, moisture, humor, 
of any thing ; poison, venom, virus. 

Vis, vis, f. pi. vires, (is, ivos), power, force, 
vigor, impetuosity, violence; energy, effi- 
cacy, potency, influence. 

Viscera, um, in pi., and more rarely viscus, 
in sing., n. all that is under the skin; the 
interior, inward parts, the bowels, en- 
trails; the flesh. 

Viso, ere, si, sum, a. (freq. of video), to see, 
look at, behold; to go to see; to visit. 

Visus, us, m, (video), a seeing, the sight, 
vision; a view, appearance, aspect. 

Vita, ae, f. (perhaps 0iorfj), life; manner of 
life; actions of life, moral conduct; bio- 
graphy. 

Vitalis, is, e, adj. (vita), pertaining to life, 
giving life, preserving life, vital; long- 
lived. 

Vitio, are, avi, atum, a. (vitium), to spoil, 
corrupt, taint, vitiate; to falsify. 

Vitis, is, f. (vieo, to weave, intertwine), a 
vine; a vine-branch, vine-sapling. 

Vitium, ii, n. injury, hurt, violence; flaw, 
crack; defect, blemish, fault, corruption; 
moral fault or imperfection, vice, vicious 
conduct. 

Vito, are, avi, atum, a. to shun, avoid, be- 
ware of; to escape. 

Vitta, ae, f. a band, with which the hair, 
garlands, &c. were tied ; a fillet for the 
head, chaplet, headband; the head-dress of 
a freeborn lady: a wreath for the altar. 

Vitulus, i, m. (iraXdj, an ox), a male calf, 
yearling bull; young bullock, steer. 

Vivax, acis, adj. (vivo), long-living, long- 
lived, tenacious of life: lively, animated, 
vivacious ; giving life, vivifying. 

Vivo, ere, xi, ctum, n. (/3i6u>, 0iQ>), to live, be 
alive: to support life, live upon. Vivitur, 
impersonally, scil. ab illis, they live. 

Vivus, a, um, adj. (vivo), alive, living, hav- 
ing life; belonging to a living creature; 
lively, vigorous, fresh ; native, havi?ig 
natural force. 

Vix, adv. scarcely, hardly, with difficulty. 

Vocalis, is, e, adj. (vox), that may be heard, 
having a voice, vocal, sonorous, speaking, 
singing, crying, $-c. 

Voco, are, avi, atum, a. to call; call toge- 
ther; call upon, invoke; invite. 

Vulans, antis, part, of volo. 

Volatus, us, m. (volo, are), act of flying, 
flight; rapid motion. 

Volo, are, avi, atum, m to fly; to move 
swiftly, speed away. 

Volo, velle, volui, irr. a. and n. (!36\o, /JoXo- 
2K 385 



VOLUBILIS. 



ZONA. 



fiai, /5ov\o[jiai, to wish), to will, wish, have a 
mind, be willing, choose, desire. 

Volubilis, is, e, adj. (volvo), easily rolled, 
rolling or turning, voluble; changeable, 
unstable. 

Volucer, ris, m. and volucris, is, f. any 
winged creature: both properly adj. ; see 
next. 

Volucer, is, is, e, adj. (volo, to fly), flying, 
winged; light, rapid, swift; inconstant, 
feeble, fleeting. 

Volumen, inis, n. (volvo), any thing wound 
into a roll, a roll: hence, as the ancients 
rolled up their writing, and unrolled for 
perusal, a writing, book, work, volume: a 
wreath, fold, spire: revolution, rotation. 
Met. II. 71. 

Voluntas, atis, f. (volo, velle), the will, in- 
clination, desire, wish; willingness; in- 
tention. 

Voluptas, atis, f. (fr. volupis, delightful, wh. 
fr. volo, to wish), pleasure, enjoyment, de- 
light. 

Voluto, are, avi, atum, a. (volvo), to roll, 
wind often, turn about, roll about; roll 
out, emit; revolve. 

Volvo, ere, volvi, volutum, a. to roll, wind 
round, roll down, unroll, open. 

Vomer, ens, m. a ploughshare. 

Vomo, ere, ui, ltum, n. and a. (Gr. i^id), to 
vomit; discharge by vomiting, throw up; 
emit, empty. 

Votum, i, n. (voveo), that which is vowed, or 
promised to a deity by vow : a vow, so- 
lemn promise; a wish, earnest hope, fond 
hope. 

Vox, ocis, f. (Sip, a voice), the voice; a call- 
ing out; a sound, tone: a word, words: 
speech, language. 



Vulcanius, a, um, adj. pertaining toVulcan, 
the lame son of Jupiter and Juno, and 
husband of Venus : he was god of fire, 
and artificer for the gods. 

Vulgaris, e, adj. (vulgus), vulgar, common, 
usual; mean, vile. 

Vulgatus, a, um, part, from vulgo, made 
public, disclosed, spread abroad, made 
common. Adj. common, known, well- 
known. 

Vulgus, i, n. or Volgus, (j>x^os), sometimes 
masc. the public, people collectively and 
indiscriminately : hence, a number, a 
crowd : the vulgar, the multitude, the 
rabble. 

Vulnero, are, avi, atum, a. (vulnus), to 
wound; to injure, pain, grieve. 

Vulnificus, a, um, adj. (vulnus and facio), 
wounding, inflicting wounds, vulniflc. 

Vulnus or Volnus, ens, n. a wound, hurt; 
a stroke, thrust, blow; a weapon that 
wounds : fig. a canker, mortification: 
also, wound of the spirit or affections. 

Vultus, us, m. (perhaps volo), the human 
countenance, as to its expression ; fea- 
tures, aspect; the face generally. 



Xanthus, i, m. Xanthus, a river of Troas. 

z. 

Zephyrus, i, m. the west wind. Ztyvpog was 
properly the north-west wind, but is 
used in the former sense generally by 
the Latin poets. 

Zona, ae, f. (&vri), a belt, girdle, zone : 
Zona?, the zones of the heavens and earth. 



THE END. 



RECOMMENDATIONS. 



From the Rev. J. P. K. Henshaw, D. D., Episcopal Bishop of Rhode Island. 

I am glad to perceive that Sorin & Ball, of Philadelphia, propose to issue a series of classical works 
tinder the ahle editorial direction of Professor N. C. Brooks. 

While the latest and most accurate European editions will furnish the text of the proposed series, 
the well-known literary taste and skill of the Editor will ensure all such illustrations and explana- 
tions as may he needed to aid th£ researches of the pupil, without relieving him from the necessity 
and labor of careful study. The undersigned recommends the enterprise as deserving patronage from 
the friends of education. J. P. K. HENSHAW. 

Providence, Jan. 6, 1846. 

From the Rev. W. R. WHITTINGHAM, D. D., Episcopal Bishop of Maryland. 
My Dear Sir, — The subject of our last conversation has been often in my thoughts, and the result 
is a confirmation of the opinion then expressed, that a series of Classical school-books prepared on the 
plan that you propose, is highly desirable, and if competently executed, must be of great advantage 
to the schools and colleges of our country. I know that you will bring to the work many of the most 
important qualifications, and confidently trust the result of your undertaking will be a lasting benefit 
to the youth of our countrv, and a proportionate increase of the high reputation you already enjoy. 
Very faithfully, your friend and servant, W. R. WHITTINGHAM. 

Baltimore, Jan. 6, 1846. 

From the Rev. Beverly Waugh, Bishop of the Methodist E. Church. 

From the acquaintance I have formed with N. C. Brooks, he stands high in my esteem, both as a 
gentleman and a scholar. He is a man of great moral worth. His character and abilities have been 
long enough before the public to secure to him a reputation which seldom falls to the lot of one not 
older than he. 

The foregoing plan, in my opinion, is admirably adapted to facilitate the study of the Latin and 
Greek Classics, and promises great advantage to academical and collegiate students. 

B. WAUGH. 

Baltimore, Jan. 6, 1846. 

F)-om the Rev. S. S. Schmucker, D. D., President of Theological Seminary. 

Theological Seminary, Gettysburg, February Bd, 1846. 

Gentlemen, — After an examination of Professor Brooks's books, which you sent me, I take pleasure 
in expressing my high sense of the scholarship of the author, as well as of the accuracy and excel- 
lence of these works. I doubt not, that an impartial judgment will assign to them a respectable 
rank among the better class of text books for the study of the Roman tongue. 

S. S. SCHMUCKER. 

From the Rev. C. P. Krauth, D. D^ President of Pennsylvania College. 

Dear Sir, — Your edition of Ross's Grammar appears to me to contain every thing that could be 
desired. Its great copiousness, in view of the small bulk of the volume, must bring it into extensive 
use. Your Latin Lessons are admirable, and just the book needed by beginners, and it must com- 
mand more extensive patronage than the Grammar, because it has not, so far as I know, any repu- 
table competitor in use in our country. I hope your useful labors will be rewarded. 

Yours with respect, C. P. KRAUTH. 

From the Rev. W. M. Reynolds, A. M., President of Wittenberg College 

Dear Sir, — I am very much pleased with the "Latin Lessons." It is just such a book as I have 
long felt anxious to place in the hands of those commencing the study of Latin. Many things in 
your First Lessons have struck me very favorably. Its brevity and plainness, its freshness, and its 
American tone, all combine to make it the very book which our tyros need to initiate them into this 
science. I venture to prophesy your full success in this enterprise, and herewith offer you my con- 
gratulations upon it. 

Yours respectfully, W. M. REYNOLDS. 

From Edward Sparks, A. M, M. D., Professor of Ancient Languages. 

St. John's College, Annapolis, Md., January 2Uh, 1846. 
Dear Sir, — With your revised edition of Ross's Latin Grammar I am much pleased. As a practical 
proof of my favorable opinion of its merits, I have directed a class, recently transferred from the 
Grammar school to the Collegiate department of St. John's, to furnish themselves with copies, to be 
used as " text-books" on their revision of Grammar. 

I am also much gratified with your "First Latin Lessons." This, I perceive, is the first of a full 
peries to be edited by you. I wish you all the success which has attended the productions of your pen 
in another department, and which is confidently anticipated by your friends and those acquainted 
with your general knowledge, superadded to a long experience as a practical teacher. 

Very respectfully yours, EDWARD SPARKS, M. D 

From A. Freitag, LL. D., of the University of Gottingen, now Professor of Languages, Baltimore. 

Dear Sir, — Having carefully examined Ross's Latin Grammar, as revised and amended by you, 

I find it every way equal, if not superior, to any used in our schools. After a thorough perusal of your 

Latin Lessons, I take pleasure in acknowledging that never, even in my "fatherland," have I seen a 

387 



388 RECOMMENDATIONS. 

book better calculated to facilitate the study of the Latin language. It should he in tJie hands of every 
beginner. Moreover, the many sentences it contains, embracing facts in the history of my adopted 
country, must make it interesting, not only to the student, but dear to every patriotic heart. 

Yours respectfully, A. FREITAG. 

From the Rev. B. J. Wallace, A. 31., Professor of Languages, Delaware College. 

Delaware College, Newark, nth January, 1846. 
Dear Sir, — Ross's Latin Grammar has long appeared to me a valuable work. With your improve- 
ments in clearness and arrangement, it will still be more acceptable. The additions you have made 
have greatly increased the value of the book. 

The Latin Lessons supply a want which teachers must have felt, particularly in regard to those 
who commence Latin when quite young. 
Wishing you all success in your efforts to elevate the standard of Classical learning, 

I remain, yours truly, B. J. WALLACE. 

From E. A. Poe, Esq., Editor of Broadway Journal. 

N. C. Brooks, A. M., of Baltimore, well known as a terse and vigorous writer, as well as a poet of 
much absolute power and refined taste, has lately been rendering substantial service to education, by 
preparing a series of works for the use of schools and colleges. Encouraged by the popularity of those 
already prepared, his publishers have issued a prospectus for a series of Greek and Latin Classics. 
Erom our knowledge of Mr. Brooks's thorough classical acquirements and nicely correct judgment, we 
have full confidence in the success of the undertaking, and its consequent popularity. — Broadway 
(JY. Y.) Journal. 

From Professor Castanis, a native Greek. 

Richmond, Va., July 10th, 1846. 

Dear Sir, — Your Lessons for the acquisition of Greek, I have examined with pleasure. It is a sort 
of intellectual whetstone, that sharpens the devotee of Plato's tongue to the last page. You know 
that this language to a beginner is a precipitous Parnassus, full of chasms, chimeras and labyrinths, 
but a methodical book, such as yours, guides him like a torch, to reach with slow but sure steps the 
height of its sublimity. I am glad to see the accents are more correctly placed in this than any work 
of the kind that has fallen under my observation in this country. 

Very truly yours, C. PLATO CASTANIS. 

Brooks's Ovid's Metamorphoses. — This work, from the specimen before us, we have no hesitation in 
saying, will reflect much credit upon the learning of its author, and add very considerably to the 
high reputation he has already acquired in this department of science. It abounds with numerous 
critical and explanatory notes. These notes contain a vast amount of useful information, not only 
elucidating the text, but developing the remarkable coincidences between the events recorded by the 
poet, and those of sacred history, and thereby establishing in a very clear and satisfactory manner 
the authenticity of the Scriptures as a divine revelation. On this account it cannot fail to be highly 
useful to the Biblical student. The plan upon which this edition is constructed will tend to remove 
to a great degree one of the principal objections that have been urged against the use of this poet in 
our schools and colleges. — Evomgelical {Monthly) Repository. 

Professor Brooks's Ovid's Metamorphoses. — The work in question is embellished with splendid pic- 
torial illustrations, and yet more brilliant glossarial commentaries and illustrations of the text in 
English. This valuable book is chiefly intended for the use of schools; but it should not only adorn 
the library of every person of finished education and refined taste, but those of the reading public 
generally. 

To those who know but little Latin, it supplies every deficiency ; and for those entirely without 
that language, the notes alone afford a fund of instruction and amusement. The coincidences of 
thought and expression between those of the Roman bard and the inspired poets and historians, are 
peculiarly striking; and the masterly manner in which these are collected and compared with them, 
and with the best ancient and modern authors in all languages, bespeaks the erudition as well as the 
industry of the editor. — The (N. Y.) Home Journal. 

Ovid's Metamorphoses, by Professor N. C. Brooks. — "In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas." 
Yes, here's a metamorphosis, indeed, worthy to be sung by the Roman bard himself, but appreciable 

only by the schoolboy of the old regime Verily thou art now changed, ! Publius Ovidius Naso, 

not only from thy first form upon the long roll of Pergamean skin, or in the rough sheets of dingy 
Egyptian papyrus, but even from what thou wast in the days of thy Delphinian glory ! . . . . We were 
about to say that our poet would scarcely know himself in this new form, and yet, methinks, he 
would rejoice in it. It is, indeed, like the resurrection of the poet in a more glorious form. The notes 
show Prof. Brooks to be a good, ripe scholar, a man of taste, a genuine poet, and a most accomplished 
teacher. To a boy no Latin author is more interesting than Ovid, and we do not know that any is 
more profitable. He is the great store-house of ancient mythology, worth all the " Tooke's Pan- 
theons," and "Classical Dictionaries," and "Mamials of Classical Literature," that were ever written 
for the purpose of introducing the scholar to the deities of Parnassus, old Neptune and his watery 
train, Pluto and his infernal realms, together with all the demigods, heroes and monsters, and wild 
legends of Greece and Rome. And then his simple style, and his smooth and faultless hexameters, 
axe just what the young scholar requires in order to familiarize him with the capacity of the lan- 
guage, and to impress upon his ear and memory all the peculiarities of Latin quantity in the Augus- 
tan era. 

We, therefore, most cordially wish Prof. Brooks and his enterprising publishers abundant success 
In the spirited undertaking which promises so much for the interests of classical literature among us. 
The book does credit to the literature, typography, and taste of our country, and we doubt whether 
any edition of the author, that has yet been published, can vie with it in the elegance of its execu- 
tion. — Literary {Monthly) Record. 



PROFESSOR BROOKS'S 

GREEK AND LATIN CLASSICS. 

Published by GRIGG, ELLIOT & CO., Philadelphia. 



This series of the Greek and Latin Classics is on an improved plan, with peculiar adaptation 
to the wants of the American student. To secure accuracy of text in the works that are to appear, 
the latest and most approved European editions of the different classical authors will be con- 
sulted. Original illustrative and explanatory notes, prepared by the Editor, will accompany the 
text. These notes, though copious, will be intended to direct and assist the student in his labors, 
rather than by rendering every thing too simple, to supersede the necessity of due exertion on 
his own part, and thus induce indolent habits of study and reflection, and feebleness of intellect. 

In the notes that accompany the text, care will be taken, on all proper occasions, to develope 
and promote in the mind of the student, sound principles of Criticism, Rhetoric, History, Political 
Science, Morals and general Religion — so that he may contemplate the subject of the author he is 
reading, not within the circumscribed limits of a mere rendering of the text, but consider it in all 
its extended connections and relations — and thus learn to think, as well as to translate. 

In commenting upon the text, besides illustrations and parallelisms from the ancient Classics, 
it is proposed, in this series, to draw from the treasures of Modern History and Literature copious 
materials for comparison and illustration, so as to insure on the part of the student an acquaint- 
ance with general Belles-Lettres. Especially is it intended to elucidate Grecian and Roman 
History and the Polities of Antiquity by the history and institutions of our own country, and to 
sanctify the pages of heathen Poetry and Theology by apposite and parallel passages from the 
Bible, and thus foster our distinctive nationality by stamping early upon the minds of our youth, 
the impress of Republicanism and Christianity. 

The following works- have already appeared, or will be speedily produced : 

Brooks's First Latin Lessons. 

This is adapted to Brooks's Ross's Latin Grammar, but will suit any other Grammar of the 
language. It consists of a Grammar, Reader, and Dictionary combined, and will enable any one 
to acquire a knowledge of the elements of the Latin Language, without an instructor. It has 
already passed through five editions. ISmo. > 

Brooks's Caesar's Commentaries. 

This edition of the Commentaries of Caesar on the Gallic War, besides critical and explanatory 
notes embodying much information, of an historical, topographical, and military character, is illus- 
trated by maps, portraits, views, plans of battles. &c. It has a good Clavis, containing all the 
words. Nearly ready. 12mo. 

Brooks's Ovid's Metamorphoses. 

This edition of Ovid is expurgated, and freed from objectionable matter. It is elucidated by an 
analysis and explanation of the fables, together with original English notes, historical, mytholo- 
gical, and critical, and illustrated by pictorial embellishments; with a Clavis giving the meaning 
of all the words with critical exactness. Each fabie contains a plate from an original design, 
and an illuminated initial letter. Just published. 8vo. 

Brooks's Eclogues and Georgics of Virgil. 

This edition of Virgil is elucidated by copious original notes, and extracts from ancient and 
modern pastoral poetry. It is illustrated by plates from original designs, and contains a Clavis 
giving the meaning of all the words. ■ 8vo. 

Brooks's First Greek Lessons. 

This Greek elementary is on the same plan as the Latin Lessons, and affords equal facilities to 
the student. The paradigm of the Greek verb has been greatly simplified, and valuable exercises 
in comparative philology introduced. It has reached a fourth edition. 18mo. 

Brooks's Greek Collectanea Evangelica. 

This consists of portions of the Four Gospels in Greek, arranged in chronological order; and 
forms a connected history of the principal events in the Saviour's life and ministry. It contains 
a Lexicon, and is illustrated and explained by notes. Second edition, just published. 18mo. 



Brooks's Greek Pastoral Poets. 



This contains the Greek Idyls of Theocritus, Bion, and Moschus, elucidated by notes and copi- 
ous extracts from ancient and modern pastoral poetry. Each Idyl is illustrated by beautiful 
plates from original designs. It contains a good Lexicon. In preparation. 8vo. 



POPULAR AND CHEAP BOOKS, 

Particularly suitable for Family Libraries. 

PUBLISHED BY 

GRIGG, ELLIOT & CO. 
No. 14 North Fourth Street. Philadelphia. 

AND FOR SALE BY BOOKSELLERS AND COUNTRY MERCHANTS GENE- 
RALLY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



'* Educated mind is a Nation's wealth, and promotes the happiness of mankind." 

At this time, when the press is teeming with so much nonsensical trash, 
tending to corrupt, not only the literary taste, but the morals of the people, 
parents and their children will be pleased to find so many valuable works 
to be procured at almost any bookstore in the country. Their perusal will 
tend to restore the mind to a true idea of life, its dignity, its duty and its 
destiny. The reading of the following books will exalt the mind, and 
purify the affections, and awaken to life many a fresh and noble thought 
that now lies buried. " The great business of man is ; to improve his 



THE LIFE OF GEN. ZACHARY TAYLOR, 

BY ROBERT T. CONRAD, Esq., 

WITH AN ORIGINAL AND ACCURATE PORTRAIT, 

/L/id elegant illustrations of the Battles of Fort Harrison, Okee-cho-bee, Palo 
Alto, Eesaca de la Talma, Monterey and Buena Vista. 

Comprising ample details of his early life and public and puvate career, 
derived from the most authentic and accurate sources. 

In a large and elegant volume, 12mo. 

J£p The Life of this distinguished General from the eloquent pen of Judge Conrad, 
of Philadelphia. The subject, the author, the times and the circumstances, all 
combine to render such a work eminently popular ; and all who want a complete 
history of his Life for their libraries, will do well to say, in ordering, GRIGG, 
ELLIOT & CO.'S Edition. 



GENERAL TAYLOR AND HIS STAFF, 12mo. 

JHlustcateTi tottft ^portraits. 

In Press, and will shortly be published, 

GENERAL TAYLOR AND HIS STAFF; 

CONTAINING 

UROGRAPHIES OF GENERALS TAYLOR, WORTH, WOOL, BUTLER, 

AND ALL THE DISTINGUISHED OFFICERS OF THE 

PRESENT WAR. 

$CT These editions will be the very best published in this country and will be 

beautifully illustrated. 

A 1 



JOSEPHUS'S (FLAVIUS) WORKS. 

Br the late WILLIAM WHISTON, A. M. 

From the last London edition, complete, and the only readable edition published 

in this country. 

As a matter of course, every family in our country has a copy of the Holy Bible 

—and as the presumption is, the greater portion often consult its pages, we take 

the liberty of saying to all those that do, that the perusal of the writings of Jose- 

phus will be found very interesting and instructing. 

A.l those who wish to possess a beautiful and correct copy of this invaluable 
work, would do well to purchase this edition. It is for sale at all the principal 
bookstores in the United States, by country merchants generally in the Southern 
and Western States. 



SAY'S POLITICAL ECONOMY. 

A Treatise on Political Economy, or the Production, Distribution, and 
Consumption of Wealth. By Jean Baptiste Say. Fifth American edi- 
tion, with Additional Notes, by C. C. Biddle, Esq., in 1 vol. 8vo. 

It would be beneficial to our country if all those who are aspiring to office, 
were required by their constituents to be conversant with the pages of Say. 

The distinguished biographer of the author, in noticing this work, observes, 
* c Happily for science he commenced that study which forms the basis of his admi- 
rable treatise on Political Economy, a work which not only improved under his 
hand with every successive edition, but has been translated into most of the Euro- 
pean languages." 

The editor of the North American Review, speaking of Say, observes, that " he is 
the most popular, and perhaps the most able writer on Political Economy, since 
the time of Smith." 



BENNETT'S (Rev. John) LETTERS TO A YOUNG LADY, 
On a variety of subjects calculated to improve the heart, to form the man- 
ners, and enlighten the understanding. " That our Daughters may be 
as polished corners of the Temple." 

The publishers sincerely hope, {for the happiness of mankind,) that a copy of this 
valuable little work will be found the companion of every young lady, as much of 
the happiness of every family depends on the proper cultivation of the female mind. 



BURDER'S VILLAGE SERMONS. 

Or, 101 Plain and Short Discourses on the Principal Doctrines of the 
Gospel 5 intended for the use of Families, Sunday Schools, or compa- 
nies assembled for religious instruction in country villages. By George 
Burder. To which is added, to each Sermon, a short Prayer, with 
some General Prayers for Families, Schools, &c, at the end of the 
work. Complete in 1 vol. 8vo. 

These sermons, which are characterized by a beautiful simplicity, the entire 
absence of controversy, and a true evangelical spirit, have gone through many 
and large editions, and been translated into several of the continental languages. 
" They have also been the honored means not only of converting many individuals, 
out also of introducing the Gospel into districts, and even into parish churches, 
where before it was comparatively unknown." 
" This work fully deserves the immortality it has attained." 
This is a fine library edition of this invaluable work, and when we say that it 
should be found in the possession of every family, we only reiterate the sentiments 
and sincere wishes of all who take a deep interest in the eternal welfare of man- 
kind. 

2 



NEW SONG BOOK. 

Grigg's Southern and Western Songster; being a choice collection of the 
most Fashionable Songs, many of which are original, in 1 vol. 18mo. 
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Shakspeare observes — 

" The man that hath not music in himself, 

Nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds, 

Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils." 

FAMILY PRAYERS AND HYMNS. 

Adapted to Family Worship, and Tables for the regular Reading of the 
Scriptures. By Rev. S. C. Winchester, A. M., late Pastor of the Sixth 
Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia, and the Presbyterian Church at 
Natchez, Miss. 1 vol. 12mo. 



A DICTIONARY OF SELECT AND POPULAR QUOTATIONS, 
Which are in Daily Use: taken from the Latin, French, Greek, Spanish 
and Italian Languages; together with a copious collection of Law- 
Maxims and Law Terms. Translated into English, with, illustrations, 
historical and idiomatic. Sixth American edition, corrected with addi- 
tions. 1 vol. 12mo. 

In preparing this sixth edition for the press, care has been taken to give the 
work a thorough revision, to correct some errors which had before escaped notice, 
and to insert many additional Quotations, Law maxims and Law terms. In this 
state it rs offered to the public in the stereotype form. This little work should 
find its way into every family library. 

THS AMERICAN CHESTERFIELD. 

Or, "Youth's Guide to the Way to Wealth. Honor, and Distinction," &c.i 
containing also a complete Treatise on the art of Carving. 
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SENECA'S MORALS. 

By way of Abstract, to which is added, a Discourse under the title of an 
Afler-Thought, by Sir Roger L'Estrange, Knt. A new fine edition, 1 
vol. 18mo. 
A copy of this valuable little work should be found in every family library. 

THE DAUGHTER'S OWN BOOK. 

Or. Practical Hints from a Father to his Daughter. 1 vol. 18mo. 
This is one of the most practical and truly valuable treatises on the culture and 
discipline of the female mind, which has hitherto been published in this country, 
and the publishers are very confident, from the great demand for this invaluable 
little work, that ere long it will be found in the library of every young lady. 

GOLDSMITH'S ANIMATED NATURE. 

In 2 vols. 8vo., beautifully Illustrated with 385 Plates. 

4 « Goldsmith can never be made obsolete while delicate genius, exquisite feel- 
ing, fine invention, the most harmonious metre, and the happiest diction are at all 
vahed." 

This is a work that should be in the library of every family, being written by 
one of the most talented authors in the English language. 

3 



THE WORKS OF LAURENCE STERNE, 
in 1 vol. 8vo., with a Life of the Author, written by himself, and a Portrait 

The beauties of this author are so well known, and his errors in style and 
expression so few and far between, that one reads with renewed delight his deli- 
cate turns, &c. 

SPLENDID LIBRARY EDITIONS. 
ILLUSTRATED standard poets. 

ELEGANTLY PRINTED, AND UNIFORM IN SIZE AND STYLE. 

The following editions of Standard British Poets ara illustrated with nu- 
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IS^IBCDSr^S W®2BESo 

Complete in 1 vol. 8vo., including all his Suppressed and Attributed Poems; 
with 6 beautiful- engravings. 

$Cr This edition has been carefully compared with the recent London edition 
of Mr. Murray, and made complete by the addition of more than fifty pages of 
poems heretofore unpublished in England. Among these there are a number that 
have never appeared in any American edition; and the publishers believe they 
are warranted in saying, that this is the most complete edition of Lord Byron's 
Poetical Works ever published in the United States. 



COWPER AND THOMSON'S PROSE AND POETICAL WORKS. 

Complete in 1 vol. 8vo., including two hundred and fifty Letters, and 
sundry Poems of Cowper, never before published in this country; and 
of Thomson a new and interesting Memoir, and upwards of twenty 
new Poems, for the first time printed from his own Manuscripts, taken 
from a late edition of the Aldine Poets now publishing in London; 
with 7 beautiful engravings. 

The distinguished Professor Silliman, speaking of this edition, observes, et I am 
as much gratified by the elegance and fine taste of your edition, as by the noble 
tribute of genius and moral excellence which these delightful authors have left for 
all future generations; and Cowper, especially, is not less conspicuous as a true 
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$5" This is a new and complete edition, with a splendid engraved likeness of 
Mrs. Hemans on steel, and contains all the poems in the last London and Ameri- 
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4 



THE POETICAL WORKS OF ROGERS, CAMPBELL, MONT- 
GOMERY, LAMB, AND KIRK WHITE. 
Complete in 1 vol. 8vo.; with 6 beautiful engravings. 

MILTON, YOUNG, GRAY, BEATTIE, AND COLLINS' POETICAL 

WORKS. 
Complete in 1 vol. 8vo. ; with 6 beautiful engravings. 

HEBER, POLLOK, AND CRABBE'S POETICAL WORKS. 
Complete in 1 vol. 8vo.; with 6 beautiful engravings. 

A writer in the Boston Traveler holds the following language with reference to 
these valuable editions: — 

Mr. Editor — I wish, without any idea of puffing, to say a word or two upon the 
"Library of English Poets." that is now published at Philadelphia, by Grigg & 
Elliot; it is certainly, taking into consideration the elegant manner in which it is 
printed, and the reasonable price at which it is afforded to purchasers, the best 
edition of the modern British Poets that has ever been published in this country. 
Each volume is an octavo of about 500 pages, double columns, stereotyped, and 
accompanied with fine engravings, and biographical sketches, and most of them 
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mention that it contains the entire works of Montgomery, Gray, Beattie, Collins, 
Byron, Cowper, Thomson, Milton, Young, Rogers, Campbell, Lamb, Hemans, 
Heber, Kirk White, Crabbe, the Miscellaneous Works of Goldsmith, and other 
martyrs of the lyre. The publishers are doing a great service by their publication, 
and their volumes are almost in as great demand as the fashionable novels of the 
day, and they deserve to be so, for they are certainly printed in a style superior 
to that in which we have before had the works of the English Poets." 

No library can be considered complete without a copy of the above beautiful 
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will please say Grigg, Elliot & Co.'s illustrated editions. 

HIND'S POPULAR SYSTEM OF FARRIERY. 

Taught on a new and easy plan, being a Treatise on all the Diseases and 
Accidents to which the Horse is liable. W T ith considerable additions 
and improvements; adapted particularly to this country, by Thomas M. 
Smith, Veterinary Surgeon, and Member of the London Veterinary 
Medical Society. In 1 vol. 12mo. 

MASON'S POPULAR SYSTEM OF FARRIERY. 

Comprising a General Description of the noble and useful animal, the 
Horse, together with the quickest and simplest mode of fattening; 
necessary treatment while undergoing excessive fatigue, or on a jour- 
ney; the construction and management of Stables; different marks for 
ascertaining the Age of a Horse: also, a concise Account of the Dis- 
eases to which the Horse is subject; with such remedies as long expe- 
rience has proved to be effectual. By Richard Mason, M. D., formerly 
of Surrey Co., Va. Ninth edition, with additions. To which is added 
a Prize Essay on Mules, and An Appendix containing Observations and 
Recipes for the cure of most of the common distempers incident to 
Horses, Oxen, Cows, Calves, Sheep, Lambs, Swine. Dogs, &c. &c. 
Selected from different authors. Also, an Addenda, containing Annals 
of the Turf American Stud Book, Rules for Training, Racing, &c. 
The publishers have received numerous flattering notices of the great practical 
value of these works. The distinguished editor of the American Farmer, speak- 
ing of them, observes — " We cannot too highly recommend these books, and 
therefore advise every owner of a horse to obtain them." 

A* 6 



THE STOCK RAISER'S MANUAL. 

A Guide to the Raising and Tmprovment of Cattle, being a Treatise on their 
Breeds, Management, and Diseases. By W. Youatt, author of a "Trea- 
tise on the Horse," with numerous illustrations. Complete in 1 vol. 8vo. 
This work will be found of the greatest importance to farmers and cattle raisers 

throughout the United States, and should be in the possession of every farmer, as 

it is the most complete work on this subject ever published. 



M'MAHON'S AMERICAN GARDENER. 

Ninth edition, much improved. In 1 vol. 8vo. 

This is an invaluable work to all who wish to obtain any information on the sub- 
ject of Gardening in all its various branches. 



GRIGG, ELLIOT & CO'S 

RURAL REGISTER AND ALMANAC 

For 1§4§: to be continued Annually. 

For farmers and gardeners it is invaluable, giving full directions for all their 
work for every month in the year, and for all the States in the Union. There is 
no work ever published that contains so much useful and valuable information in 
so ch«ap and convenient a form ; and we do say that no farmer or gardener, who 
is worth a "bit," should be without one. There is no pursuit in which more real 
rational enjoyment and comfort will follow to an industrious man than Horticul- 
tural employments. 

BOOK OF POLITENESS. 

The Gentleman and Lady's Book of Politeness and Propriety of Deport- 
ment. Dedicated to the Youth of both sexes. By Madame Celnart. 
Translated from the Sixth Paris edition, enlarged and improved. Fifth 
American edition. 



THE BEAUTIES OF HISTORY. 

Or, Examples of the Opposite Effects of Virtue and Vice, for the use of 
Families. 1 vol. 12mo., with plates. 

" After a careful examination of this book, we can conscientiously recommend 
it to parents and teachers as a most meritorious performance. There are here 
collected, within a narrow compass, the most striking examples of individual virtue 
and vice which are spread forth on the pages of history, or are recorded in per- 
sonal biography. The noblest precepts are recommended for the guidance ol 
youth ; and in the most impressive manner is he taught to conquer the degrading 
impulses which lower the standard of the human character. We have not lately 
met with a volume which, in design and execution, seemed so acceptable as this. 
The book, moreover, is handsomely got up, and illustrated with wood engrav- 
ings." 



THE CLERGYMAN'S ASSISTANT. 

Or, Guide in Reading the Liturgy; containing Directions for Reading Cor- 
rectly with the Pronunciation. By Rev. W. H. Odenheimer, of Phila* 
delphia. 1 vol. 12mo., cloth. 
6 



LIFE OF PAUL JONES. 

In one vol. 12mo., with 100 Illustrations. 

" Life of Rear Admiral John Paul Jones," &c. &c, by James Hamilton. The 
work is compiled from his original journals and correspondence; and includes an 
account of his services in the American Revolution, and in the war between the 
Russians and Turks in the Black Sea. There is scarcely any Naval Hero of any 
age who combined in his character so much of the adventurous, skilful and daring, 
as Paul Jones. The incidents of his life are almost as startling and absorbing as 
those of romance. His achievements during the American Revolution — the fight 
between the Bon Homme Richard and Serapis, the most desperate naval action on 
record, and the alarm into which, with so small a force, he threw the coasts of 
England and Scotland, are matters comparatively well known to Americans; but 
the incidents of his subsequent career have been veiled in obscurity, which is dis- 
sipated by this Biography. A book like this, narrating the actions of such a man, 
ought to meet with an extensive sale, and become as popular as Robinson Crusoe 
in fiction, or Weems' Life of Marion and Washington, and similar books in fact. 
It contains 400 pages — has a handsome portrait and medallion likeness of Jones, 
and is illustrated with numerous original wood engravings of naval scenes and 
distinguished men with whom he was familiar. 

L. G. Curtis, Esq., editor of The Commercial, Cincinnati, Ohio, speaking of this 
work, &c, observes: — " Life of Rear Admiral Paul Jones, illustrated with nume- 
rous engravings from original drawings." This book we prize above any in our 
possession. John Paul Jones was truly an extraordinary man. He had the honor 
to hoist with his own hands the flag of freedom, the first time it was displayed in 
the Delaware, and in after life declared that he attended it with veneration ever 
after. To Paul Jones the honor of raising up an American navy belongs. He was 
the first commander in the world who made the proud flag of England "come 
down." His life, as printed by Messrs. Grigg, Elliot & Co., should be in the 
hands of every intelligent American. 



WALKER'S SCHOOL AND FAMILY DICTIONARY. 

NEW EDITION. 

FROM NEW STEREOTYPE PLATES, GREATLY IMPROVED, AND PRINTED 
ON WHITE PAPER. 

A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English language, 
in which the meaning of every word is explained, and the sound of 
every syllable distinctly shown. To which are prefixed an Abstract of 
English Pronunciation, and Directions to Foreigners for Acquiring a 
Knowledge of the Use of this Dictionary. By John Walker, author of 
" Elements of Elocution," " Rhyming Dictionary, " t &c. &c. Abridged 
for the use of Schools, by an American Citizen. 

P. S. This is a new edition, on fine paper, and improved in printing and bind- 
ing. Parents and Teachers will please examine and order Grigg, Elliot & Co.'s 
Improved Edition. 

An eminent writer, and a good judge of the value of Dictionaries, observes as 
follows: — 

We have received from the publishers, Messrs. Grigg, Elliot & Co., No. 14 
North Fourth Street, a copy of their new and handsome edition of Walker's Criti- 
cal Pronouncing Dictionary for Schools. The present edition is decidedly the 
best and most convenient we have ever seen, both in regard to the size of the 
type on which it is printed, and the style and form in which it is issued. It has been 
"got up" in a handsome and substantial manner, expressly for schools — has been 
greatly improved and made better in every respect for teachers and scholars. All 
teachers who have any regard for their eyes and the eyes of their scholars, would 
find it to their advantage to use this edition, printed as it is from new stereotype 
plates and on clean white paper. The edition is for sale by booksellers and coun- 
try merchants generally throughout the United States. 
7 



BOLLES' PHONOGRAPHIC PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY. 

IN ONE VOL. ROYAL 8VO. 
This valuable work has met with the most favorable reception from the Ameri- 
can public. It contains more words than the 8vo. edition of Webster, and has the 
pronunciation attached according to the best authorities, which is a very import- 
ant addition, and renders the work much more desirable for general use and 
reference than of any of the large dictionaries now in use. No man of business 
or family should be without this valuable Dictionary. 

i The same work abridged, in 1 vol. 12mo., we have just published also, which 
will be found an invaluable class book for academies, seminaries, and higher order 
of schools, as well as an important companion to the education of every young 
person. 

BIGLAND'S NATURAL HISTORY 

Of Animals, Birds, Fishes, Reptiles and Insects, illustrated with nume- 
rous and beautiful engravings. By John Bigland, author of a "View 
of the World," u Letters on Universal History," &c. Complete in 1 
vol. 12mo. 
£5" This work is particularly adapted for the use of Schools and Families, 

forming the most elegantly written and complete work on the subject of Natural 

History ever published, and is worthy of the special attention of the teachers of 

all our schools and academies. 



BIGLAND'S NATURAL HISTORY OF ANIMALS 
Illustrated with 12 beautifully colored engravings. 

BIGLAND'S HISTORY OF BIRDS. 
Illustrated with 12 beautifully colored engravings. 



By Shoberl, with 1 2 colored plates. 
These works are got up in a very superior style, and well deserve an introduc- 
tion to the shelves of every family library, as they are very interesting, and par* 
ticularly adapted to the juvenile class of readers. 



GRIMSHAW'S POPULAR HISTORIES, 

FOR SCHOOLS AND FAMILY LIBRARIES, 



GRIMSHAW'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
Recently brought up by the author to the present time. 
Also, Questions adapted to the above History; and a Key, adapted to the 
Questions, for the use of Teachers and Families. 

GRIMSHAW'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
Recently brought up by the author to the present time. 
Also, Questions adapted to the above History; and a Key, adapted to the 
Questions, for the use of Teachers and Families. 

GRIMSHAW'S IMPROVED EDITION OF GOLDSMITH'S HISTORY 

OF GREECE, 

With a Vocabulary of the Proper Names contained in the work, and the 

Prosodial Accents, in conformity with the Pronunciation of Lempriere 

Also, Questions adapted to the above History; and a Key, adapted to the 

Questions, for the use of Teachers and Families. 

8 



JRIMSHAW'S IMPROVED EDITION OF GOLDSMITH'S HISTORY 

OF ROME. 

Revised and Corrected ; and a Vocabulary of Proper Names appended ) 
with Prosodial Marks to assist in their Pronunciation. 

Also, Questions adapted to the above History; and a Key, adapted to the 
Questions, for the use of Teachers and Families. 

GRIMSHAW'S HISTORY OF FRANCE, with Key and Questions, 

GRIMSHAW'S HISTORY AND LIFE OF NAB0LEON. 

The editor of the North American Review, speaking of these Histories, ob- 
serves, that — 

Among the Elementary Books of American History, we do not remember to 
have seen any one more deserving approbation than Mr. Grimshaw's History of 
the United States. It is a small volume, and a great deal of matter is brought 
into a narrow space; but the author has succeeded so well in the construction of 
his periods, and the arrangement of his materials, that perspicuity is rarely sacri- 
ficed to brevity. 

The chain of narrative is skilfully preserved; and the author's reflections are 
frequently such as to make the facts more impressive, and lead the youthful mind 
to observe causes and consequences which might otherwise have been overlooked. 
As a school book it may justly be recommended. 

What has been said of" this volume will apply generally to his other historical 
works. They are each nearly of the same size as the one just noticed, and de- 
signed for the same object, that is, the use of classes in schools. 

The History of England is an original composition ; but the Grecian and Roman 
Histories are Goldsmith's, improved by Grimshaw, in which he has corrected the 
typographical errors with which the later editions of Goldsmith's Abridgements 
so much abound ; and removed any grossness in language, which, in some few 
instances, render these valuable compends less useful in the schools to which 
youth of both sexes resort. He has also added a Vocabulary of Proper Names, 
accentuated, in order to show their right pronunciation, which is a valuable ap- 
pendage to the History. 

All these books are accompanied with very full and well-digested Tables of 
Questions, for the benefit of Pupils, and also with Keys to the same, for the con- 
venience of Teachers. 

GRIMSHAW'S LADIES' LEXICON, 

And Parlor Companion; containing nearly every word in the English 
language, and exhibiting the plurals of nouns and the participles of 
verbs; being also particularly adapted to the use of Academies and 
Schools. By William Grimshaw, Esq. 

In the Nashville Republican, we observe the following notice of this very useful 
book: — 

In recommending the " Ladies' Lexicon," therefore, to all our readers, male 
and female, who have ever experienced the difficulties which it is so admirably 
calculated to remedy, we but do an ordinary act of justice to the author and pub- 
lisher. We consider the " Ladies' Lexicon," and recommend it to our readers as 
a work that possesses superior claims on their attention and patronage. 

THE GENTLEMEN'S LEXICON. 

Or, Pocket Dictionary: containing nearly every word in the English lan- 
guage, and exhibiting the plurals of nouns and the participles of verbs; 
being also particularly adapted to the use of Academies and Schools. 
By William Grimshaw. 

The public are again indebted to the talents of Mr. Grimshaw, for the very use- 
ful books which he has called " The Ladies' and Gentlemen's Lexicons." The 
peculiarity and advantages of these works may be collected from the following 
portion of the preface : — 

9 



They differ from all preceding works of the kind in this, that they exhibit the 
plurals of all nouns which are not formed by the mere addition of the letter *, 
and also the participles of every verb now generally used, and unless accompa- 
nied by a particular caution. No word has been admitted which is not now of 
polite or popular use; and no word has been excluded which is required eithei id 
epistolatory composition or conversation. 

In giving the above extracts we take occasion to say, that teachers will find the 
"Ladies' and Gentlemen's Lexicons" works admirably adapted to take the place, 
with advantage to their pupils, of the different works recently put into their hands 
under the name e£ Expositors, &c. 

85* The above work has been introduced as a Classbook into many of our 
academies and schools, with great approbation. 



Ruschenberger's First Books of Natural History, 

FOR SCHOOLS, ACADEMIES, COLLEGES, AND FAMILIES. 

DR. RUSCHENBERGER'S ELEMENTS OF ANATOMY AND 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

For the use of Schools and Families; with 45 illustrations. 1 vol. 12mo. 

This is a most valuable work, by Dr. Ruschenberger: and most admirably are 
the plates, representing all the different parts of the body, done. It is cheap 
and every parent should place one in the hands of his children. — N. Y. HeralcU 

DR. RUSCHENBERGER'S ELEMENTS OF MAMMALOGY. 

The Natural History of Quadrupeds; for beginners; 75 illustrations. 1 

vol. 12mo. 

This number treats of all animals that in infancy feed on the milk of their 
mothers, from the human being down to the musquito-catching bat. Like the 
" First Book," it is divided into Questions and Answers, and a Glossary; and is 
illustrated by six plates. It is very cheap; and contains an abundance of useful 
information. There are thousands of persons in this country, and millions in 
Europe, who do not know that whales give milk. — New York Era. 

We do not know a more useful set than this promises to be — and IS. — New York 
Aurora. 

DR. RUSCHENBERGER'S ELEMENTS OF ORNITHOLOGY. 

The Natural History of Birds; for beginners; 81 illustrations. 1 vol. 12mo. 

New York, Feb. 9, 1846. 

Sir — I have received your note of the 3d instant, together with the " Elements 
of Ornithology," prepared for the use of Schools and Colleges, by W. S. W. 
Ruschenberger, M. D., &c, and have read the work, in compliance with the re- 
quest of the American Institute, that I should examine and report upon it. 

I have great pleasure in highly recommending it. To say the truth, although I 
am somewhat blanched by the hand of time, and have many years been a student 
of Ornithology, I consider the present the very best introduction to that science 
that I have ever seen ; and I might add as full praise to the other works of the 
series of Ruschenberger's text- books of Natural History, as far as I am acquainted 
with the subjects they relate to. 

Dr. Ruschenberger has, in giving this series to the public, rendered a benefit to 
all seekers after science, as both old and young may profit by the well-arranged 
and valuable information these volumes contain. Your obedient servant, 

To H. Meigs, Esq., JOHN J. AUDUBON. 

Recording Secretary of the American Institute, New York City. 

We wish we could induce our teachers generally to examine this, as well as the 
earlier works of Dr. Ruschenberger; they are admirably arranged, and just the 
very books needed for schools. The work before us, on the Natural History of 
Birds, is an admirable one; and no teacher should neglect to introduce the series. 

Cincinnati Gazette. 
10 



We have much pleasure in commending this series of works — the third of 
which, now before us, is on Ornithology. It will be found useful in the school- 
room, or the private study. — U. S. Gazette. 

DR. RUSCHENBERGER'S ELEMENTS OF HERPETOLOGY AND 
ICHTHYOLOGY. 

The Natural History of Reptiles and Fishes; for beginners; 66 illustra- 
tions. 1 vol. 12 mo. 

Ruschenberger's Series of Books on Natural History are among the most valu- 
able and useful works, for the use of Schools, that have ever been published. A 
knowledge of Natural History is not only valuable, but deeply interesting ; and no 
one's education can, with such facilities as these works afford, be considered com- 
plete without it. — National Intelligencer. 

DR. RUSCHENBERGER'S ELEMENTS OF CONCHOLOGY. 

The Natural History of Shells and Mollusca; for beginners; 119 illustra- 
tions. 1 vol. 12mo. 

" We have no hand-books equal to these ; and we think Dr. R. has conferred 
an obligation upon teachers and learners by producing them in an English dress, 
with all the advantages of well-engraved illustrations. The whole set of this 
work, which is furnished at a low price, will prove an invaluable acquisition to the 
school library." 

DR. RUSCHENBERGER'S ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
The Natural History of Insects ; for beginners ; 9 1 illustrations. 1 vol. 12mo. 

The subjects are well treated; and from the exceeding cheapness and admirable 
arrangement of these elementary works, they are well fitted for general use in 
Public Schools, Academies, and in every private library. — New York American. 

DR. RUSCHENBERGER'S ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

The Natural History of Plants; for beginners; 194 illustrations. 1 vol. 
12mo. 

We do not hesitate to say, that this is the best work of the kind and dimensions 
that has ever fallen under our notice. We hope all will embrace the first oppor- 
tunity of procuring a copy, as we are sure they will prize it highly. — Botanic 
Recorder. 

We regard this series as eminently useful, supplying adequately the instruction 
in Natural History necessary to a proper school education. — North American. 

DR. RUSCHENBERGER'S ELEMENTS OF GEOLOGY. 

The Natural History of the Earth's Structure; for beginners; illustrated 
with 300 beautiful Wood-cuts, designed to assist the learner in the 
course of his studies. 1 vol. 12mo. 

" We agree with a competent judge in the opinion, that it is the most complete 
and beautiful Elementary Treatise on the subject which has been published in this 
country. The subject of Geology is now attracting a great deal, and will continue 
to excite still more attention in the United States, as our vast mineral resources 
are becoming more fully developed; and, this work exactly suits the wants of the 
public, in training up the young for future study in this branch of knowledge." 

The series of books of which this forms a part has been highly and justly com- 
mended by the ablest judges, as furnishing rare facilities for the acquisition of 
branches of knowledge, but too much neglected in our schools. We have ex- 
amined the volumes with much care, and we find them well deserving all tho 
praise bestowed on them. — Godey's Lady's Book. 

11 



/ 



J«V" 



" The above series, taken separately or collectively, is considered one of the 
most valuable contributions to the cause of education which has ever been pub- 
lished in this country." 

This interesting Series of Books has already met with the most flattering recep- 
tion from the American press. They have been introduced into the public schools 
of Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Ohio, Maine, New York, Tennessee, Alabama, 
Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, the Carolinas, &c, and many of the first class Semi- 
naries of Learning in the United States. The moderate price of this series is a 
great recommendation, being half the price of the common school books in use, 
on the same subject. 

Yale College, Dec. 19, 1845. 

I think this an excellent work — condensed, lucid, exact, and comprehensive — a 
safe guide for the pupil, and a useful review for the teacher. The illustrations 
are numerous and exact. B. SILLIMAN. 

Extract of a Report to the American Institute. 

Your committee with much pleasure recommend this highly valuable book to 
the attention of those who conduct our Schools, Academies, and Colleges, as a 
work excellently calculated to give the first outlines of the very important study 
of Geology to students. Nor do we hesitate to say, that all men, except learned 
Geologists alone, will feel, after its perusal, that they have received a great re- 
ward for a very small expense of time and money. JAMES J. MAPES. 



GRIGG & ELLIOT'S NEW SERIES OF 

COMMON SCHOOL KEADEES, 

Numbers First, Second, Third and Fourth. 

These books are particularly adapted for an introduction into the Schools gene- 
rally in the South and West; and Teachers who feel a deep interest in promoting 
the welfare of their pupils, will, no doubt, after a careful examination, give them 
the preference over all other Readers now in use. 

Parents and Teachers will please read the following notice of this invaluable 
series of Elementary School Books. 

We called attention to the above-named series of Common School books several weeks 
since, when publishing an advertisement for the sale of them by some of our merchants. 
Since that time we have had opportunity to give them a thorough examination, and we 
feel it due to the community in which we live, and the proprietors of those interesting pub- 
lications, to notice them more particularly. They certainly contribute a valuable addition 
to our stock of elementary literature ; in their plan and details presenting an intimate 
acquaintance with the necessities that demanded their production, and developing, in their 
prosecution, a wisdom and zeal in adapting the material at hand to the attainment of the 
object in view, every way worthy of commendation and confidence. 

The First Class reader is exactly such a book as would interest and impress the minds 
and hearts of little boys and girls. Composed of short and easy words, embodying plea- 
sant and profitable instruction, it is just the thing for infant learners, who find in it such 
words as they can readily pronounce, and such ideas as they can easily comprehend. In 
the Second and Third Class Readers the style increases in the intricacy of diction and the 
elevation of sentiment, in beautiful consistency with the progress of attentive and studious 

Supils, in the more advanced stages of primary school education. The Fourth Class 
Leader is an invaluable compendium of deeply interesting and instructive facts, argu- 
ments and inferences, drawn from that unfailing repository of truth, the history of the men 
and manners of by-gone times. It is a reprint of the " Beauties of History," consisting of 
anecdotes of men and' women made illustrious by the splendor of their talents and virtues, 
or rendered eternally infamous by the vileness of their characters and crimes. It is, there- 
fore, a fit companion for those who are completing their term of study, preparatory to 
entering the great arena of life ; inviting and encouraging them by the bright example of 
the good, to walk in wisdom's narrow path, and warning them, by the wretchedness and 
ruin of the vicious, from entering the broad road of sin and death. 

After the table of contents of the Second Reader, is a chapter giving directions for the 
attainment of a correct and elegant style of reading, the great importance of which all 
know the value of, but few attain. For the truth of these remarks, we refer to the books 
themselves. 

*** Public, private and social libraries, and all who purchase to sell again, supplied on 
the most reasonable terms with every article in the Book and Stationery line; including 
new novels, and all new works in every department of literature and science. 

U7=* Particular attention will also be paid to all orders, through country merchants, or 
by mail, for Law, Medical and Miscellaneous Books, for public and private libraries, and 
no effort will be spared to complete all such orders on the most reasonable terms. 

12 






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